{"course":{"lang":"ja","language":"Japanese","title":"Japanese Basic Course","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja","source":"Defense Language Institute, Japanese Basic Course, 1967 to 1971. Public domain. The teaching pages and the narration are ours."},"unit":{"number":85,"id":"ja.dli.L087","title":"Lesson 87","stage":"Reading Japan","situation":null,"outcome":"Lesson 87: longer lives through medicine · dialogue 1 of 5, infant mortality and population growth · dialogue 2 of 5, birth rates and growing height · dialogue 3 of 5, physique, public diet and health · dialogue 5 of 5, how one change leads another · perception drill, health, growth and its consequences · pattern 1 2 of 3, worsening illness and other changes · pattern 1 3 of 3, causes of longer lifespans · questions 1 of 2, population, prevention and longevity words · word list 1 of 4, ageing and mortality words · word list 2 of 4, population and height words · word list 3 of 4, physique and statistics words · word list 4 of 4.","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/85","lines":116},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/84","next":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/86","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/","sections":[{"title":"Longer lives through medicine · Dialogue 1 of 5","teaching":[{"title":"Longer lives through medicine","paragraphs":["Two people discuss preventive medicine and longer lives in Japan. *特に さい近の 医学の 進歩は ひじょうな もんだね* means \"Especially, recent progress in medical science is really amazing.\"","*皆 長生きが 出来るよ* means \"Everybody can lead a long life.\" The speakers connect this change with medical progress."]},{"title":"Kanji: 進","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 薬, 生","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":1,"id":"ja.dli.L087.dlg.001","source":"ある 病気は よぼうの ほうほうが ないが、一ぱんには よい よぼう薬が 出来てるね。","translation":"Some sicknesses have no preventive method, but in general we have good preventive medicines, haven't we?","reading":"あるびょうきはよぼうのほうほうがないが、いっぱんにはよいよぼうやくができてるね。","words":[{"text":"ある","gloss":"some"},{"text":"病気","gloss":"sicknesses","reading":"びょうき"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"よぼう","gloss":"prevention"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"ほうほう","gloss":"method"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"none"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"一","gloss":"general","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"ぱん","gloss":"general"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"よい","gloss":"good"},{"text":"よぼう","gloss":"preventive medicine"},{"text":"薬","gloss":"preventive medicine","reading":"やく"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"are available","reading":"でき"},{"text":"てる","gloss":"are available"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.dlg.001.m4a"},{"number":2,"id":"ja.dli.L087.dlg.002","source":"ええ、 がんを のぞいては 大抵 よぼう薬が あるね。","translation":"Yes. Excepting for cancer, we usually have good preventive medicines.","reading":"ええ、がんをのぞいてはたいていよぼうやくがあるね。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"がん","gloss":"cancer"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"のぞい","gloss":"excepting"},{"text":"て","gloss":"excepting"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"大抵","gloss":"usually","reading":"たいてい"},{"text":"よぼう","gloss":"preventive medicine"},{"text":"薬","gloss":"preventive medicine","reading":"やく"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"ある","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.dlg.002.m4a"},{"number":3,"id":"ja.dli.L087.dlg.003","source":"特に さい近の 医学の 進歩は ひじょうな もんだね。","translation":"Especially, progress of medical science recently is really amazing, isn't it?","reading":"とくにさいきんのいがくのしんぽはひじょうなもんだね。","words":[{"text":"特に","gloss":"especially","reading":"とくに"},{"text":"さい","gloss":"recently"},{"text":"近","gloss":"recently","reading":"きん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"医学","gloss":"medical science","reading":"いがく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"進歩","gloss":"progress","reading":"しんぽ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ひじょう","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"text":"な","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"text":"もん","gloss":"thing"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.dlg.003.m4a"},{"number":4,"id":"ja.dli.L087.dlg.004","source":"全くだよ。 まあ おかげで、皆 長生きが 出来るよ。 終戦後から 日本人の じゅみょうも のびて、女子は 七十一さい、男子は 六十六さいぐらいに なってるんだ。","translation":"You are right. Thanks to that everybody can lead a long life. After the war, the natural span of life of Japanese people has expanded and is considered to be 71 years old for women and 66 years old for men.","reading":"まったくだよ。まあおかげで、みんなながいきができるよ。しゅうせんごからにほんじんのじゅみょうものびて、じょしはななじゅういっさい、だんしはろくじゅうろくさいぐらいになってるんだ。","words":[{"text":"全く","gloss":"absolutely","reading":"まったく"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"},{"text":"まあ","gloss":"well"},{"text":"おかげ","gloss":"thanks"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"by"},{"text":"皆","gloss":"everyone","reading":"みんな"},{"text":"長生き","gloss":"live long","reading":"ながいき"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出来る","gloss":"can","reading":"できる"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"},{"text":"終戦","gloss":"war end","reading":"しゅうせん"},{"text":"後","gloss":"after","reading":"ご"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan"},{"text":"人","gloss":"Japanese people"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"じゅみょう","gloss":"life span"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"のび","gloss":"has lengthened"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"has lengthened"},{"text":"女子","gloss":"women","reading":"じょし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"七十","gloss":"seventy","reading":"ななじゅう"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"さい、","gloss":"years old"},{"text":"男子","gloss":"men","reading":"だんし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"六十","gloss":"sixty","reading":"ろくじゅう"},{"text":"六","gloss":"six","reading":"ろく"},{"text":"さい","gloss":"years old"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"has become"},{"text":"てる","gloss":"has become"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"だ。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.dlg.004.m4a"},{"number":5,"id":"ja.dli.L087.dlg.005","source":"人生 わずか 五十年 と 言ったのは、つい この間の 様な 気が するね。","translation":"It feels like it was just the other day that they said human life is a mere 50 years long.","reading":"じんせいわずかごじゅうねんといったのは、ついこのあいだのようなきがするね。","words":[{"text":"人生","gloss":"human life","reading":"じんせい"},{"text":"わずか","gloss":"merely"},{"text":"五十","gloss":"fifty","reading":"ごじゅう"},{"text":"年","gloss":"years","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言っ","gloss":"said","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"た","gloss":"said"},{"text":"の","gloss":"fact"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"つい","gloss":"just"},{"text":"この","gloss":"other day"},{"text":"間","gloss":"other day"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"様","gloss":"seems like","reading":"よう"},{"text":"な","gloss":"seems like"},{"text":"気","gloss":"feeling","reading":"き"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"する","gloss":"feel"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.dlg.005.m4a"},{"number":6,"id":"ja.dli.L087.dlg.006","source":"そうだね。 三十年 足らずで、男子は 十六年、女子は 二十一年 のびたんだから。 しかも、この とう計は 千九百六十二年のだから、今では もっと のびていると 思うよ。","translation":"That's right, because in less than thirty years, the life span expanded 16 years for men and 21 years for women. Furthermore, since this statistic is that of 1962, I am sure it has expanded more now.","reading":"そうだね。さんじゅうねんたらずで、だんしはじゅうろくねん、じょしはにじゅういちねんのびたんだから。しかも、このとうけいはせんきゅうひゃくろくじゅうにねんのだから、いまではもっとのびているとおもうよ。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"that way"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"},{"text":"三十","gloss":"thirty"},{"text":"年","gloss":"years"},{"text":"足ら","gloss":"less than"},{"text":"ず","gloss":"less than"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"in"},{"text":"男子","gloss":"men","reading":"だんし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"十","gloss":"ten"},{"text":"六","gloss":"six"},{"text":"年、","gloss":"years"},{"text":"女子","gloss":"women"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"二十","gloss":"twenty","reading":"にじゅう"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one","reading":"いち"},{"text":"年","gloss":"years","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"のび","gloss":"expanded"},{"text":"た","gloss":"expanded"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"から。","gloss":"because"},{"text":"しかも、","gloss":"furthermore"},{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"とう","gloss":"statistic"},{"text":"計","gloss":"statistic","reading":"けい"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"千","gloss":"one thousand","reading":"せん"},{"text":"九百","gloss":"nine hundred","reading":"きゅうひゃく"},{"text":"六十","gloss":"sixty","reading":"ろくじゅう"},{"text":"二","gloss":"two","reading":"に"},{"text":"年","gloss":"year","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"今","gloss":"now","reading":"いま"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"もっと","gloss":"more"},{"text":"のび","gloss":"has expanded"},{"text":"て","gloss":"has expanded"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"has expanded"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"思う","gloss":"think","reading":"おもう"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.dlg.006.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1,"text":"--NI TSURETE Following the basic form of progressive type verbs such as FUTORU, YASERU, FUERU, etc. and progressive type nouns as HATTATSU, ZOOKA, GENSHOO, etc., NI TSURETE expresses an idea of \"as ---\", \"with ---\", or \"in proportion to ---.\"\n\nJIKAN GA TATSU NI TSURETE, --- \"as time goes on\", \"with the lapse of time\"\n\nKANEMOCHI NI NARU NI TSURETE SHIMPAI GA OOKU NARIMASU. \"As one gets richer, the more worries one gets.\"\n\nKOOGYOO NO HATTATSU NI TSURETE, JINKOO MO ZOOKA SHIMASU. \"With the development of industry, population increases.\"\n\nTOSHI O TORU NI TSURETE, YOKU WASUREMONO O SHIMASU.\n\n\"As you get older, you forget things frequently.\""},{"section":2,"text":"1 MOTTO MOTTO. In Japanese, words are often doubled to strengthen the meaning. For example, MOTTO means \"more\" but MOTTO MOTTO means \"much, much more.\"\n\nWord | Doubled | Meaning\nMADA | MADA MADA | \"more, still\" / \"much more, still more\"\nKITA | KITA KITA | \"he came\" / \"here he comes\"\nOYA | OYA OYA | \"Olf, my*\", \"good gracious\" / \"Oh, my goodness\"\nTABERU | TABERU TABERU | \"he eats\" / \"he sure eats\""},{"section":3,"text":"2 RITSU RITSU is a suffix attached to nouns to give a meaning of \"-- rate\", or \" -- percentage\".\n\nExample | Meaning\nSHIBOORITSU | \"death rate\"\nSHUSSHOORITSU | \"birth rate\"\nHOKENRITSU | \"insurance rate\"\nZOOKARITSU | \"rate of increase\"\nGENSHOORITSU | \"rate of decrease\""},{"section":4,"text":"-KYOO and -JAKU KYOO and JAKU are suffixes attached to numeral counters to give the meaning of \"a little over ---\" and \"a little less ---\", respectively.\n\nExample | Meaning\nJUU MAIRU KYOO | \"long 10 miles\"\nJUU MAIRU JAKU | \" a little less than 10 miles\"\nSAMBU GORIN KYOO | \"a little over 3.5 per cent\"\nICHI INCHI KYOO | \"a little over one inch\"\nICHI INCHI JAKU | \"a little less than one inch\""}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ある","gloss":"certain, some"},{"word":"は","gloss":"leaves"},{"word":"よぼう","gloss":"prevention"},{"word":"の","gloss":"See Grammar Notes"},{"word":"が","gloss":"but (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"一","gloss":"one"},{"word":"に","gloss":"on (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"よい","gloss":"good (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"てる","gloss":"to shine (v.i.)"