{"course":{"lang":"ja","language":"Japanese","title":"Japanese Basic Course","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja","source":"Defense Language Institute, Japanese Basic Course, 1967 to 1971. Public domain. The teaching pages and the narration are ours."},"unit":{"number":83,"id":"ja.dli.L085","title":"Lesson 85","stage":"Reading Japan","situation":null,"outcome":"Lesson 85: japan's silk production · dialogue 1 of 4, silkworm growth and cocoons · dialogue 2 of 4, feeding and moulting silkworms · dialogue 3 of 4, silk demand and competition · dialogue 4 of 4, describing things freshly made · perception drill, changing, things newly made or begun · pattern 1 1 of 3, recent beginnings and adjustments · pattern 1 2 of 3, freshly made food and verbs · pattern 1 3 of 3, changing clothes and replacing things · pattern 2 1 of 3, changing trains and replacing items · pattern 2 2 of 3, exchanging and replacing items · pattern 2 3 of 3, silkworm growth and silk shortages · reading selection 1 of 4, silk exports and competition · reading selection 2 of 4, silkworm farming and development · reading selection 3 of 4, silk prices, japan's sericulture and silkworms · questions, sericulture and production words · word list 1 of 4, hatching, moulting, destinations.","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/83","lines":161},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/82","next":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/84","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/","sections":[{"title":"Japan's silk production · Dialogue 1 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Raw silk from Japan","paragraphs":["Two people discuss raw silk production and sericulture in Japan. *そうです。せかい中で 日本ぐらい 生糸を 沢山 生産する 国は ないですね* means \"That is right. No other country produces as much raw silk as Japan.\"","They also discuss postwar decline, total production, and where farmers raise silkworms."]},{"title":"A side business on farms","paragraphs":["*ほとんど 全国 いたるところで かいます* means \"They raise them practically throughout the country.\"","Farmers raise silkworms as a side business. Few farmers specialize in sericulture."]},{"title":"Kanji: 蚕, 争, 養","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":1,"id":"ja.dli.L085.dlg.001","source":"生糸は 日本の もっとも 大切な 国産品だそうですね。","translation":"I understand that raw silk is the most important domestic product, isn’t that right?","reading":"きいとはにほんのもっともたいせつなこくさんひんだそうですね。","words":[{"text":"生糸","gloss":"raw silk","reading":"きいと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"もっとも","gloss":"most"},{"text":"大切","gloss":"important","reading":"たいせつ"},{"text":"な","gloss":"important"},{"text":"国産","gloss":"domestic product","reading":"こくさん"},{"text":"品","gloss":"domestic product","reading":"ひん"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"I understand"},{"text":"です","gloss":"I understand"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.dlg.001.m4a"},{"number":2,"id":"ja.dli.L085.dlg.002","source":"そうです。せかい中で 日本ぐらい 生糸を 沢山 生産する 国は ないですね。","translation":"That’s right. There is no other country in the world that produces as much raw silk as japan.","reading":"そうです。せかいじゅうでにほんぐらいきいとをたくさんせいさんするくにはないですね。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"that's right"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"that's right"},{"text":"せかい","gloss":"world"},{"text":"中","gloss":"throughout","reading":"じゅう"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"as much as"},{"text":"生糸","gloss":"raw silk","reading":"きいと"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"沢山","gloss":"a lot","reading":"たくさん"},{"text":"生産","gloss":"produce","reading":"せいさん"},{"text":"する","gloss":"produce"},{"text":"国","gloss":"country","reading":"くに"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"none"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.dlg.002.m4a"},{"number":3,"id":"ja.dli.L085.dlg.003","source":"第二せかい戦争の 後、日本の 養蚕業は おとろえたと 聞きましたが。","translation":"I heard that sericulture in Japan declined after the Second World War, but ---","reading":"だいにせかいせんそうのあと、にほんのようさんぎょうはおとろえたとききましたが。","words":[{"text":"第","gloss":"Second","reading":"だい"},{"text":"二","gloss":"Second","reading":"に"},{"text":"せかい","gloss":"World"},{"text":"戦争","gloss":"War","reading":"せんそう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"後、","gloss":"after","reading":"あと"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"養蚕","gloss":"sericulture","reading":"ようさん"},{"text":"業","gloss":"sericulture","reading":"ぎょう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"おとろえ","gloss":"declined"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"聞き","gloss":"heard","reading":"きき"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"heard"},{"text":"た","gloss":"heard"},{"text":"が。","gloss":"but"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.dlg.003.m4a"},{"number":4,"id":"ja.dli.L085.dlg.004","source":"そうです。でも せかいの そうさんがくの 四十パーセントぐらいは 日本から 出ていると思います。","translation":"That’s right, but I think about 40 per cent of the total production of the world comes out of japan.","reading":"そうです。でもせかいのそうさんがくのよんじゅうパーセントぐらいはにほんからでているとおもいます。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"that's right"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"that's right"},{"text":"で","gloss":"but"},{"text":"も","gloss":"but"},{"text":"せかい","gloss":"world"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"total production"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"total production"},{"text":"がく","gloss":"total production"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"四十","gloss":"forty","reading":"よんじゅう"},{"text":"パーセント","gloss":"percent"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"出","gloss":"comes","reading":"で"},{"text":"て","gloss":"comes"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"comes"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"思い","gloss":"think","reading":"おもい"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"think"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.dlg.004.m4a"},{"number":5,"id":"ja.dli.L085.dlg.005","source":"蚕は どの 地方で かいますか。","translation":"In what region do they raise silkworms?","reading":"かいこはどのちほうでかいますか。","words":[{"text":"蚕","gloss":"silkworms","reading":"かいこ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どの","gloss":"which"},{"text":"地方","gloss":"region","reading":"ちほう"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"かい","gloss":"raise"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"raise"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.dlg.005.m4a"},{"number":6,"id":"ja.dli.L085.dlg.006","source":"ほとんど 全国 いたるところで かいます。農家が ふく業として かうので、養蚕を せんもんに やっている 農家は 少い様です。","translation":"They raise them practically throughout the country. Farmers raise them as a side business. It seems there are few farmers who specialize in sericulture.","reading":"ほとんどぜんこくいたるところでかいます。のうかがふくぎょうとしてかうので、ようさんをせんもんにやっているのうかはすくないようです。","words":[{"text":"ほとんど","gloss":"practically"},{"text":"全国","gloss":"whole country","reading":"ぜんこく"},{"text":"いたる","gloss":"throughout"},{"text":"ところ","gloss":"throughout"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"かい","gloss":"raise"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"raise"},{"text":"農家","gloss":"farmers","reading":"のうか"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"ふく","gloss":"side business"},{"text":"業","gloss":"side business","reading":"ぎょう"},{"text":"と","gloss":"as"},{"text":"し","gloss":"as"},{"text":"て","gloss":"as"},{"text":"かう","gloss":"raise"},{"text":"の","gloss":"because"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"養蚕","gloss":"sericulture","reading":"ようさん"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"せんもん","gloss":"specialize"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"やっ","gloss":"specialize"},{"text":"て","gloss":"specialize"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"specialize"},{"text":"農家","gloss":"farmers","reading":"のうか"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"少い","gloss":"few","reading":"すくない"},{"text":"様","gloss":"it seems","reading":"よう"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"it seems"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.dlg.006.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1,"text":"---TATE\nFollowing the second base (MASU-form base) of verbs, the suffix TATE expresses the meaning of ”fresh from”, ”just from”, ”hot from”, ”immediately after”, etc. When the expression ”---TATE” modifies a noun, the particle NO follows it.\n\nExamples:\n\nINAKA KARA KITATE NO JOCHUU.\n\n”a maid fresh from the country.”\n\nDAIGAKU DETATE NO SEINEN.\n\n”a young man fresh out from college.”\n\nTORITATE NO SAKANA.\n\n”fish fresh from the sea” or ”fresh-caught fish”\n\nDEKITATE NO IE.\n\n” a newly built house”\n\nYAKITATE NO PAN.\n\n”bread freshly baked” or ”fresh-baked bread”\n\nANO SEITO WA GAKKOO E KITATE KARA BENKYOO SHITE IMASU.\n\n”That student has been studying immediately after coming to school.”\n\nKAIKO WA KAERITATE KARA, TABEMONO O SAGASHIMASU.\n\n”Immediately after being hatched, silkworms seek food.”"},{"section":2,"text":"---KAERU\nFollowing the second base (MASU-form base) of verbs, KAERU gives the meaning of ”change.”\n\nExamples:\n\nYOOFUKU O KIKAERU ”to change suits”\n\nKUTSU O HAKIKAERU ”to change shoes”\n\nKAKIKAERU ”to rewrite”\n\nMONO O TORIKAERU ”to exchange things”\n\nGARASU O IREKAERU ”to replace the glass”\n\nIIKAERU ”to restate”, ”to say over”\n\nYOMIKAERU ”to reread”, ”to read over”"},{"section":3,"text":"Notes on ---YUKI\nYUKI is a suffix showing destination. It is tacked on to a place noun and expresses an idea of ”bound for such-and-such a place.”\n\nExamples:\n\nAMERIKA-YUKI NO KISEN ”a steamer bound for America”\n\nTOKYO-YUKI NO KIPPU ” a ticket (bound) for Tokyo”\n\nSUGAMO-YUKI NO DENSHA ” a streetcar (bound) for Sugamo”\n\nWATAKUSHI WA NIHON-YUKI DESU. ”I am going to Japan”.\n”I am bound for Japan.”"}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"生糸","gloss":"raw silk"},{"word":"は","gloss":"leaves"},{"word":"の","gloss":"See Grammar Notes"},{"word":"もっとも","gloss":"extremely, the most"},{"word":"な","gloss":"I wish, I hope, huh"},{"word":"国産","gloss":"domestically produced; domestic product"},{"word":"品","gloss":"quality, goods"},{"word":"だ","gloss":"to be (informal equivalent of DESU. See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"そう","gloss":"numerical counter for ships"},{"word":"です","gloss":"to be (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ね。","gloss":"isn't it (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"せかい","gloss":"world"},{"word":"で","gloss":"--is and -- (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"word":"を","gloss":"particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill)"},{"word":"生産","gloss":"production"},{"word":"国","gloss":"country, nation"},{"word":"二","gloss":"two"},{"word":"養蚕","gloss":"sericulture"},{"word":"と","gloss":"and (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"が。","gloss":"but (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"四十","gloss":"40"},{"word":"パーセント","gloss":"percent"},{"word":"から","gloss":"from (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"いる","gloss":"to need (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ます。","gloss":"trout"},{"word":"蚕","gloss":"silkworm"},{"word":"どの","gloss":"which (pre-substantive) (See Notes)"},{"word":"地方","gloss":"country, region"},{"word":"かい","gloss":"counter meaning ”time” (frequency)"},{"word":"か。","gloss":"either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ほとんど","gloss":"almost (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ところ","gloss":"place (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ふく","gloss":"to blow (v.i.)"},{"word":"し","gloss":"city"},{"word":"かう","gloss":"raise, rear, breed (v.t.)"},{"word":"せんもん","gloss":"specialty"},{"word":"に","gloss":"on (See Gram. Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Silkworm growth and cocoons · Dialogue 2 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"From a small ant to a cocoon","paragraphs":["The speakers describe silkworms in Nagano and other mountain regions. They discuss their size after hatching and the number of days before cocoon production.","*たまごから かえりたての 時は 小さい ありぐらいの 大きさで 黒い 虫です* describes the silkworm immediately after hatching. It is black and about the size of a small ant."]},{"title":"Immediately after hatching","paragraphs":["In *かえりたての 時*, the suffix *たて* presents the silkworm immediately after it hatched.","The speakers then compare that first size with its growth to about seven centimeters."]},{"title":"Kanji: 虫","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 類, 種","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":7,"id":"ja.dli.L085.dlg.007","source":"長野県では、蚕を 沢山 かっているそうですね。","translation":"I understand they raise a lot of silkworms in the prefecture of Nagano.","reading":"ながのけんでは、かいこをたくさんかっているそうですね。","words":[{"text":"長野","gloss":"Nagano","reading":"ながの"},{"text":"県","gloss":"Prefecture","reading":"けん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"蚕","gloss":"silkworms","reading":"かいこ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"沢山","gloss":"a lot","reading":"たくさん"},{"text":"かっ","gloss":"are raising"},{"text":"て","gloss":"are raising"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"are raising"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"I understand"},{"text":"です","gloss":"I understand"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.dlg.007.m4a"},{"number":8,"id":"ja.dli.L085.dlg.008","source":"そうです。関東、中部 および 東北地方の 山地では 養蚕は さかんです。","translation":"That’s right. Sericulture flourishes in the mountain regions of the Kantoo area, Chuubu area, and also the Toohoku area.","reading":"そうです。かんとう、ちゅうぶおよびとうほくちほうのさんちではようさんはさかんです。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"that's right"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"that's right"},{"text":"関東、","gloss":"Kanto","reading":"かんとう"},{"text":"中部","gloss":"Chubu","reading":"ちゅうぶ"},{"text":"および","gloss":"and"},{"text":"東北","gloss":"Tohoku","reading":"とうほく"},{"text":"地方","gloss":"region","reading":"ちほう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"山地","gloss":"mountain areas","reading":"さんち"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"養蚕","gloss":"sericulture","reading":"ようさん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"さかん","gloss":"flourishing"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.dlg.008.m4a"},{"number":9,"id":"ja.dli.L085.dlg.009","source":"私は まだ 蚕を 見たことがないのですが、一体 どんな 虫ですか。","translation":"I have never seen a silkworm, but what kind of a worm is it anyway?","reading":"わたくしはまだかいこをみたことがないのですが、いったいどんなむしですか。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"まだ","gloss":"yet"},{"text":"蚕","gloss":"silkworm","reading":"かいこ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"見","gloss":"seen","reading":"み"},{"text":"た","gloss":"seen"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"experience"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"never"},{"text":"の","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"一体","gloss":"anyway","reading":"いったい"},{"text":"どんな","gloss":"what kind of"},{"text":"虫","gloss":"worm","reading":"むし"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.dlg.009.m4a"},{"number":10,"id":"ja.dli.L085.dlg.010","source":"たまごから かえりたての 時は 小さい ありぐらいの 大きさで 黒い 虫です。それが わずかの 日数で 七センチぐらいの 大きさになります。","translation":"It is a black worm about the size of a smaii ant just after it is hatched out of the egg, and it becomes about seven centimeters in size in several days.","reading":"たまごからかえりたてのときはちいさいありぐらいのおおきさでくろいむしです。