{"course":{"lang":"ja","language":"Japanese","title":"Japanese Basic Course","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja","source":"Defense Language Institute, Japanese Basic Course, 1967 to 1971. Public domain. The teaching pages and the narration are ours."},"unit":{"number":86,"id":"ja.dli.L088","title":"Lesson 88","stage":"Reading Japan","situation":null,"outcome":"Lesson 88: sewage and public sanitation · dialogue 1 of 5, old toilets and cleanliness · dialogue 2 of 5, public littering and food poisoning · dialogue 3 of 5, sanitation enforcement and air pollution · dialogue 4 of 5, pollution and modern diseases · dialogue 5 of 5, limits on actions and outcomes · perception drill, conditions that prevent outcomes · pattern 1 1 of 3, limits on health and plans · pattern 1 2 of 3, necessary conditions for change · pattern 1 3 of 3, prospects for future outcomes · pattern 2 1 of 3, prospects for people’s futures · pattern 2 2 of 3, asking about future prospects · pattern 2 3 of 3, sanitation, pollution, sewage and cleanliness words · word list 1 of 4, dirt and disposal words · word list 2 of 4, regulation and improvement words · word list 3 of 4, pollution and hygiene words · word list 4 of 4.","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/86","lines":164},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/85","next":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/87","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/","sections":[{"title":"Sewage and public sanitation · Dialogue 1 of 5","teaching":[{"title":"Improvement and remaining problems","paragraphs":["Two speakers discuss improved public sanitation and the problems that remain.","One says *衛生というと さいしょに 頭に うかぶのは、下水の しまつです*. This means \"When speaking of sanitation, sewage disposal comes to mind first.\"","The reply says *日本では 大きな市でも、下水道の せつびの ない所が 多いです*. In Japan, many places even in large cities lack sewage drainage facilities."]},{"title":"Kanji: 衛, 衆","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":1,"id":"ja.dli.L088.dlg.001","source":"日本人が 長生きをする様になった事、日本に でんせん病が 少い事などは、公衆衛生が よくなったためとも 言えますね。","translation":"You can say that the prolongation of the life span of the Japanese people and the scarcity of contagious diseases in Japan are due to the improvement of public sanitation, can't you?","reading":"にほんじんがながいきをするようになったこと、にほんにでんせんびょうがすくないことなどは、こうしゅうえいせいがよくなったためともいえますね。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese people"},{"text":"人","gloss":"Japanese people"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"長生き","gloss":"long life"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"する","gloss":"live"},{"text":"様","gloss":"so that","reading":"よう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"became"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"事、","gloss":"fact","reading":"こと"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"で","gloss":"contagious disease"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"contagious disease"},{"text":"せん","gloss":"contagious disease"},{"text":"病","gloss":"contagious disease","reading":"びょう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"少い","gloss":"few","reading":"すくない"},{"text":"事","gloss":"fact","reading":"こと"},{"text":"など","gloss":"and so forth"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"公衆","gloss":"public sanitation","reading":"こうしゅう"},{"text":"衛生","gloss":"public sanitation","reading":"えいせい"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"よく","gloss":"better"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"became"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"ため","gloss":"because of"},{"text":"と","gloss":"that"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"言え","gloss":"can say","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.dlg.001.m4a"},{"number":2,"id":"ja.dli.L088.dlg.002","source":"そうです。 一ぱんに 衛生が よくなったんです。 でも、衛生というと、いみが 広いですから 問題も 多い訳です。","translation":"Yes, you can. Sanitation has improved in general. However, when you speak of sanitation, the meaning is broad, so there are many problems.","reading":"そうです。いっぱんにえいせいがよくなったんです。でも、えいせいというと、いみがひろいですからもんだいもおおいわけです。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"that is so"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"},{"text":"一","gloss":"in general","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"ぱん","gloss":"in general"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in general"},{"text":"衛生","gloss":"sanitation","reading":"えいせい"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"よく","gloss":"better"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"became"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"},{"text":"で","gloss":"however"},{"text":"も、","gloss":"however"},{"text":"衛生","gloss":"sanitation","reading":"えいせい"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"いう","gloss":"say"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"when"},{"text":"いみ","gloss":"meaning"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"広い","gloss":"broad","reading":"ひろい"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"から","gloss":"because"},{"text":"問題","gloss":"problems","reading":"もんだい"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"多い","gloss":"many","reading":"おおい"},{"text":"訳","gloss":"the case","reading":"わけ"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.dlg.002.m4a"},{"number":3,"id":"ja.dli.L088.dlg.003","source":"そうですね。 衛生というと さいしょに 頭に うかぶのは、下水の しまつです。","translation":"You are right. When you speak of sanitation, the first thing that comes to one's mind is the disposal of sewage.","reading":"そうですね。えいせいというとさいしょにあたまにうかぶのは、げすいのしまつです。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"that is so"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"},{"text":"衛生","gloss":"sanitation","reading":"えいせい"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"いう","gloss":"say"},{"text":"と","gloss":"when"},{"text":"さいしょ","gloss":"first"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"頭","gloss":"head","reading":"あたま"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"うかぶ","gloss":"comes to mind"},{"text":"の","gloss":"one"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"下水","gloss":"sewage","reading":"げすい"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"しまつ","gloss":"disposal"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.dlg.003.m4a"},{"number":4,"id":"ja.dli.L088.dlg.004","source":"そうですね。 日本では 大きな市でも、下水道の せつびの ない所が 多いです。","translation":"That's right, isn't it? In Japan,even in a large city,there are many places that don't have sewage drainage facilities.","reading":"そうですね。にほんではおおきなしでも、げすいどうのせつびのないところがおおいです。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"that is so"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"大きな","gloss":"large","reading":"おおきな"},{"text":"市","gloss":"city","reading":"し"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"も、","gloss":"even"},{"text":"下水","gloss":"sewage system","reading":"げすい"},{"text":"道","gloss":"sewage system","reading":"どう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"せつび","gloss":"facilities"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"no"},{"text":"所","gloss":"places","reading":"ところ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"多い","gloss":"many","reading":"おおい"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.dlg.004.m4a"},{"number":5,"id":"ja.dli.L088.dlg.005","source":"米国でも 下水の しまつは、小さい市では 問題に なっています。","translation":"Even in the United States, disposal of sewage has been a problem in small cities.","reading":"べいこくでもげすいのしまつは、ちいさいしではもんだいになっています。","words":[{"text":"米国","gloss":"United States","reading":"べいこく"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"も","gloss":"even"},{"text":"下水","gloss":"sewage","reading":"げすい"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"しまつ","gloss":"disposal"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"小さい","gloss":"small","reading":"ちいさい"},{"text":"市","gloss":"cities","reading":"し"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"問題","gloss":"a problem","reading":"もんだい"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"has become"},{"text":"て","gloss":"has become"},{"text":"い","gloss":"has become"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"has become"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.dlg.005.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1,"text":"KAGIRI Following the basic form of verbs and also the non-polite negative suffix NAI, KAGIRI expresses an idea of \" so long as ---\", \"so far as ---\" or \" to the best of ---.\"\n\nNIPPONGO NI KANJI GA ARU KAGIRI NARAU NOWA MUZUKASHII DESU. \"So long as there is Kanji in Japanese, it is difficult to learn.\"\n\nKARADA GA TSUZUKU KAGIRI, SHIGOTO O SHIMASU. \"So long as my body lasts, I'll work.\"\n\nWATAKUSHI NO SHITTE IRU KAGIRI. \"So far as I know.\"\n\nANO SEITO WA BENKYOO SHINAI KAGIRI JOOZU NI WA NAREMASEN. \"That student cannot become proficient so long as he does not study.\""},{"section":2,"text":"2 MIKOMI Following the basic form of verbs and also following a verbal noun plus NO, MIKOMI expresses the meaning of \"probability\", \"hope\", \"prospect\", \"expectation\", \"possibility\", etc.\n\nWATAKUSHI WA NIHON E IKU MIKOMI WA ARIMASEN. \"I have no hope of going to Japan.\"\n\nRAINEN GORO NEDAN GA SAGARU MIKOMI DESU. \"The price is expected to go down around next year.\"\n\n2 Examples SUMISU-SAN WA SANGATSU NI SOTSUGYOO NO MIKOMI DESU. \"Mr. Smith is expected to graduate in March.\"\n\nANO HITO WA KYOO KAERU MIKOMI WA NAI. \"He is not expected to return today.\""},{"section":3,"text":"KEIHIN CHIHOO KEIHIN CHIHOO is a consolidated term for Tokyo-Yokohama area. KEI (京) is a Chinese reading of KYOO (京) of TOKYO (東京), and HIN (浜) is a Chinese reading of HAMA (浜) of YOKOHAMA (横浜)."},{"section":4,"text":"HANSHIN CHIHOO HANSHIN CHIHOO is a consolidated term for Osaka-Kobe area. HAN (阪) is a Chinese reading of SAKA (阪) of OSAKA (大阪) and SHIN (神) is a Chinese reading of KOO (神) of KŌBE (神戸)."},{"section":5,"text":"KEIHANSHIN CHIHOO KEIHANSHIN CHIHOO is a consolidated term for Kyoto-Osaka-Kobe area. KEI (京) is a Chinese reading of KYOO of KYOOTO (京都). HANSHIN (阪神) has been explained in (2) above."},{"section":6,"text":"BENJO Unless specially built to cater to the comfort of Western guests, the bathroom in a Japanese house is usually not equipped with a flush toilet. Such a phrase as \"Where is the bathroom?\" if used in a Japanese house could only mean a literal query about the location of the place where baths are taken. For in a Japanese house, the bathroom and the lavatory are in separate places.\n\nAs for the place where one may wash one's hands after using the toilet, the visitor will often find, in addition to modern facilities of some kind or other, a china, metal or stone basin filled with water, placed rather artistically just outside of the veranda and close to the door of the toilet-room. The basin is provided with a ladle for dipping out water."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"人","gloss":"people"},{"word":"が","gloss":"but (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"長生き","gloss":"long life"},{"word":"を","gloss":"particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill)"},{"word":"に","gloss":"on (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"で","gloss":"--is and -- (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"せん","gloss":"sen (1/100 of a yen) (See Cultural Notes)"},{"word":"など","gloss":"and so forth, etc."