},{"word":"ね。","gloss":"isn't it (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"ええ、","gloss":"Yes"},{"word":"がん","gloss":"cancer (See Cult. Notes)"},{"word":"を","gloss":"particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill)"},{"word":"医学","gloss":"medicine, medical science"},{"word":"な","gloss":"I wish, I hope, huh"},{"word":"だ","gloss":"to be (informal equivalent of DESU. See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"全く","gloss":"truly, entirely"},{"word":"まあ","gloss":"Well! Oh, my!"},{"word":"で、","gloss":"--is and -- (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"長生き","gloss":"long life"},{"word":"出来る","gloss":"to be manufactured; to be produced (v.i.)"},{"word":"から","gloss":"from (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"人","gloss":"people"},{"word":"じゅみょう","gloss":"natural span of life"},{"word":"女子","gloss":"female, woman"},{"word":"七十","gloss":"70"},{"word":"男子","gloss":"male, man"},{"word":"六十","gloss":"60"},{"word":"六","gloss":"six"},{"word":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"word":"人生","gloss":"life"},{"word":"わずか","gloss":"a small amount; trifling"},{"word":"五十","gloss":"50"},{"word":"年","gloss":"year (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"と","gloss":"and (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"つい","gloss":"just; only"},{"word":"そう","gloss":"numerical counter for ships"},{"word":"三十","gloss":"30"},{"word":"十","gloss":"ten"},{"word":"二十","gloss":"20"},{"word":"しかも、","gloss":"furthermore"},{"word":"千","gloss":"1,000"},{"word":"九百","gloss":"900"},{"word":"二","gloss":"two"},{"word":"もっと","gloss":"more (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"いる","gloss":"to need (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"思う","gloss":"to think"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Infant mortality and population growth · Dialogue 2 of 5","teaching":[{"title":"Fewer infant deaths","paragraphs":["The speakers discuss why lifespans have increased. *赤んぼうの 死ぼうりつが げんしょうした事だ* means \"The infant death rate decreased.\"","They also discuss the birth rate and the natural rate of population increase."]},{"title":"The suffix for a rate","paragraphs":["The suffix *りつ* attaches to a noun and means \"rate\" or \"percentage.\"","*死ぼうりつ* is \"death rate,\" *出生りつ* is \"birth rate,\" and *ぞうかりつ* is \"rate of increase.\""]},{"title":"Kanji: 死","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 児","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":7,"id":"ja.dli.L087.dlg.007","source":"じゅみょうの 長くなった 原因は 何だろうかね。","translation":"What do you suppose is the cause for this expansion of life span?","reading":"じゅみょうのながくなったげんいんはなんだろうかね。","words":[{"text":"じゅみょう","gloss":"life span"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"長く","gloss":"became longer","reading":"ながく"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"became longer"},{"text":"た","gloss":"became longer"},{"text":"原因","gloss":"cause","reading":"げんいん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"だろう","gloss":"suppose"},{"text":"か","gloss":"question"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.dlg.007.m4a"},{"number":8,"id":"ja.dli.L087.dlg.008","source":"色々 あると 思う。 第一に 医学が 進歩したため 早く 死ななくなった事。 第二には 赤んぼうの 死ぼうりつが げんしょうした事だ。","translation":"I think there are many. First of all, it is the fact that the people don't die early due to the advancement of medical science, and secondly, it is the fact that the death rate of infants has decreased.","reading":"いろいろあるとおもう。だいいちにいがくがしんぽしたためはやくしななくなったこと。だいににはあかんぼうのしぼうりつがげんしょうしたことだ。","words":[{"text":"色々","gloss":"various","reading":"いろいろ"},{"text":"ある","gloss":"there are"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"思う。","gloss":"think","reading":"おもう"},{"text":"第","gloss":"first","reading":"だい"},{"text":"一","gloss":"first","reading":"いち"},{"text":"に","gloss":"as"},{"text":"医学","gloss":"medical science","reading":"いがく"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"進歩","gloss":"advanced","reading":"しんぽ"},{"text":"し","gloss":"advanced"},{"text":"た","gloss":"advanced"},{"text":"ため","gloss":"because"},{"text":"早く","gloss":"early","reading":"はやく"},{"text":"死な","gloss":"stopped dying","reading":"しな"},{"text":"なく","gloss":"stopped dying"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"stopped dying"},{"text":"た","gloss":"stopped dying"},{"text":"事。","gloss":"fact","reading":"こと"},{"text":"第","gloss":"second","reading":"だい"},{"text":"二","gloss":"second","reading":"に"},{"text":"に","gloss":"as"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"赤んぼう","gloss":"infants","reading":"あかんぼう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"死","gloss":"death rate","reading":"し"},{"text":"ぼう","gloss":"death rate"},{"text":"りつ","gloss":"death rate"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"げんしょう","gloss":"decreased"},{"text":"し","gloss":"decreased"},{"text":"た","gloss":"decreased"},{"text":"事","gloss":"fact","reading":"こと"},{"text":"だ。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.dlg.008.m4a"},{"number":9,"id":"ja.dli.L087.dlg.009","source":"赤んぼうの 死ぼうりつが げんしょうしたのは、どう 言う 訳だろうか。","translation":"What do you suppose is the reason that the death rate of infants decreased?","reading":"あかんぼうのしぼうりつがげんしょうしたのは、どういうわけだろうか。","words":[{"text":"赤んぼう","gloss":"infants","reading":"あかんぼう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"死","gloss":"death rate","reading":"し"},{"text":"ぼう","gloss":"death rate"},{"text":"りつ","gloss":"death rate"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"げんしょう","gloss":"decreased"},{"text":"し","gloss":"decreased"},{"text":"た","gloss":"decreased"},{"text":"の","gloss":"fact"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"what"},{"text":"言う","gloss":"kind of","reading":"いう"},{"text":"訳","gloss":"reason","reading":"わけ"},{"text":"だろう","gloss":"suppose"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.dlg.009.m4a"},{"number":10,"id":"ja.dli.L087.dlg.010","source":"産児せいげんによって、出生りつが げんしょうした上に、生活程度が 高くなったため、赤んぼうが けんこうに そだつ様に なったからだよ。","translation":"It is because of the fact that the birth rate has decreased due to birth control and also the fact that the infants are brought up more wholesomely because of the rise in the living standard.","reading":"さんじせいげんによって、しゅっしょうりつがげんしょうしたうえに、せいかつていどがたかくなったため、あかんぼうがけんこうにそだつようになったからだよ。","words":[{"text":"産児","gloss":"birth control","reading":"さんじ"},{"text":"せいげん","gloss":"birth control"},{"text":"に","gloss":"by"},{"text":"よっ","gloss":"by means of"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"by means of"},{"text":"出生","gloss":"birth rate","reading":"しゅっしょう"},{"text":"りつ","gloss":"birth rate"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"げんしょう","gloss":"decreased"},{"text":"し","gloss":"decreased"},{"text":"た","gloss":"decreased"},{"text":"上","gloss":"in addition","reading":"うえ"},{"text":"に、","gloss":"to"},{"text":"生活","gloss":"living","reading":"せいかつ"},{"text":"程度","gloss":"standard","reading":"ていど"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"高く","gloss":"became higher","reading":"たかく"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"became higher"},{"text":"た","gloss":"became higher"},{"text":"ため、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"赤んぼう","gloss":"infants","reading":"あかんぼう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"けんこう","gloss":"healthily"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"そだつ","gloss":"grow up"},{"text":"様","gloss":"come to","reading":"よう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"come to"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"come to"},{"text":"た","gloss":"come to"},{"text":"から","gloss":"because"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.dlg.010.m4a"},{"number":11,"id":"ja.dli.L087.dlg.011","source":"それで 人口の しぜんの ぞうかりつは。","translation":"And what is the natural rate of increase of population?","reading":"それでじんこうのしぜんのぞうかりつは。","words":[{"text":"それ","gloss":"that"},{"text":"で","gloss":"so"},{"text":"人口","gloss":"population","reading":"じんこう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"しぜん","gloss":"natural"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"ぞう","gloss":"increase rate"},{"text":"か","gloss":"increase rate"},{"text":"りつ","gloss":"increase rate"},{"text":"は。","gloss":"topic"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.dlg.011.m4a"},{"number":12,"id":"ja.dli.L087.dlg.012","source":"一パーセントぐらいだから、九十万程度だね。","translation":"It's about 1 percent, so it will be about 900,000.","reading":"いちパーセントぐらいだから、きゅうじゅうまんていどだね。","words":[{"text":"一","gloss":"one","reading":"いち"},{"text":"パーセント","gloss":"percent"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"九十","gloss":"ninety","reading":"きゅうじゅう"},{"text":"万","gloss":"ten thousand","reading":"まん"},{"text":"程度","gloss":"approximately","reading":"ていど"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.dlg.012.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"原因","gloss":"cause"},{"word":"か","gloss":"either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"思う。","gloss":"to think"},{"word":"し","gloss":"city"},{"word":"りつ","gloss":"rate (See Cult. Notes)"},{"word":"だ。","gloss":"to be (informal equivalent of DESU. See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"言う","gloss":"to say"},{"word":"程度","gloss":"degree, standard"},{"word":"けんこう","gloss":"health"},{"word":"そだつ","gloss":"grow, be brought up (vi)"},{"word":"で","gloss":"--is and -- (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"人口","gloss":"population"},{"word":"しぜん","gloss":"natural"},{"word":"パーセント","gloss":"percent"},{"word":"九十","gloss":"90"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Birth rates and growing height · Dialogue 3 of 5","teaching":[{"title":"Changes in height","paragraphs":["The speakers compare birth rates, living standards, and changes in average height. *男子は へいきん 四センチ、女子は へいきん 二・五センチ強だ* gives the increases for men and women.","Men grew four centimeters on average. Women grew a little over 2.5 centimeters on average."]},{"title":"A little over or under","paragraphs":["The suffixes *強* and *弱* attach to a number with its counter. *強* means \"a little over,\" and *弱* means \"a little less.\"","*二・五センチ強* means \"a little over 2.5 centimeters.\""]},{"title":"Kanji: 世, 界, 低","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 次","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":13,"id":"ja.dli.L087.dlg.013","source":"出生りつは。","translation":"What about the birth rate?","reading":"しゅっしょうりつは。","words":[{"text":"出生","gloss":"birth rate","reading":"しゅっしょう"},{"text":"りつ","gloss":"birth rate"},{"text":"は。","gloss":"topic"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.dlg.013.m4a"},{"number":14,"id":"ja.dli.L087.dlg.014","source":"千九百六十二年には 千人に 対して 十七人だった。 出生者数は 百六十二万、そして 死ぼう者数は 七十一万よだった。 とにかく 出生りつは 世界でも スエーデン(14.1人)、デンマーク(16.6人)に 次いで 低いんだよ。","translation":"It was 17 per 1,000 in 1962. The number of births were 1,620,000 and the number of deaths were a little over 710,000. At any rate, the rate of birth is low even in the world, being next to Sweden (14.1) and Denmark (16.6).","reading":"せんきゅうひゃくろくじゅうにねんにはせんにんにたいしてじゅうしちにんだった。しゅっしょうしゃすうはひゃくろくじゅうにまん、そしてしぼうしゃすうはななじゅういちまんよだった。