それがわずかのにっすうでななセンチぐらいのおおきさになります。","words":[{"text":"たまご","gloss":"egg"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"かえり","gloss":"just hatched"},{"text":"たて","gloss":"just hatched"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"時","gloss":"time","reading":"とき"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"小さい","gloss":"small","reading":"ちいさい"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"ant"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"大き","gloss":"size","reading":"おおき"},{"text":"さ","gloss":"size"},{"text":"で","gloss":"and"},{"text":"黒い","gloss":"black","reading":"くろい"},{"text":"虫","gloss":"worm","reading":"むし"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"},{"text":"それ","gloss":"it"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"わずか","gloss":"just a few"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"日数","gloss":"days","reading":"にっすう"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"七","gloss":"seven","reading":"なな"},{"text":"センチ","gloss":"centimeters"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"大き","gloss":"size","reading":"おおき"},{"text":"さ","gloss":"size"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"becomes"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"becomes"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.dlg.010.m4a"},{"number":11,"id":"ja.dli.L085.dlg.011","source":"たまごから かえってから、何日ぐらいで まゆを 作りますか。","translation":"in about how many days after it is hatched out of the egg, does it make a cocoon?","reading":"たまごからかえってから、なんにちぐらいでまゆをつくりますか。","words":[{"text":"たまご","gloss":"egg"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"かえっ","gloss":"hatches"},{"text":"て","gloss":"hatches"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"after"},{"text":"何","gloss":"how many","reading":"なん"},{"text":"日","gloss":"days","reading":"にち"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"まゆ","gloss":"cocoon"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"作り","gloss":"makes","reading":"つくり"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"makes"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.dlg.011.m4a"},{"number":12,"id":"ja.dli.L085.dlg.012","source":"そうですねえ。二十二、三日から 二十五、六日です。蚕の 種類に よって 違います。","translation":"Well, it is anywhere from twenty-two or three days to twenty-five or six days. It differs depending on the variety of silkworms.","reading":"そうですねえ。にじゅうに、さんにちからにじゅうご、ろくにちです。かいこのしゅるいによってちがいます。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"well"},{"text":"です","gloss":"well"},{"text":"ねえ。","gloss":"well"},{"text":"二十","gloss":"twenty"},{"text":"二、","gloss":"two"},{"text":"三","gloss":"three"},{"text":"日","gloss":"days"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"二十","gloss":"twenty"},{"text":"五、","gloss":"five"},{"text":"六","gloss":"six"},{"text":"日","gloss":"days"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"},{"text":"蚕","gloss":"silkworm","reading":"かいこ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"種類","gloss":"variety","reading":"しゅるい"},{"text":"に","gloss":"depending on"},{"text":"よっ","gloss":"depending on"},{"text":"て","gloss":"depending on"},{"text":"違い","gloss":"differs","reading":"ちがい"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"differs"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.dlg.012.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"県","gloss":"prefecture (See Cultural Notes)"},{"word":"は、","gloss":"leaves"},{"word":"関東、","gloss":"Tokyo-Yokohama area (See Cult Notes)"},{"word":"および","gloss":"and also"},{"word":"東北","gloss":"northeastern Honshu (See Cult Notes)"},{"word":"山地","gloss":"mountain area"},{"word":"まだ","gloss":"yet, still"},{"word":"が","gloss":"but (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"どんな","gloss":"what kind of; what sort of"},{"word":"虫","gloss":"worm; insect"},{"word":"時","gloss":"time"},{"word":"わずか","gloss":"a small amount; trifling"},{"word":"日数","gloss":"number of days"},{"word":"七","gloss":"seven"},{"word":"センチ","gloss":"centimeter"},{"word":"まゆ","gloss":"cocoon"},{"word":"ねえ。","gloss":"dear, look; say, listen"},{"word":"二十","gloss":"20"},{"word":"二、","gloss":"two"},{"word":"三","gloss":"three"},{"word":"五、","gloss":"five"},{"word":"六","gloss":"six"},{"word":"種類","gloss":"kind, sort"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Feeding and moulting silkworms · Dialogue 3 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Feeding and moulting","paragraphs":["The speakers discuss mulberry leaves, four periods of sleep, and feeding frequency. *そして ねむるたびごとに かわを ぬぎかえるのです* means \"And every time it sleeps, it sheds its skin.\""]},{"title":"Changing the skin","paragraphs":["In *かわを ぬぎかえる*, *かえる* adds the meaning of changing to the act of taking off. The compound describes shedding the skin.","The conversation then turns to a raw-silk shortage and higher prices."]},{"title":"Kanji: 絹","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 足","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":13,"id":"ja.dli.L085.dlg.013","source":"蚕は たまごから かえってから、まゆを 作るまで、くわの 葉を 食べつづけるのですか。","translation":"From the time it is hatched out of the egg to the time it makes a cocoon, does the silkworm continue to eat mulberry leaves?","reading":"かいこはたまごからかえってから、まゆをつくるまで、くわのはをたべつづけるのですか。","words":[{"text":"蚕","gloss":"silkworm","reading":"かいこ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"たまご","gloss":"egg"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"かえっ","gloss":"hatches"},{"text":"て","gloss":"hatches"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"after"},{"text":"まゆ","gloss":"cocoon"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"作る","gloss":"makes","reading":"つくる"},{"text":"まで、","gloss":"until"},{"text":"くわ","gloss":"mulberry"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"葉","gloss":"leaves","reading":"は"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"食べ","gloss":"eat","reading":"たべ"},{"text":"つづける","gloss":"continues to"},{"text":"の","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.dlg.013.m4a"},{"number":14,"id":"ja.dli.L085.dlg.014","source":"いいえ、その間に ねむる事が 四度 あります。そして ねむるたびごとに かわを ぬぎかえるのです。","translation":"no, during that time it sleeps four times. And every time it sleeps, it sheds its skin.","reading":"いいえ、そのあいだにねむることがよんどあります。そしてねむるたびごとにかわをぬぎかえるのです。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"間","gloss":"time"},{"text":"に","gloss":"during"},{"text":"ねむる","gloss":"sleeps"},{"text":"事","gloss":"times","reading":"こと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"四","gloss":"four","reading":"よん"},{"text":"度","gloss":"times","reading":"ど"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"there are"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"there are"},{"text":"そして","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ねむる","gloss":"sleeps"},{"text":"たび","gloss":"every"},{"text":"ごと","gloss":"every"},{"text":"に","gloss":"time"},{"text":"かわ","gloss":"skin"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"ぬぎ","gloss":"sheds"},{"text":"かえる","gloss":"sheds"},{"text":"の","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.dlg.014.m4a"},{"number":15,"id":"ja.dli.L085.dlg.015","source":"くわの 葉は 一日に 何度ぐらい 食わせますか。","translation":"About how many times a day do you feed it mulberry leaves?","reading":"くわのははいちにちになんどぐらいくわせますか。","words":[{"text":"くわ","gloss":"mulberry"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"葉","gloss":"leaves","reading":"は"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"一日","gloss":"one day","reading":"いちにち"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"何","gloss":"how many","reading":"なん"},{"text":"度","gloss":"times","reading":"ど"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"食わ","gloss":"feed","reading":"くわ"},{"text":"せ","gloss":"feed"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"feed"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.dlg.015.m4a"},{"number":16,"id":"ja.dli.L085.dlg.016","source":"四度ぐらいです。以前には 十かいぐらい 食わせていましたが、このごろは 一日に 四度ぐらいでいいんです。","translation":"About four times. Before they used to feed it about ten times, but these days about four times would do.","reading":"よんどぐらいです。いぜんにはじゅっかいぐらいくわせていましたが、このごろはいちにちによんどぐらいでいいんです。","words":[{"text":"四","gloss":"four","reading":"よん"},{"text":"度","gloss":"times","reading":"ど"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"},{"text":"以前","gloss":"before","reading":"いぜん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"十","gloss":"ten","reading":"じゅっ"},{"text":"かい","gloss":"times"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"食わ","gloss":"used to feed","reading":"くわ"},{"text":"せ","gloss":"used to feed"},{"text":"て","gloss":"used to feed"},{"text":"い","gloss":"used to feed"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"used to feed"},{"text":"た","gloss":"used to feed"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"このごろ","gloss":"these days"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"一日","gloss":"one day","reading":"いちにち"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"四","gloss":"four","reading":"よん"},{"text":"度","gloss":"times","reading":"ど"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"で","gloss":"with"},{"text":"いい","gloss":"enough"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.dlg.016.m4a"},{"number":17,"id":"ja.dli.L085.dlg.017","source":"私は 日本の 絹織物は 安いと 思っていたんですが、かなり 高いですね。","translation":"I thought that the Japanese silk fabrics are cheap, but they are fairly expensive, aren’t they?","reading":"わたくしはにほんのきぬおりものはやすいとおもっていたんですが、かなりたかいですね。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"絹","gloss":"silk","reading":"きぬ"},{"text":"織物","gloss":"fabrics","reading":"おりもの"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"安い","gloss":"cheap","reading":"やすい"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"思っ","gloss":"thought","reading":"おもっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"thought"},{"text":"い","gloss":"thought"},{"text":"た","gloss":"thought"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"かなり","gloss":"fairly"},{"text":"高い","gloss":"expensive","reading":"たかい"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.dlg.017.m4a"},{"number":18,"id":"ja.dli.L085.dlg.018","source":"このごろ、生糸が 不足して、ねだんが 高くなったので、メーカーたちも 困っている様です。","translation":"These days they are short of raw silk and the price went up, so it seems even the makers are suffering from it.","reading":"このごろ、きいとがふそくして、ねだんがたかくなったので、メーカーたちもこまっているようです。","words":[{"text":"このごろ、","gloss":"these days"},{"text":"生糸","gloss":"raw silk","reading":"きいと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"不足","gloss":"shortage","reading":"ふそく"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ねだん","gloss":"price"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"高く","gloss":"high","reading":"たかく"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"became"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"メーカー","gloss":"manufacturers"},{"text":"たち","gloss":"plural"},{"text":"も","gloss":"even"},{"text":"困っ","gloss":"are suffering","reading":"こまっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"are suffering"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"are suffering"},{"text":"様","gloss":"seems","reading":"よう"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.dlg.018.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"作る","gloss":"to raise, to make"},{"word":"まで、","gloss":"as far as, to (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"くわ","gloss":"mulberry tree"},{"word":"つづける","gloss":"to continue (v.t.)"},{"word":"ねむる","gloss":"molt; sleep"},{"word":"四","gloss":"four"},{"word":"かわ","gloss":"leather"},{"word":"かえる","gloss":"to hatch"},{"word":"一日","gloss":"first day of the month (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"十","gloss":"ten"},{"word":"いい","gloss":"good (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"織物","gloss":"fabric"},{"word":"かなり","gloss":"fairly"},{"word":"ねだん","gloss":"price"},{"word":"メーカー","gloss":"maker, manufacturer"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Silk demand and competition · Dialogue 4 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Silk demand and competition","paragraphs":["The speakers connect rising silk prices with greater demand in the United States and Japan. They also discuss competition from chemical fabrics and Nishijin brocade.","*日本の 輸出する 絹織物の ほとんど 七十パーセントが 米国行です* means \"Practically 70 percent of the silk fabrics exported by Japan goes to the United States.\""]},{"title":"Bound for a place","paragraphs":["*行* is a suffix that shows destination. It attaches to a place noun and means \"bound for that place.\"","*米国行* means \"bound for the U.S.A.\""]},{"title":"Kanji: 因","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":19,"id":"ja.dli.L085.dlg.019","source":"そうですか。生糸が 不足しているとは 知りませんでした。","translation":"Is that right? I didn’t know that they are short of raw silk.","reading":"そうですか。きいとがふそくしているとはしりませんでした。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"so"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"},{"text":"生糸","gloss":"raw silk","reading":"きいと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"不足","gloss":"shortage","reading":"ふそく"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"are"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"知り","gloss":"know","reading":"しり"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not"},{"text":"でし","gloss":"was"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.dlg.019.m4a"},{"number":20,"id":"ja.dli.L085.dlg.020","source":"米国の じゅようが 大きくなった事と、国内じゅようの ふえた事が 原因でしょう。日本の 輸出する 絹織物の ほとんど 七十パーセントが 米国行です。","translation":"Probably the fact that the demand by the United States has become great and also the fact that the domestic demand has increased are the cause of it. Practically 70 percent of the silk fabrics exported by Japan goes to the United States.","reading":"べいこくのじゅようがおおきくなったことと、こくないじゅようのふえたことがげんいんでしょう。にほんのゆしゅつするきぬおりもののほとんどななじゅうパーセントがべいこくゆきです。","words":[{"text":"米国","gloss":"United States","reading":"べいこく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"じゅ","gloss":"demand"},{"text":"よう","gloss":"demand"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"大きく","gloss":"great","reading":"おおきく"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"became"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"事","gloss":"fact","reading":"こと"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"国内","gloss":"domestic","reading":"こくない"},{"text":"じゅ","gloss":"demand"},{"text":"よう","gloss":"demand"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"ふえ","gloss":"increased"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"事","gloss":"fact","reading":"こと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"原因","gloss":"cause","reading":"げんいん"},{"text":"でしょう。","gloss":"probably"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"輸出","gloss":"export","reading":"ゆしゅつ"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"},{"text":"絹","gloss":"silk fabrics","reading":"きぬ"},{"text":"織物","gloss":"silk fabrics","reading":"おりもの"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"ほとんど","gloss":"practically"},{"text":"七十","gloss":"seventy","reading":"ななじゅう"},{"text":"パーセント","gloss":"percent"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"米国","gloss":"bound for US","reading":"べいこく"},{"text":"行","gloss":"bound for US","reading":"ゆき"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.dlg.020.m4a"},{"number":21,"id":"ja.dli.L085.dlg.021","source":"でも、絹織物の ねだんが 高くなりすぎると、外の かがくせんいと きょうそう出来なくなるでしょう。","translation":"However, if the price of silk fabrics becomes too high, it won’t be able to compete with other chemical fabrics, don’t you think?","reading":"でも、きぬおりもののねだんがたかくなりすぎると、ほかのかがくせんいときょうそうできなくなるでしょう。","words":[{"text":"で","gloss":"however"},{"text":"も、","gloss":"however"},{"text":"絹","gloss":"silk fabrics","reading":"きぬ"},{"text":"織物","gloss":"silk fabrics","reading":"おりもの"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"ねだん","gloss":"price"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"高く","gloss":"high","reading":"たかく"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"become"},{"text":"すぎる","gloss":"too much"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"if"},{"text":"外","gloss":"other","reading":"ほか"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"かがく","gloss":"synthetic fabrics"},{"text":"せんい","gloss":"synthetic fabrics"},{"text":"と","gloss":"with"},{"text":"きょう","gloss":"compete"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"compete"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"can","reading":"でき"},{"text":"なく","gloss":"not"},{"text":"なる","gloss":"become"},{"text":"でしょう。","gloss":"probably"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.dlg.021.m4a"},{"number":22,"id":"ja.dli.L085.dlg.022","source":"そうです。それが メーカーたちの ずつうの たねです。","translation":"You are right. That’s a source of constant anxiety of the silk makers.","reading":"そうです。それがメーカーたちのずつうのたねです。