},{"word":"は、","gloss":"leaves"},{"word":"よく","gloss":"well, skillfully"},{"word":"と","gloss":"and (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ます","gloss":"trout"},{"word":"ね。","gloss":"isn't it (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"そう","gloss":"numerical counter for ships"},{"word":"です。","gloss":"to be (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"一","gloss":"one"},{"word":"いみ","gloss":"meaning"},{"word":"から","gloss":"from (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"さいしょ","gloss":"first"},{"word":"頭","gloss":"head, mind"},{"word":"の","gloss":"See Grammar Notes"},{"word":"下水","gloss":"foul water, waste matter"},{"word":"しまつ","gloss":"disposal"},{"word":"大きな","gloss":"big, large (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"道","gloss":"road, street"},{"word":"所","gloss":"address, place"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Old toilets and cleanliness · Dialogue 2 of 5","teaching":[{"title":"Old toilets and cleanliness","paragraphs":["Two speakers discuss toilets and cleanliness in Japan.","The line *水せんの 便所も 大都市を のぞいては、ありません* says that flush toilets are absent outside large cities.","They then describe older toilets as smelly and unsanitary, despite cleanliness elsewhere in the home."]},{"title":"The bathroom and the toilet","paragraphs":["In a Japanese house, the bathroom and the toilet are in separate places.","The bathroom is the place for baths. The toilet is *便所*.","A Japanese house usually has no flush toilet unless it is built for Western guests."]}],"lines":[{"number":6,"id":"ja.dli.L088.dlg.006","source":"水せんの 便所も 大都市を のぞいては、ありません。","translation":"There are no flush toilets either except in large cities.","reading":"すいせんのべんじょもだいとしをのぞいては、ありません。","words":[{"text":"水","gloss":"flush","reading":"すい"},{"text":"せん","gloss":"flush"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"便所","gloss":"toilets","reading":"べんじょ"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"大","gloss":"large cities","reading":"だい"},{"text":"都市","gloss":"large cities","reading":"とし"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"のぞい","gloss":"excepting"},{"text":"て","gloss":"excepting"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"do not exist"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"do not exist"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"do not exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.dlg.006.m4a"},{"number":7,"id":"ja.dli.L088.dlg.007","source":"むかしの 日本の 便所は くさくて、西洋人には いやな かんじを あたえていましたね。","translation":"Toilets of olden-day Japan were smelly and presented an unpleasant feeling to westerners.","reading":"むかしのにほんのべんじょはくさくて、せいようじんにはいやなかんじをあたえていましたね。","words":[{"text":"むかし","gloss":"olden days"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"便所","gloss":"toilets","reading":"べんじょ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"くさく","gloss":"smelly"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"西洋","gloss":"Westerners","reading":"せいよう"},{"text":"人","gloss":"Westerners","reading":"じん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"いや","gloss":"unpleasant"},{"text":"な","gloss":"unpleasant"},{"text":"かんじ","gloss":"feeling"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"あたえ","gloss":"presented"},{"text":"て","gloss":"presented"},{"text":"い","gloss":"presented"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"presented"},{"text":"た","gloss":"presented"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.dlg.007.m4a"},{"number":8,"id":"ja.dli.L088.dlg.008","source":"そうでしょうね。 不けつで、しょうどくしても 病原になる 場合が たびたび ありました。","translation":"I suppose you are right. They were unsanitary and even if they were disinfected very often they had become the cause of illness.","reading":"そうでしょうね。ふけつで、しょうどくしてもびょうげんになるばあいがたびたびありました。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"that is so"},{"text":"でしょう","gloss":"probably"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"},{"text":"不","gloss":"unsanitary","reading":"ふ"},{"text":"けつ","gloss":"unsanitary"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"しょう","gloss":"disinfected"},{"text":"どくし","gloss":"disinfected"},{"text":"て","gloss":"even if"},{"text":"も","gloss":"even if"},{"text":"病原","gloss":"illness cause","reading":"びょうげん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"なる","gloss":"become"},{"text":"場合","gloss":"cases","reading":"ばあい"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"たびたび","gloss":"often"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"occurred"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"occurred"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"occurred"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.dlg.008.m4a"},{"number":9,"id":"ja.dli.L088.dlg.009","source":"日本人は せいけつで、いつも おふろに はいったり、家の 中や 外も きれいに そうじしますが、便所だけは きたなくて、くさいと 思いますよ。","translation":"Japanese people are clean and they take baths and clean in and out of the house always, but the toilet is dirty and smelly, I think.","reading":"にほんじんはせいけつで、いつもおふろにはいったり、いえのなかやそともきれいにそうじしますが、べんじょだけはきたなくて、くさいとおもいますよ。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese people"},{"text":"人","gloss":"Japanese people"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"せいけつ","gloss":"clean"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"いつ","gloss":"always"},{"text":"も","gloss":"always"},{"text":"お","gloss":"bath"},{"text":"ふろ","gloss":"bath"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"はいっ","gloss":"take baths"},{"text":"たり、","gloss":"and such"},{"text":"家","gloss":"house","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"中","gloss":"inside","reading":"なか"},{"text":"や","gloss":"and"},{"text":"外","gloss":"outside","reading":"そと"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"きれい","gloss":"clean"},{"text":"に","gloss":"adverbially"},{"text":"そうじ","gloss":"cleaning"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"便所","gloss":"toilet","reading":"べんじょ"},{"text":"だけ","gloss":"only"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"きたなく","gloss":"dirty"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"くさい","gloss":"smelly"},{"text":"と","gloss":"that"},{"text":"思い","gloss":"think","reading":"おもい"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.dlg.009.m4a"},{"number":10,"id":"ja.dli.L088.dlg.010","source":"そういう ひひょうを たびたび 聞かされます。","translation":"I often hear such criticism.","reading":"そういうひひょうをたびたびきかされます。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"such"},{"text":"いう","gloss":"such"},{"text":"ひ","gloss":"criticism"},{"text":"ひょう","gloss":"criticism"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"たびたび","gloss":"often"},{"text":"聞かさ","gloss":"hear","reading":"きかさ"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"hear"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"hear"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.dlg.010.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"水","gloss":"water"},{"word":"便所","gloss":"toilet"},{"word":"むかし","gloss":"ancient, old"},{"word":"西洋","gloss":"occident, the West"},{"word":"いや","gloss":"no"},{"word":"な","gloss":"I wish, I hope, huh"},{"word":"かんじ","gloss":"Kanji (Chinese characters)"},{"word":"でしょう","gloss":"probably (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"で、","gloss":"--is and -- (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"しょう","gloss":"award, reward"},{"word":"病原","gloss":"cause of illness"},{"word":"たびたび","gloss":"often, frequently"},{"word":"せいけつ","gloss":"cleanliness"},{"word":"いつ","gloss":"when?"},{"word":"家","gloss":"house, home"},{"word":"や","gloss":"and---among others (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"そうじ","gloss":"cleaning"},{"word":"し","gloss":"city"},{"word":"だけ","gloss":"only, just (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"くさい","gloss":"smelly"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Public littering and food poisoning · Dialogue 3 of 5","teaching":[{"title":"Waste outside the home","paragraphs":["Two speakers discuss poor sanitation outside the home.","One describes people who *きたない物を 川に 投げたり、下水の みぞに 捨てたりします*. They throw dirty things into rivers and sewage gutters.","The question *夏の 食あたりなども、不けつが もとでは ありませんか* asks whether unsanitary conditions cause summer food poisoning. The reply agrees."]},{"title":"Kanji: 平, 投, 捨","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":11,"id":"ja.dli.L088.dlg.011","source":"それから 公衆衛生ということを あまり 考えませんね。","translation":"And they don't think much about public sanitation, do they?","reading":"それからこうしゅうえいせいということをあまりかんがえませんね。","words":[{"text":"それ","gloss":"and then"},{"text":"から","gloss":"and then"},{"text":"公衆","gloss":"public sanitation","reading":"こうしゅう"},{"text":"衛生","gloss":"public sanitation","reading":"えいせい"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"いう","gloss":"say"},{"text":"こと","gloss":"matter"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"あまり","gloss":"much"},{"text":"考え","gloss":"think","reading":"かんがえ"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.dlg.011.m4a"},{"number":12,"id":"ja.dli.L088.dlg.012","source":"そうです。 家では やかましく 言っていますが、外に 出ると、平気で、きたない物を 川に 投げたり、下水の みぞに 捨てたりします。 悪い事です。","translation":"No, they don't. They are very strict at home, but once they go out they nonchalantly throw dirty things in a river and throw dirty things away in a sewage gutter and so on. It's a bad thing.","reading":"そうです。いえではやかましくいっていますが、そとにでると、へいきで、きたないものをかわになげたり、げすいのみぞにすてたりします。わるいことです。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"that is so"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"},{"text":"家","gloss":"home","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"やかましく","gloss":"strictly"},{"text":"言っ","gloss":"say","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"say"},{"text":"い","gloss":"say"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"say"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"外","gloss":"outside","reading":"そと"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"出る","gloss":"go out","reading":"でる"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"when"},{"text":"平気","gloss":"nonchalant","reading":"へいき"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"きたない","gloss":"dirty"},{"text":"物","gloss":"things","reading":"もの"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"川","gloss":"river","reading":"かわ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"into"},{"text":"投げ","gloss":"throw","reading":"なげ"},{"text":"たり、","gloss":"and such"},{"text":"下水","gloss":"sewage","reading":"げすい"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"みぞ","gloss":"gutter"},{"text":"に","gloss":"into"},{"text":"捨て","gloss":"discard","reading":"すて"},{"text":"たり","gloss":"and such"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"悪い","gloss":"bad","reading":"わるい"},{"text":"事","gloss":"thing","reading":"こと"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.dlg.012.m4a"},{"number":13,"id":"ja.dli.L088.dlg.013","source":"夏の 食あたりなども、不けつが もとでは ありませんか。","translation":"Isn't uncleanliness the cause of food poisoning in summer?","reading":"なつのしょくあたりなども、ふけつがもとではありませんか。","words":[{"text":"夏","gloss":"summer","reading":"なつ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"食あたり","gloss":"food poisoning","reading":"しょくあたり"},{"text":"など","gloss":"and so forth"},{"text":"も、","gloss":"also"},{"text":"不","gloss":"unsanitary","reading":"ふ"},{"text":"けつ","gloss":"unsanitary"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"もと","gloss":"cause"},{"text":"で","gloss":"is"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.dlg.013.m4a"},{"number":14,"id":"ja.dli.L088.dlg.014","source":"多分にそうです。","translation":"It is very much so.","reading":"たぶんにそうです。","words":[{"text":"多分","gloss":"very much","reading":"たぶん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"very much"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"so"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.dlg.014.m4a"},{"number":15,"id":"ja.dli.L088.dlg.015","source":"そういう事の 取りしまりは ないのですか。","translation":"Don't they have supervision over such matters?","reading":"そういうことのとりしまりはないのですか。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"such"},{"text":"いう","gloss":"such"},{"text":"事","gloss":"matters","reading":"こと"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"取りしまり","gloss":"supervision","reading":"とりしまり"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"none"},{"text":"の","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.dlg.015.