とにかくしゅっしょうりつはせかいでもスエーデン(じゅうよんてんいちにん)、デンマーク(じゅうろくてんろくにん)についでひくいんだよ。","words":[{"text":"千","gloss":"one thousand","reading":"せん"},{"text":"九百","gloss":"nine hundred","reading":"きゅうひゃく"},{"text":"六十","gloss":"sixty","reading":"ろくじゅう"},{"text":"二","gloss":"two","reading":"に"},{"text":"年","gloss":"year","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"千","gloss":"one thousand","reading":"せん"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people","reading":"にん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"対し","gloss":"per","reading":"たいし"},{"text":"て","gloss":"per"},{"text":"十","gloss":"ten"},{"text":"七","gloss":"seven"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people"},{"text":"だっ","gloss":"was"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"was"},{"text":"出生","gloss":"number of births"},{"text":"者","gloss":"number of births"},{"text":"数","gloss":"number of births"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"百","gloss":"one hundred"},{"text":"六十","gloss":"sixty"},{"text":"二","gloss":"two"},{"text":"万、","gloss":"ten thousand"},{"text":"そして","gloss":"and"},{"text":"死","gloss":"number of deaths","reading":"し"},{"text":"ぼう","gloss":"number of deaths"},{"text":"者","gloss":"number of deaths","reading":"しゃ"},{"text":"数","gloss":"number of deaths","reading":"すう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"七十","gloss":"seventy","reading":"ななじゅう"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one","reading":"いち"},{"text":"万","gloss":"ten thousand","reading":"まん"},{"text":"よ","gloss":"over"},{"text":"だっ","gloss":"was"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"was"},{"text":"とにかく","gloss":"at any rate"},{"text":"出生","gloss":"birth rate","reading":"しゅっしょう"},{"text":"りつ","gloss":"birth rate"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"世界","gloss":"world","reading":"せかい"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"も","gloss":"even"},{"text":"スエーデン","gloss":"Sweden"},{"text":"(14.","gloss":"fourteen point"},{"text":"1","gloss":"one"},{"text":"人)、","gloss":"people"},{"text":"デンマーク","gloss":"Denmark"},{"text":"(16.","gloss":"sixteen point"},{"text":"6","gloss":"six"},{"text":"人)","gloss":"people"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"次い","gloss":"ranking next"},{"text":"で","gloss":"ranking next"},{"text":"低い","gloss":"low"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.dlg.014.m4a"},{"number":15,"id":"ja.dli.L087.dlg.015","source":"日本人は せが 低いと 思っていたんだが、外の 東洋人に くらべて、そんなに 低くは ないね。","translation":"I had the impression that the Japanese people are short, but compared to other Orientals, they are not so short, are they?","reading":"にほんじんはせがひくいとおもっていたんだが、ほかのとうようじんにくらべて、そんなにひくくはないね。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan"},{"text":"人","gloss":"Japanese people"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"せ","gloss":"height"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"低い","gloss":"short","reading":"ひくい"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"思っ","gloss":"had thought","reading":"おもっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"had thought"},{"text":"い","gloss":"had thought"},{"text":"た","gloss":"had thought"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"外","gloss":"other","reading":"ほか"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"東洋","gloss":"Oriental people","reading":"とうよう"},{"text":"人","gloss":"Oriental people","reading":"じん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"くらべ","gloss":"compared"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"compared"},{"text":"そんな","gloss":"that"},{"text":"に","gloss":"so"},{"text":"低く","gloss":"short","reading":"ひくく"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.dlg.015.m4a"},{"number":16,"id":"ja.dli.L087.dlg.016","source":"近年 日本人も 生活程度が 高くなって来たので、へいきんして せが 高くなった。","translation":"In recent years the average height of the Japanese people became tall because the living standard has become high.","reading":"きんねんにほんじんもせいかつていどがたかくなってきたので、へいきんしてせがたかくなった。","words":[{"text":"近年","gloss":"recent years"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan"},{"text":"人","gloss":"Japanese people"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"生活","gloss":"living","reading":"せいかつ"},{"text":"程度","gloss":"standard","reading":"ていど"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"高く","gloss":"became higher","reading":"たかく"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"became higher"},{"text":"て","gloss":"became higher"},{"text":"来","gloss":"became higher","reading":"き"},{"text":"た","gloss":"became higher"},{"text":"の","gloss":"fact"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"へい","gloss":"on average"},{"text":"きん","gloss":"on average"},{"text":"し","gloss":"on average"},{"text":"て","gloss":"on average"},{"text":"せ","gloss":"height"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"高く","gloss":"became taller","reading":"たかく"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"became taller"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"became taller"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.dlg.016.m4a"},{"number":17,"id":"ja.dli.L087.dlg.017","source":"どのくらい のびたのかね。","translation":"About how much did they grow?","reading":"どのくらいのびたのかね。","words":[{"text":"どの","gloss":"how"},{"text":"くらい","gloss":"much"},{"text":"のび","gloss":"grew"},{"text":"た","gloss":"grew"},{"text":"の","gloss":"fact"},{"text":"か","gloss":"question"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.dlg.017.m4a"},{"number":18,"id":"ja.dli.L087.dlg.018","source":"男子は へいきん 四センチ、女子は へいきん 二・五センチ強だ。これは 千九百三十二年の 十六さいの 学生と 千九百六十二年の 十六さいの 学生の ひかくなんだ。","translation":"Men grew an average of four centimeters and woemn grew an average of 2.5 centimeters plus. This is a comparison of 16 year-old students in 1932 and of 16 year-old students in 1962.","reading":"だんしはへいきんよんセンチ、じょしはへいきんに・ごセンチきょうだ。これはせんきゅうひゃくさんじゅうにねんのじゅうろくさいのがくせいとせんきゅうひゃくろくじゅうにねんのじゅうろくさいのがくせいのひかくなんだ。","words":[{"text":"男子","gloss":"men","reading":"だんし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"へいき","gloss":"average"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"average"},{"text":"四","gloss":"four","reading":"よん"},{"text":"センチ、","gloss":"centimeters"},{"text":"女子","gloss":"women","reading":"じょし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"へいき","gloss":"average"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"average"},{"text":"二・","gloss":"two point","reading":"に"},{"text":"五","gloss":"five","reading":"ご"},{"text":"センチ","gloss":"centimeters"},{"text":"強","gloss":"plus","reading":"きょう"},{"text":"だ。","gloss":"is"},{"text":"これ","gloss":"this"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"千","gloss":"one thousand","reading":"せん"},{"text":"九百","gloss":"nine hundred","reading":"きゅうひゃく"},{"text":"三十","gloss":"thirty","reading":"さんじゅう"},{"text":"二","gloss":"two","reading":"に"},{"text":"年","gloss":"year","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"十","gloss":"ten","reading":"じゅう"},{"text":"六","gloss":"six","reading":"ろく"},{"text":"さい","gloss":"years old"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"学生","gloss":"students","reading":"がくせい"},{"text":"と","gloss":"and"},{"text":"千","gloss":"one thousand","reading":"せん"},{"text":"九百","gloss":"nine hundred","reading":"きゅうひゃく"},{"text":"六十","gloss":"sixty","reading":"ろくじゅう"},{"text":"二","gloss":"two","reading":"に"},{"text":"年","gloss":"year","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"十","gloss":"ten","reading":"じゅう"},{"text":"六","gloss":"six","reading":"ろく"},{"text":"さい","gloss":"years old"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"学生","gloss":"students","reading":"がくせい"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"ひかく","gloss":"comparison"},{"text":"な","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"だ。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.dlg.018.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"は。","gloss":"leaves"},{"word":"七","gloss":"seven"},{"word":"者","gloss":"person"},{"word":"百","gloss":"100"},{"word":"とにかく","gloss":"at any rate; any how"},{"word":"せ","gloss":"height (of man)"},{"word":"東洋","gloss":"Orient"},{"word":"近年","gloss":"recent years"},{"word":"へい","gloss":"wall fence"},{"word":"どの","gloss":"which (pre-substantive) (See Notes)"},{"word":"くらい","gloss":"dark"},{"word":"四","gloss":"four"},{"word":"センチ、","gloss":"centimeter"},{"word":"五","gloss":"five"},{"word":"学生","gloss":"student (higher sch.)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Physique, diet and living standards · Dialogue 4 of 5","teaching":[{"title":"The same changes in inches","paragraphs":["The speakers give the height changes in inches. *男子が 一・五インチ強、女子が 一インチ弱だ* means \"A little over 1.5 inches for men and a little under one inch for women.\"","The *強* and *弱* after measurements give a little over and a little under the stated amounts."]},{"title":"Living standards and food","paragraphs":["The speakers connect improved physique with higher living standards and changes in daily life. They then compare Japanese food with that of other countries."]},{"title":"Kanji: 弱","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":19,"id":"ja.dli.L087.dlg.019","source":"インチだと、どのくらいかね。","translation":"About how much in inches?","reading":"インチだと、どのくらいかね。","words":[{"text":"インチ","gloss":"inches"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"if"},{"text":"どの","gloss":"how"},{"text":"くらい","gloss":"much"},{"text":"か","gloss":"question"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.dlg.019.m4a"},{"number":20,"id":"ja.dli.L087.dlg.020","source":"そうだね。 インチだと 男子が 一・五インチ強、女子が 一インチ弱だ。","translation":"Well, let me see. if it is in inches, 1.5 inches plus for male and less than one inch for women.","reading":"そうだね。インチだとだんしがいち・ごインチきょう、じょしがいちインチじゃくだ。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"let me see"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"},{"text":"インチ","gloss":"inches"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"と","gloss":"if"},{"text":"男子","gloss":"men","reading":"だんし"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"一・","gloss":"one point","reading":"いち"},{"text":"五","gloss":"five","reading":"ご"},{"text":"インチ","gloss":"inches"},{"text":"強、","gloss":"plus","reading":"きょう"},{"text":"女子","gloss":"women","reading":"じょし"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one","reading":"いち"},{"text":"インチ","gloss":"inch"},{"text":"弱","gloss":"under","reading":"じゃく"},{"text":"だ。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.dlg.020.m4a"},{"number":21,"id":"ja.dli.L087.dlg.021","source":"日本人の 体かくが よくなったのは、生活程度が 高くなった事 と 生活が 変った事に 原因してるんだね。","translation":"The fact that the physique of Japanese people improved is due to the fact that the living standard became high and also the fact that the livelihood has changed, isn't it?","reading":"にほんじんのたいかくがよくなったのは、せいかつていどがたかくなったこととせいかつがかわったことにげんいんしてるんだね。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan"},{"text":"人","gloss":"Japanese people"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"体","gloss":"physique","reading":"たい"},{"text":"かく","gloss":"physique"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"よく","gloss":"improved"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"improved"},{"text":"た","gloss":"improved"},{"text":"の","gloss":"fact"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"生活","gloss":"living","reading":"せいかつ"},{"text":"程度","gloss":"standard","reading":"ていど"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"高く","gloss":"became higher","reading":"たかく"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"became higher"},{"text":"た","gloss":"became higher"},{"text":"事","gloss":"fact","reading":"こと"},{"text":"と","gloss":"and"},{"text":"生活","gloss":"livelihood","reading":"せいかつ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"変っ","gloss":"changed","reading":"かわっ"},{"text":"た","gloss":"changed"},{"text":"事","gloss":"fact","reading":"こと"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"原因","gloss":"is due","reading":"げんいん"},{"text":"し","gloss":"is due"},{"text":"てる","gloss":"is due"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.dlg.021.m4a"},{"number":22,"id":"ja.dli.L087.dlg.022","source":"そう。 だが、日本人の 食べ物は まだ よくならなければならないと 思う。","translation":"You are right. However, I think the foodstuf of Japanese people should improve much more.","reading":"そう。