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"right"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"},{"text":"それ","gloss":"that"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"メーカー","gloss":"manufacturers"},{"text":"たち","gloss":"plural"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"ずつ","gloss":"headache"},{"text":"う","gloss":"headache"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"たね","gloss":"source"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.dlg.022.m4a"},{"number":23,"id":"ja.dli.L085.dlg.023","source":"京都の 西陣織は いいですね。","translation":"Nishijin brocade of Kyoto is nice, isn’t it?","reading":"きょうとのにしじんおりはいいですね。","words":[{"text":"京都","gloss":"Kyoto","reading":"きょうと"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"西陣","gloss":"Nishijin brocade","reading":"にしじん"},{"text":"織","gloss":"Nishijin brocade","reading":"おり"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"いい","gloss":"nice"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.dlg.023.m4a"},{"number":24,"id":"ja.dli.L085.dlg.024","source":"色の あざやかな事と 品の よい事で 有名です。","translation":"It is famous for its brilliant color and its good quality.","reading":"いろのあざやかなこととひんのよいことでゆうめいです。","words":[{"text":"色","gloss":"color","reading":"いろ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"あざやか","gloss":"brilliant"},{"text":"な","gloss":"is"},{"text":"事","gloss":"fact","reading":"こと"},{"text":"と","gloss":"and"},{"text":"品","gloss":"quality","reading":"ひん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"よい","gloss":"good"},{"text":"事","gloss":"fact","reading":"こと"},{"text":"で","gloss":"for"},{"text":"有名","gloss":"famous","reading":"ゆうめい"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.dlg.024.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"国内","gloss":"within a country, domestic"},{"word":"原因","gloss":"cause"},{"word":"でしょう。","gloss":"probably (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"七十","gloss":"70"},{"word":"ずつ","gloss":"each (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"たね","gloss":"seed"},{"word":"あざやか","gloss":"brilliant,(capula noun)"},{"word":"よい","gloss":"good (See Gram. Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Describing things freshly made · Perception drill, Block 1","teaching":[{"title":"Fresh out of college","paragraphs":["*ええ、大学 を 出たての 若い 女の 先生です* means \"Yes, she is a young girl teacher fresh out from college.\"","The suffix *たて* follows the ます-form base *出*. The particle *の* follows before the noun it modifies."]},{"title":"Fresh from or immediately after","paragraphs":["The suffix *たて* follows a verb's ます-form base. It means \"fresh from,\" \"newly completed,\" or \"immediately after.\"","In *もう この 学校へ 来たてから 勉強して います*, *来たてから* marks the time immediately after coming to school."]}],"lines":[{"number":25,"id":"ja.dli.L085.gp1.01","source":"蚕は かえりたてから 食物を さがします。","translation":"A silkworm seeks food immediately after being hatched.","reading":"かいこはかえりたてからしょくもつをさがします。","words":[{"text":"蚕","gloss":"silkworm","reading":"かいこ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"かえり","gloss":"just hatched"},{"text":"たて","gloss":"just hatched"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"食物","gloss":"food","reading":"しょくもつ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"さがし","gloss":"seek"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.gp1.01.m4a"},{"number":26,"id":"ja.dli.L085.gp1.02","source":"お宅 の むすこさん の 先生 は ずい分 若い 様ですね。","translation":"Your son’s teacher looks very young, doesn’t she?","reading":"おたくのむすこさんのせんせいはずいぶんわかいようですね。","words":[{"text":"お","gloss":"your home"},{"text":"宅","gloss":"your home","reading":"たく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"むすこ","gloss":"son"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"honorific"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"先生","gloss":"teacher","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ずい分","gloss":"very","reading":"ずいぶん"},{"text":"若い","gloss":"young","reading":"わかい"},{"text":"様","gloss":"looks","reading":"よう"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.gp1.02.m4a"},{"number":27,"id":"ja.dli.L085.gp1.03","source":"ええ、大学 を 出たての 若い 女の 先生です。","translation":"Yes, she is a young girl teacher fresh out from college.","reading":"ええ、だいがくをでたてのわかいおんなのせんせいです。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"大学","gloss":"college","reading":"だいがく"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"出たて","gloss":"freshly graduated","reading":"でたて"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"若い","gloss":"young","reading":"わかい"},{"text":"女","gloss":"woman","reading":"おんな"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"先生","gloss":"teacher","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.gp1.03.m4a"},{"number":28,"id":"ja.dli.L085.gp1.04","source":"スミスさん の 家 は どれですか。","translation":"Which one is Mr. Smith’s house?","reading":"スミスさんのいえはどれですか。","words":[{"text":"スミス","gloss":"Smith"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"honorific"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"家","gloss":"house","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どれ","gloss":"which"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.gp1.04.m4a"},{"number":29,"id":"ja.dli.L085.gp1.05","source":"あの 出来たての 赤い やねの 家 の すぐ となりの 二階家です。","translation":"It is a two-story house right next to that newly built, red roof house.","reading":"あのできたてのあかいやねのいえのすぐとなりのにかいやです。","words":[{"text":"あの","gloss":"that"},{"text":"出来たて","gloss":"newly built","reading":"できたて"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"赤い","gloss":"red","reading":"あかい"},{"text":"やね","gloss":"roof"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"家","gloss":"house","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"すぐ","gloss":"right"},{"text":"となり","gloss":"next door"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"二","gloss":"two-story house"},{"text":"階","gloss":"two-story house"},{"text":"家","gloss":"two-story house"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.gp1.05.m4a"},{"number":30,"id":"ja.dli.L085.gp1.06","source":"女中 を やとったそうですね。","translation":"I understand you hired a maid, isn’t that right?","reading":"じょちゅうをやとったそうですね。","words":[{"text":"女中","gloss":"maid","reading":"じょちゅう"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"やとっ","gloss":"hired"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"I hear"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.gp1.06.m4a"},{"number":31,"id":"ja.dli.L085.gp1.07","source":"ええ、やとった事は やとったのですが、田舎から 来たての 女で、まだ 何も 知らないのです。それで、家内が 色々の 事を 教えて やらなければ ならないのです。","translation":"Yes, I hired her all right, but she is a girl fresh from the country and she doesn’t know anything. So, my wife has to teach her all sorts of things.","reading":"ええ、やとったことはやとったのですが、いなかからきたてのおんなで、まだなにもしらないのです。それで、かないがいろいろのことをおしえてやらなければならないのです。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"やとっ","gloss":"hired"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"事","gloss":"fact","reading":"こと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"やとっ","gloss":"hired"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"田舎","gloss":"country","reading":"いなか"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"来","gloss":"freshly arrived","reading":"き"},{"text":"たて","gloss":"freshly arrived"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"女","gloss":"girl","reading":"おんな"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"まだ","gloss":"yet"},{"text":"何","gloss":"anything","reading":"なに"},{"text":"も","gloss":"even"},{"text":"知ら","gloss":"know","reading":"しら"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"},{"text":"それ","gloss":"that"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"so"},{"text":"家内","gloss":"wife","reading":"かない"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"色々","gloss":"various","reading":"いろいろ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"事","gloss":"things","reading":"こと"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"教え","gloss":"teach","reading":"おしえ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"やら","gloss":"do for her"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"if not"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"なら","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.gp1.07.m4a"},{"number":32,"id":"ja.dli.L085.gp1.08","source":"この 魚 は さしみに 出来るかね。","translation":"Can you use this fish for ”SASHIMI?","reading":"このさかなはさしみにできるかね。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"魚","gloss":"fish","reading":"さかな"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"さしみ","gloss":"sashimi"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"出来る","gloss":"can use","reading":"できる"},{"text":"か","gloss":"question"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.gp1.08.m4a"},{"number":33,"id":"ja.dli.L085.gp1.09","source":"ええ、海から 取りたての 魚ですから、さしみには とても いいです。","translation":"Yes, it will be very nice for ”SASHIMI” because it is a fish fresh from the sea.","reading":"ええ、うみからとりたてのさかなですから、さしみにはとてもいいです。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"海","gloss":"sea","reading":"うみ"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"取りたて","gloss":"freshly caught","reading":"とりたて"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"魚","gloss":"fish","reading":"さかな"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"さしみ","gloss":"sashimi"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"とても","gloss":"very"},{"text":"いい","gloss":"good"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.gp1.09.m4a"},{"number":34,"id":"ja.dli.L085.gp1.10","source":"パーカーさんは よく 勉強しますね。","translation":"Mr. Parker surely studies hard, doesn’t he?","reading":"パーカーさんはよくべんきょうしますね。","words":[{"text":"パーカー","gloss":"Parker"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"honorific"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"よく","gloss":"hard"},{"text":"勉強","gloss":"study","reading":"べんきょう"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.gp1.10.m4a"},{"number":35,"id":"ja.dli.L085.gp1.11","source":"ええ、もう この 学校へ 来たてから 勉強して います。","translation":"Yes, he has been studying from the moment he came to this school.","reading":"ええ、もうこのがっこうへきたてからべんきょうしています。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"もう","gloss":"already"},{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"来","gloss":"just came","reading":"き"},{"text":"た","gloss":"just came"},{"text":"て","gloss":"just came"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"勉強","gloss":"study","reading":"べんきょう"},{"text":"し","gloss":"has been studying"},{"text":"て","gloss":"has been studying"},{"text":"い","gloss":"has been studying"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"has been studying"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.gp1.11.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ずい分","gloss":"very much"},{"word":"ええ、","gloss":"Yes"},{"word":"女","gloss":"female"},{"word":"家","gloss":"house, home"},{"word":"どれ","gloss":"which (of three or more) (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"やね","gloss":"roof"},{"word":"すぐ","gloss":"right away, immediately"},{"word":"女中","gloss":"maid"},{"word":"が、","gloss":"but (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"田舎","gloss":"the country, rural area"},{"word":"で、","gloss":"--is and -- (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"なら","gloss":"if it is (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"さしみ","gloss":"thinly sliced raw fish dish"},{"word":"出来る","gloss":"to be manufactured; to be produced (v.i.)"},{"word":"海","gloss":"sea, ocean"},{"word":"とても","gloss":"very, indeed"},{"word":"よく","gloss":"well, skillfully"},{"word":"もう","gloss":"already (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"へ","gloss":"to (See Gram. Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Changing, exchanging and rewriting · Perception drill, Block 2","teaching":[{"title":"Changing into different clothes","paragraphs":["*ええ、着物に 着かえます* means \"Yes, I change into a KIMONO.\"","The compound joins the ます-form base *着* to *かえます*. It describes changing what someone wears."]},{"title":"Change or do again","paragraphs":["After a verb's ます-form base, *かえる* adds the meaning \"change.\" The result can describe changing, exchanging, replacing, or doing the action again.","In *書きかえますから、間違った ところを なおしてください*, *書きかえます* means \"I will rewrite it.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":36,"id":"ja.dli.L085.gp2.01","source":"かいこは 四度ぐらい かわを ぬぎかえます。","translation":"A silkworm sheds it’s skin about four times.","reading":"かいこはよんどぐらいかわをぬぎかえます。","words":[{"text":"かいこ","gloss":"silkworm"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"四","gloss":"four","reading":"よん"},{"text":"度","gloss":"times","reading":"ど"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"かわ","gloss":"skin"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"ぬぎ","gloss":"shed and replace"},{"text":"かえ","gloss":"shed and replace"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.gp2.01.m4a"},{"number":37,"id":"ja.dli.L085.gp2.02","source":"あなたは うちへ帰ると、洋服を 着かえますか。","translation":"Do you change your suit when you go home?","reading":"あなたはうちへかえると、ようふくをきかえますか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"うち","gloss":"home"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"帰る","gloss":"return","reading":"かえる"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"when"},{"text":"洋服","gloss":"suit","reading":"ようふく"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"着かえ","gloss":"change clothes","reading":"きかえ"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.gp2.02.m4a"},{"number":38,"id":"ja.dli.L085.gp2.03","source":"ええ、着物に 着かえます。うちでは 着物の 方がらくですからね。","translation":"Yes, I change into a KIMONO. At home a KIMONO is much more comfortable, you see.","reading":"ええ、きものにきかえます。うちではきもののほうがらくですからね。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"着物","gloss":"kimono","reading":"きもの"},{"text":"に","gloss":"into"},{"text":"着かえ","gloss":"change clothes","reading":"きかえ"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"うち","gloss":"home"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"着物","gloss":"kimono","reading":"きもの"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"方","gloss":"one","reading":"ほう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"らく","gloss":"comfortable"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"から","gloss":"because"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"you see"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.gp2.03.m4a"},{"number":39,"id":"ja.dli.L085.gp2.04","source":"デパートでは 買った物を 取りかえてくれますか。","translation":"Do they exchange things bought at a department store for me?","reading":"デパートではかったものをとりかえてくれますか。","words":[{"text":"デパート","gloss":"department store"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"買っ","gloss":"bought","reading":"かっ"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"物","gloss":"things","reading":"もの"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"取りかえ","gloss":"exchange","reading":"とりかえ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"くれ","gloss":"for me"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.gp2.04.m4a"},{"number":40,"id":"ja.dli.L085.gp2.05","source":"私も よく 知りませんが、多分 取りかえてくれるでしょう。","translation":"I don’t know too well either, but I suppose they’ll exchange them for you.","reading":"わたくしもよくしりませんが、たぶんとりかえてくれるでしょう。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"よく","gloss":"well"},{"text":"知り","gloss":"know","reading":"しり"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"多分","gloss":"probably","reading":"たぶん"},{"text":"取りかえ","gloss":"exchange","reading":"とりかえ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"くれる","gloss":"for you"},{"text":"でしょう。","gloss":"probably"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.gp2.05.m4a"},{"number":41,"id":"ja.dli.L085.gp2.06","source":"あなたは うちへ帰るとすぐ、ぞうりにはきかえますか。","translation":"Do you change into slippers as soon as you go home?","reading":"あなたはうちへかえるとすぐ、ぞうりにはきかえますか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"うち","gloss":"home"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"帰る","gloss":"return","reading":"かえる"},{"text":"と","gloss":"when"},{"text":"すぐ、","gloss":"immediately"},{"text":"ぞうり","gloss":"slippers"},{"text":"に","gloss":"into"},{"text":"はきかえ","gloss":"change footwear"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.gp2.06.m4a"},{"number":42,"id":"ja.dli.L085.gp2.07","source":"いいえ、私は くつを ぬいで、くつしたの ままで居ます。","translation":"No, I take my shoes off and stay around with just socks on.","reading":"いいえ、わたくしはくつをぬいで、くつしたのままでいます。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"くつ","gloss":"shoes"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"ぬい","gloss":"take off"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"くつ","gloss":"socks"},{"text":"し","gloss":"socks"},{"text":"た","gloss":"socks"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"まま","gloss":"as is"},{"text":"で","gloss":"with"},{"text":"居","gloss":"stay","reading":"い"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.gp2.07.m4a"},{"number":43,"id":"ja.dli.L085.gp2.08","source":"この 手紙は 間違いだらけですから、書きかえた 方が いいですよ。","translation":"Since this letter is full of mistakes, you had better rewrite it.","reading":"このてがみはまちがいだらけですから、かきかえたほうがいいですよ。