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"は","gloss":"leaves"},{"word":"が、","gloss":"but (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"出る","gloss":"come out to the phone, go out, come out (vi)"},{"word":"きたない","gloss":"dirty; filthy"},{"word":"川","gloss":"river"},{"word":"みぞ","gloss":"drain, gutter, ditch"},{"word":"夏","gloss":"summer"},{"word":"食あたり","gloss":"food poisoning"},{"word":"もと","gloss":"cause, origin"},{"word":"か。","gloss":"either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Sanitation enforcement and air pollution · Dialogue 4 of 5","teaching":[{"title":"Rules, awareness, and pollution","paragraphs":["Two speakers discuss weak enforcement and improving sanitation, then turn to air pollution in the United States.","The line *きそくは あるのですが、きびしく 取りしまらないのですよ* says that regulations exist but enforcement is not strict.","Automobile exhaust and soot then appear as likely causes of air pollution."]},{"title":"No prospect without broad awareness","paragraphs":["In *てっていされないかぎり*, *かぎり* gives the limit \"so long as public sanitation awareness is not widespread.\"","The same line ends with *こう上の 見こみは ありません*. Here *見こみ* means \"prospect,\" so there is no prospect of improvement."]}],"lines":[{"number":16,"id":"ja.dli.L088.dlg.016","source":"きそくは あるのですが、きびしく 取りしまらないのですよ。","translation":"There are regulations, but they don't supervise it strictly.","reading":"きそくはあるのですが、きびしくとりしまらないのですよ。","words":[{"text":"きそく","gloss":"regulations"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ある","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"の","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"きびしく","gloss":"strictly"},{"text":"取りしまら","gloss":"supervise","reading":"とりしまら"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"の","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.dlg.016.m4a"},{"number":17,"id":"ja.dli.L088.dlg.017","source":"でも、このごろは しだいに よくなっている様ですね。","translation":"However, it seems it is gradually getting better these days, doesn't it?","reading":"でも、このごろはしだいによくなっているようですね。","words":[{"text":"で","gloss":"however"},{"text":"も、","gloss":"however"},{"text":"このごろ","gloss":"these days"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"しだい","gloss":"gradually"},{"text":"に","gloss":"gradually"},{"text":"よく","gloss":"better"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"getting better"},{"text":"て","gloss":"getting better"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"getting better"},{"text":"様","gloss":"seems","reading":"よう"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.dlg.017.m4a"},{"number":18,"id":"ja.dli.L088.dlg.018","source":"たしかに よくなっていますが、公衆衛生の せいしんが 一ぱんの 人に てっていされないかぎり、こう上の 見こみは ありませんね。","translation":"I am sure it has improved, but so long as the spirit of public sanitation is not made known to the general public, there is no hope of improvement.","reading":"たしかによくなっていますが、こうしゅうえいせいのせいしんがいっぱんのひとにてっていされないかぎり、こうじょうのみこみはありませんね。","words":[{"text":"たしか","gloss":"certainly"},{"text":"に","gloss":"certainly"},{"text":"よく","gloss":"better"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"has improved"},{"text":"て","gloss":"has improved"},{"text":"い","gloss":"has improved"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"has improved"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"公衆","gloss":"public sanitation","reading":"こうしゅう"},{"text":"衛生","gloss":"public sanitation","reading":"えいせい"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"せいしん","gloss":"spirit"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"一","gloss":"general","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"ぱん","gloss":"general"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"てってい","gloss":"made known"},{"text":"さ","gloss":"made known"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"made known"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"かぎり、","gloss":"as long as"},{"text":"こう","gloss":"improvement"},{"text":"上","gloss":"improvement","reading":"じょう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"見こみ","gloss":"hope","reading":"みこみ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.dlg.018.m4a"},{"number":19,"id":"ja.dli.L088.dlg.019","source":"それは そうと、米国では 空気の おせんが 大きな 問題に なっているそうですね。","translation":"By the way, as I understand it, pollution of air has become a big problem in the United States, right?","reading":"それはそうと、べいこくではくうきのおせんがおおきなもんだいになっているそうですね。","words":[{"text":"それ","gloss":"by the way"},{"text":"は","gloss":"by the way"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"by the way"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"by the way"},{"text":"米国","gloss":"United States","reading":"べいこく"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"空気","gloss":"air","reading":"くうき"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"おせん","gloss":"pollution"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"大きな","gloss":"large","reading":"おおきな"},{"text":"問題","gloss":"problem","reading":"もんだい"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"has become"},{"text":"て","gloss":"has become"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"has become"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"reportedly"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.dlg.019.m4a"},{"number":20,"id":"ja.dli.L088.dlg.020","source":"そうです。 自動車の はい気ガスと ばいえんが 原因らしいです。","translation":"Yes, it has. It seems the exhaust gas of automobiles and soot are the cause of it.","reading":"そうです。じどうしゃのはいきガスとばいえんがげんいんらしいです。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"that is so"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"},{"text":"自動","gloss":"automobiles","reading":"じどう"},{"text":"車","gloss":"automobiles","reading":"しゃ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"はい気","gloss":"exhaust gas"},{"text":"ガス","gloss":"exhaust gas"},{"text":"と","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ばい","gloss":"soot"},{"text":"えん","gloss":"soot"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"原因","gloss":"cause","reading":"げんいん"},{"text":"らしい","gloss":"seems"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.dlg.020.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"きそく","gloss":"rule, regulation"},{"word":"ある","gloss":"certain, some"},{"word":"です","gloss":"to be (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"いる","gloss":"to need (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"たしか","gloss":"I am sure, certainly"},{"word":"せいしん","gloss":"spirit; intention"},{"word":"と、","gloss":"and (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"空気","gloss":"air"},{"word":"車","gloss":"vehicle, car"},{"word":"ガス","gloss":"gas"},{"word":"原因","gloss":"cause"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Pollution and modern diseases · Dialogue 5 of 5","teaching":[{"title":"Tokyo and Yokohama in one name","paragraphs":["Two speakers discuss air pollution and disease in large cities.","The line *日本でも 京浜、阪神地方では もうすでに 困っているそうです* reports pollution problems in two regions.","*京浜* is *KEIHIN*, one name for the Tokyo and Yokohama area. *KEI* comes from *京* in *東京*, and *HIN* from *浜* in *横浜*."]},{"title":"Osaka and Kobe in one name","paragraphs":["*阪神* is *HANSHIN*, one name for the Osaka and Kobe area. *HAN* comes from *阪* in *大阪*, and *SHIN* from *神* in *神戸*.","The speakers connect polluted air with the recent increase in respiratory disease in large cities."]}],"lines":[{"number":21,"id":"ja.dli.L088.dlg.021","source":"日本でも 京浜、阪神地方では もうすでに 困っているそうです。 もちろん 大阪は 前から 悪かったんですが。","translation":"In Japan, too, I understand that the TokyoYokohama area and the Osaka-Kobe area are already suffering from it. Of course, it has been bad in Osaka from long ago, but -----","reading":"にほんでもけいひん、はんしんちほうではもうすでにこまっているそうです。もちろんおおさかはまえからわるかったんですが。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"京浜、","gloss":"Tokyo-Yokohama","reading":"けいひん"},{"text":"阪神","gloss":"Osaka-Kobe","reading":"はんしん"},{"text":"地方","gloss":"area","reading":"ちほう"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"もう","gloss":"already"},{"text":"すでに","gloss":"already"},{"text":"困っ","gloss":"suffering","reading":"こまっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"suffering"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"suffering"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"reportedly"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"},{"text":"もちろん","gloss":"of course"},{"text":"大阪","gloss":"Osaka","reading":"おおさか"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"前","gloss":"before","reading":"まえ"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"悪かっ","gloss":"bad","reading":"わるかっ"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"が。","gloss":"but"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.dlg.021.m4a"},{"number":22,"id":"ja.dli.L088.dlg.022","source":"その おせんした 空気を こきゅうするんですから、近年 大都市に こきゅう病が 多くなったんですね。","translation":"Since we breathe that polluted air, diseases of respiratory organs have increased in large cities in recent years, isn't that right?","reading":"そのおせんしたくうきをこきゅうするんですから、きんねんだいとしにこきゅうびょうがおおくなったんですね。","words":[{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"おせん","gloss":"pollute"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"空気","gloss":"air","reading":"くうき"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"こきゅう","gloss":"breathe"},{"text":"する","gloss":"breathe"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"近年","gloss":"recent years"},{"text":"大","gloss":"large cities"},{"text":"都市","gloss":"large cities"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"こきゅう","gloss":"respiratory disease"},{"text":"病","gloss":"respiratory disease","reading":"びょう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"多く","gloss":"many","reading":"おおく"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"became"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.dlg.022.m4a"},{"number":23,"id":"ja.dli.L088.dlg.023","source":"まあ、そう言う事に なりますね。","translation":"Yes, it-boils down to that.","reading":"まあ、そういうことになりますね。","words":[{"text":"まあ、","gloss":"well"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"that kind of"},{"text":"言う","gloss":"that kind of","reading":"いう"},{"text":"事","gloss":"matter","reading":"こと"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"amounts"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.dlg.023.m4a"},{"number":24,"id":"ja.dli.L088.dlg.024","source":"せいしん病や 性病は 日本では 多いですか。","translation":"Are there many cases of mental disease and venereal disease in Japan?","reading":"せいしんびょうやせいびょうはにほんではおおいですか。","words":[{"text":"せいしん","gloss":"mental disease"},{"text":"病","gloss":"mental disease","reading":"びょう"},{"text":"や","gloss":"and"},{"text":"性病","gloss":"venereal disease","reading":"せいびょう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"多い","gloss":"many","reading":"おおい"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.dlg.024.m4a"},{"number":25,"id":"ja.dli.L088.dlg.025","source":"多いです。 それで 戦後は 特に せいしん衛生学とか、社会衛生学、ゆうせい学の けんきゅうが さかんに なっているんです。","translation":"Yes, there are many. So, especially after the war, the study of mental hygiene, social hygiene and eugenics has become very extensive.","reading":"おおいです。それでせんごはとくにせいしんえいせいがくとか、しゃかいえいせいがく、ゆうせいがくのけんきゅうがさかんになっているんです。","words":[{"text":"多い","gloss":"many","reading":"おおい"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"},{"text":"それ","gloss":"therefore"},{"text":"で","gloss":"therefore"},{"text":"戦後","gloss":"after the war","reading":"せんご"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"特に","gloss":"especially","reading":"とくに"},{"text":"せいしん","gloss":"mental hygiene"},{"text":"衛生","gloss":"mental hygiene","reading":"えいせい"},{"text":"学","gloss":"mental hygiene","reading":"がく"},{"text":"と","gloss":"such as"},{"text":"か、","gloss":"such as"},{"text":"社会","gloss":"social hygiene","reading":"しゃかい"},{"text":"衛生","gloss":"social hygiene","reading":"えいせい"},{"text":"学、","gloss":"social hygiene","reading":"がく"},{"text":"ゆう","gloss":"eugenics"},{"text":"せい","gloss":"eugenics"},{"text":"学","gloss":"eugenics","reading":"がく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"けんきゅう","gloss":"study"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"さかん","gloss":"extensive"},{"text":"に","gloss":"extensive"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"has become"},{"text":"て","gloss":"has become"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"has become"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"explanation"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.dlg.025.