だが、にほんじんのたべものはまだよくならなければならないとおもう。","words":[{"text":"そう。","gloss":"that is right"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan"},{"text":"人","gloss":"Japanese people"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"食べ物","gloss":"food"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"まだ","gloss":"still"},{"text":"よく","gloss":"must improve"},{"text":"なら","gloss":"must improve"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"must improve"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"must improve"},{"text":"なら","gloss":"must improve"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"must improve"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"思う。","gloss":"think","reading":"おもう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.dlg.022.m4a"},{"number":23,"id":"ja.dli.L087.dlg.023","source":"よくないんかね。","translation":"Aren't they good?","reading":"よくないんかね。","words":[{"text":"よく","gloss":"good"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"か","gloss":"question"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.dlg.023.m4a"},{"number":24,"id":"ja.dli.L087.dlg.024","source":"外の 文明国に くらべると、少し おとっているね。","translation":"Compared to other civilized nations, they are a little inferior.","reading":"ほかのぶんめいこくにくらべると、すこしおとっているね。","words":[{"text":"外","gloss":"other","reading":"ほか"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"文明","gloss":"civilized nation","reading":"ぶんめい"},{"text":"国","gloss":"civilized nation","reading":"こく"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"くらべる","gloss":"compared"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"if"},{"text":"少し","gloss":"a little","reading":"すこし"},{"text":"おとっ","gloss":"are inferior"},{"text":"て","gloss":"are inferior"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"are inferior"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.dlg.024.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"インチ","gloss":"inch"},{"word":"と、","gloss":"and (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"一・","gloss":"one"},{"word":"体","gloss":"body, health"},{"word":"かく","gloss":"each (prefix)"},{"word":"よく","gloss":"well, skillfully"},{"word":"は、","gloss":"leaves"},{"word":"食べ物","gloss":"food"},{"word":"まだ","gloss":"yet, still"},{"word":"なら","gloss":"if it is (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"国","gloss":"country, nation"},{"word":"少し","gloss":"little (quantity)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Public diet and health · Dialogue 5 of 5","teaching":[{"title":"Food and health change together","paragraphs":["The speakers discuss food eaten by the general public. *食糧が よくなるにつれて、もっともっと けんこうになる* means \"As food improves, people become much healthier.\"","Here *につれて* connects improving food with improving health."]},{"title":"A word said twice","paragraphs":["In Japanese, a word is often doubled to make its meaning stronger.","*もっと* means \"more.\" In this line, *もっともっと* means \"much, much more.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":25,"id":"ja.dli.L087.dlg.025","source":"日本人の 食べ物は よいと 思っていたんだが。","translation":"I thought the foods of Japanese people were good.","reading":"にほんじんのたべものはよいとおもっていたんだが。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan"},{"text":"人","gloss":"Japanese people"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"食べ物","gloss":"food"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"よい","gloss":"good"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"思っ","gloss":"had thought","reading":"おもっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"had thought"},{"text":"い","gloss":"had thought"},{"text":"た","gloss":"had thought"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"が。","gloss":"but"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.dlg.025.m4a"},{"number":26,"id":"ja.dli.L087.dlg.026","source":"一ぱんの 人が 食べる物が よくないんだ。 この一ぱんの 人の 食糧が よくなるにつれて、もっともっと けんこうになると 思うよ。","translation":"Foods that are partaken by the general public are not good. As the foods partaken by this general public improve, people will become much more healthier, I think.","reading":"いっぱんのひとがたべるものがよくないんだ。このいっぱんのひとのしょくりょうがよくなるにつれて、もっともっとけんこうになるとおもうよ。","words":[{"text":"一","gloss":"general","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"ぱん","gloss":"general"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"食べる","gloss":"eat","reading":"たべる"},{"text":"物","gloss":"things","reading":"もの"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"よく","gloss":"good"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"だ。","gloss":"is"},{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"一","gloss":"general","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"ぱん","gloss":"general"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"食糧","gloss":"food","reading":"しょくりょう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"よく","gloss":"improves"},{"text":"なる","gloss":"improves"},{"text":"に","gloss":"as"},{"text":"つれ","gloss":"as"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"as"},{"text":"もっと","gloss":"more"},{"text":"もっと","gloss":"more"},{"text":"けんこう","gloss":"healthy"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"なる","gloss":"become"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"思う","gloss":"think","reading":"おもう"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.dlg.026.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"が。","gloss":"but (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"食糧","gloss":"food"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"How one change leads another · Perception drill","teaching":[{"title":"One change follows another","paragraphs":["*外国語は 上手に なるにつれて、おもしろく なりますね* means \"As one becomes proficient in a foreign language, it becomes more interesting.\"","*につれて* follows the basic form of a verb that names a continuing change. It means \"as,\" \"with,\" or \"in proportion to.\""]},{"title":"The second change","paragraphs":["The clause before *につれて* states the first change. The remaining clause states the corresponding change.","*年を とる につれて、よく わすれる様に なる* means \"As one gets older, one comes to forget things often.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":27,"id":"ja.dli.L087.gp1.01","source":"食りょうが よくなる につれて、もっともっと けんこうに なると 思います。","translation":"I think as food becomes better, one can become much healthier.","reading":"しょくりょうがよくなるにつれて、もっともっとけんこうになるとおもいます。","words":[{"text":"食","gloss":"food","reading":"しょく"},{"text":"りょう","gloss":"food"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"よく","gloss":"improves"},{"text":"なる","gloss":"improves"},{"text":"に","gloss":"as"},{"text":"つれ","gloss":"as"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"as"},{"text":"もっと","gloss":"more"},{"text":"もっと","gloss":"more"},{"text":"けんこう","gloss":"healthy"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"なる","gloss":"become"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"思い","gloss":"think","reading":"おもい"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.gp1.01.m4a"},{"number":28,"id":"ja.dli.L087.gp1.02","source":"外国語は 上手に なるにつれて、おもしろく なりますね。","translation":"As one becomes proficient in a foreign language, it becomes more interesting, doesn't it?","reading":"がいこくごはじょうずになるにつれて、おもしろくなりますね。","words":[{"text":"外国","gloss":"foreign","reading":"がいこく"},{"text":"語","gloss":"language","reading":"ご"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"上手","gloss":"proficient","reading":"じょうず"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"なる","gloss":"becomes"},{"text":"に","gloss":"as"},{"text":"つれ","gloss":"as"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"as"},{"text":"おもしろく","gloss":"interesting"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"becomes"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.gp1.02.m4a"},{"number":29,"id":"ja.dli.L087.gp1.03","source":"ええ。 わからないと おもしろくないが、わかる様に なるにつれて、おもしろくなるものです。","translation":"Yes. If one doesn't understand, it won't be interesting, but as one comes to understand it, it will get interesting.","reading":"ええ。わからないとおもしろくないが、わかるようになるにつれて、おもしろくなるものです。","words":[{"text":"ええ。","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"わから","gloss":"understand"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"と","gloss":"if"},{"text":"おもしろく","gloss":"interesting"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"わかる","gloss":"understand"},{"text":"様","gloss":"come to","reading":"よう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"come to"},{"text":"なる","gloss":"come to"},{"text":"に","gloss":"as"},{"text":"つれ","gloss":"as"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"as"},{"text":"おもしろく","gloss":"interesting"},{"text":"なる","gloss":"becomes"},{"text":"もの","gloss":"naturally"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.gp1.03.m4a"},{"number":30,"id":"ja.dli.L087.gp1.04","source":"うちの 子供は 食べない物が 多くて 困りますよ。","translation":"Our children don't eat many things and we don't know what to do.","reading":"うちのこどもはたべないものがおおくてこまりますよ。","words":[{"text":"うち","gloss":"our"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"子供","gloss":"children","reading":"こども"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"食べ","gloss":"eat","reading":"たべ"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"物","gloss":"things","reading":"もの"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"多く","gloss":"many","reading":"おおく"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"困り","gloss":"are troubled","reading":"こまり"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.gp1.04.m4a"},{"number":31,"id":"ja.dli.L087.gp1.05","source":"心配は いりませんよ。 子供は 大きくなるにつれて、何でも 食べる様に なりますよ。","translation":"You don't have to worry about that. As the children grow bigger, they'll become to eat anything.","reading":"しんぱいはいりませんよ。こどもはおおきくなるにつれて、なんでもたべるようになりますよ。","words":[{"text":"心配","gloss":"worry","reading":"しんぱい"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"いり","gloss":"need"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"},{"text":"子供","gloss":"children","reading":"こども"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"大きく","gloss":"bigger","reading":"おおきく"},{"text":"なる","gloss":"grow"},{"text":"に","gloss":"as"},{"text":"つれ","gloss":"as"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"as"},{"text":"何","gloss":"anything","reading":"なん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"anything"},{"text":"も","gloss":"anything"},{"text":"食べる","gloss":"eat","reading":"たべる"},{"text":"様","gloss":"come to","reading":"よう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"come to"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"become"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.gp1.05.m4a"},{"number":32,"id":"ja.dli.L087.gp1.06","source":"僕は このごろ よく 言葉を わすれる様に なったね。","translation":"I have become to forget words often these days.","reading":"ぼくはこのごろよくことばをわすれるようになったね。","words":[{"text":"僕","gloss":"I","reading":"ぼく"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"このごろ","gloss":"these days"},{"text":"よく","gloss":"often"},{"text":"言葉","gloss":"words","reading":"ことば"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"わすれる","gloss":"forget"},{"text":"様","gloss":"come to","reading":"よう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"come to"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"became"},{"text":"た","gloss":"became"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.gp1.06.m4a"},{"number":33,"id":"ja.dli.L087.gp1.07","source":"年を とる(to get old) につれて、よく わすれる様に なるもんですよ。","translation":"As you get older, you'll become to forget things often.","reading":"としをとる(トゥーゲットオールド)につれて、よくわすれるようになるもんですよ。","words":[{"text":"年","gloss":"age","reading":"とし"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"とる","gloss":"get old"},{"text":"(to","gloss":"get old"},{"text":"get","gloss":"get old"},{"text":"old)","gloss":"get old"},{"text":"に","gloss":"as"},{"text":"つれ","gloss":"as"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"as"},{"text":"よく","gloss":"often"},{"text":"わすれる","gloss":"forget"},{"text":"様","gloss":"come