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"手紙","gloss":"letter","reading":"てがみ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"間違い","gloss":"mistakes","reading":"まちがい"},{"text":"だらけ","gloss":"full of"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"書きかえ","gloss":"rewrite","reading":"かきかえ"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"方","gloss":"way","reading":"ほう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"いい","gloss":"good"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.gp2.08.m4a"},{"number":44,"id":"ja.dli.L085.gp2.09","source":"書きかえますから、間違った ところを なおしてください。","translation":"I’ll rewrite it, so please correct the errors.","reading":"かきかえますから、まちがったところをなおしてください。","words":[{"text":"書きかえ","gloss":"rewrite","reading":"かきかえ"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"間違っ","gloss":"mistaken","reading":"まちがっ"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"ところ","gloss":"parts"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"なおし","gloss":"correct"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ください。","gloss":"please"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.gp2.09.m4a"},{"number":45,"id":"ja.dli.L085.gp2.10","source":"米国人は 左の 手に フォークを 持って 食べますか。","translation":"Do Americans hold the fork in the left hand and eat?","reading":"べいこくじんはひだりのてにフォークをもってたべますか。","words":[{"text":"米国","gloss":"Americans","reading":"べいこく"},{"text":"人","gloss":"Americans","reading":"じん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"左","gloss":"left","reading":"ひだり"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"手","gloss":"hand","reading":"て"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"フォーク","gloss":"fork"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"持っ","gloss":"hold","reading":"もっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"食べ","gloss":"eat","reading":"たべ"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.gp2.10.m4a"},{"number":46,"id":"ja.dli.L085.gp2.11","source":"肉などを 切る時には フォークを 左の 手に 持っていますが、食べる時には 右の 手に 持ちかえます。","translation":"When they cut meat, they hold the fork in the left hand, but when they eat they shift it to the right hand.","reading":"にくなどをきるときにはフォークをひだりのてにもっていますが、たべるときにはみぎのてにもちかえます。","words":[{"text":"肉","gloss":"meat","reading":"にく"},{"text":"など","gloss":"and such"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"切る","gloss":"cut","reading":"きる"},{"text":"時","gloss":"time","reading":"とき"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"フォーク","gloss":"fork"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"左","gloss":"left","reading":"ひだり"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"手","gloss":"hand","reading":"て"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"持っ","gloss":"are holding","reading":"もっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"are holding"},{"text":"い","gloss":"are holding"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"are holding"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"食べる","gloss":"eat","reading":"たべる"},{"text":"時","gloss":"time","reading":"とき"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"右","gloss":"right","reading":"みぎ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"手","gloss":"hand","reading":"て"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"持ちかえ","gloss":"switch","reading":"もちかえ"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.gp2.11.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"うち","gloss":"home, house"},{"word":"と、","gloss":"and (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"すぐ、","gloss":"right away, immediately"},{"word":"ぞうり","gloss":"sandal, slipper"},{"word":"くつ","gloss":"shoes"},{"word":"手紙","gloss":"letter (correspondence)"},{"word":"だらけ","gloss":"full of, covered with (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"ください。","gloss":"please give me (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"人","gloss":"people"},{"word":"フォーク","gloss":"fork"},{"word":"肉","gloss":"meat, flesh"},{"word":"など","gloss":"and so forth, etc."},{"word":"切る","gloss":"to cut"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Things newly made or begun · Pattern 1 1 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"From the moment an action ends","paragraphs":["*蚕 は かえりたてから 食べ始めます* means \"Silkworms begin eating as soon as they hatch.\"","The *たて* from *かえりたて* marks the moment immediately after hatching."]},{"title":"A newly completed thing","paragraphs":["*これは ぬりたての 戸ですから、気をつけてください* means \"This door is newly painted, so please be careful.\"","The particle *の* follows *ぬりたて* before *戸*."]}],"lines":[{"number":47,"id":"ja.dli.L085.pt1.m1","source":"蚕 は かえりたてから 食べ始めます。","translation":"Silkworms begin eating as soon as they hatch.","reading":"かいこはかえりたてからたべはじめます。","words":[{"text":"蚕","gloss":"silkworms","reading":"かいこ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"かえり","gloss":"just hatched"},{"text":"たて","gloss":"just hatched"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"食べ","gloss":"eat","reading":"たべ"},{"text":"始め","gloss":"begin","reading":"はじめ"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.pt1.m1.m4a"},{"number":48,"id":"ja.dli.L085.pt1.01","source":"私は この ネクタイは 買いたてから きらいでした。","translation":"I disliked this necktie from the moment I bought it.","reading":"わたくしはこのネクタイはかいたてからきらいでした。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"ネクタイ","gloss":"necktie"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"買い","gloss":"just bought","reading":"かい"},{"text":"たて","gloss":"just bought"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"きらい","gloss":"disliked"},{"text":"でし","gloss":"was"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.pt1.01.m4a"},{"number":49,"id":"ja.dli.L085.pt1.02","source":"やきたての パンは おいしい。","translation":"Freshly baked bread is delicious.","reading":"やきたてのパンはおいしい。","words":[{"text":"やき","gloss":"freshly baked"},{"text":"たて","gloss":"freshly baked"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"パン","gloss":"bread"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"おいしい。","gloss":"delicious"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.pt1.02.m4a"},{"number":50,"id":"ja.dli.L085.pt1.03","source":"取りたての 魚を やいて 食べると おいしいですね。","translation":"Freshly caught fish is delicious when grilled and eaten, isn’t it?","reading":"とりたてのさかなをやいてたべるとおいしいですね。","words":[{"text":"取りたて","gloss":"freshly caught","reading":"とりたて"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"魚","gloss":"fish","reading":"さかな"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"やい","gloss":"grill"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"食べる","gloss":"eat","reading":"たべる"},{"text":"と","gloss":"when"},{"text":"おいしい","gloss":"delicious"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.pt1.03.m4a"},{"number":51,"id":"ja.dli.L085.pt1.04","source":"これは ぬりたての 戸ですから、気をつけてください。","translation":"This door has just been painted, so please be careful.","reading":"これはぬりたてのとですから、きをつけてください。","words":[{"text":"これ","gloss":"this"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ぬりたて","gloss":"freshly painted"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"戸","gloss":"door","reading":"と"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"気","gloss":"care","reading":"き"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"つけ","gloss":"take"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ください。","gloss":"please"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.pt1.04.m4a"},{"number":52,"id":"ja.dli.L085.pt1.05","source":"あの人は 見たてから 変な人だと思いました。","translation":"From the moment I saw him, I thought he was a strange person.","reading":"あのひとはみたてからへんなひとだとおもいました。","words":[{"text":"あの","gloss":"that"},{"text":"人","gloss":"person","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"見たて","gloss":"first saw","reading":"みたて"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"変","gloss":"strange","reading":"へん"},{"text":"な","gloss":"is"},{"text":"人","gloss":"person","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"思い","gloss":"thought","reading":"おもい"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.pt1.05.m4a"},{"number":53,"id":"ja.dli.L085.pt1.06","source":"これは あらいたての シャツですから、きれいです。","translation":"This shirt has just been washed, so it is clean.","reading":"これはあらいたてのシャツですから、きれいです。","words":[{"text":"これ","gloss":"this"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あらい","gloss":"freshly washed"},{"text":"たて","gloss":"freshly washed"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"シャツ","gloss":"shirt"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"きれい","gloss":"clean"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.pt1.06.m4a"},{"number":54,"id":"ja.dli.L085.pt1.07","source":"あの女の人は 大学を 出たての 若い 先生です。","translation":"That woman is a young teacher who has just graduated from college.","reading":"あのおんなのひとはだいがくをでたてのわかいせんせいです。","words":[{"text":"あの","gloss":"that"},{"text":"女","gloss":"woman","reading":"おんな"},{"text":"の","gloss":"woman"},{"text":"人","gloss":"woman","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"大学","gloss":"college","reading":"だいがく"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"出たて","gloss":"freshly graduated","reading":"でたて"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"若い","gloss":"young","reading":"わかい"},{"text":"先生","gloss":"teacher","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.pt1.07.m4a"},{"number":55,"id":"ja.dli.L085.pt1.08","source":"あの生徒は この学校へ 来たてから 勉強が きらいでした。","translation":"That student disliked studying from the time he first came to this school.","reading":"あのせいとはこのがっこうへきたてからべんきょうがきらいでした。","words":[{"text":"あの","gloss":"that"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"student","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"来","gloss":"first came","reading":"き"},{"text":"た","gloss":"first came"},{"text":"て","gloss":"first came"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"勉強","gloss":"studying","reading":"べんきょう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"きらい","gloss":"disliked"},{"text":"でし","gloss":"was"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.pt1.08.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ネクタイ","gloss":"necktie"},{"word":"きらい","gloss":"dislike (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"おいしい。","gloss":"tasty, delicious"},{"word":"戸","gloss":"classifier of counting families and/or houses"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Recent beginnings and adjustments · Pattern 1 2 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"New to the work","paragraphs":["*その 会社に はいりたてですから、まだ 仕事になれていないし、ずい分 くろうしているそうです* describes someone new to a company.","His recent start explains why he is not used to the work and is having difficulty."]},{"title":"A newly built house","paragraphs":["*ええ、出来たての 家で、とても きれいな 家です* means \"Yes, it is a newly built house, and it is very nice.\"","The *たて* in *出来たての 家* describes a house whose construction was recently completed."]}],"lines":[{"number":56,"id":"ja.dli.L085.pt1.09","source":"田中さんは 会社につとめているそうですね。","translation":"I understand that Mr. Tanaka works for a company, isn’t that right?","reading":"たなかさんはかいしゃにつとめているそうですね。","words":[{"text":"田中","gloss":"Tanaka","reading":"たなか"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"honorific"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"会社","gloss":"company","reading":"かいしゃ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"つとめ","gloss":"works"},{"text":"て","gloss":"works"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"works"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"I hear"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.pt1.09.m4a"},{"number":57,"id":"ja.dli.L085.pt1.10","source":"ええ、その 会社に はいりたてですから、まだ 仕事になれていないし、ずい分 くろうしているそうです。","translation":"Yes, I hear that since he has just joined the company, he is not yet used to the work and is having a very hard time.","reading":"ええ、そのかいしゃにはいりたてですから、まだしごとになれていないし、ずいぶんくろうしているそうです。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"会社","gloss":"company","reading":"かいしゃ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"はいり","gloss":"just joined"},{"text":"たて","gloss":"just joined"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"まだ","gloss":"yet"},{"text":"仕事","gloss":"work","reading":"しごと"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"なれ","gloss":"used"},{"text":"て","gloss":"used"},{"text":"い","gloss":"used"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"し、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ずい分","gloss":"very"},{"text":"くろう","gloss":"hardship"},{"text":"し","gloss":"is having"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is having"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"is having"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"I hear"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.pt1.10.m4a"},{"number":58,"id":"ja.dli.L085.pt1.11","source":"いい かし家が あったそうですね。","translation":"I understand that there was a nice house for rent, wasn’t there?","reading":"いいかしやがあったそうですね。","words":[{"text":"いい","gloss":"nice"},{"text":"か","gloss":"house for rent"},{"text":"し","gloss":"house for rent"},{"text":"家","gloss":"house for rent","reading":"や"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あっ","gloss":"existed"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"I hear"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.pt1.11.m4a"},{"number":59,"id":"ja.dli.L085.pt1.12","source":"ええ、出来たての 家で、とても きれいな 家です。","translation":"Yes, it is a newly built house, and it is very nice.","reading":"ええ、できたてのいえで、とてもきれいないえです。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"出来たて","gloss":"newly built","reading":"できたて"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"家","gloss":"house","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"とても","gloss":"very"},{"text":"きれい","gloss":"nice"},{"text":"な","gloss":"is"},{"text":"家","gloss":"house","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.pt1.12.m4a"},{"number":60,"id":"ja.dli.L085.pt1.13","source":"あなたは 今の 会社に つとめ始めてから、もう十年になるでしょう。","translation":"It has already been ten years since you began working for your present company, hasn’t it?","reading":"あなたはいまのかいしゃにつとめはじめてから、もうじゅうねんになるでしょう。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"今","gloss":"present","reading":"いま"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"会社","gloss":"company","reading":"かいしゃ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"つとめ","gloss":"work"},{"text":"始め","gloss":"begin","reading":"はじめ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"since"},{"text":"もう","gloss":"already"},{"text":"十","gloss":"ten","reading":"じゅう"},{"text":"年","gloss":"years","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"into"},{"text":"なる","gloss":"become"},{"text":"でしょう。","gloss":"probably"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.pt1.13.m4a"},{"number":61,"id":"ja.dli.L085.pt1.14","source":"ええ、早いものですね。会社に 来たてには ずい分 くろうしましたが、このごろは 仕事に なれてらくに なりました。","translation":"Yes, time passes quickly, doesn’t it? When I first came to the company, I had a very hard time, but lately I have become used to the work and things have become easier.","reading":"ええ、はやいものですね。かいしゃにきたてにはずいぶんくろうしましたが、このごろはしごとになれてらくになりました。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"早い","gloss":"fast","reading":"はやい"},{"text":"もの","gloss":"time passes"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"},{"text":"会社","gloss":"company","reading":"かいしゃ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"来","gloss":"first came","reading":"き"},{"text":"たて","gloss":"first came"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ずい分","gloss":"very"},{"text":"くろう","gloss":"hardship"},{"text":"し","gloss":"had"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"このごろ","gloss":"these days"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"仕事","gloss":"work","reading":"しごと"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"なれ","gloss":"used"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"らく","gloss":"easy"},{"text":"に","gloss":"into"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"became"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.pt1.14.m4a"},{"number":62,"id":"ja.dli.L085.pt1.15","source":"あなたが米国に 来て 何年ぐらいに なりますか。","translation":"About how many years has it been since you came to the United States?","reading":"あなたがべいこくにきてなんねんぐらいになりますか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"米国","gloss":"United States","reading":"べいこく"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"来","gloss":"come","reading":"き"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"何","gloss":"how many","reading":"なん"},{"text":"年","gloss":"years","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"に","gloss":"into"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"become"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.pt1.15.m4a"},{"number":63,"id":"ja.dli.L085.pt1.16","source":"十年に なります。米国に 来たてには 英語が わからなくて、ずい分 困りました。","translation":"It has been ten years. When I first came to the United States, I did not understand English and had a very hard time.","reading":"じゅうねんになります。