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"京浜、","gloss":"Tokyo-Yokohama (See Cult. Notes)"},{"word":"地方","gloss":"country, region"},{"word":"もう","gloss":"already (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"すでに","gloss":"already"},{"word":"もちろん","gloss":"of course, to be sure"},{"word":"前","gloss":"before, front"},{"word":"が。","gloss":"but (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"近年","gloss":"recent years"},{"word":"多く","gloss":"many of them"},{"word":"まあ、","gloss":"Well! Oh, my!"},{"word":"言う","gloss":"to say"},{"word":"性病","gloss":"venereal disease"},{"word":"戦後","gloss":"after a war"},{"word":"社会","gloss":"society"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Limits on actions and outcomes · Perception drill","teaching":[{"title":"So long as the limit holds","paragraphs":["*もっと 一生けんめいに 勉強しないかぎり、通れませんね* means \"He cannot pass so long as he does not study harder.\"","*かぎり* means \"so long as,\" \"so far as,\" or \"to the best of.\" It follows a basic or negative verb.","*お金が ある かぎり、御ちそうを 食べます* means \"I eat good things as long as I have money.\"","In *出来るかぎり やってみよう*, it means trying as much as possible."]},{"title":"Hope, prospect, or likelihood","paragraphs":["*はい、行ける みこみが じゅう分 あります* says there is a good chance of being able to go.","*みこみ* means \"probability,\" \"hope,\" \"prospect,\" or \"expectation.\" It follows a verb with the basic ending.","It also follows a noun that names an action, with *の* between them. *そつぎょうの みこみ* is the prospect of graduating."]}],"lines":[{"number":26,"id":"ja.dli.L088.gp1.01","source":"一生けんめい 勉強しない かぎり、試験には 通りません。","translation":"As long as he doesn't study with all his might, he would not pass the examination.","reading":"いっしょうけんめいべんきょうしないかぎり、しけんにはとおりません。","words":[{"text":"一生","gloss":"with all one's might","reading":"いっしょう"},{"text":"けんめい","gloss":"with all one's might"},{"text":"勉強","gloss":"study","reading":"べんきょう"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"かぎり、","gloss":"as long as"},{"text":"試験","gloss":"examination","reading":"しけん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"通り","gloss":"pass","reading":"とおり"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.gp1.01.m4a"},{"number":27,"id":"ja.dli.L088.gp1.02","source":"お金が ある かぎり、御ちそうを 食べます。","translation":"I eat good things as long as I have money.","reading":"おかねがあるかぎり、ごちそうをたべます。","words":[{"text":"お","gloss":"money"},{"text":"金","gloss":"money","reading":"かね"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"ある","gloss":"have"},{"text":"かぎり、","gloss":"as long as"},{"text":"御","gloss":"feast","reading":"ご"},{"text":"ちそう","gloss":"feast"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"食べ","gloss":"eat","reading":"たべ"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.gp1.02.m4a"},{"number":28,"id":"ja.dli.L088.gp1.03","source":"どのくらい おんせんやどに とうりゅうする つもりかね。","translation":"How long do you intend to stay at the hot spring hotel?","reading":"どのくらいおんせんやどにとうりゅうするつもりかね。","words":[{"text":"どの","gloss":"how long"},{"text":"くらい","gloss":"how long"},{"text":"おんせん","gloss":"hot spring hotel"},{"text":"やど","gloss":"hot spring hotel"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"とう","gloss":"stay"},{"text":"りゅう","gloss":"stay"},{"text":"する","gloss":"stay"},{"text":"つもり","gloss":"intend to"},{"text":"か","gloss":"question"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.gp1.03.m4a"},{"number":29,"id":"ja.dli.L088.gp1.04","source":"そうだね。 まあ お金の つづくかぎり、遊んで帰るつもりだ。","translation":"Well, I intend to enjoy myself as long as my money lasts me and go home.","reading":"そうだね。まあおかねのつづくかぎり、あそんでかえるつもりだ。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"that way"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"},{"text":"まあ","gloss":"well"},{"text":"お","gloss":"money"},{"text":"金","gloss":"money","reading":"かね"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"つづく","gloss":"lasts"},{"text":"かぎり、","gloss":"as long as"},{"text":"遊ん","gloss":"enjoy myself","reading":"あそん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"enjoy myself"},{"text":"帰る","gloss":"go home","reading":"かえる"},{"text":"つもり","gloss":"intend to"},{"text":"だ。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.gp1.04.m4a"},{"number":30,"id":"ja.dli.L088.gp1.05","source":"スミスさんは 今度の 試験に 通るでしょうか。","translation":"Do you suppose Mr. Smith will pass the next examination?","reading":"スミスさんはこんどのしけんにとおるでしょうか。","words":[{"text":"スミス","gloss":"Smith"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"今度","gloss":"next","reading":"こんど"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"試験","gloss":"examination","reading":"しけん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"通る","gloss":"pass","reading":"とおる"},{"text":"でしょう","gloss":"probably"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.gp1.05.m4a"},{"number":31,"id":"ja.dli.L088.gp1.06","source":"もっと 一生けんめいに 勉強しないかぎり、通れませんね。","translation":"He won't be able to pass so long as he doesn't study with all his might.","reading":"もっといっしょうけんめいにべんきょうしないかぎり、とおれませんね。","words":[{"text":"もっと","gloss":"more"},{"text":"一生","gloss":"with all his might","reading":"いっしょう"},{"text":"けんめい","gloss":"with all his might"},{"text":"に","gloss":"with"},{"text":"勉強","gloss":"study","reading":"べんきょう"},{"text":"し","gloss":"study"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"かぎり、","gloss":"unless"},{"text":"通れ","gloss":"be able to pass","reading":"とおれ"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.gp1.06.m4a"},{"number":32,"id":"ja.dli.L088.gp1.07","source":"この仕事は 来週の 終りまでに すませるかね。","translation":"Can you finish this work by the end of next week?","reading":"このしごとはらいしゅうのおわりまでにすませるかね。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"仕事","gloss":"work","reading":"しごと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"来週","gloss":"next week","reading":"らいしゅう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"終り","gloss":"end","reading":"おわり"},{"text":"まで","gloss":"until"},{"text":"に","gloss":"by"},{"text":"すま","gloss":"finish"},{"text":"せる","gloss":"finish"},{"text":"か","gloss":"question"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.gp1.07.m4a"},{"number":33,"id":"ja.dli.L088.gp1.08","source":"さあ、ちょっと むずかしい事だが、まあ 出来るかぎり やってみよう。","translation":"Well, that's a little difficult, but I'll try as much as I can.","reading":"さあ、ちょっとむずかしいことだが、まあできるかぎりやってみよう。","words":[{"text":"さあ、","gloss":"well"},{"text":"ちょっと","gloss":"a little"},{"text":"むずかしい","gloss":"difficult"},{"text":"事","gloss":"matter","reading":"こと"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"まあ","gloss":"well"},{"text":"出来る","gloss":"can","reading":"できる"},{"text":"かぎり","gloss":"as much as"},{"text":"やっ","gloss":"do"},{"text":"て","gloss":"do"},{"text":"みよう。","gloss":"will try"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.gp1.08.m4a"},{"number":34,"id":"ja.dli.L088.gp1.09","source":"来週 来て 手つだって くれますね。","translation":"You are coming next week to help me, aren't you?","reading":"らいしゅうきててつだってくれますね。","words":[{"text":"来週","gloss":"next week","reading":"らいしゅう"},{"text":"来","gloss":"come","reading":"き"},{"text":"て","gloss":"come"},{"text":"手つだっ","gloss":"help","reading":"てつだっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"help"},{"text":"くれ","gloss":"for me"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.gp1.09.m4a"},{"number":35,"id":"ja.dli.L088.gp1.10","source":"ええ、病気に ならないかぎり、手つだう つもりです。","translation":"Yes, I intend to help so long as I don't get sick.","reading":"ええ、びょうきにならないかぎり、てつだうつもりです。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"病気","gloss":"sick","reading":"びょうき"},{"text":"に","gloss":"into"},{"text":"なら","gloss":"become"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"かぎり、","gloss":"as long as"},{"text":"手つだう","gloss":"help","reading":"てつだう"},{"text":"つもり","gloss":"intend to"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.gp1.10.m4a"},{"number":36,"id":"ja.dli.L088.gp1.11","source":"日本語を 習うのを もっと やさしく 出来ませんか。","translation":"Can you make learning of Japanese easier?","reading":"にほんごをならうのをもっとやさしくできませんか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"習う","gloss":"learning","reading":"ならう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"act of"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"もっと","gloss":"more"},{"text":"やさしく","gloss":"easier"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"make possible","reading":"でき"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.gp1.11.m4a"},{"number":37,"id":"ja.dli.L088.gp1.12","source":"そうですね。 日本語に かん字が あるかぎり、やさしくは 出来ないでしょう。","translation":"Well, as long as there is Kanji in Japanese I don't think you can make it easier.","reading":"そうですね。にほんごにかんじがあるかぎり、やさしくはできないでしょう。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"well"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"かん字","gloss":"kanji"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"ある","gloss":"there is"},{"text":"かぎり、","gloss":"as long as"},{"text":"やさしく","gloss":"easier"},{"text":"は","gloss":"emphasis"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"make possible","reading":"でき"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"でしょう。","gloss":"probably"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.gp1.12.m4a"},{"number":38,"id":"ja.dli.L088.gp1.13","source":"山田さんの 病気は なおる みこみは ありません。","translation":"There is no hope of Mr. Yamada's sickness being cured.","reading":"やまださんのびょうきはなおるみこみはありません。","words":[{"text":"山田","gloss":"Yamada","reading":"やまだ"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"病気","gloss":"sickness","reading":"びょうき"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"なおる","gloss":"be cured"},{"text":"みこみ","gloss":"hope"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.gp1.13.m4a"},{"number":39,"id":"ja.dli.L088.gp1.14","source":"スミスさんは そつぎょうの みこみは ありません。","translation":"There is no hope of Mr, Smith graduating.","reading":"スミスさんはそつぎょうのみこみはありません。","words":[{"text":"スミス","gloss":"Smith"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"そつぎょう","gloss":"graduation"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"みこみ","gloss":"hope"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.gp1.14.m4a"},{"number":40,"id":"ja.dli.L088.gp1.15","source":"この学校を そつぎょうしてから、日本へ 行ける みこみが あるかね。","translation":"Do I have any hope of going to Japan after graduating from this school?","reading":"このがっこうをそつぎょうしてから、にほんへいけるみこみがあるかね。