to"},{"text":"に","gloss":"come to"},{"text":"なる","gloss":"become"},{"text":"もん","gloss":"naturally"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.gp1.07.m4a"},{"number":34,"id":"ja.dli.L087.gp1.08","source":"このごろ だいぶ 日が みじかく なったね。","translation":"The days have become considerably shorter these days, haven't they?","reading":"このごろだいぶひがみじかくなったね。","words":[{"text":"このごろ","gloss":"these days"},{"text":"だいぶ","gloss":"considerably"},{"text":"日","gloss":"days","reading":"ひ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"みじかく","gloss":"became shorter"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"became shorter"},{"text":"た","gloss":"became shorter"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.gp1.08.m4a"},{"number":35,"id":"ja.dli.L087.gp1.09","source":"秋に なるにつれて、みじかく なる一方だよ。","translation":"As it gets closer to autumn, the days will keep on getting shorter.","reading":"あきになるにつれて、みじかくなるいっぽうだよ。","words":[{"text":"秋","gloss":"autumn","reading":"あき"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"なる","gloss":"approaches"},{"text":"に","gloss":"as"},{"text":"つれ","gloss":"as"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"as"},{"text":"みじかく","gloss":"shorter"},{"text":"なる","gloss":"become"},{"text":"一方","gloss":"continually","reading":"いっぽう"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.gp1.09.m4a"},{"number":36,"id":"ja.dli.L087.gp1.10","source":"このごろ 日本語が たいぶ むずかしくなったね。","translation":"Japanese has become considerably difficult these days, hasn't it?","reading":"このごろにほんごがたいぶむずかしくなったね。","words":[{"text":"このごろ","gloss":"these days"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"language","reading":"ご"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"たい","gloss":"considerably"},{"text":"ぶ","gloss":"considerably"},{"text":"むずかしく","gloss":"became difficult"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"became difficult"},{"text":"た","gloss":"became difficult"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.gp1.10.m4a"},{"number":37,"id":"ja.dli.L087.gp1.11","source":"うん、日本語は すすむにつれて、ますます むずかしくなるね。","translation":"Yes. As Japanese advances, it gets more and more difficult.","reading":"うん、にほんごはすすむにつれて、ますますむずかしくなるね。","words":[{"text":"うん、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"language","reading":"ご"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"すすむ","gloss":"advances"},{"text":"に","gloss":"as"},{"text":"つれ","gloss":"as"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"as"},{"text":"ますます","gloss":"more and more"},{"text":"むずかしく","gloss":"difficult"},{"text":"なる","gloss":"becomes"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.gp1.11.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ます。","gloss":"trout"},{"word":"上手","gloss":"skillful, fluent (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"ええ。","gloss":"Yes"},{"word":"もの","gloss":"things (tangible)"},{"word":"です。","gloss":"to be (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"うち","gloss":"home, house"},{"word":"多く","gloss":"many of them"},{"word":"僕","gloss":"I (see notes)"},{"word":"わすれる","gloss":"to forget"},{"word":"とる","gloss":"to take (v.t.)"},{"word":"秋","gloss":"autumn, fall"},{"word":"うん、","gloss":"Yes, all right."},{"word":"すすむ","gloss":"to advance"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Health, population and price changes · Pattern 1 1 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Changes that occur together","paragraphs":["*病気が よくなる につれて、よく 食べる様に なる* means \"As the illness gets better, one begins to eat well.\"","The *につれて* after the first change connects it with a corresponding change in eating."]},{"title":"A verb or a noun before につれて","paragraphs":["A changing verb can stand before *につれて*. *人口が ふえるにつれて、しょうばいも 発てんする* links increasing population with developing business.","A noun can also stand there. *工業の 発達につれて、人口も ぞうかした* links industrial development with population growth."]}],"lines":[{"number":38,"id":"ja.dli.L087.pt1.m1","source":"病気が よくなる につれて、よく 食べる様に なる。","translation":"As the illness gets better, one begins to eat well.","reading":"びょうきがよくなるにつれて、よくたべるようになる。","words":[{"text":"病気","gloss":"illness","reading":"びょうき"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"よく","gloss":"gets better"},{"text":"なる","gloss":"gets better"},{"text":"に","gloss":"as"},{"text":"つれ","gloss":"as"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"as"},{"text":"よく","gloss":"well"},{"text":"食べる","gloss":"begins eating","reading":"たべる"},{"text":"様","gloss":"begins eating","reading":"よう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"begins eating"},{"text":"なる。","gloss":"begins eating"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.pt1.m1.m4a"},{"number":39,"id":"ja.dli.L087.pt1.01","source":"あの人は 時が たつにつれて、けんこうが おとろえる。","translation":"As time passes, that person’s health declines.","reading":"あのひとはときがたつにつれて、けんこうがおとろえる。","words":[{"text":"あの","gloss":"that"},{"text":"人","gloss":"person","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"時","gloss":"time","reading":"とき"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"たつ","gloss":"passes"},{"text":"に","gloss":"as"},{"text":"つれ","gloss":"as"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"as"},{"text":"けんこう","gloss":"health"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"おとろえる。","gloss":"declines"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.pt1.01.m4a"},{"number":40,"id":"ja.dli.L087.pt1.02","source":"人口が ふえるにつれて、しょうばいも 発てんする。","translation":"As the population increases, business also develops.","reading":"じんこうがふえるにつれて、しょうばいもはってんする。","words":[{"text":"人口","gloss":"population","reading":"じんこう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"ふえる","gloss":"increases"},{"text":"に","gloss":"as"},{"text":"つれ","gloss":"as"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"as"},{"text":"しょうばい","gloss":"business"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"発てん","gloss":"develops","reading":"はってん"},{"text":"する。","gloss":"develops"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.pt1.02.m4a"},{"number":41,"id":"ja.dli.L087.pt1.03","source":"田中さんは 年を とるにつれて ふとって来た。","translation":"As Mr. Tanaka has gotten older, he has gained weight.","reading":"たなかさんはとしをとるにつれてふとってきた。","words":[{"text":"田中","gloss":"Tanaka","reading":"たなか"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"年","gloss":"age","reading":"とし"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"とる","gloss":"gets older"},{"text":"に","gloss":"as"},{"text":"つれ","gloss":"as"},{"text":"て","gloss":"as"},{"text":"ふとっ","gloss":"gained weight"},{"text":"て","gloss":"gained weight"},{"text":"来","gloss":"gained weight","reading":"き"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"gained weight"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.pt1.03.m4a"},{"number":42,"id":"ja.dli.L087.pt1.04","source":"生産がますにつれて、品物が安くなる。","translation":"As production increases, goods become cheaper.","reading":"せいさんがますにつれて、しなものがやすくなる。","words":[{"text":"生産","gloss":"production","reading":"せいさん"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"increases"},{"text":"に","gloss":"as"},{"text":"つれ","gloss":"as"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"as"},{"text":"品物","gloss":"goods","reading":"しなもの"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"安く","gloss":"cheaper","reading":"やすく"},{"text":"なる。","gloss":"become"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.pt1.04.m4a"},{"number":43,"id":"ja.dli.L087.pt1.05","source":"田中さんの奥さんは けんこうが おとろえるにつれて、やせて来ました。","translation":"As Mrs. Tanaka’s health has declined, she has lost weight.","reading":"たなかさんのおくさんはけんこうがおとろえるにつれて、やせてきました。","words":[{"text":"田中","gloss":"Tanaka","reading":"たなか"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mrs."},{"text":"の","gloss":"Mrs."},{"text":"奥","gloss":"wife","reading":"おく"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"wife"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"けんこう","gloss":"health"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"おとろえる","gloss":"declines"},{"text":"に","gloss":"as"},{"text":"つれ","gloss":"as"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"as"},{"text":"やせ","gloss":"lost weight"},{"text":"て","gloss":"lost weight"},{"text":"来","gloss":"lost weight","reading":"き"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"lost weight"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"lost weight"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.pt1.05.m4a"},{"number":44,"id":"ja.dli.L087.pt1.06","source":"かし家の かずが ぞうかするにつれて、家ちんが 少し 安くなる。","translation":"As the number of houses for rent increases, rent becomes a little cheaper.","reading":"かしやのかずがぞうかするにつれて、やちんがすこしやすくなる。","words":[{"text":"かし","gloss":"house for rent"},{"text":"家","gloss":"house for rent","reading":"や"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"かず","gloss":"number"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"ぞう","gloss":"increase"},{"text":"か","gloss":"increase"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"},{"text":"に","gloss":"as"},{"text":"つれ","gloss":"as"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"as"},{"text":"家","gloss":"rent","reading":"や"},{"text":"ちん","gloss":"rent"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"少し","gloss":"a little","reading":"すこし"},{"text":"安く","gloss":"cheaper","reading":"やすく"},{"text":"なる。","gloss":"becomes"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.pt1.06.m4a"},{"number":45,"id":"ja.dli.L087.pt1.07","source":"病気が 重くなるにつれて、やせて来た。","translation":"As the illness became more serious, he lost weight.","reading":"びょうきがおもくなるにつれて、やせてきた。","words":[{"text":"病気","gloss":"illness","reading":"びょうき"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"重く","gloss":"more serious","reading":"おもく"},{"text":"なる","gloss":"becomes"},{"text":"に","gloss":"as"},{"text":"つれ","gloss":"as"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"as"},{"text":"やせ","gloss":"lose weight"},{"text":"て","gloss":"lose weight"},{"text":"来","gloss":"came to","reading":"き"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.pt1.07.m4a"},{"number":46,"id":"ja.dli.L087.pt1.08","source":"工業の 発達につれて、人口も ぞうかした。","translation":"As industry developed, the population also increased.","reading":"こうぎょうのはったつにつれて、じんこうもぞうかした。","words":[{"text":"工業","gloss":"industry","reading":"こうぎょう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"発達","gloss":"development","reading":"はったつ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"as"},{"text":"つれ","gloss":"as"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"as"},{"text":"人口","gloss":"population","reading":"じんこう"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"ぞう","gloss":"increase"},{"text":"か","gloss":"increase"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.pt1.08.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"時","gloss":"time"},{"word":"たつ","gloss":"to pass (time), elapse"},{"word":"おとろえる。","gloss":"decline, become weak (v.i.)"},{"word":"ふえる","gloss":"to increase (v.i.)"},{"word":"しょうばい","gloss":"business, trade"},{"word":"生産","gloss":"production"},{"word":"ます","gloss":"trout"},{"word":"品物","gloss":"goods, merchandise"},{"word":"家","gloss":"house, home"},{"word":"かず","gloss":"number"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Growth and its consequences · Pattern 1 2 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Growth and its consequence","paragraphs":["*産児せいげんが さかんになるにつれて 人口も あまり ぞうかしていません* links more widespread birth control with limited population growth.","The first clause states what becomes more widespread. The second states the corresponding consequence."]},{"title":"An increasing number","paragraphs":["*学生の かずが ふえるにつれて、学校も 足りなくなる* means \"As the number of students increases, there are not enough schools.\"","Here the continuing increase before *につれて* leads to the shortage stated after it."]