べいこくにきたてにはえいごがわからなくて、ずいぶんこまりました。","words":[{"text":"十","gloss":"ten","reading":"じゅう"},{"text":"年","gloss":"years","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"into"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"become"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"米国","gloss":"United States","reading":"べいこく"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"来","gloss":"first came","reading":"き"},{"text":"たて","gloss":"first came"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"英語","gloss":"English","reading":"えいご"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"わから","gloss":"understand"},{"text":"なく","gloss":"not"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ずい分","gloss":"very","reading":"ずいぶん"},{"text":"困り","gloss":"was troubled","reading":"こまり"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.pt1.16.m4a"},{"number":64,"id":"ja.dli.L085.pt1.17","source":"出来たての 天ぷらは おいしいですね。","translation":"Freshly made tempura is delicious, isn’t it?","reading":"できたてのてんぷらはおいしいですね。","words":[{"text":"出来たて","gloss":"freshly made","reading":"できたて"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"天ぷら","gloss":"tempura","reading":"てんぷら"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"おいしい","gloss":"delicious"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.pt1.17.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"会社","gloss":"company, firm"},{"word":"から、","gloss":"from (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"し、","gloss":"city"},{"word":"か","gloss":"either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"年","gloss":"year (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"もの","gloss":"things (tangible)"},{"word":"ます","gloss":"trout"},{"word":"おいしい","gloss":"tasty, delicious"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Freshly made food and verbs · Pattern 1 3 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Food while it is hot","paragraphs":["*天ぷらは あついうちが おいしいですね* means \"Tempura is delicious while it is hot, is it not?\"","*つめたくなると だめですね* means \"It is no good once it gets cold.\""]},{"title":"Verbs for fresh results","paragraphs":["The lines give *帰る*, \"to return,\" *来る*, \"to come,\" and *出来る*, \"to be completed.\"","They also give *取る*, \"to take,\" *ぬる*, \"to paint,\" and *あらう*, \"to wash.\" The bases of these verbs can precede *たて*."]}],"lines":[{"number":65,"id":"ja.dli.L085.pt1.18","source":"ええ、天ぷらは あついうちが おいしいですね。つめたくなると だめですね。","translation":"Yes, tempura is delicious while it is hot, isn’t it? It is no good once it gets cold.","reading":"ええ、てんぷらはあついうちがおいしいですね。つめたくなるとだめですね。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"天ぷら","gloss":"tempura","reading":"てんぷら"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あつい","gloss":"hot"},{"text":"うち","gloss":"while"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"おいしい","gloss":"delicious"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"},{"text":"つめたく","gloss":"cold"},{"text":"なる","gloss":"become"},{"text":"と","gloss":"when"},{"text":"だめ","gloss":"no good"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.pt1.18.m4a"},{"number":66,"id":"ja.dli.L085.pt1.19","source":"帰る","translation":"to return","reading":"かえる","words":[{"text":"帰る","gloss":"to return","reading":"かえる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.pt1.19.m4a"},{"number":67,"id":"ja.dli.L085.pt1.20","source":"来る","translation":"to come","reading":"くる","words":[{"text":"来る","gloss":"to come","reading":"くる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.pt1.20.m4a"},{"number":68,"id":"ja.dli.L085.pt1.21","source":"出来る","translation":"to be completed","reading":"できる","words":[{"text":"出来る","gloss":"be completed","reading":"できる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.pt1.21.m4a"},{"number":69,"id":"ja.dli.L085.pt1.22","source":"取る","translation":"to take","reading":"とる","words":[{"text":"取る","gloss":"take","reading":"とる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.pt1.22.m4a"},{"number":70,"id":"ja.dli.L085.pt1.23","source":"ぬる","translation":"to paint","reading":"ぬる","words":[{"text":"ぬる","gloss":"paint"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.pt1.23.m4a"},{"number":71,"id":"ja.dli.L085.pt1.24","source":"あらう","translation":"to wash","reading":"あらう","words":[{"text":"あらう","gloss":"wash"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.pt1.24.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"あつい","gloss":"hot"},{"word":"だめ","gloss":"no good, useless,\nhopeless"},{"word":"ぬる","gloss":"put on, paint with (v.t.)"},{"word":"あらう","gloss":"to wash"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Changing clothes and replacing things · Pattern 2 1 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Several kinds of change","paragraphs":["*蚕は ねむるたびごとに かわを ぬぎかえます* means \"Every time silkworms sleep, they shed their skins.\"","The *かえる* in *ぬぎかえます* also appears in compounds for changing clothes, shoes, a watch glass, or the hand holding an object.","They also describe exchanging goods, rewriting a test, and rephrasing words."]},{"title":"Rephrasing the words","paragraphs":["*質問がわかりませんから、やさしい 言葉に 言いかえてください* means \"I do not understand the question, so please rephrase it in simpler words.\"","Here *言いかえて* describes saying the content again with different words."]}],"lines":[{"number":72,"id":"ja.dli.L085.pt2.m1","source":"蚕は ねむるたびごとに かわを ぬぎかえます。","translation":"Every time silkworms sleep, they shed their skins.","reading":"かいこはねむるたびごとにかわをぬぎかえます。","words":[{"text":"蚕","gloss":"silkworms","reading":"かいこ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ねむる","gloss":"sleep"},{"text":"たび","gloss":"each time"},{"text":"ごと","gloss":"every"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"かわ","gloss":"skins"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"ぬぎ","gloss":"shed their skins"},{"text":"かえ","gloss":"shed their skins"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"shed their skins"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.pt2.m1.m4a"},{"number":73,"id":"ja.dli.L085.pt2.01","source":"私は 家へ帰るとすぐ 服を 着かえます。","translation":"As soon as I get home, I change my clothes.","reading":"わたくしはいえへかえるとすぐふくをきかえます。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"家","gloss":"home","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"帰る","gloss":"return","reading":"かえる"},{"text":"と","gloss":"when"},{"text":"すぐ","gloss":"immediately"},{"text":"服","gloss":"clothes","reading":"ふく"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"着かえ","gloss":"change clothes","reading":"きかえ"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"change clothes"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.pt2.01.m4a"},{"number":74,"id":"ja.dli.L085.pt2.02","source":"私は 家へ帰るとすぐ くつを はきかえます。","translation":"As soon as I get home, I change my shoes.","reading":"わたくしはいえへかえるとすぐくつをはきかえます。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"家","gloss":"home","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"帰る","gloss":"return","reading":"かえる"},{"text":"と","gloss":"when"},{"text":"すぐ","gloss":"immediately"},{"text":"くつ","gloss":"shoes"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"はきかえ","gloss":"change shoes"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"change shoes"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.pt2.02.m4a"},{"number":75,"id":"ja.dli.L085.pt2.03","source":"とけいの ガラスを 入れかえました。","translation":"I had the glass in my watch replaced.","reading":"とけいのガラスをいれかえました。","words":[{"text":"とけい","gloss":"watch"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"ガラス","gloss":"glass"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"入れかえ","gloss":"had replaced","reading":"いれかえ"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"had replaced"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"had replaced"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.pt2.03.m4a"},{"number":76,"id":"ja.dli.L085.pt2.04","source":"左の 手の えんぴつを 右の 手に 持ちかえなさい。","translation":"Shift the pencil from your left hand to your right hand.","reading":"ひだりのてのえんぴつをみぎのてにもちかえなさい。","words":[{"text":"左","gloss":"left","reading":"ひだり"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"手","gloss":"hand","reading":"て"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"えんぴつ","gloss":"pencil"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"右","gloss":"right","reading":"みぎ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"手","gloss":"hand","reading":"て"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"持ちかえ","gloss":"shift","reading":"もちかえ"},{"text":"なさい。","gloss":"please"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.pt2.04.m4a"},{"number":77,"id":"ja.dli.L085.pt2.05","source":"デパートで 買った物は 取りかえてくれます。","translation":"They will exchange things bought at the department store.","reading":"デパートでかったものはとりかえてくれます。","words":[{"text":"デパート","gloss":"department store"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"買っ","gloss":"bought","reading":"かっ"},{"text":"た","gloss":"bought"},{"text":"物","gloss":"things","reading":"もの"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"取りかえ","gloss":"exchange for you","reading":"とりかえ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"exchange for you"},{"text":"くれ","gloss":"exchange for you"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"exchange for you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.pt2.05.m4a"},{"number":78,"id":"ja.dli.L085.pt2.06","source":"この 試験は 間違いだらけですから、書きかえた 方がいいですね。","translation":"This test is full of mistakes, so you had better rewrite it.","reading":"このしけんはまちがいだらけですから、かきかえたほうがいいですね。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"試験","gloss":"test","reading":"しけん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"間違い","gloss":"mistakes","reading":"まちがい"},{"text":"だらけ","gloss":"full of"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"書きかえ","gloss":"rewrite","reading":"かきかえ"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"方","gloss":"way","reading":"ほう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"いい","gloss":"better"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.pt2.06.m4a"},{"number":79,"id":"ja.dli.L085.pt2.07","source":"質問がわかりませんから、やさしい 言葉に 言いかえてください。","translation":"I do not understand the question, so please rephrase it in simpler words.","reading":"しつもんがわかりませんから、やさしいことばにいいかえてください。","words":[{"text":"質問","gloss":"question","reading":"しつもん"},{"text":"が","gloss":"object"},{"text":"わかり","gloss":"do not understand"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"do not understand"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"do not understand"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"やさしい","gloss":"simple"},{"text":"言葉","gloss":"words","reading":"ことば"},{"text":"に","gloss":"into"},{"text":"言いかえ","gloss":"please rephrase","reading":"いいかえ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"please rephrase"},{"text":"ください。","gloss":"please rephrase"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.pt2.07.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"服","gloss":"clothes, suits, uniform"},{"word":"ガラス","gloss":"glass"},{"word":"やさしい","gloss":"easy"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Changing trains and replacing items · Pattern 2 2 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Changing trains","paragraphs":["*この電車で 行くと、青山六丁目で 乗りかえなければ なりませんよ* means \"If you take this train, you will have to change trains at Aoyama Sixth District.\"","The *かえる* in *乗りかえなければ* describes changing from one train to another."]},{"title":"Replacing and transplanting","paragraphs":["*新しいのに 買いかえました* describes replacing the old television with a new one.","*植えかえても* describes transplanting a flower. The negative *植えかえない* advises against that change while the flower is blooming."]}],"lines":[{"number":80,"id":"ja.dli.L085.pt2.08","source":"この電車は 青山で 乗りかえなければ なりません。","translation":"You have to change trains at Aoyama on this train.","reading":"このでんしゃはあおやまでのりかえなければなりません。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"電車","gloss":"train","reading":"でんしゃ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"青山","gloss":"Aoyama","reading":"あおやま"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"乗りかえ","gloss":"have to transfer","reading":"のりかえ"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"have to transfer"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"have to transfer"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"have to transfer"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"have to transfer"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"have to transfer"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.pt2.08.m4a"},{"number":81,"id":"ja.dli.L085.pt2.09","source":"この 電車は 銀座へ 行きますか。","translation":"Does this train go to Ginza?","reading":"このでんしゃはぎんざへいきますか。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"電車","gloss":"train","reading":"でんしゃ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"銀座","gloss":"Ginza","reading":"ぎんざ"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.pt2.09.m4a"},{"number":82,"id":"ja.dli.L085.pt2.10","source":"そうですね。この電車で 行くと、青山六丁目で 乗りかえなければ なりませんよ。","translation":"Let me see. If you take this train, you will have to change trains at Aoyama Sixth District.","reading":"そうですね。このでんしゃでいくと、あおやまろくちょおめでのりかえなければなりませんよ。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"well"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"let me see"},{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"電車","gloss":"train","reading":"でんしゃ"},{"text":"で","gloss":"by"},{"text":"行く","gloss":"take","reading":"いく"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"if"},{"text":"青山","gloss":"Aoyama"},{"text":"六","gloss":"sixth"},{"text":"丁目","gloss":"district"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"乗りかえ","gloss":"have to transfer","reading":"のりかえ"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"have to transfer"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"have to transfer"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"have to transfer"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"have to transfer"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"have to transfer"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.pt2.10.m4a"},{"number":83,"id":"ja.dli.L085.pt2.11","source":"新しい テレビを 買ったそうですね。","translation":"I understand that you bought a new television, didn’t you?","reading":"あたらしいテレビをかったそうですね。","words":[{"text":"新しい","gloss":"new","reading":"あたらしい"},{"text":"テレビ","gloss":"television"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"買っ","gloss":"bought","reading":"かっ"},{"text":"た","gloss":"bought"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"I hear"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.pt2.11.m4a"},{"number":84,"id":"ja.dli.L085.pt2.12","source":"ええ、前のは あまり よくなかったので、新しいのに 買いかえました。","translation":"Yes, the old one was not very good, so I replaced it with a new one.","reading":"ええ、まえのはあまりよくなかったので、あたらしいのにかいかえました。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"前","gloss":"previous","reading":"まえ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"one"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あまり","gloss":"very"},{"text":"よく","gloss":"good"},{"text":"なかっ","gloss":"was not"},{"text":"た","gloss":"was not"},{"text":"の","gloss":"because"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"新しい","gloss":"new","reading":"あたらしい"},{"text":"の","gloss":"one"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"買いかえ","gloss":"replaced","reading":"かいかえ"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"replaced"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"replaced"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.pt2.12.m4a"},{"number":85,"id":"ja.dli.L085.pt2.13","source":"この 花は 今 植えかえても いいでしょうか。","translation":"Would it be all right to transplant this flower now?","reading":"このはなはいまうえかえてもいいでしょうか。