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"そつぎょう","gloss":"graduate"},{"text":"し","gloss":"graduate"},{"text":"て","gloss":"graduate"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"after"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"行ける","gloss":"can go","reading":"いける"},{"text":"み","gloss":"hope"},{"text":"こみ","gloss":"hope"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"ある","gloss":"exists"},{"text":"か","gloss":"question"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.gp1.15.m4a"},{"number":41,"id":"ja.dli.L088.gp1.16","source":"はい、行ける みこみが じゅう分 あります。","translation":"Yes, you have a good chance of being able to go.","reading":"はい、いけるみこみがじゅうぶんあります。","words":[{"text":"はい、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"行ける","gloss":"can go","reading":"いける"},{"text":"み","gloss":"chance"},{"text":"こみ","gloss":"chance"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"じゅう","gloss":"plenty"},{"text":"分","gloss":"plenty","reading":"ぶん"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.gp1.16.m4a"},{"number":42,"id":"ja.dli.L088.gp1.17","source":"うちの 子供は まだ 五フィート 足らずだが、のびる みこみが あるだろうか。","translation":"My child is still shorter than 5 feet tall, but do you suppose he has a possibility of growing taller?","reading":"うちのこどもはまだごフィートたらずだが、のびるみこみがあるだろうか。","words":[{"text":"うち","gloss":"my"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"子供","gloss":"child","reading":"こども"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"まだ","gloss":"still"},{"text":"五","gloss":"five","reading":"ご"},{"text":"フィート","gloss":"feet"},{"text":"足ら","gloss":"less than","reading":"たら"},{"text":"ず","gloss":"less than"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"のびる","gloss":"grow taller"},{"text":"み","gloss":"possibility"},{"text":"こみ","gloss":"possibility"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"ある","gloss":"exists"},{"text":"だろう","gloss":"probably"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.gp1.17.m4a"},{"number":43,"id":"ja.dli.L088.gp1.18","source":"うん、足が 長いから、六フィートぐらいまで せが のびる みこみは じゅう分 あるよ。","translation":"Yes, he has long legs, so he has plenty of possibility of growing as tall as six feet.","reading":"うん、あしがながいから、ろくフィートぐらいまでせがのびるみこみはじゅうぶんあるよ。","words":[{"text":"うん、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"足","gloss":"legs","reading":"あし"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"長い","gloss":"long","reading":"ながい"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"so"},{"text":"六","gloss":"six","reading":"ろく"},{"text":"フィート","gloss":"feet"},{"text":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"まで","gloss":"up to"},{"text":"せ","gloss":"height"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"のびる","gloss":"grow taller"},{"text":"みこみ","gloss":"possibility"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"じゅう","gloss":"plenty"},{"text":"分","gloss":"plenty","reading":"ぶん"},{"text":"ある","gloss":"exists"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.gp1.18.m4a"},{"number":44,"id":"ja.dli.L088.gp1.19","source":"毎日毎日 曇っているが、いつ はれるのでしょうか。","translation":"It has been cloudy everyday, but when do you suppose it is going to clear up?","reading":"まいにちまいにちくもっているが、いつはれるのでしょうか。","words":[{"text":"毎日","gloss":"every day","reading":"まいにち"},{"text":"毎日","gloss":"every day","reading":"まいにち"},{"text":"曇っ","gloss":"has been cloudy","reading":"くもっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"has been cloudy"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"has been cloudy"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"いつ","gloss":"when"},{"text":"は","gloss":"clear up"},{"text":"れる","gloss":"clear up"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the case"},{"text":"でしょう","gloss":"suppose"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.gp1.19.m4a"},{"number":45,"id":"ja.dli.L088.gp1.20","source":"まあ、とう分 はれる みこみは ないね。","translation":"Well, there is no likelihood that it is going to clear up for sometime.","reading":"まあ、とうぶんはれるみこみはないね。","words":[{"text":"まあ、","gloss":"well"},{"text":"とう分","gloss":"for some time"},{"text":"は","gloss":"clear up"},{"text":"れる","gloss":"clear up"},{"text":"み","gloss":"likelihood"},{"text":"こみ","gloss":"likelihood"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"none"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.gp1.20.m4a"},{"number":46,"id":"ja.dli.L088.gp1.21","source":"家を 売りたいそうだが、いくらで 売るつもりかね。","translation":"I understand you want to sell your house, but for how much do you intend to sell?","reading":"いえをうりたいそうだが、いくらでうるつもりかね。","words":[{"text":"家","gloss":"house","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"売り","gloss":"sell","reading":"うり"},{"text":"たい","gloss":"want to"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"I hear"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"いくら","gloss":"how much"},{"text":"で","gloss":"for"},{"text":"売る","gloss":"sell","reading":"うる"},{"text":"つもり","gloss":"intend to"},{"text":"か","gloss":"question"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.gp1.21.m4a"},{"number":47,"id":"ja.dli.L088.gp1.22","source":"二万ドルと 言っているんだが。","translation":"I huve quoted a price of $20,000, but —","reading":"にまんドルといっているんだが。","words":[{"text":"二","gloss":"two","reading":"に"},{"text":"万","gloss":"ten thousand","reading":"まん"},{"text":"ドル","gloss":"dollars"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言っ","gloss":"have quoted","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"have quoted"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"have quoted"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"is"},{"text":"が。","gloss":"but"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.gp1.22.m4a"},{"number":48,"id":"ja.dli.L088.gp1.23","source":"ちょっと 高いね。 それで 二万ドルで 売れる みこみが あるのかね。","translation":"It's a little expensive, isn't it? And is there any prospect of being able to sell it for $20,000?","reading":"ちょっとたかいね。それでにまんドルでうれるみこみがあるのかね。","words":[{"text":"ちょっと","gloss":"a little"},{"text":"高い","gloss":"expensive","reading":"たかい"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"},{"text":"それ","gloss":"and"},{"text":"で","gloss":"and"},{"text":"二","gloss":"two","reading":"に"},{"text":"万","gloss":"ten thousand","reading":"まん"},{"text":"ドル","gloss":"dollars"},{"text":"で","gloss":"for"},{"text":"売れる","gloss":"can sell","reading":"うれる"},{"text":"み","gloss":"prospect"},{"text":"こみ","gloss":"prospect"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"ある","gloss":"exists"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the case"},{"text":"か","gloss":"question"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.gp1.23.m4a"},{"number":49,"id":"ja.dli.L088.gp1.24","source":"ええ、もう 二三人 買いたいと 言って 家を 見に来ましたよ。","translation":"Yes, already two or three people came to see the house saying they want to buy it.","reading":"ええ、もうにさんにんかいたいといっていえをみにきましたよ。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"もう","gloss":"already"},{"text":"二","gloss":"two"},{"text":"三","gloss":"or three"},{"text":"人","gloss":"people"},{"text":"買い","gloss":"buy"},{"text":"たい","gloss":"want to"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言っ","gloss":"saying","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"saying"},{"text":"家","gloss":"house","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"見","gloss":"see","reading":"み"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"来","gloss":"come","reading":"き"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"た","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.gp1.24.m4a"},{"number":50,"id":"ja.dli.L088.gp1.25","source":"新しい 学校の たて物は 来年の 七月までに 出来上りそうですか。","translation":"Does the completion of the new school building seem possible by July next year?","reading":"あたらしいがっこうのたてものはらいねんのしちがつまでにできあがりそうですか。","words":[{"text":"新しい","gloss":"new","reading":"あたらしい"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"たて物","gloss":"building"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"来年","gloss":"next year","reading":"らいねん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"七","gloss":"July"},{"text":"月","gloss":"July"},{"text":"まで","gloss":"until"},{"text":"に","gloss":"by"},{"text":"出来上り","gloss":"be completed","reading":"できあがり"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"seems likely"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.gp1.25.m4a"},{"number":51,"id":"ja.dli.L088.gp1.26","source":"今のところ 七月までには 出来上る みこみは ありませんね。","translation":"As of now, there is no possibility of completion by July.","reading":"いまのところしちがつまでにはできあがるみこみはありませんね。","words":[{"text":"今","gloss":"now","reading":"いま"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"ところ","gloss":"point"},{"text":"七","gloss":"July"},{"text":"月","gloss":"July"},{"text":"まで","gloss":"until"},{"text":"に","gloss":"by"},{"text":"は","gloss":"emphasis"},{"text":"出来上る","gloss":"be completed","reading":"できあがる"},{"text":"みこみ","gloss":"possibility"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.gp1.26.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"通り","gloss":"street"},{"word":"金","gloss":"gold"},{"word":"ます。","gloss":"trout"},{"word":"どの","gloss":"which (pre-substantive) (See Notes)"},{"word":"くらい","gloss":"dark"},{"word":"おんせん","gloss":"hot spring"},{"word":"か","gloss":"either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"だ","gloss":"to be (informal equivalent of DESU. See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"まあ","gloss":"Well! Oh, my!"},{"word":"つづく","gloss":"to last, continue"},{"word":"今度","gloss":"this time, next time"},{"word":"通る","gloss":"to pass"},{"word":"もっと","gloss":"more (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"来週","gloss":"next week"},{"word":"まで","gloss":"as far as, to (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"さあ、","gloss":"well, now, here, come"},{"word":"ちょっと","gloss":"a little"},{"word":"むずかしい","gloss":"difficult"},{"word":"出来る","gloss":"to be manufactured; to be produced (v.i.)"},{"word":"ええ、","gloss":"Yes"},{"word":"なら","gloss":"if it is (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"手つだう","gloss":"to help"},{"word":"なおる","gloss":"to get well, to be repaired"},{"word":"みこみ","gloss":"hope, possibility (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"から、","gloss":"from (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"へ","gloss":"to (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"分","gloss":"minute"},{"word":"うち","gloss":"home, house"},{"word":"まだ","gloss":"yet, still"},{"word":"五","gloss":"five"},{"word":"のびる","gloss":"to grow tall, grow long, stretch"},{"word":"うん、","gloss":"Yes, all right."},{"word":"六","gloss":"six"},{"word":"ぐらい","gloss":"about"},{"word":"せ","gloss":"height (of man)"},{"word":"毎日","gloss":"Mainichi Newspaper Co."},{"word":"れる","gloss":"to be able to --\n(See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"とう分","gloss":"for the time being"},{"word":"いくら","gloss":"how much? how many?"},{"word":"二","gloss":"two"},{"word":"ドル","gloss":"dollar"},{"word":"三","gloss":"three"},{"word":"七","gloss":"seven"},{"word":"月","gloss":"moon, month (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"ところ","gloss":"place (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"出来上る","gloss":"be completed"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Conditions that prevent outcomes · Pattern 1 1 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"While a condition continues","paragraphs":["*体がつづく かぎり やって見ます* means \"I will try to keep doing it as long as my strength holds out.\"","The *かぎり* condition sets the continuing limit for the action."]},{"title":"Unless the condition changes","paragraphs":["*食べる物を へらさないかぎり、やせる事は 出来ません* means \"Unless the amount eaten is reduced, losing weight is impossible.\"","A negative verb before *かぎり* states the condition that must change before the outcome can occur."]