}],"lines":[{"number":47,"id":"ja.dli.L087.pt1.09","source":"メキシコの 女の人は 年を とるにつれて、ふとりますね。","translation":"Mexican women gain weight as they get older, don’t they?","reading":"メキシコのおんなのひとはとしをとるにつれて、ふとりますね。","words":[{"text":"メキシコ","gloss":"Mexico"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"女","gloss":"women","reading":"おんな"},{"text":"の","gloss":"women"},{"text":"人","gloss":"women","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"年","gloss":"age","reading":"とし"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"とる","gloss":"get older"},{"text":"に","gloss":"as"},{"text":"つれ","gloss":"as"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"as"},{"text":"ふとり","gloss":"gain weight"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.pt1.09.m4a"},{"number":48,"id":"ja.dli.L087.pt1.10","source":"そうですね。 メキシコの 女の人は 大抵、年を とると ふとります。","translation":"That’s right. Mexican women usually gain weight when they get older.","reading":"そうですね。メキシコのおんなのひとはたいてい、としをとるとふとります。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"that's right"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"},{"text":"メキシコ","gloss":"Mexico"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"女","gloss":"women","reading":"おんな"},{"text":"の","gloss":"women"},{"text":"人","gloss":"women","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"大抵、","gloss":"usually","reading":"たいてい"},{"text":"年","gloss":"age","reading":"とし"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"とる","gloss":"get older"},{"text":"と","gloss":"when"},{"text":"ふとり","gloss":"gain weight"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.pt1.10.m4a"},{"number":49,"id":"ja.dli.L087.pt1.11","source":"日本でも このごろ さかんに 産児せいげんを やっている そうですね。","translation":"I understand that birth control has become widespread in Japan recently, hasn’t it?","reading":"にほんでもこのごろさかんにさんじせいげんをやっているそうですね。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"このごろ","gloss":"recently"},{"text":"さかん","gloss":"widespread"},{"text":"に","gloss":"widely"},{"text":"産児","gloss":"birth control","reading":"さんじ"},{"text":"せいげん","gloss":"birth control"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"やっ","gloss":"is practiced"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is practiced"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"is practiced"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"I understand"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.pt1.11.m4a"},{"number":50,"id":"ja.dli.L087.pt1.12","source":"そうです。 産児せいげんが さかんになるにつれて 人口も あまり ぞうかしていません。","translation":"That’s right. As birth control has become more widespread, the population has not increased very much.","reading":"そうです。さんじせいげんがさかんになるにつれてじんこうもあまりぞうかしていません。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"that's right"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"},{"text":"産児","gloss":"birth control","reading":"さんじ"},{"text":"せいげん","gloss":"birth control"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"さかん","gloss":"widespread"},{"text":"に","gloss":"widely"},{"text":"なる","gloss":"becomes"},{"text":"に","gloss":"as"},{"text":"つれ","gloss":"as"},{"text":"て","gloss":"as"},{"text":"人口","gloss":"population","reading":"じんこう"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"あまり","gloss":"much"},{"text":"ぞう","gloss":"increase"},{"text":"か","gloss":"increase"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"て","gloss":"continuing"},{"text":"い","gloss":"be"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.pt1.12.m4a"},{"number":51,"id":"ja.dli.L087.pt1.13","source":"このごろ 米国では 学校が 足りなくて 困っている そうですね。","translation":"I understand that there are not enough schools in the United States these days, isn’t that right?","reading":"このごろべいこくではがっこうがたりなくてこまっているそうですね。","words":[{"text":"このごろ","gloss":"these days"},{"text":"米国","gloss":"United States","reading":"べいこく"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"schools","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"足り","gloss":"enough","reading":"たり"},{"text":"なく","gloss":"not"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"困っ","gloss":"be troubled","reading":"こまっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"be troubled"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"be troubled"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"I understand"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.pt1.13.m4a"},{"number":52,"id":"ja.dli.L087.pt1.14","source":"ええ、学生の かずが ふえるにつれて、学校も 足りなくなるのです。","translation":"Yes. As the number of students increases, there are not enough schools.","reading":"ええ、がくせいのかずがふえるにつれて、がっこうもたりなくなるのです。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"学生","gloss":"students","reading":"がくせい"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"かず","gloss":"number"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"ふえる","gloss":"increases"},{"text":"に","gloss":"as"},{"text":"つれ","gloss":"as"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"as"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"schools","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"足り","gloss":"enough","reading":"たり"},{"text":"なく","gloss":"not"},{"text":"なる","gloss":"become"},{"text":"の","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.pt1.14.m4a"},{"number":53,"id":"ja.dli.L087.pt1.15","source":"Lesson が すすむにつれて、かん字の かずが 多くなりますか。","translation":"As the lessons progress, does the number of kanji increase?","reading":"レッスンがすすむにつれて、かんじのかずがおおくなりますか。","words":[{"text":"Lesson","gloss":"lesson"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"すすむ","gloss":"progresses"},{"text":"に","gloss":"as"},{"text":"つれ","gloss":"as"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"as"},{"text":"かん字","gloss":"kanji"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"かず","gloss":"number"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"多く","gloss":"more numerous"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"become"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.pt1.15.m4a"},{"number":54,"id":"ja.dli.L087.pt1.16","source":"そうですよ。","translation":"That’s right.","reading":"そうですよ。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"that's right"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.pt1.16.m4a"},{"number":55,"id":"ja.dli.L087.pt1.17","source":"山田さんの 奥さんの 病気は あまり よくないらしいですね。 ずい分 やせて おられました。","translation":"I hear that Mrs. Yamada’s illness is not getting much better. She had lost a great deal of weight.","reading":"やまださんのおくさんのびょうきはあまりよくないらしいですね。ずいぶんやせておられました。","words":[{"text":"山田","gloss":"Yamada","reading":"やまだ"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mrs."},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"奥","gloss":"wife","reading":"おく"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"wife"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"病気","gloss":"illness","reading":"びょうき"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あまり","gloss":"much"},{"text":"よく","gloss":"better"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"らしい","gloss":"seems"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"},{"text":"ずい分","gloss":"a great deal"},{"text":"やせ","gloss":"lose weight"},{"text":"て","gloss":"lose weight"},{"text":"おら","gloss":"be"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"honorific"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.pt1.17.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"メキシコ","gloss":"Mexico"},{"word":"女","gloss":"female"},{"word":"です","gloss":"to be (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ずい分","gloss":"very much"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Worsening illness and other changes · Pattern 1 3 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Verbs of change","paragraphs":["*発達する* means \"to develop,\" and *ふえる* means \"to increase.\" These changes can stand before *につれて*.","*大きくなる* means \"to grow larger,\" while *せが のびる* means \"to grow taller.\""]},{"title":"Age and illness","paragraphs":["*年を とる* means \"to get older.\" *病気が 悪くなる* means \"for an illness to get worse.\"","Each expression names a change that can progress over time."]}],"lines":[{"number":56,"id":"ja.dli.L087.pt1.18","source":"ええ、病気が 悪くなると、食べられなくなりますから、やせるのです。","translation":"Yes. When her illness gets worse, she becomes unable to eat, so she loses weight.","reading":"ええ、びょうきがわるくなると、たべられなくなりますから、やせるのです。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"病気","gloss":"illness","reading":"びょうき"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"悪く","gloss":"worse","reading":"わるく"},{"text":"なる","gloss":"becomes"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"when"},{"text":"食べ","gloss":"eat","reading":"たべ"},{"text":"られ","gloss":"can"},{"text":"なく","gloss":"not"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"become"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"やせる","gloss":"lose weight"},{"text":"の","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.pt1.18.m4a"},{"number":57,"id":"ja.dli.L087.pt1.19","source":"発達する","translation":"to develop","reading":"はったつする","words":[{"text":"発達","gloss":"development","reading":"はったつ"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.pt1.19.m4a"},{"number":58,"id":"ja.dli.L087.pt1.20","source":"大きくなる","translation":"to grow larger","reading":"おおきくなる","words":[{"text":"大きく","gloss":"larger","reading":"おおきく"},{"text":"なる","gloss":"become"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.pt1.20.m4a"},{"number":59,"id":"ja.dli.L087.pt1.21","source":"年を とる","translation":"to get older","reading":"としをとる","words":[{"text":"年","gloss":"age","reading":"とし"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"とる","gloss":"get older"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.pt1.21.m4a"},{"number":60,"id":"ja.dli.L087.pt1.22","source":"ふえる","translation":"to increase","reading":"ふえる","words":[{"text":"ふえる","gloss":"increase"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.pt1.22.m4a"},{"number":61,"id":"ja.dli.L087.pt1.23","source":"病気が 悪くなる","translation":"for an illness to get worse","reading":"びょうきがわるくなる","words":[{"text":"病気","gloss":"illness","reading":"びょうき"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"悪く","gloss":"worse","reading":"わるく"},{"text":"なる","gloss":"becomes"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.pt1.23.m4a"},{"number":62,"id":"ja.dli.L087.pt1.24","source":"せが のびる","translation":"to grow taller","reading":"せがのびる","words":[{"text":"せ","gloss":"height"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"のびる","gloss":"grow taller"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.pt1.24.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"から、","gloss":"from (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"やせる","gloss":"to lose weight (v.i.)"},{"word":"のびる","gloss":"to grow tall, grow long, stretch"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Causes of longer lifespans · Questions 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Why lifespans increased","paragraphs":["The questions ask why Japanese lifespans increased and by how much. *じゅみょうが 長くなったおもな原因は何ですか* means \"What are the main reasons that the lifespan increased?\"","An answer names causes such as medical progress or reduced infant mortality. Other answers give ages or numbers of years."]}],"lines":[{"number":63,"id":"ja.dli.L087.q.001","source":"私たちが 長生き出来る様に なったのは 何のおかげですか。","translation":"What has made it possible for us to live longer?","reading":"わたくしたちがながいきできるようになったのはなんのおかげですか。