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"花","gloss":"flower","reading":"はな"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"今","gloss":"now","reading":"いま"},{"text":"植えかえ","gloss":"transplant","reading":"うえかえ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"transplant"},{"text":"も","gloss":"even if"},{"text":"いい","gloss":"all right"},{"text":"でしょう","gloss":"probably"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.pt2.13.m4a"},{"number":86,"id":"ja.dli.L085.pt2.14","source":"花が さいていますから、今は 植えかえない 方が いいです。","translation":"Since the flower is blooming, it would be better not to transplant it now.","reading":"はながさいていますから、いまはうえかえないほうがいいです。","words":[{"text":"花","gloss":"flower","reading":"はな"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"さい","gloss":"is blooming"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is blooming"},{"text":"い","gloss":"is blooming"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"is blooming"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"今","gloss":"now","reading":"いま"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"植えかえ","gloss":"transplant","reading":"うえかえ"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"方","gloss":"way","reading":"ほう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"いい","gloss":"better"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.pt2.14.m4a"},{"number":87,"id":"ja.dli.L085.pt2.15","source":"とけいの ガラスが こわれたのですが、どこで なおしてくれるでしょうか。","translation":"The glass in my watch is broken; where can I have it repaired?","reading":"とけいのガラスがこわれたのですが、どこでなおしてくれるでしょうか。","words":[{"text":"とけい","gloss":"watch"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"ガラス","gloss":"glass"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"こわれ","gloss":"is broken"},{"text":"た","gloss":"is broken"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"どこ","gloss":"where"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"なおし","gloss":"repair for me"},{"text":"て","gloss":"repair for me"},{"text":"くれる","gloss":"repair for me"},{"text":"でしょう","gloss":"probably"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.pt2.15.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"電車","gloss":"streetcar, electric train"},{"word":"丁目","gloss":"choome (See Cultural Notes)"},{"word":"テレビ","gloss":"television"},{"word":"前","gloss":"before, front"},{"word":"でしょう","gloss":"probably (See Gram. Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Exchanging and replacing items · Pattern 2 3 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Replacing one part","paragraphs":["*とけい店へ 持って行けば ガラスを 入れかえてくれます* means \"If you take it to a watch shop, they will replace the glass for you.\"","The *かえる* compound describes replacing one part of the watch."]},{"title":"Exchanging an item","paragraphs":["*お取りかえいたします* means \"I will exchange them for you.\" It answers a request to replace dirty socks with a clean pair.","The lines also provide verbs for further compounds: *書く*, *着る*, *はく*, *乗る*, and *買う*."]}],"lines":[{"number":88,"id":"ja.dli.L085.pt2.16","source":"とけい店へ 持って行けば ガラスを 入れかえてくれます。","translation":"If you take it to a watch shop, they will replace the glass for you.","reading":"とけいてんへもっていけばガラスをいれかえてくれます。","words":[{"text":"とけい","gloss":"watch"},{"text":"店","gloss":"shop","reading":"てん"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"持っ","gloss":"take","reading":"もっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"take"},{"text":"行け","gloss":"take","reading":"いけ"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"ガラス","gloss":"glass"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"入れかえ","gloss":"replace for you","reading":"いれかえ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"replace for you"},{"text":"くれ","gloss":"replace for you"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"replace for you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.pt2.16.m4a"},{"number":89,"id":"ja.dli.L085.pt2.17","source":"この くつ下は 少し よごれていますから、きれいなのに 取りかえてくれないか。","translation":"These socks are a little dirty, so could you exchange them for a clean pair?","reading":"このくつしたはすこしよごれていますから、きれいなのにとりかえてくれないか。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"these"},{"text":"くつ下","gloss":"socks"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"少し","gloss":"a little","reading":"すこし"},{"text":"よごれ","gloss":"are dirty"},{"text":"て","gloss":"are dirty"},{"text":"い","gloss":"are dirty"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"are dirty"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"きれい","gloss":"clean"},{"text":"な","gloss":"clean"},{"text":"の","gloss":"pair"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"取りかえ","gloss":"exchange for me","reading":"とりかえ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"exchange for me"},{"text":"くれ","gloss":"exchange for me"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.pt2.17.m4a"},{"number":90,"id":"ja.dli.L085.pt2.18","source":"はい、かしこまりました。お取りかえいたします。","translation":"Yes, certainly. I will exchange them for you.","reading":"はい、かしこまりました。おとりかえいたします。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"かしこまり","gloss":"certainly"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"certainly"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"certainly"},{"text":"お","gloss":"honorable"},{"text":"取りかえ","gloss":"exchange for you","reading":"とりかえ"},{"text":"いたし","gloss":"will do"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"will do"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.pt2.18.m4a"},{"number":91,"id":"ja.dli.L085.pt2.19","source":"書く","translation":"to write","reading":"かく","words":[{"text":"書く","gloss":"write","reading":"かく"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.pt2.19.m4a"},{"number":92,"id":"ja.dli.L085.pt2.20","source":"着る","translation":"to put on","reading":"きる","words":[{"text":"着る","gloss":"put on","reading":"きる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.pt2.20.m4a"},{"number":93,"id":"ja.dli.L085.pt2.21","source":"はく","translation":"to put on","reading":"はく","words":[{"text":"はく","gloss":"put on"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.pt2.21.m4a"},{"number":94,"id":"ja.dli.L085.pt2.22","source":"乗る","translation":"to ride","reading":"のる","words":[{"text":"乗る","gloss":"ride","reading":"のる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.pt2.22.m4a"},{"number":95,"id":"ja.dli.L085.pt2.23","source":"買う","translation":"to buy","reading":"かう","words":[{"text":"買う","gloss":"buy","reading":"かう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.pt2.23.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"店","gloss":"store, shop"},{"word":"くつ下","gloss":"socks, stocking"},{"word":"少し","gloss":"little (quantity)"},{"word":"はく","gloss":"to wear (on feet or legs)"},{"word":"買う","gloss":"to buy"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Silkworm growth and silk shortages · Reading Selection 1 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Growth before the cocoon","paragraphs":["The passage follows silkworms from hatching to cocoon production. They grow to about seven centimeters and eat mulberry leaves until they make cocoons.","*蚕は たまごから かえってから まゆを 作るまで、くわの 葉を 食べつづけます* describes that period."]},{"title":"Four changes of skin","paragraphs":["*そして ねむる たびごとに かわを ぬぎかえます* means \"Each time they sleep, they shed their skins.\"","The compound *ぬぎかえます* presents shedding as a change of skin. The passage then connects a raw-silk shortage with higher prices."]}],"lines":[{"number":96,"id":"ja.dli.L085.rd.001","source":"くらいの 大きさで、黒い 虫です。","translation":"It is a black insect about that size.","reading":"くらいのおおきさで、くろいむしです。","words":[{"text":"くらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"大き","gloss":"size","reading":"おおき"},{"text":"さ","gloss":"size"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"and is"},{"text":"黒い","gloss":"black","reading":"くろい"},{"text":"虫","gloss":"insect","reading":"むし"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.rd.001.m4a"},{"number":97,"id":"ja.dli.L085.rd.002","source":"それが わずかの 日数で 七センチぐらいの 大きさに なります。","translation":"In only a few days, it grows to about seven centimeters in length.","reading":"それがわずかのにっすうでななセンチぐらいのおおきさになります。","words":[{"text":"それ","gloss":"it"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"わずか","gloss":"only"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"日数","gloss":"days","reading":"にっすう"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"七","gloss":"seven","reading":"なな"},{"text":"センチ","gloss":"centimeters"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"大き","gloss":"size","reading":"おおき"},{"text":"さ","gloss":"size"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"grows"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"grows"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.rd.002.m4a"},{"number":98,"id":"ja.dli.L085.rd.003","source":"蚕の 種類によって 違いますが、大抵 たまごから かえってから 二十二、三日から 二十五、六日で まゆを 作ります。","translation":"It varies according to the type of silkworm, but most make their cocoons twenty-two or twenty-three to twenty-five or twenty-six days after hatching from their eggs.","reading":"かいこのしゅるいによってちがいますが、たいていたまごからかえってからにじゅうに、さんにちからにじゅうご、ろくにちでまゆをつくります。","words":[{"text":"蚕","gloss":"silkworm","reading":"かいこ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"種類","gloss":"type","reading":"しゅるい"},{"text":"に","gloss":"by"},{"text":"よっ","gloss":"depending"},{"text":"て","gloss":"depending"},{"text":"違い","gloss":"varies","reading":"ちがい"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"大抵","gloss":"most","reading":"たいてい"},{"text":"たまご","gloss":"eggs"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"かえっ","gloss":"hatch"},{"text":"て","gloss":"hatch"},{"text":"から","gloss":"after"},{"text":"二十","gloss":"twenty"},{"text":"二、","gloss":"two"},{"text":"三","gloss":"three"},{"text":"日","gloss":"days"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"二十","gloss":"twenty"},{"text":"五、","gloss":"five"},{"text":"六","gloss":"six"},{"text":"日","gloss":"days"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"まゆ","gloss":"cocoon"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"作り","gloss":"make","reading":"つくり"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"make"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.rd.003.m4a"},{"number":99,"id":"ja.dli.L085.rd.004","source":"蚕は たまごから かえってから まゆを 作るまで、くわの 葉を 食べつづけますが、その 間に ねむる 事が 四度 あります。","translation":"Silkworms continue eating mulberry leaves from the time they hatch from their eggs until they make their cocoons, and during that time they sleep four times.","reading":"かいこはたまごからかえってからまゆをつくるまで、くわのはをたべつづけますが、そのあいだにねむることがよんどあります。","words":[{"text":"蚕","gloss":"silkworms","reading":"かいこ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"たまご","gloss":"eggs"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"かえっ","gloss":"hatch"},{"text":"て","gloss":"hatch"},{"text":"から","gloss":"after"},{"text":"まゆ","gloss":"cocoons"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"作る","gloss":"make","reading":"つくる"},{"text":"まで、","gloss":"until"},{"text":"くわ","gloss":"mulberry"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"葉","gloss":"leaves","reading":"は"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"食べ","gloss":"keep eating","reading":"たべ"},{"text":"つづけ","gloss":"keep eating"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"keep eating"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"間","gloss":"time"},{"text":"に","gloss":"during"},{"text":"ねむる","gloss":"sleep"},{"text":"事","gloss":"times","reading":"こと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"四","gloss":"four","reading":"よん"},{"text":"度","gloss":"times","reading":"ど"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"there are"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"there are"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.rd.004.m4a"},{"number":100,"id":"ja.dli.L085.rd.005","source":"そして ねむる たびごとに かわを ぬぎかえます。","translation":"Each time they sleep, they shed their skins.","reading":"そしてねむるたびごとにかわをぬぎかえます。","words":[{"text":"そして","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ねむる","gloss":"sleep"},{"text":"たび","gloss":"each time"},{"text":"ごと","gloss":"every"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"かわ","gloss":"skins"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"ぬぎ","gloss":"shed their skins"},{"text":"かえ","gloss":"shed their skins"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"shed their skins"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.rd.005.m4a"},{"number":101,"id":"ja.dli.L085.rd.006","source":"今日では 生糸が 不足して、ねだんが 高くなったので、メーカーたちも 大変 困っている 様です。","translation":"Nowadays raw silk is in short supply and its price has risen, so the manufacturers also seem to be having a great deal of trouble.","reading":"こんにちではきいとがふそくして、ねだんがたかくなったので、メーカーたちもたいへんこまっているようです。","words":[{"text":"今日","gloss":"nowadays","reading":"こんにち"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"生糸","gloss":"raw silk","reading":"きいと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"不足","gloss":"in short supply","reading":"ふそく"},{"text":"し","gloss":"in short supply"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"in short supply"},{"text":"ねだん","gloss":"price"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"高く","gloss":"has risen","reading":"たかく"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"has risen"},{"text":"た","gloss":"has risen"},{"text":"の","gloss":"because"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"メーカー","gloss":"manufacturers"},{"text":"たち","gloss":"group"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"大変","gloss":"greatly","reading":"たいへん"},{"text":"困っ","gloss":"having trouble","reading":"こまっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"having trouble"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"having trouble"},{"text":"様","gloss":"seem","reading":"よう"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.rd.006.m4a"},{"number":102,"id":"ja.dli.L085.rd.007","source":"米国の じゅようが 大きくなった事と 国内じゅようが ふえた事が、その おもな 原因と","translation":"Increased demand in the United States and increased domestic demand are regarded as the main causes.","reading":"べいこくのじゅようがおおきくなったこととこくないじゅようがふえたことが、そのおもなげんいんと","words":[{"text":"米国","gloss":"United States","reading":"べいこく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"じゅ","gloss":"demand"},{"text":"よう","gloss":"demand"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"大きく","gloss":"increased","reading":"おおきく"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"increased"},{"text":"た","gloss":"increased"},{"text":"事","gloss":"fact","reading":"こと"},{"text":"と","gloss":"and"},{"text":"国内","gloss":"domestic","reading":"こくない"},{"text":"じゅ","gloss":"demand"},{"text":"よう","gloss":"demand"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"ふえ","gloss":"increased"},{"text":"た","gloss":"increased"},{"text":"事","gloss":"fact","reading":"こと"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"その","gloss":"those"},{"text":"おもな","gloss":"main"},{"text":"原因","gloss":"causes","reading":"げんいん"},{"text":"と","gloss":"as"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.rd.007.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"くらい","gloss":"dark"},{"word":"です。","gloss":"to be (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"今日","gloss":"today"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Silk exports and competition · Reading Selection 2 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Silk bound for the United States","paragraphs":["*日本の 輸出する 絹織物の ほとんど 七十パーセントが 米国行です* means \"Nearly seventy percent of the silk fabric exported by Japan goes to the United States.\"","The destination suffix *行*, as in *米国行*, identifies where the fabric is bound."]},{"title":"The effect of high prices","paragraphs":["If silk prices rise too much, silk fabric cannot compete with synthetic fibers. This becomes a source of worry for manufacturers.","The questions ask about domestic products, production, postwar sericulture, and Japan's share of world production."]}],"lines":[{"number":103,"id":"ja.dli.L085.rd.008","source":"されています。","translation":"That is what is believed.","reading":"されています。","words":[{"text":"さ","gloss":"is regarded"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"is regarded"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is regarded"},{"text":"い","gloss":"is regarded"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"is regarded"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.rd.008.m4a"},{"number":104,"id":"ja.dli.L085.rd.009","source":"日本の 輸出する 絹織物の ほとんど 七十パーセントが 米国行です。","translation":"Nearly seventy percent of the silk fabric exported by Japan goes to the United States.","reading":"にほんのゆしゅつするきぬおりもののほとんどななじゅうパーセントがべいこくゆきです。