}],"lines":[{"number":52,"id":"ja.dli.L088.pt1.m1","source":"一生けんめい 勉強しない かぎり、上手には なれません。","translation":"Unless you study hard, you will not become proficient.","reading":"いっしょうけんめいべんきょうしないかぎり、じょうずにはなれません。","words":[{"text":"一生","gloss":"hard","reading":"いっしょう"},{"text":"けんめい","gloss":"hard"},{"text":"勉強","gloss":"study","reading":"べんきょう"},{"text":"し","gloss":"study"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"かぎり、","gloss":"unless"},{"text":"上手","gloss":"proficient","reading":"じょうず"},{"text":"に","gloss":"become"},{"text":"は","gloss":"emphasis"},{"text":"なれ","gloss":"become"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.pt1.m1.m4a"},{"number":53,"id":"ja.dli.L088.pt1.m2","source":"出来る かぎり やって見ます。","translation":"I will try to do as much as I can.","reading":"できるかぎりやってみます。","words":[{"text":"出来る","gloss":"can","reading":"できる"},{"text":"かぎり","gloss":"as much as"},{"text":"やっ","gloss":"do"},{"text":"て","gloss":"do"},{"text":"見","gloss":"try","reading":"み"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.pt1.m2.m4a"},{"number":54,"id":"ja.dli.L088.pt1.01","source":"体がつづく かぎり やって見ます。","translation":"I will try to keep doing it as long as my strength holds out.","reading":"からだがつづくかぎりやってみます。","words":[{"text":"体","gloss":"strength","reading":"からだ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"つづく","gloss":"holds out"},{"text":"かぎり","gloss":"as long as"},{"text":"やっ","gloss":"do"},{"text":"て","gloss":"do"},{"text":"見","gloss":"try","reading":"み"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.pt1.01.m4a"},{"number":55,"id":"ja.dli.L088.pt1.02","source":"かん字がある かぎり、日本語は やさしくは なりません。","translation":"As long as there are kanji, Japanese will not become easy.","reading":"かんじがあるかぎり、にほんごはやさしくはなりません。","words":[{"text":"かん字","gloss":"kanji"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"ある","gloss":"there are"},{"text":"かぎり、","gloss":"as long as"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"やさしく","gloss":"easy"},{"text":"は","gloss":"emphasis"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"become"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.pt1.02.m4a"},{"number":56,"id":"ja.dli.L088.pt1.03","source":"ねつがあるかぎり、薬を 飲まなければなりません。","translation":"As long as you have a fever, you must take medicine.","reading":"ねつがあるかぎり、くすりをのまなければなりません。","words":[{"text":"ねつ","gloss":"fever"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"ある","gloss":"have"},{"text":"かぎり、","gloss":"as long as"},{"text":"薬","gloss":"medicine","reading":"くすり"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"飲ま","gloss":"take","reading":"のま"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"if not"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"become"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.pt1.03.m4a"},{"number":57,"id":"ja.dli.L088.pt1.04","source":"人口が今の様にふえているかぎり、産児せいげんを やらなければなりません。","translation":"As long as the population keeps increasing as it is now, birth control must be practiced.","reading":"じんこうがいまのようにふえているかぎり、さんじせいげんをやらなければなりません。","words":[{"text":"人口","gloss":"population","reading":"じんこう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"今","gloss":"now","reading":"いま"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"様","gloss":"way","reading":"よう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"ふえ","gloss":"keeps increasing"},{"text":"て","gloss":"keeps increasing"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"keeps increasing"},{"text":"かぎり、","gloss":"as long as"},{"text":"産児","gloss":"birth control","reading":"さんじ"},{"text":"せいげん","gloss":"birth control"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"やら","gloss":"practice"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"if not"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"become"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.pt1.04.m4a"},{"number":58,"id":"ja.dli.L088.pt1.05","source":"食べる物を へらさないかぎり、やせる事は 出来ません。","translation":"Unless you reduce the amount you eat, you cannot lose weight.","reading":"たべるものをへらさないかぎり、やせることはできません。","words":[{"text":"食べる","gloss":"you eat","reading":"たべる"},{"text":"物","gloss":"amount","reading":"もの"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"へらさ","gloss":"reduce"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"かぎり、","gloss":"unless"},{"text":"やせる","gloss":"lose weight"},{"text":"事","gloss":"act","reading":"こと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"can","reading":"でき"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.pt1.05.m4a"},{"number":59,"id":"ja.dli.L088.pt1.06","source":"田村先生がしょうちしないかぎり、このへやを 使うわけにはいきません。","translation":"Unless Mr. Tamura agrees, we cannot use this room.","reading":"たむらせんせいがしょうちしないかぎり、このへやをつかうわけにはいきません。","words":[{"text":"田村","gloss":"Tamura","reading":"たむら"},{"text":"先生","gloss":"teacher","reading":"せんせい"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"しょうち","gloss":"agree"},{"text":"し","gloss":"agree"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"かぎり、","gloss":"unless"},{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"へや","gloss":"room"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"使う","gloss":"use","reading":"つかう"},{"text":"わけ","gloss":"way"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"emphasis"},{"text":"いき","gloss":"be possible"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.pt1.06.m4a"},{"number":60,"id":"ja.dli.L088.pt1.07","source":"この仕事を すませないかぎり、今晩 家へ 帰れません。","translation":"Unless I finish this work, I cannot go home tonight.","reading":"このしごとをすませないかぎり、こんばんいえへかえれません。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"仕事","gloss":"work","reading":"しごと"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"すま","gloss":"finish"},{"text":"せ","gloss":"finish"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"かぎり、","gloss":"unless"},{"text":"今晩","gloss":"tonight","reading":"こんばん"},{"text":"家","gloss":"home","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"帰れ","gloss":"can go home","reading":"かえれ"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.pt1.07.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"上手","gloss":"skillful, fluent (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"体","gloss":"body, health"},{"word":"ねつ","gloss":"fever"},{"word":"人口","gloss":"population"},{"word":"やせる","gloss":"to lose weight (v.i.)"},{"word":"へや","gloss":"room"},{"word":"使う","gloss":"to use, employ"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Limits on health and plans · Pattern 1 2 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"A plan limited by health","paragraphs":["*けんこうが おとろえないかぎり、ここで 働きつづけるつもりです* means \"I intend to continue working here as long as my health does not fail.\"","The *かぎり* condition sets the health limit on the plan."]},{"title":"A result limited by income","paragraphs":["*月給が 上らないかぎり、新しい自動車は 買えませんね* means \"Unless my salary goes up, I cannot buy a new car.\"","A negative verb before *かぎり* identifies what prevents the purchase.","*天気が よくならないかぎり、なおりは しませんよ* says that colds will not clear unless the weather improves."]}],"lines":[{"number":61,"id":"ja.dli.L088.pt1.08","source":"たばこを やめないかぎり、あなたの せきは なおりません。","translation":"Unless you give up smoking, your cough will not get better.","reading":"たばこをやめないかぎり、あなたのせきはなおりません。","words":[{"text":"たばこ","gloss":"smoking"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"やめ","gloss":"quit"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"かぎり、","gloss":"unless"},{"text":"あなた","gloss":"your"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"せき","gloss":"cough"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"なおり","gloss":"get better"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.pt1.08.m4a"},{"number":62,"id":"ja.dli.L088.pt1.09","source":"この組で一番よく出来る生徒は パーカーさんですか。","translation":"Is Mr. Parker the best student in this class?","reading":"このくみでいちばんよくできるせいとはパーカーさんですか。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"組","gloss":"class","reading":"くみ"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"一番","gloss":"best","reading":"いちばん"},{"text":"よく","gloss":"well"},{"text":"出来る","gloss":"capable","reading":"できる"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"student","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"パーカー","gloss":"Parker"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.pt1.09.m4a"},{"number":63,"id":"ja.dli.L088.pt1.10","source":"ええ、パーカーさんが居るかぎり、あの人の右に出る生徒は居ませんね。","translation":"Yes, as long as Mr. Parker is here, no other student can surpass him.","reading":"ええ、パーカーさんがいるかぎり、あのひとのみぎにでるせいとはいませんね。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"パーカー","gloss":"Parker"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"居る","gloss":"is here","reading":"いる"},{"text":"かぎり、","gloss":"as long as"},{"text":"あの","gloss":"that"},{"text":"人","gloss":"person","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"右","gloss":"right","reading":"みぎ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"出る","gloss":"surpass","reading":"でる"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"student","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"居","gloss":"exist","reading":"い"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.pt1.10.m4a"},{"number":64,"id":"ja.dli.L088.pt1.11","source":"あなたは いつまで ここで 働くつもりですか。","translation":"How long do you intend to work here?","reading":"あなたはいつまでここではたらくつもりですか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"いつ","gloss":"when"},{"text":"まで","gloss":"until"},{"text":"ここ","gloss":"here"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"働く","gloss":"work","reading":"はたらく"},{"text":"つもり","gloss":"intend to"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.pt1.11.m4a"},{"number":65,"id":"ja.dli.L088.pt1.12","source":"けんこうが おとろえないかぎり、ここで 働きつづけるつもりです。","translation":"I intend to continue working here as long as my health does not fail.","reading":"けんこうがおとろえないかぎり、ここではたらきつづけるつもりです。","words":[{"text":"けんこう","gloss":"health"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"おとろえ","gloss":"fail"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"かぎり、","gloss":"as long as"},{"text":"ここ","gloss":"here"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"働き","gloss":"work","reading":"はたらき"},{"text":"つづける","gloss":"continue"},{"text":"つもり","gloss":"intend to"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.pt1.12.m4a"},{"number":66,"id":"ja.dli.L088.pt1.13","source":"このごろの かぜは 中々 なおりませんね。","translation":"Colds these days do not clear up easily, do they?","reading":"このごろのかぜはなかなかなおりませんね。","words":[{"text":"このごろ","gloss":"these days"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"かぜ","gloss":"colds"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"中々","gloss":"easily","reading":"なかなか"},{"text":"なおり","gloss":"clear up"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.pt1.13.m4a"},{"number":67,"id":"ja.dli.L088.pt1.14","source":"ええ、天気が よくならないかぎり、なおりは しませんよ。","translation":"No, they will not clear up unless the weather improves.","reading":"ええ、てんきがよくならないかぎり、なおりはしませんよ。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"天気","gloss":"weather","reading":"てんき"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"よく","gloss":"better"},{"text":"なら","gloss":"become"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"かぎり、","gloss":"unless"},{"text":"なおり","gloss":"clear up"},{"text":"は","gloss":"emphasis"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.pt1.14.m4a"},{"number":68,"id":"ja.dli.L088.pt1.15","source":"いつ 新しい 自動車を 買うつもりですか。","translation":"When do you intend to buy a new car?","reading":"いつあたらしいじどうしゃをかうつもりですか。","words":[{"text":"いつ","gloss":"when"},{"text":"新しい","gloss":"new"},{"text":"自動","gloss":"car"},{"text":"車","gloss":"car"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"買う","gloss":"buy","reading":"かう"},{"text":"つもり","gloss":"intend to"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.pt1.15.m4a"},{"number":69,"id":"ja.dli.L088.pt1.16","source":"月給が 上らないかぎり、新しい自動車は 買えませんね。","translation":"Unless my salary goes up, I cannot buy a new car.","reading":"げっきゅうがあがらないかぎり、あたらしいじどうしゃはかえませんね。","words":[{"text":"月給","gloss":"salary","reading":"げっきゅう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"上ら","gloss":"go up","reading":"あがら"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"かぎり、","gloss":"unless"},{"text":"新しい","gloss":"new"},{"text":"自動","gloss":"car"},{"text":"車","gloss":"car"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"買え","gloss":"can buy","reading":"かえ"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.pt1.16.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"たばこ","gloss":"tobacco, cigarette"},{"word":"せき","gloss":"seat"},{"word":"組","gloss":"class"},{"word":"一番","gloss":"number one (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"ここ","gloss":"here"},{"word":"けんこう","gloss":"health"},{"word":"つづける","gloss":"to continue (v.t.)"