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"we","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"たち","gloss":"we"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"長生き","gloss":"live long","reading":"ながいき"},{"text":"出来る","gloss":"can","reading":"できる"},{"text":"様","gloss":"possible","reading":"よう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"become"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"の","gloss":"fact"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"おかげ","gloss":"thanks to"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.q.001.m4a"},{"number":64,"id":"ja.dli.L087.q.002","source":"終戦後から 日本の男子のじゅみょうは へいきん何さいぐらいになりましたか。","translation":"Since the end of the war, about how many years has the average life span of Japanese men become?","reading":"しゅうせんごからにほんのだんしのじゅみょうはへいきんなんさいぐらいになりましたか。","words":[{"text":"終戦","gloss":"war's end","reading":"しゅうせん"},{"text":"後","gloss":"after","reading":"ご"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"男子","gloss":"men","reading":"だんし"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"じゅみょう","gloss":"life span"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"へいき","gloss":"average"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"average"},{"text":"何","gloss":"how many","reading":"なん"},{"text":"さい","gloss":"years"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"become"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.q.002.m4a"},{"number":65,"id":"ja.dli.L087.q.003","source":"女子は。","translation":"What about women?","reading":"じょしは。","words":[{"text":"女子","gloss":"women","reading":"じょし"},{"text":"は。","gloss":"topic"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.q.003.m4a"},{"number":66,"id":"ja.dli.L087.q.004","source":"かこ三十年の間に 男子は何年ぐらいじゅみょうが のびましたか。","translation":"During the past thirty years, by about how many years has the life span of men increased?","reading":"かこさんじゅうねんのあいだにだんしはなんねんぐらいじゅみょうがのびましたか。","words":[{"text":"かこ","gloss":"past"},{"text":"三十","gloss":"thirty","reading":"さんじゅう"},{"text":"年","gloss":"years","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"間","gloss":"period"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"男子","gloss":"men","reading":"だんし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"how many","reading":"なん"},{"text":"年","gloss":"years","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"じゅみょう","gloss":"life span"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"のび","gloss":"lengthen"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.q.004.m4a"},{"number":67,"id":"ja.dli.L087.q.005","source":"女子は。","translation":"What about women?","reading":"じょしは。","words":[{"text":"女子","gloss":"women","reading":"じょし"},{"text":"は。","gloss":"topic"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.q.005.m4a"},{"number":68,"id":"ja.dli.L087.q.006","source":"じゅみょうが 長くなったおもな原因は何ですか。","translation":"What are the main reasons that the life span has increased?","reading":"じゅみょうがながくなったおもなげんいんはなんですか。","words":[{"text":"じゅみょう","gloss":"life span"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"長く","gloss":"longer","reading":"ながく"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"become"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"おもな","gloss":"main"},{"text":"原因","gloss":"cause","reading":"げんいん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.q.006.m4a"},{"number":69,"id":"ja.dli.L087.q.007","source":"赤んぼうの 死ぼうりつが げんしょうした原因は 何ですか。","translation":"What caused the infant mortality rate to decrease?","reading":"あかんぼうのしぼうりつがげんしょうしたげんいんはなんですか。","words":[{"text":"赤んぼう","gloss":"infants","reading":"あかんぼう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"死","gloss":"mortality rate","reading":"し"},{"text":"ぼう","gloss":"mortality rate"},{"text":"りつ","gloss":"mortality rate"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"げんしょう","gloss":"decrease"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"原因","gloss":"cause","reading":"げんいん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.q.007.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"か。","gloss":"either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"かこ","gloss":"past"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Population, height and living standards · Questions 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Population and height","paragraphs":["The questions ask about birth rates, population growth, average height, and living standards. *日本人の 出生りつは どうですか* means \"How is the Japanese birth rate?\"","An answer gives a rate, a measurement, a comparison, or a cause."]}],"lines":[{"number":70,"id":"ja.dli.L087.q.008","source":"日本人の 出生りつは どうですか。 高いですか、低いですか。","translation":"How is the Japanese birth rate? Is it high or low?","reading":"にほんじんのしゅっしょうりつはどうですか。たかいですか、ひくいですか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"人","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"出生","gloss":"birth rate","reading":"しゅっしょう"},{"text":"りつ","gloss":"birth rate"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"how"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"},{"text":"高い","gloss":"high","reading":"たかい"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か、","gloss":"question"},{"text":"低い","gloss":"low","reading":"ひくい"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.q.008.m4a"},{"number":71,"id":"ja.dli.L087.q.009","source":"日本人の 出生りつは 千人に 対して 何人ぐらいですか。","translation":"About how many births are there per thousand Japanese people?","reading":"にほんじんのしゅっしょうりつはせんにんにたいしてなんにんぐらいですか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"人","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"出生","gloss":"birth rate","reading":"しゅっしょう"},{"text":"りつ","gloss":"birth rate"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"千","gloss":"thousand","reading":"せん"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people","reading":"にん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"per"},{"text":"対し","gloss":"per","reading":"たいし"},{"text":"て","gloss":"per"},{"text":"何","gloss":"how many","reading":"なん"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people","reading":"にん"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.q.009.m4a"},{"number":72,"id":"ja.dli.L087.q.010","source":"千九百六十二年の とう計によると、人口の ぞうかは どのぐらいでしたか。","translation":"According to the statistics for 1962, how much did the population increase?","reading":"せんきゅうひゃくろくじゅうにねんのとうけいによると、じんこうのぞうかはどのぐらいでしたか。","words":[{"text":"千","gloss":"one thousand","reading":"せん"},{"text":"九百","gloss":"nine hundred","reading":"きゅうひゃく"},{"text":"六十","gloss":"sixty","reading":"ろくじゅう"},{"text":"二","gloss":"two","reading":"に"},{"text":"年","gloss":"year","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"とう","gloss":"statistics"},{"text":"計","gloss":"statistics","reading":"けい"},{"text":"に","gloss":"according to"},{"text":"よる","gloss":"according to"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"according to"},{"text":"人口","gloss":"population","reading":"じんこう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"ぞう","gloss":"increase"},{"text":"か","gloss":"increase"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どの","gloss":"how"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"much"},{"text":"でし","gloss":"was, polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.q.010.m4a"},{"number":73,"id":"ja.dli.L087.q.011","source":"近年 日本人の 体かくが よくなり、せが 高くなった 原因は 何ですか。","translation":"What has caused the physique of the Japanese to improve and their height to increase in recent years?","reading":"きんねんにほんじんのたいかくがよくなり、せがたかくなったげんいんはなんですか。","words":[{"text":"近年","gloss":"recent years"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"人","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"体","gloss":"physique","reading":"たい"},{"text":"かく","gloss":"physique"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"よく","gloss":"better"},{"text":"なり、","gloss":"become"},{"text":"せ","gloss":"height"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"高く","gloss":"taller","reading":"たかく"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"become"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"原因","gloss":"cause","reading":"げんいん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.q.011.m4a"},{"number":74,"id":"ja.dli.L087.q.012","source":"かこ三十年の 間に へいきん どのぐらい せが 高く なりましたか。 男子？ 女子？","translation":"During the past thirty years, by how much has average height increased? For men? For women?","reading":"かこさんじゅうねんのあいだにへいきんどのぐらいせがたかくなりましたか。だんし？じょし？","words":[{"text":"かこ","gloss":"past"},{"text":"三十","gloss":"thirty","reading":"さんじゅう"},{"text":"年","gloss":"years","reading":"ねん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"間","gloss":"period"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"へいき","gloss":"average"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"average"},{"text":"どの","gloss":"how"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"much"},{"text":"せ","gloss":"height"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"高く","gloss":"taller","reading":"たかく"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"become"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"},{"text":"男子？","gloss":"men","reading":"だんし"},{"text":"女子？","gloss":"women","reading":"じょし"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.q.012.m4a"},{"number":75,"id":"ja.dli.L087.q.013","source":"外の 文明国に くらべて、日本人の 生活程度は どうですか。","translation":"Compared with other civilized countries, how is the Japanese standard of living?","reading":"ほかのぶんめいこくにくらべて、にほんじんのせいかつていどはどうですか。","words":[{"text":"外","gloss":"other","reading":"ほか"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"文明","gloss":"civilized countries","reading":"ぶんめい"},{"text":"国","gloss":"civilized countries","reading":"こく"},{"text":"に","gloss":"compared with"},{"text":"くらべ","gloss":"compared with"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"compared with"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"人","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"生活","gloss":"living standard","reading":"せいかつ"},{"text":"程度","gloss":"living standard","reading":"ていど"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"how"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.q.013.m4a"},{"number":76,"id":"ja.dli.L087.q.014","source":"生活程度を 高くするためには、どうしなければ なりませんか。","translation":"What must be done to raise the standard of living?","reading":"せいかつていどをたかくするためには、どうしなければなりませんか。","words":[{"text":"生活","gloss":"living standard","reading":"せいかつ"},{"text":"程度","gloss":"living standard","reading":"ていど"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"高く","gloss":"higher","reading":"たかく"},{"text":"する","gloss":"make"},{"text":"ため","gloss":"purpose"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"how"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"if not"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"become"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.q.014.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"男子？","gloss":"male, man"},{"word":"女子？","gloss":"female, woman"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Prevention and longevity words · Word list 1 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Prevention and longer life","paragraphs":["These words cover prevention, medical progress, and lifespan. *よぼう* means \"prevention,\" and *よぼう薬* means \"preventive medicine.\"","*長生き* means \"long life,\" while *じゅみょう* means \"natural span of life.