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"輸出","gloss":"export","reading":"ゆしゅつ"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"},{"text":"絹","gloss":"silk fabric","reading":"きぬ"},{"text":"織物","gloss":"silk fabric","reading":"おりもの"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"ほとんど","gloss":"nearly"},{"text":"七十","gloss":"seventy","reading":"ななじゅう"},{"text":"パーセント","gloss":"percent"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"米国","gloss":"United States","reading":"べいこく"},{"text":"行","gloss":"bound for","reading":"ゆき"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.rd.009.m4a"},{"number":105,"id":"ja.dli.L085.rd.010","source":"絹織物の ねだんが 高くなりすぎると 外の かがくせんいと きょうそう 出来なくなるので、メーカーたちの ずつうの たねに なっています。","translation":"If the price of silk fabric rises too much, it will no longer be able to compete with other synthetic fibers, so this is a source of worry for the manufacturers.","reading":"きぬおりもののねだんがたかくなりすぎるとほかのかがくせんいときょうそうできなくなるので、メーカーたちのずつうのたねになっています。","words":[{"text":"絹","gloss":"silk fabric","reading":"きぬ"},{"text":"織物","gloss":"silk fabric","reading":"おりもの"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"ねだん","gloss":"price"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"高く","gloss":"rises","reading":"たかく"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"rises"},{"text":"すぎる","gloss":"too much"},{"text":"と","gloss":"if"},{"text":"外","gloss":"other","reading":"ほか"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"かがく","gloss":"synthetic fiber"},{"text":"せんい","gloss":"synthetic fiber"},{"text":"と","gloss":"with"},{"text":"きょう","gloss":"compete"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"compete"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"can","reading":"でき"},{"text":"なく","gloss":"no longer"},{"text":"なる","gloss":"become"},{"text":"の","gloss":"because"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"メーカー","gloss":"manufacturers"},{"text":"たち","gloss":"group"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"ずつ","gloss":"source of worry"},{"text":"うの","gloss":"source of worry"},{"text":"たね","gloss":"source"},{"text":"に","gloss":"into"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"has become"},{"text":"て","gloss":"has become"},{"text":"い","gloss":"has become"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"has become"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.rd.010.m4a"},{"number":106,"id":"ja.dli.L085.rd.011","source":"日本の もっとも 大切な 国産品は 何ですか。","translation":"What is Japan’s most important domestic product?","reading":"にほんのもっともたいせつなこくさんひんはなんですか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"もっとも","gloss":"most"},{"text":"大切","gloss":"important","reading":"たいせつ"},{"text":"な","gloss":"important"},{"text":"国産","gloss":"domestic product","reading":"こくさん"},{"text":"品","gloss":"domestic product","reading":"ひん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.rd.011.m4a"},{"number":107,"id":"ja.dli.L085.rd.012","source":"せかい中で 日本ぐらい 沢山 生糸を 生産する 国が ありますか。","translation":"Is there any country in the world that produces as much raw silk as Japan?","reading":"せかいじゅうでにほんぐらいたくさんきいとをせいさんするくにがありますか。","words":[{"text":"せかい","gloss":"world"},{"text":"中","gloss":"throughout","reading":"じゅう"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"as much as"},{"text":"沢山","gloss":"much","reading":"たくさん"},{"text":"生糸","gloss":"raw silk","reading":"きいと"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"生産","gloss":"produce","reading":"せいさん"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"},{"text":"国","gloss":"country","reading":"くに"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"there is"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"there is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.rd.012.m4a"},{"number":108,"id":"ja.dli.L085.rd.013","source":"第二せかい戦争の 後、日本の 養蚕業は どう なりましたか。","translation":"What happened to sericulture in Japan after the Second World War?","reading":"だいにせかいせんそうのあと、にほんのよおさんぎょうはどうなりましたか。","words":[{"text":"第","gloss":"Second World War","reading":"だい"},{"text":"二","gloss":"Second World War","reading":"に"},{"text":"せかい","gloss":"Second World War"},{"text":"戦争","gloss":"Second World War","reading":"せんそう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"後、","gloss":"after","reading":"あと"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"養蚕","gloss":"sericulture"},{"text":"業","gloss":"sericulture"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"what"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"happened"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"happened"},{"text":"た","gloss":"happened"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.rd.013.m4a"},{"number":109,"id":"ja.dli.L085.rd.014","source":"せかいの そうさんがくの 何パーセントぐらい 日本から 出ていますか。","translation":"About what percentage of the world’s total production comes from Japan?","reading":"せかいのそうさんがくのなんパーセントぐらいにほんからでていますか。","words":[{"text":"せかい","gloss":"world"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"total production"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"total production"},{"text":"がく","gloss":"total production"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"パーセント","gloss":"percent"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"出","gloss":"comes","reading":"で"},{"text":"て","gloss":"comes"},{"text":"い","gloss":"comes"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"comes"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.rd.014.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Silkworm farming and development · Reading Selection 3 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"From hatching to the cocoon","paragraphs":["The questions ask where sericulture flourishes and how silkworms develop. Answers draw on the passage about hatching, growth, cocoon production, feeding, and sleep.","*蚕は たまごから かえりたての 時は どんな 虫ですか* asks what kind of insect a silkworm is immediately after hatching.","The *たて* in *かえりたての 時* places the description immediately after hatching."]}],"lines":[{"number":110,"id":"ja.dli.L085.rd.015","source":"農家は 養蚕を せんもんに やっていますか。","translation":"Do farmers specialize in sericulture?","reading":"のうかはよおさんをせんもんにやっていますか。","words":[{"text":"農家","gloss":"farmers","reading":"のうか"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"養蚕","gloss":"sericulture","reading":"よおさん"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"せんもん","gloss":"specialty"},{"text":"に","gloss":"as"},{"text":"やっ","gloss":"specialize"},{"text":"て","gloss":"specialize"},{"text":"い","gloss":"specialize"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"specialize"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.rd.015.m4a"},{"number":111,"id":"ja.dli.L085.rd.016","source":"養蚕業の もっとも さかんな 処は どの 地方ですか。","translation":"In what regions does sericulture flourish most?","reading":"よおさんぎょうのもっともさかんなところはどのちほおですか。","words":[{"text":"養蚕","gloss":"sericulture"},{"text":"業","gloss":"sericulture"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"もっとも","gloss":"most"},{"text":"さかん","gloss":"flourishing"},{"text":"な","gloss":"flourishing"},{"text":"処","gloss":"place","reading":"ところ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どの","gloss":"which"},{"text":"地方","gloss":"region","reading":"ちほお"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.rd.016.m4a"},{"number":112,"id":"ja.dli.L085.rd.017","source":"蚕は たまごから かえりたての 時は どんな 虫ですか。","translation":"What kind of insect is a silkworm when it has just hatched from its egg?","reading":"かいこはたまごからかえりたてのときはどんなむしですか。","words":[{"text":"蚕","gloss":"silkworm","reading":"かいこ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"たまご","gloss":"egg"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"かえり","gloss":"just hatched"},{"text":"たて","gloss":"just hatched"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"時","gloss":"time","reading":"とき"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どんな","gloss":"what kind of"},{"text":"虫","gloss":"insect","reading":"むし"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.rd.017.m4a"},{"number":113,"id":"ja.dli.L085.rd.018","source":"蚕は どのくらいの 大きさに なりますか。","translation":"How large does a silkworm grow?","reading":"かいこはどのくらいのおおきさになりますか。","words":[{"text":"蚕","gloss":"silkworm","reading":"かいこ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どの","gloss":"how"},{"text":"くらい","gloss":"much"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"大き","gloss":"size","reading":"おおき"},{"text":"さ","gloss":"size"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"grows"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"grows"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.rd.018.m4a"},{"number":114,"id":"ja.dli.L085.rd.019","source":"蚕は たまごから かえってから 何日ぐらいで まゆを 作りますか。","translation":"About how many days after hatching from its egg does a silkworm make a cocoon?","reading":"かいこはたまごからかえってからなんにちぐらいでまゆをつくりますか。","words":[{"text":"蚕","gloss":"silkworm","reading":"かいこ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"たまご","gloss":"egg"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"かえっ","gloss":"hatch"},{"text":"て","gloss":"hatch"},{"text":"から","gloss":"after"},{"text":"何","gloss":"how many","reading":"なん"},{"text":"日","gloss":"days","reading":"にち"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"まゆ","gloss":"cocoon"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"作り","gloss":"make","reading":"つくり"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"make"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.rd.019.m4a"},{"number":115,"id":"ja.dli.L085.rd.020","source":"蚕は たまごから かえって まゆを 作るまで、くわの 葉を 食べつづけますか。","translation":"Does a silkworm keep eating mulberry leaves from the time it hatches until it makes a cocoon?","reading":"かいこはたまごからかえってまゆをつくるまで、くわのはをたべつづけますか。","words":[{"text":"蚕","gloss":"silkworm","reading":"かいこ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"たまご","gloss":"egg"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"かえって","gloss":"hatches"},{"text":"まゆ","gloss":"cocoon"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"作る","gloss":"make","reading":"つくる"},{"text":"まで、","gloss":"until"},{"text":"くわ","gloss":"mulberry"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"葉","gloss":"leaves","reading":"は"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"食べ","gloss":"keep eating","reading":"たべ"},{"text":"つづけ","gloss":"keep eating"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"keep eating"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.rd.020.m4a"},{"number":116,"id":"ja.dli.L085.rd.021","source":"蚕は ねむる事が ありますか。","translation":"Does a silkworm ever sleep?","reading":"かいこはねむることがありますか。","words":[{"text":"蚕","gloss":"silkworm","reading":"かいこ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ねむる","gloss":"sleep"},{"text":"事","gloss":"times","reading":"こと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"ever does"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"ever does"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.rd.021.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"かえって","gloss":"on the contrary, rather (See Grammar Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Silk prices, exports and competition · Reading Selection 4 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Changes and destinations","paragraphs":["The questions ask what silkworms do after each sleep and whether raw silk has become scarce and expensive. They also ask where exported silk goes.","*日本の 輸出する 絹織物の 大部分は どこに 行きますか* asks \"Where do most of the silk fabrics exported by Japan go?\"","An answer uses the destination in the passage. Another answer explains the effect of prices that become too high."]}],"lines":[{"number":117,"id":"ja.dli.L085.rd.022","source":"何度 ありますか。","translation":"How many times does it do so?","reading":"なんどありますか。","words":[{"text":"何","gloss":"how many","reading":"なん"},{"text":"度","gloss":"times","reading":"ど"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"does so"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"does so"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.rd.022.m4a"},{"number":118,"id":"ja.dli.L085.rd.023","source":"ねむるたびごとに どうしますか。","translation":"What does it do each time it sleeps?","reading":"ねむるたびごとにどうしますか。","words":[{"text":"ねむる","gloss":"sleeps"},{"text":"たび","gloss":"each time"},{"text":"ごと","gloss":"each time"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"what"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.rd.023.m4a"},{"number":119,"id":"ja.dli.L085.rd.024","source":"今日では 生糸が 不足して、ねだんが 高く なりましたか。","translation":"Nowadays, has raw silk become scarce and risen in price?","reading":"こんにちではきいとがふそくして、ねだんがたかくなりましたか。","words":[{"text":"今日","gloss":"nowadays","reading":"こんにち"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"生糸","gloss":"raw silk","reading":"きいと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"不足","gloss":"become scarce","reading":"ふそく"},{"text":"し","gloss":"become scarce"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ねだん","gloss":"price"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"高く","gloss":"high","reading":"たかく"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"become"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.rd.024.m4a"},{"number":120,"id":"ja.dli.L085.rd.025","source":"日本の 輸出する 絹織物の 大部分は どこに 行きますか。","translation":"Where do most of the silk fabrics exported by Japan go?","reading":"にほんのゆしゅつするきぬおりもののだいぶぶんはどこにいきますか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"輸出","gloss":"export","reading":"ゆしゅつ"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"},{"text":"絹","gloss":"silk fabrics","reading":"きぬ"},{"text":"織物","gloss":"silk fabrics","reading":"おりもの"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"大","gloss":"most","reading":"だい"},{"text":"部分","gloss":"most","reading":"ぶぶん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どこ","gloss":"where"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"行き","gloss":"go","reading":"いき"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.rd.025.m4a"},{"number":121,"id":"ja.dli.L085.rd.026","source":"絹織物の ねだんが 高くなりすぎると、どうなりますか。","translation":"What happens if the price of silk fabrics becomes too high?","reading":"きぬおりもののねだんがたかくなりすぎると、どうなりますか。","words":[{"text":"絹","gloss":"silk fabrics","reading":"きぬ"},{"text":"織物","gloss":"silk fabrics","reading":"おりもの"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"ねだん","gloss":"price"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"高く","gloss":"high","reading":"たかく"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"become"},{"text":"すぎる","gloss":"too much"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"if"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"what"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"happen"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.rd.026.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Japan's sericulture and silkworms · Questions","teaching":[{"title":"Sericulture across Japan","paragraphs":["The passage describes raw silk as an important domestic product and gives Japan's share of world production. It presents sericulture as a farm side business practiced across Japan.","It also identifies the mountain regions where sericulture flourishes and compares a newly hatched silkworm with a small ant.","*その原因は 何ですか* means \"What is the cause of that?\"","An answer states the cause connected to the preceding passage, not a general fact about sericulture."]}],"lines":[{"number":122,"id":"ja.dli.L085.q.001","source":"生糸は 日本の もっとも 大切な 国産品で、せかい中で、日本ぐらい 生糸を 沢山 生産する 国は ありません。第二せかい戦争の 後、日本の 養蚕業は おとろえましたが、それでも せかいの そうさんがくの 四十パーセントぐらいは 日本から 出ています。養蚕は 大抵 農家が ふく業として やるので、養蚕を せんもんに やっている 農家は 少いです。日本では 養蚕は ほとんど 全国 いたる処で やっていますが、養蚕業の もっとも さかんな 処は 関東、中部 および 東北地方の 山地です。蚕は たまごから かえりたての 時は 小さい あり","translation":"Raw silk is Japan’s most important domestic product, and no other country in the world produces as much raw silk as Japan.\nAfter the Second World War, sericulture in Japan declined, but even so, about 40 percent of the world’s total production comes from Japan.\nSericulture is usually carried on by farmers as a side business, so few farmers specialize in it.\nIn Japan, sericulture is practiced practically throughout the country, but it flourishes most in the mountain regions of the Kanto, Chubu, and Tohoku areas.\nWhen a silkworm has just hatched from its egg, it is like a small ant.","reading":"きいとはにほんのもっともたいせつなこくさんひんで、せかいじゅうで、にほんぐらいきいとをたくさんせいさんするくにはありません。だいにせかいせんそうのあと、にほんのよおさんぎょうはおとろえましたが、それでもせかいのそうさんがくのよんじゅうパーセントぐらいはにほんからでています。よおさんはたいていのうかがふくぎょうとしてやるので、よおさんをせんもんにやっているのうかはすくないです。にほんではよおさんはほとんどぜんこくいたるところでやっていますが、よおさんぎょうのもっともさかんなところはかんとお、ちゅうぶおよびとおほくちほおのさんちです。