},{"word":"かぜ","gloss":"wind"},{"word":"中々","gloss":"considerably, very"},{"word":"天気","gloss":"weather"},{"word":"買う","gloss":"to buy"},{"word":"月給","gloss":"monthly wage"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Necessary conditions for change · Pattern 1 3 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"The change required first","paragraphs":["*あまい物を 食べるのを やめないかぎり、やせる事は 出来ませんよ* means \"Unless you stop eating sweets, you cannot lose weight.\"","The negative *かぎり* condition names the change required before the desired result becomes possible.","The short lines supply other actions and conditions for the same pattern, including *たばこを やめる* and *仕事をすませる*."]}],"lines":[{"number":70,"id":"ja.dli.L088.pt1.17","source":"私は やせようと 思っているんですが、中々 やせられないんですが、どうすればいいのでしょうか。","translation":"I am trying to lose weight, but I just cannot seem to; what should I do?","reading":"わたくしはやせようとおもっているんですが、なかなかやせられないんですが、どうすればいいのでしょうか。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"やせよう","gloss":"lose weight"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"思っ","gloss":"am trying","reading":"おもっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"am trying"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"am trying"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"中々","gloss":"just","reading":"なかなか"},{"text":"やせ","gloss":"lose weight"},{"text":"られ","gloss":"can"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"what"},{"text":"すれ","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"いい","gloss":"should"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the case"},{"text":"でしょう","gloss":"suppose"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.pt1.17.m4a"},{"number":71,"id":"ja.dli.L088.pt1.18","source":"あまい物を 食べるのを やめないかぎり、やせる事は 出来ませんよ。","translation":"Unless you stop eating sweets, you cannot lose weight.","reading":"あまいものをたべるのをやめないかぎり、やせることはできませんよ。","words":[{"text":"あまい","gloss":"sweet"},{"text":"物","gloss":"things","reading":"もの"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"食べる","gloss":"eat","reading":"たべる"},{"text":"の","gloss":"act of"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"やめ","gloss":"stop"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"かぎり、","gloss":"unless"},{"text":"やせる","gloss":"lose weight"},{"text":"事","gloss":"act","reading":"こと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"出来","gloss":"can","reading":"でき"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"よ。","gloss":"I tell you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.pt1.18.m4a"},{"number":72,"id":"ja.dli.L088.pt1.19","source":"体が つづく","translation":"My strength holds out.","reading":"からだがつづく","words":[{"text":"体","gloss":"strength","reading":"からだ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"つづく","gloss":"holds out"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.pt1.19.m4a"},{"number":73,"id":"ja.dli.L088.pt1.20","source":"勉強しない","translation":"Not study.","reading":"べんきょうしない","words":[{"text":"勉強","gloss":"study","reading":"べんきょう"},{"text":"し","gloss":"study"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.pt1.20.m4a"},{"number":74,"id":"ja.dli.L088.pt1.21","source":"しょうちする","translation":"Agree.","reading":"しょうちする","words":[{"text":"しょうち","gloss":"agree"},{"text":"する","gloss":"agree"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.pt1.21.m4a"},{"number":75,"id":"ja.dli.L088.pt1.22","source":"仕事をすませる","translation":"Finish the work.","reading":"しごとをすませる","words":[{"text":"仕事","gloss":"work","reading":"しごと"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"すま","gloss":"finish"},{"text":"せる","gloss":"finish"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.pt1.22.m4a"},{"number":76,"id":"ja.dli.L088.pt1.23","source":"たばこを やめる","translation":"Give up smoking.","reading":"たばこをやめる","words":[{"text":"たばこ","gloss":"smoking"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"やめる","gloss":"quit"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.pt1.23.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"いい","gloss":"good (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"あまい","gloss":"sweet"},{"word":"やめる","gloss":"to quit"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Prospects for future outcomes · Pattern 2 1 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"A prospect after a verb","paragraphs":["*スミスさんは 日本語が 上手になる みこみが あります* means \"There is a good chance that Mr. Smith will become proficient in Japanese.\"","The *みこみ* prospect follows *上手になる*, the outcome that may occur."]},{"title":"A prospect after an action noun","paragraphs":["*日本の工業は 発達の みこみが じゅう分 あります* means \"There is every prospect that Japanese industry will develop.\"","An action noun takes *の* before *みこみ*. The rest of the sentence states whether that prospect is ample, limited, or absent."]}],"lines":[{"number":77,"id":"ja.dli.L088.pt2.m1","source":"がんと言う 病気になると、なおる みこみは 少ない。","translation":"If you get a disease called cancer, there is little hope of recovery.","reading":"がんというびょうきになると、なおるみこみはすくない。","words":[{"text":"がん","gloss":"cancer"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言う","gloss":"called","reading":"いう"},{"text":"病気","gloss":"disease","reading":"びょうき"},{"text":"に","gloss":"into"},{"text":"なる","gloss":"get"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"if"},{"text":"なおる","gloss":"recover"},{"text":"みこみ","gloss":"hope"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"少ない。","gloss":"little","reading":"すくない"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.pt2.m1.m4a"},{"number":78,"id":"ja.dli.L088.pt2.m2","source":"日本の人口は げんしょうの みこみが ありません。","translation":"There is no prospect of Japan’s population decreasing.","reading":"にほんのじんこうはげんしょうのみこみがありません。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"人口","gloss":"population","reading":"じんこう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"げんしょう","gloss":"decrease"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"み","gloss":"prospect"},{"text":"こみ","gloss":"prospect"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.pt2.m2.m4a"},{"number":79,"id":"ja.dli.L088.pt2.01","source":"今のところでは とう分 晴れる みこみは ありません。","translation":"At present, there is no prospect of the weather clearing for some time.","reading":"いまのところではとうぶんはれるみこみはありません。","words":[{"text":"今","gloss":"present","reading":"いま"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"ところ","gloss":"time"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"とう分","gloss":"for some time","reading":"とうぶん"},{"text":"晴れる","gloss":"clear up","reading":"はれる"},{"text":"みこみ","gloss":"prospect"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.pt2.01.m4a"},{"number":80,"id":"ja.dli.L088.pt2.02","source":"あなたの家が 売れる みこみが ありますか。","translation":"Is there any prospect of your house being sold?","reading":"あなたのいえがうれるみこみがありますか。","words":[{"text":"あなた","gloss":"you"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"家","gloss":"house","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"売れる","gloss":"be sold","reading":"うれる"},{"text":"み","gloss":"prospect"},{"text":"こみ","gloss":"prospect"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.pt2.02.m4a"},{"number":81,"id":"ja.dli.L088.pt2.03","source":"スミスさんは 日本語が 上手になる みこみが あります。","translation":"There is a good chance that Mr. Smith will become proficient in Japanese.","reading":"スミスさんはにほんごがじょうずになるみこみがあります。","words":[{"text":"スミス","gloss":"Smith"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese language","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese language","reading":"ご"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"上手","gloss":"proficient","reading":"じょうず"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"なる","gloss":"become"},{"text":"み","gloss":"prospect"},{"text":"こみ","gloss":"prospect"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.pt2.03.m4a"},{"number":82,"id":"ja.dli.L088.pt2.04","source":"田中さんの 病気は なおる みこみが ないそうです。","translation":"I hear there is no prospect of Mr. Tanaka recovering from his illness.","reading":"たなかさんのびょうきはなおるみこみがないそうです。","words":[{"text":"田中","gloss":"Tanaka","reading":"たなか"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"病気","gloss":"illness","reading":"びょうき"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"なおる","gloss":"recover"},{"text":"み","gloss":"prospect"},{"text":"こみ","gloss":"prospect"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"none"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"I hear"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.pt2.04.m4a"},{"number":83,"id":"ja.dli.L088.pt2.05","source":"日本の工業は 発達の みこみが じゅう分 あります。","translation":"There is every prospect that Japanese industry will develop.","reading":"にほんのこうぎょうははったつのみこみがじゅうぶんあります。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"工業","gloss":"industry","reading":"こうぎょう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"発達","gloss":"development","reading":"はったつ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"み","gloss":"prospect"},{"text":"こみ","gloss":"prospect"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"じゅう","gloss":"fully"},{"text":"分","gloss":"fully","reading":"ぶん"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.pt2.05.m4a"},{"number":84,"id":"ja.dli.L088.pt2.06","source":"このしょうばいは 発てんの みこみは ありません。","translation":"There is no prospect of this business growing.","reading":"このしょうばいははってんのみこみはありません。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"しょうばい","gloss":"business"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"発てん","gloss":"growth","reading":"はってん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"みこみ","gloss":"prospect"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.pt2.06.m4a"},{"number":85,"id":"ja.dli.L088.pt2.07","source":"田村さんは 自動車の 運転の 試験に 通る みこみは ありません。","translation":"There is no prospect of Mr. Tamura passing his driving test.","reading":"たむらさんはじどうしゃのうんてんのしけんにとおるみこみはありません。","words":[{"text":"田村","gloss":"Tamura","reading":"たむら"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"自動","gloss":"car","reading":"じどう"},{"text":"車","gloss":"car","reading":"しゃ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"運転","gloss":"driving","reading":"うんてん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"試験","gloss":"test","reading":"しけん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"通る","gloss":"pass","reading":"とおる"},{"text":"みこみ","gloss":"prospect"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.pt2.07.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"がん","gloss":"cancer (See Cult. Notes)"},{"word":"晴れる","gloss":"to clear (v.i.)"},{"word":"しょうばい","gloss":"business, trade"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Prospects for people’s futures · Pattern 2 2 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"No present prospect","paragraphs":["*今のところでは、そつ業の みこみは ありませんね* means \"At present, there is no prospect of his graduating.\"","The action noun *そつ業* takes *の* before *みこみ*. *みこみは ありません* denies the prospect."]},{"title":"Ask whether a prospect exists","paragraphs":["*君は この学校を そつ業してから、日本へ 行ける みこみが あるのかね* asks whether there is any prospect of being able to go to Japan after graduation.","The reply *いいえ、ありません* denies that prospect because a different destination has been decided."]