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":77,"id":"ja.dli.L087.w.001","source":"よぼう","translation":"prevention","reading":"よぼう","words":[{"text":"よぼう","gloss":"prevention"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.w.001.m4a"},{"number":78,"id":"ja.dli.L087.w.002","source":"よぼう薬","translation":"preventive medicine","reading":"よぼうやく","words":[{"text":"よぼう薬","gloss":"preventive medicine","reading":"よぼうやく"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.w.002.m4a"},{"number":79,"id":"ja.dli.L087.w.003","source":"方ほう","translation":"method; way","reading":"ほうほう","words":[{"text":"方ほう","gloss":"method","reading":"ほうほう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.w.003.m4a"},{"number":80,"id":"ja.dli.L087.w.004","source":"医学","translation":"medicine, medical science","reading":"いがく","words":[{"text":"医学","gloss":"medical science","reading":"いがく"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.w.004.m4a"},{"number":81,"id":"ja.dli.L087.w.005","source":"進歩(する)","translation":"progress(to progress) (v.i.)","reading":"しんぽ(する)","words":[{"text":"進歩(する)","gloss":"progress","reading":"しんぽ(する)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.w.005.m4a"},{"number":82,"id":"ja.dli.L087.w.006","source":"長生き","translation":"long life","reading":"ながいき","words":[{"text":"長生き","gloss":"long life","reading":"ながいき"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.w.006.m4a"},{"number":83,"id":"ja.dli.L087.w.007","source":"じゅみょう","translation":"natural span of life","reading":"じゅみょう","words":[{"text":"じゅみょう","gloss":"life span"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.w.007.m4a"},{"number":84,"id":"ja.dli.L087.w.008","source":"のびる","translation":"lengthen, expand, be prolonged (vi)","reading":"のびる","words":[{"text":"のびる","gloss":"lengthen"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.w.008.m4a"},{"number":85,"id":"ja.dli.L087.w.009","source":"全くです","translation":"that is true; you are right","reading":"まったくです","words":[{"text":"全くです","gloss":"that is true","reading":"まったくです"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.w.009.m4a"},{"number":86,"id":"ja.dli.L087.w.010","source":"女子","translation":"female, woman","reading":"じょし","words":[{"text":"女子","gloss":"woman","reading":"じょし"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.w.010.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"よぼう薬","gloss":"preventive medicine"},{"word":"方ほう","gloss":"method; way"},{"word":"進歩(する)","gloss":"progress(to progress) (v.i.)"},{"word":"全くです","gloss":"that is true; you are right"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Ageing and mortality words · Word list 2 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Ageing and rates","paragraphs":["These words cover ageing, death, and birth. *年を とる* means \"to get older\" or \"to age.\"","The *りつ* for a rate appears in *死ぼうりつ*, \"death rate,\" and *出生りつ*, \"birth rate.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":87,"id":"ja.dli.L087.w.011","source":"男子","translation":"male, man","reading":"だんし","words":[{"text":"男子","gloss":"man","reading":"だんし"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.w.011.m4a"},{"number":88,"id":"ja.dli.L087.w.012","source":"人生","translation":"life","reading":"じんせい","words":[{"text":"人生","gloss":"life","reading":"じんせい"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.w.012.m4a"},{"number":89,"id":"ja.dli.L087.w.013","source":"つい","translation":"just; only","reading":"つい","words":[{"text":"つい","gloss":"just"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.w.013.m4a"},{"number":90,"id":"ja.dli.L087.w.014","source":"ついこの間","translation":"just the other day","reading":"ついこのあいだ","words":[{"text":"ついこの間","gloss":"just the other day","reading":"ついこのあいだ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.w.014.m4a"},{"number":91,"id":"ja.dli.L087.w.015","source":"気がする","translation":"feel, fancy (vi)","reading":"きがする","words":[{"text":"気がする","gloss":"feel","reading":"きがする"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.w.015.m4a"},{"number":92,"id":"ja.dli.L087.w.016","source":"死ななくなった","translation":"don't die","reading":"しななくなった","words":[{"text":"死ななくなった","gloss":"don't die","reading":"しななくなった"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.w.016.m4a"},{"number":93,"id":"ja.dli.L087.w.017","source":"年を とる","translation":"to get older; to age","reading":"としをとる","words":[{"text":"年をとる","gloss":"get older","reading":"としをとる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.w.017.m4a"},{"number":94,"id":"ja.dli.L087.w.018","source":"死ぼうりつ","translation":"death rate","reading":"しぼうりつ","words":[{"text":"死ぼうりつ","gloss":"death rate","reading":"しぼうりつ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.w.018.m4a"},{"number":95,"id":"ja.dli.L087.w.019","source":"りつ","translation":"rate (See Cult. Notes)","reading":"りつ","words":[{"text":"りつ","gloss":"rate"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.w.019.m4a"},{"number":96,"id":"ja.dli.L087.w.020","source":"出生りつ","translation":"birth rate","reading":"しゅっしょうりつ","words":[{"text":"出生りつ","gloss":"birth rate","reading":"しゅっしょうりつ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.w.020.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ついこの間","gloss":"just the other day"},{"word":"気がする","gloss":"feel, fancy (vi)"},{"word":"死ななくなった","gloss":"don't die"},{"word":"年をとる","gloss":"to get older; to age"},{"word":"死ぼうりつ","gloss":"death rate"},{"word":"出生りつ","gloss":"birth rate"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Population and height words · Word list 3 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Population and height","paragraphs":["These words cover living standards, population, and height. *生活程度* means \"living standard,\" and *ぞうかりつ* means \"rate of increase.\"","*せ* means \"height,\" and *二・五センチ強* means \"a little over 2.5 centimeters.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":97,"id":"ja.dli.L087.w.021","source":"生活程度","translation":"living standard","reading":"せいかつていど","words":[{"text":"生活程度","gloss":"living standard","reading":"せいかつていど"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.w.021.m4a"},{"number":98,"id":"ja.dli.L087.w.022","source":"程度","translation":"degree, standard","reading":"ていど","words":[{"text":"程度","gloss":"degree or standard","reading":"ていど"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.w.022.m4a"},{"number":99,"id":"ja.dli.L087.w.023","source":"しぜん","translation":"natural","reading":"しぜん","words":[{"text":"しぜん","gloss":"natural"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.w.023.m4a"},{"number":100,"id":"ja.dli.L087.w.024","source":"ぞうかりつ","translation":"rate of increase","reading":"ぞうかりつ","words":[{"text":"ぞうかりつ","gloss":"rate of increase"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.w.024.m4a"},{"number":101,"id":"ja.dli.L087.w.025","source":"死ぼう","translation":"death","reading":"しぼう","words":[{"text":"死ぼう","gloss":"death","reading":"しぼう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.w.025.m4a"},{"number":102,"id":"ja.dli.L087.w.026","source":"次いで","translation":"ranking next to","reading":"ついで","words":[{"text":"次いで","gloss":"ranking next to","reading":"ついで"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.w.026.m4a"},{"number":103,"id":"ja.dli.L087.w.027","source":"せ","translation":"height (of man)","reading":"せ","words":[{"text":"せ","gloss":"height"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.w.027.m4a"},{"number":104,"id":"ja.dli.L087.w.028","source":"へいきんする","translation":"to average","reading":"へいきんする","words":[{"text":"へいきんする","gloss":"average"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.w.028.m4a"},{"number":105,"id":"ja.dli.L087.w.029","source":"二・五センチ強","translation":"2.5 centimeters pluss, (See Cult. Notes)","reading":"に・ごセンチきょう","words":[{"text":"二・五センチ強","gloss":"just over 2.5 centimeters","reading":"に・ごセンチきょう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.w.029.m4a"},{"number":106,"id":"ja.dli.L087.w.030","source":"学生","translation":"student (higher sch.)","reading":"がくせい","words":[{"text":"学生","gloss":"student","reading":"がくせい"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.w.030.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"生活程度","gloss":"living standard"},{"word":"ぞうかりつ","gloss":"rate of increase"},{"word":"死ぼう","gloss":"death"},{"word":"次いで","gloss":"ranking next to"},{"word":"へいきんする","gloss":"to average"},{"word":"二・五センチ強","gloss":"2.5 centimeters pluss, (See Cult. Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Physique and statistics words · Word list 4 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Physique and changing amounts","paragraphs":["These words cover physique, measurements, and comparison. *一インチ弱* means \"a little less than one inch,\" and *体かく* means \"physique.\"","*につれて* means \"as,\" while *もっともっと* means \"very much more.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":107,"id":"ja.dli.L087.w.031","source":"ひかく(する)","translation":"comparison (compare) (v.t.)","reading":"ひかく(する)","words":[{"text":"ひかく(する)","gloss":"comparison or compare"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.w.031.m4a"},{"number":108,"id":"ja.dli.L087.w.032","source":"インチ","translation":"inch","reading":"インチ","words":[{"text":"インチ","gloss":"inch"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.w.032.m4a"},{"number":109,"id":"ja.dli.L087.w.033","source":"一インチ弱","translation":"1 inch minus (See Cult. Notes)","reading":"いちインチじゃく","words":[{"text":"一インチ弱","gloss":"just under one inch","reading":"いちインチじゃく"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.w.033.m4a"},{"number":110,"id":"ja.dli.L087.w.034","source":"体かく","translation":"physique","reading":"たいかく","words":[{"text":"体かく","gloss":"physique","reading":"たいかく"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.w.034.m4a"},{"number":111,"id":"ja.dli.L087.w.035","source":"文明国","translation":"civilized country","reading":"ぶんめいこく","words":[{"text":"文明国","gloss":"civilized country","reading":"ぶんめいこく"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.w.035.m4a"},{"number":112,"id":"ja.dli.L087.w.036","source":"おとる","translation":"be inferior (vi)","reading":"おとる","words":[{"text":"おとる","gloss":"be inferior"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.w.036.m4a"},{"number":113,"id":"ja.dli.L087.w.037","source":"---につれて","translation":"as it --- (See Gram. Notes)","reading":"---につれて","words":[{"text":"---につれて","gloss":"as it changes"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.w.037.m4a"},{"number":114,"id":"ja.dli.L087.w.038","source":"もっともっと","translation":"very much more (See Cult. Notes)","reading":"もっともっと","words":[{"text":"もっともっと","gloss":"much more"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.w.038.m4a"},{"number":115,"id":"ja.dli.L087.w.039","source":"死ぼう者数","translation":"number of deaths","reading":"しぼうしゃすう","words":[{"text":"死ぼう者数","gloss":"number of deaths","reading":"しぼうしゃすう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.w.039.m4a"},{"number":116,"id":"ja.dli.L087.w.040","source":"出生者数","translation":"number of births","reading":"しゅっしょうしゃすう","words":[{"text":"出生者数","gloss":"number of births","reading":"しゅっしょうしゃすう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L087.w.040.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":5,"text":"Guide for Free Conversation\n\n1 Topic Titles:\n\na Talk about preventive medicine.\n\nb Talk about the life span of Japanese people before the war and after the war.\n\nc What are the causes of this expansion of life span of the Japanese people?\n\nd Talk about the birth rate in Japan and in the United States.\n\ne Talk about the death rate in Japan and also that of the United States.\n\nf Talk about the causes for the Japanese people getting taller.\n\ng Talk about the living standard of the Japanese people and also that of the American people."},{"section":6,"text":"Homework\n\n1 Memorize the Dialogue and the vocabulary.\n\n2 Study the Grammar Perception Drill.\n\n3 Study Pattern Practice and do the exercise following each pattern.\n\n4 Learn to read and write new Kanji.\n\n5 Read the Explanatory Notes.\n\n6 Read the Guide for Free Conversation and do the exercises given."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ひかく(する)","gloss":"comparison (compare) (v.t.)"},{"word":"一インチ弱","gloss":"1 inch minus (See Cult. Notes)"},{"word":"体かく","gloss":"physique"},{"word":"文明国","gloss":"civilized country"},{"word":"おとる","gloss":"be inferior (vi)"},{"word":"---につれて","gloss":"as it --- (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"もっともっと","gloss":"very much more (See Cult. Notes)"},{"word":"死ぼう者数","gloss":"number of deaths"},{"word":"出生者数","gloss":"number of births"}],"paradigms":[]}]}