かいこはたまごからかえりたてのときはちいさいあり","words":[{"text":"生糸","gloss":"raw silk","reading":"きいと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"もっとも","gloss":"most"},{"text":"大切","gloss":"important","reading":"たいせつ"},{"text":"な","gloss":"is"},{"text":"国産","gloss":"domestic product","reading":"こくさん"},{"text":"品","gloss":"domestic product","reading":"ひん"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"せかい","gloss":"the world"},{"text":"中","gloss":"the world","reading":"じゅう"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"in"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"as much as"},{"text":"生糸","gloss":"raw silk","reading":"きいと"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"沢山","gloss":"much","reading":"たくさん"},{"text":"生産","gloss":"produce","reading":"せいさん"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"},{"text":"国","gloss":"country","reading":"くに"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"第","gloss":"World War II","reading":"だい"},{"text":"二","gloss":"World War II","reading":"に"},{"text":"せかい","gloss":"World War II"},{"text":"戦争","gloss":"World War II","reading":"せんそう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"後、","gloss":"after","reading":"あと"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"養蚕","gloss":"sericulture"},{"text":"業","gloss":"sericulture"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"おとろえ","gloss":"declined"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"それ","gloss":"even"},{"text":"で","gloss":"even"},{"text":"も","gloss":"even"},{"text":"せかい","gloss":"world"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"total production"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"total production"},{"text":"がく","gloss":"total production"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"四十","gloss":"forty","reading":"よんじゅう"},{"text":"パーセント","gloss":"percent"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"出","gloss":"comes","reading":"で"},{"text":"て","gloss":"comes"},{"text":"い","gloss":"comes"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"comes"},{"text":"養蚕","gloss":"sericulture","reading":"よおさん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"大抵","gloss":"usually","reading":"たいてい"},{"text":"農家","gloss":"farmers","reading":"のうか"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"ふく","gloss":"side business"},{"text":"業","gloss":"side business","reading":"ぎょう"},{"text":"と","gloss":"as"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"て","gloss":"do"},{"text":"やる","gloss":"carry on"},{"text":"の","gloss":"because"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"養蚕","gloss":"sericulture","reading":"よおさん"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"せんもん","gloss":"specialty"},{"text":"に","gloss":"as"},{"text":"やっ","gloss":"specialize"},{"text":"て","gloss":"specialize"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"specialize"},{"text":"農家","gloss":"farmers","reading":"のうか"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"少い","gloss":"few","reading":"すくない"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"養蚕","gloss":"sericulture","reading":"よおさん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ほとんど","gloss":"practically"},{"text":"全国","gloss":"nationwide","reading":"ぜんこく"},{"text":"いたる","gloss":"throughout"},{"text":"処","gloss":"throughout","reading":"ところ"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"やっ","gloss":"practice"},{"text":"て","gloss":"practice"},{"text":"い","gloss":"practice"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"practice"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"養蚕","gloss":"sericulture"},{"text":"業","gloss":"sericulture"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"もっとも","gloss":"most"},{"text":"さかん","gloss":"flourishing"},{"text":"な","gloss":"is"},{"text":"処","gloss":"place","reading":"ところ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"関東、","gloss":"Kanto","reading":"かんとお"},{"text":"中部","gloss":"Chubu","reading":"ちゅうぶ"},{"text":"および","gloss":"and"},{"text":"東北","gloss":"Tohoku"},{"text":"地方","gloss":"region"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"山地","gloss":"mountain regions","reading":"さんち"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"},{"text":"蚕","gloss":"silkworm","reading":"かいこ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"たまご","gloss":"egg"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"かえり","gloss":"just hatched"},{"text":"たて","gloss":"just hatched"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"時","gloss":"time","reading":"とき"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"小さい","gloss":"small","reading":"ちいさい"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"ant"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.q.001.m4a"},{"number":123,"id":"ja.dli.L085.q.002","source":"その原因は 何ですか。","translation":"What is the cause of that?","reading":"そのげんいんはなんですか。","words":[{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"原因","gloss":"cause","reading":"げんいん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.q.002.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"やる","gloss":"to do"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Sericulture and production words · Word list 1 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Sericulture and production","paragraphs":["These words cover silkworms, domestic production, and sericulture. *蚕* means \"silkworm,\" *国産品* means \"domestic goods,\" and *養蚕* means \"sericulture.\"","Other entries name decline after the World War II, total production, and a side business."]}],"lines":[{"number":124,"id":"ja.dli.L085.w.001","source":"蚕","translation":"silkworm","reading":"かいこ","words":[{"text":"蚕","gloss":"silkworm","reading":"かいこ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.w.001.m4a"},{"number":125,"id":"ja.dli.L085.w.002","source":"もっとも","translation":"extremely, the most","reading":"もっとも","words":[{"text":"もっとも","gloss":"most"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.w.002.m4a"},{"number":126,"id":"ja.dli.L085.w.003","source":"国産品","translation":"domestic goods","reading":"こくさんひん","words":[{"text":"国産品","gloss":"domestic goods","reading":"こくさんひん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.w.003.m4a"},{"number":127,"id":"ja.dli.L085.w.004","source":"せかい中","translation":"throughout the world; in the whole world","reading":"せかいじゅう","words":[{"text":"せかい中","gloss":"throughout the world","reading":"せかいじゅう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.w.004.m4a"},{"number":128,"id":"ja.dli.L085.w.005","source":"第二せかい戦争","translation":"the World War II","reading":"だいにせかいせんそう","words":[{"text":"第二せかい戦争","gloss":"World War II","reading":"だいにせかいせんそう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.w.005.m4a"},{"number":129,"id":"ja.dli.L085.w.006","source":"養蚕業","translation":"sericulture","reading":"よおさんぎょう","words":[{"text":"養蚕業","gloss":"sericulture","reading":"よおさんぎょう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.w.006.m4a"},{"number":130,"id":"ja.dli.L085.w.007","source":"おとろえる","translation":"decline, become weak (v.i.)","reading":"おとろえる","words":[{"text":"おとろえる","gloss":"decline"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.w.007.m4a"},{"number":131,"id":"ja.dli.L085.w.008","source":"そうさんがく","translation":"total production","reading":"そうさんがく","words":[{"text":"そうさんがく","gloss":"total production"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.w.008.m4a"},{"number":132,"id":"ja.dli.L085.w.009","source":"ふく業","translation":"side job, side business","reading":"ふくぎょう","words":[{"text":"ふく業","gloss":"side business","reading":"ふくぎょう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.w.009.m4a"},{"number":133,"id":"ja.dli.L085.w.010","source":"養蚕","translation":"sericulture","reading":"よおさん","words":[{"text":"養蚕","gloss":"sericulture","reading":"よおさん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.w.010.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"国産品","gloss":"domestic goods"},{"word":"せかい中","gloss":"throughout the world; in the whole world"},{"word":"第二せかい戦争","gloss":"the World War II"},{"word":"養蚕業","gloss":"sericulture"},{"word":"おとろえる","gloss":"decline, become weak (v.i.)"},{"word":"そうさんがく","gloss":"total production"},{"word":"ふく業","gloss":"side job, side business"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Hatching, cocoons and mulberries · Word list 2 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"From hatching to feeding","paragraphs":["These words cover a silkworm's early development and food. *かえる* means \"to hatch,\" *まゆ* means \"cocoon,\" and *くわ* means \"mulberry tree.\"","The *たて* in *かえりたて* adds the sense \"immediately after hatching.\" Other entries name insects, days, kinds, and dependence on a variety."]}],"lines":[{"number":134,"id":"ja.dli.L085.w.011","source":"および","translation":"and","reading":"および","words":[{"text":"および","gloss":"and"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.w.011.m4a"},{"number":135,"id":"ja.dli.L085.w.012","source":"山地","translation":"mountain area","reading":"さんち","words":[{"text":"山地","gloss":"mountain area","reading":"さんち"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.w.012.m4a"},{"number":136,"id":"ja.dli.L085.w.013","source":"虫","translation":"worm; insect","reading":"むし","words":[{"text":"虫","gloss":"worm; insect","reading":"むし"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.w.013.m4a"},{"number":137,"id":"ja.dli.L085.w.014","source":"かえりたて","translation":"just after it hatched (See Gram. Notes)","reading":"かえりたて","words":[{"text":"かえりたて","gloss":"just hatched"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.w.014.m4a"},{"number":138,"id":"ja.dli.L085.w.015","source":"かえる","translation":"to hatch","reading":"かえる","words":[{"text":"かえる","gloss":"hatch"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.w.015.m4a"},{"number":139,"id":"ja.dli.L085.w.016","source":"日数","translation":"number of days","reading":"にっすう","words":[{"text":"日数","gloss":"number of days","reading":"にっすう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.w.016.m4a"},{"number":140,"id":"ja.dli.L085.w.017","source":"まゆ","translation":"cocoon","reading":"まゆ","words":[{"text":"まゆ","gloss":"cocoon"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.w.017.m4a"},{"number":141,"id":"ja.dli.L085.w.018","source":"種類","translation":"kind, sort","reading":"しゅるい","words":[{"text":"種類","gloss":"kind","reading":"しゅるい"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.w.018.m4a"},{"number":142,"id":"ja.dli.L085.w.019","source":"--によって","translation":"according to, depending on","reading":"--によって","words":[{"text":"--によって","gloss":"depending on"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.w.019.m4a"},{"number":143,"id":"ja.dli.L085.w.020","source":"くわ","translation":"mulberry tree","reading":"くわ","words":[{"text":"くわ","gloss":"mulberry tree"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.w.020.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"かえりたて","gloss":"just after it hatched (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"--によって","gloss":"according to, depending on"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Moulting, shortages and demand · Word list 3 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Moulting and demand","paragraphs":["These words cover a silkworm's moulting and silk demand. *ねむる* means \"molt\" or \"sleep,\" *かわ* means \"skin,\" and *ぬぎかえます* means \"shed\" or \"change.\"","Other entries cover feeding, frequency, shortage, manufacturers, and demand."]}],"lines":[{"number":144,"id":"ja.dli.L085.w.021","source":"ねむる","translation":"molt; sleep","reading":"ねむる","words":[{"text":"ねむる","gloss":"molt; sleep"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.w.021.m4a"},{"number":145,"id":"ja.dli.L085.w.022","source":"--たびごとに","translation":"every time ---","reading":"--たびごとに","words":[{"text":"--たびごとに","gloss":"every time"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.w.022.m4a"},{"number":146,"id":"ja.dli.L085.w.023","source":"かわ","translation":"skin","reading":"かわ","words":[{"text":"かわ","gloss":"skin"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.w.023.m4a"},{"number":147,"id":"ja.dli.L085.w.024","source":"ぬぎかえます","translation":"shed, change (See Gram. Notes)","reading":"ぬぎかえます","words":[{"text":"ぬぎかえます","gloss":"shed or change"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.w.024.m4a"},{"number":148,"id":"ja.dli.L085.w.025","source":"食わせる","translation":"to feed (v.t.)","reading":"くわせる","words":[{"text":"食わせる","gloss":"feed","reading":"くわせる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.w.025.m4a"},{"number":149,"id":"ja.dli.L085.w.026","source":"十かい","translation":"ten times (frequency)","reading":"じゅっかい","words":[{"text":"十かい","gloss":"ten times","reading":"じゅっかい"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.w.026.m4a"},{"number":150,"id":"ja.dli.L085.w.027","source":"かい","translation":"counter meaning ”time” (frequency)","reading":"かい","words":[{"text":"かい","gloss":"times"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.w.027.m4a"},{"number":151,"id":"ja.dli.L085.w.028","source":"不足(する)","translation":"insufficiency (be short of (v.i.)","reading":"ふそく(する)","words":[{"text":"不足(する)","gloss":"be insufficient","reading":"ふそく(する)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.w.028.m4a"},{"number":152,"id":"ja.dli.L085.w.029","source":"メーカー","translation":"maker, manufacturer","reading":"メーカー","words":[{"text":"メーカー","gloss":"manufacturer"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.w.029.m4a"},{"number":153,"id":"ja.dli.L085.w.030","source":"じゅよう","translation":"demand (noun)","reading":"じゅよう","words":[{"text":"じゅよう","gloss":"demand"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.w.030.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"--たびごとに","gloss":"every time ---"},{"word":"ぬぎかえます","gloss":"shed, change (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"食わせる","gloss":"to feed (v.t.)"},{"word":"十かい","gloss":"ten times (frequency)"},{"word":"不足(する)","gloss":"insufficiency (be short of (v.i.)"},{"word":"じゅよう","gloss":"demand (noun)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Destinations, anxiety and competition · Word list 4 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Destinations and competition","paragraphs":["These words cover domestic causes, export destinations, worry, brocade, and competition. *米国行* means \"bound for the U.S.A.,\" and *---行* is a suffix showing destination.","*ずつうのたね* means \"a source of constant anxiety.\" *きょうそうする* means \"to compete\" or \"to race.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":154,"id":"ja.dli.L085.w.031","source":"国内","translation":"within a country, domestic","reading":"こくない","words":[{"text":"国内","gloss":"domestic","reading":"こくない"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.w.031.m4a"},{"number":155,"id":"ja.dli.L085.w.032","source":"原因","translation":"cause","reading":"げんいん","words":[{"text":"原因","gloss":"cause","reading":"げんいん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.w.032.m4a"},{"number":156,"id":"ja.dli.L085.w.033","source":"米国行","translation":"bound for the U.S.A.","reading":"べいこくゆき","words":[{"text":"米国行","gloss":"bound for America","reading":"べいこくゆき"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.w.033.m4a"},{"number":157,"id":"ja.dli.L085.w.034","source":"---行","translation":"a suffix showing destination (See Notes)","reading":"---ゆき","words":[{"text":"---行","gloss":"bound for","reading":"---ゆき"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.w.034.m4a"},{"number":158,"id":"ja.dli.L085.w.035","source":"ずつう","translation":"headache","reading":"ずつう","words":[{"text":"ずつう","gloss":"headache"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.w.035.m4a"},{"number":159,"id":"ja.dli.L085.w.036","source":"ずつうのたね","translation":"a source of constant anxiety; headache","reading":"ずつうのたね","words":[{"text":"ずつうのたね","gloss":"constant source of worry"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.w.036.m4a"},{"number":160,"id":"ja.dli.L085.w.037","source":"西陣織","translation":"Nishijin brocade","reading":"にしじんおり","words":[{"text":"西陣織","gloss":"Nishijin brocade","reading":"にしじんおり"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.w.037.m4a"},{"number":161,"id":"ja.dli.L085.w.038","source":"きょうそうする","translation":"to compete; to race","reading":"きょうそうする","words":[{"text":"きょうそうする","gloss":"compete"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L085.w.038.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":4,"text":"Guide for Free Conversation\n\n1 Visual Cxxes\n\n1a Look at the pictures on Page 221 to 227 and talk about them.\n\n2 Topic Titles\n\n2a Talk about sericulture in Japan.\n\n2b Talk about the silk textile industry in Japan.\n\n2c Talk about silk fabric—some of the famous makers."},{"section":5,"text":"Homework\n\n1 Memorize the Dialogue and the vocabulary.\n\n2 Study Grammar Perception Drill.\n\n3 Study Pattern Practice and do the exercise following each pattern.\n\n4 Learn to read and write new Kanji.\n\n5 Read the Explanatory Notes.\n\n6 Read the Guide for Free Conversation and do the exercises given."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"米国行","gloss":"bound for the U.S.A."},{"word":"---行","gloss":"a suffix showing destination (See Notes)"},{"word":"ずつう","gloss":"headache"},{"word":"ずつうのたね","gloss":"a source of constant anxiety; headache"},{"word":"西陣織","gloss":"Nishijin brocade"},{"word":"きょうそうする","gloss":"to compete; to race"}],"paradigms":[]}]}