}],"lines":[{"number":86,"id":"ja.dli.L088.pt2.08","source":"あの生徒は まだ よくなる みこみが あります。","translation":"There is still a chance that this student will improve.","reading":"あのせいとはまだよくなるみこみがあります。","words":[{"text":"あの","gloss":"that"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"student","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"まだ","gloss":"still"},{"text":"よく","gloss":"better"},{"text":"なる","gloss":"become"},{"text":"み","gloss":"prospect"},{"text":"こみ","gloss":"prospect"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.pt2.08.m4a"},{"number":87,"id":"ja.dli.L088.pt2.09","source":"スミスさんは この学校を そつ業出来るでしょうか。","translation":"Do you think Mr. Smith will be able to graduate from this school?","reading":"スミスさんはこのがっこうをそつぎょうできるでしょうか。","words":[{"text":"スミス","gloss":"Smith"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"そつ業","gloss":"graduate","reading":"そつぎょう"},{"text":"出来る","gloss":"can","reading":"できる"},{"text":"でしょう","gloss":"probably"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.pt2.09.m4a"},{"number":88,"id":"ja.dli.L088.pt2.10","source":"今のところでは、そつ業の みこみは ありませんね。","translation":"At present, there is no prospect of his graduating.","reading":"いまのところでは、そつぎょうのみこみはありませんね。","words":[{"text":"今","gloss":"present","reading":"いま"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"ところ","gloss":"time"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"そつ業","gloss":"graduating"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"みこみ","gloss":"prospect"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.pt2.10.m4a"},{"number":89,"id":"ja.dli.L088.pt2.11","source":"田中さんは 明日までに 帰って来るでしょうか。","translation":"Do you think Mr. Tanaka will be back by tomorrow?","reading":"たなかさんはあしたまでにかえってくるでしょうか。","words":[{"text":"田中","gloss":"Tanaka","reading":"たなか"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"明日","gloss":"tomorrow","reading":"あした"},{"text":"まで","gloss":"by"},{"text":"に","gloss":"by"},{"text":"帰っ","gloss":"come back","reading":"かえっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"come back"},{"text":"来る","gloss":"come back","reading":"くる"},{"text":"でしょう","gloss":"probably"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.pt2.11.m4a"},{"number":90,"id":"ja.dli.L088.pt2.12","source":"明日までに 帰って来る みこみは ありませんね。","translation":"There is no prospect of his being back by tomorrow.","reading":"あしたまでにかえってくるみこみはありませんね。","words":[{"text":"明日","gloss":"tomorrow","reading":"あした"},{"text":"まで","gloss":"by"},{"text":"に","gloss":"by"},{"text":"帰っ","gloss":"come back","reading":"かえっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"come back"},{"text":"来る","gloss":"come back","reading":"くる"},{"text":"みこみ","gloss":"prospect"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.pt2.12.m4a"},{"number":91,"id":"ja.dli.L088.pt2.13","source":"ミラーさんの むすこさんは 小児まひに かかったそうですが、どうでしょうか。","translation":"I hear that Mr. Miller’s son has contracted polio; how is he?","reading":"ミラーさんのむすこさんはしょうにまひにかかったそうですが、どうでしょうか。","words":[{"text":"ミラー","gloss":"Miller"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"むすこ","gloss":"son"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"son"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"小児","gloss":"polio","reading":"しょうに"},{"text":"まひ","gloss":"polio"},{"text":"に","gloss":"with"},{"text":"かかっ","gloss":"contract"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"I hear"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"how"},{"text":"でしょう","gloss":"probably"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.pt2.13.m4a"},{"number":92,"id":"ja.dli.L088.pt2.14","source":"よくなるそうですが、前の様に 歩ける様になる みこみは ないそうです。","translation":"I hear he will get better, but there is no prospect of his being able to walk as he did before.","reading":"よくなるそうですが、まえのようにあるけるようになるみこみはないそうです。","words":[{"text":"よく","gloss":"better"},{"text":"なる","gloss":"become"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"I hear"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"前","gloss":"before","reading":"まえ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"様","gloss":"way","reading":"よう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"歩ける","gloss":"can walk","reading":"あるける"},{"text":"様","gloss":"so that","reading":"よう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"なる","gloss":"become"},{"text":"みこみ","gloss":"prospect"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"none"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"I hear"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.pt2.14.m4a"},{"number":93,"id":"ja.dli.L088.pt2.15","source":"君は この学校を そつ業してから、日本へ 行ける みこみが あるのかね。","translation":"Is there any prospect of your going to Japan after you graduate from this school?","reading":"きみはこのがっこうをそつぎょうしてから、にほんへいけるみこみがあるのかね。","words":[{"text":"君","gloss":"you","reading":"きみ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"そつ業","gloss":"graduate"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"after"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"行ける","gloss":"can go","reading":"いける"},{"text":"み","gloss":"prospect"},{"text":"こみ","gloss":"prospect"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"ある","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"か","gloss":"question"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.pt2.15.m4a"},{"number":94,"id":"ja.dli.L088.pt2.16","source":"いいえ、ありません。 ベトナムへ 行く事に なっていますから。","translation":"No, there is not, because it has been decided that I will go to Vietnam.","reading":"いいえ、ありません。ベトナムへいくことになっていますから。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ベトナム","gloss":"Vietnam"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"行く","gloss":"go","reading":"いく"},{"text":"事","gloss":"fact","reading":"こと"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"has been decided"},{"text":"て","gloss":"has been decided"},{"text":"い","gloss":"has been decided"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"has been decided"},{"text":"から。","gloss":"because"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.pt2.16.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"明日","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"word":"歩ける","gloss":"to be able to walk (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"君","gloss":"suffix to a name, Mr. (See cult. notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Asking about future prospects · Pattern 2 3 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Whether an increase is likely","paragraphs":["*日本語の 生徒の かずが ふえる みこみが ありますか* means \"Is there any prospect of the number of Japanese-language students increasing?\"","The outcome *ふえる* comes before the *みこみ* prospect. *ありますか* asks whether that prospect exists."]},{"title":"No prospect at present","paragraphs":["*いいえ、今のところ 日本語は あまり 必要でないので、ふえる みこみは ありません* gives a negative answer and its reason.","*みこみは ありません* states that the increase has no prospect at present. The short lines supply other possible future outcomes."]}],"lines":[{"number":95,"id":"ja.dli.L088.pt2.17","source":"日本語の 生徒の かずが ふえる みこみが ありますか。","translation":"Is there any prospect of the number of Japanese-language students increasing?","reading":"にほんごのせいとのかずがふえるみこみがありますか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese language","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese language","reading":"ご"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"students","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"かず","gloss":"number"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"ふえる","gloss":"increase"},{"text":"み","gloss":"prospect"},{"text":"こみ","gloss":"prospect"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.pt2.17.m4a"},{"number":96,"id":"ja.dli.L088.pt2.18","source":"いいえ、今のところ 日本語は あまり 必要でないので、ふえる みこみは ありません。","translation":"No, since Japanese is not very necessary at present, there is no prospect of the number increasing.","reading":"いいえ、いまのところにほんごはあまりひつようでないので、ふえるみこみはありません。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"今","gloss":"present","reading":"いま"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"ところ","gloss":"time"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese language","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese language","reading":"ご"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あまり","gloss":"not very"},{"text":"必要","gloss":"necessary","reading":"ひつよう"},{"text":"で","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"の","gloss":"because"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"ふえる","gloss":"increase"},{"text":"みこみ","gloss":"prospect"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.pt2.18.m4a"},{"number":97,"id":"ja.dli.L088.pt2.19","source":"せが のびる","translation":"Grow taller.","reading":"せがのびる","words":[{"text":"せ","gloss":"height"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"のびる","gloss":"grow taller"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.pt2.19.m4a"},{"number":98,"id":"ja.dli.L088.pt2.20","source":"売れる","translation":"Be sold.","reading":"うれる","words":[{"text":"売れる","gloss":"be sold","reading":"うれる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.pt2.20.m4a"},{"number":99,"id":"ja.dli.L088.pt2.21","source":"なおる","translation":"Recover.","reading":"なおる","words":[{"text":"なおる","gloss":"recover"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.pt2.21.m4a"},{"number":100,"id":"ja.dli.L088.pt2.22","source":"やせる","translation":"Lose weight.","reading":"やせる","words":[{"text":"やせる","gloss":"lose weight"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.pt2.22.m4a"},{"number":101,"id":"ja.dli.L088.pt2.23","source":"行ける","translation":"Be able to go.","reading":"いける","words":[{"text":"行ける","gloss":"can go","reading":"いける"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.pt2.23.m4a"},{"number":102,"id":"ja.dli.L088.pt2.24","source":"進歩する","translation":"Make progress.","reading":"しんぽする","words":[{"text":"進歩","gloss":"make progress","reading":"しんぽ"},{"text":"する","gloss":"make progress"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.pt2.24.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"かず","gloss":"number"},{"word":"ふえる","gloss":"to increase (v.i.)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Sanitation, sewage and toilets · Questions 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Sanitation at home and outside","paragraphs":["The questions cover sewage facilities, flush toilets, older toilet conditions, and cleanliness outside the home.","*むかし 日本人の 便所は どうでしたか* asks \"What were Japanese toilets like in the old days?\"","An answer gives the relevant condition, facility, or criticism from the dialogue."]}],"lines":[{"number":103,"id":"ja.dli.L088.q.001","source":"衛生と 言うと、さいしょに 頭にうかぶ事は何ですか。","translation":"When you speak of sanitation, what is the first thing that comes to mind?","reading":"えいせいというと、さいしょにあたまにうかぶことはなんですか。","words":[{"text":"衛生","gloss":"sanitation","reading":"えいせい"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言う","gloss":"say","reading":"いう"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"when"},{"text":"さいしょ","gloss":"first"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"頭","gloss":"mind","reading":"あたま"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"うかぶ","gloss":"come to mind"},{"text":"事","gloss":"thing","reading":"こと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.q.001.m4a"},{"number":104,"id":"ja.dli.L088.q.002","source":"日本には 大きい市では、どこでも 下水道の せつびが ありますか。","translation":"Do all large cities in Japan have sewage facilities?","reading":"にほんにはおおきいしでは、どこでもげすいどうのせつびがありますか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"大きい","gloss":"large","reading":"おおきい"},{"text":"市","gloss":"cities","reading":"し"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どこ","gloss":"anywhere"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"も","gloss":"all"},{"text":"下水","gloss":"sewer system","reading":"げすい"},{"text":"道","gloss":"sewer system","reading":"どう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"せつび","gloss":"facilities"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.q.002.m4a"},{"number":105,"id":"ja.dli.L088.q.003","source":"水せんの 便所は どうですか。","translation":"What about flush toilets?","reading":"すいせんのべんじょはどうですか。","words":[{"text":"水","gloss":"flush","reading":"すい"},{"text":"せん","gloss":"flush"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"便所","gloss":"toilets","reading":"べんじょ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"how"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.q.003.m4a"},{"number":106,"id":"ja.dli.L088.q.004","source":"むかし 日本人の 便所は どうでしたか。","translation":"What were Japanese toilets like in the old days?","reading":"むかしにほんじんのべんじょはどうでしたか。","words":[{"text":"むかし","gloss":"old days"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"人","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"便所","gloss":"toilets","reading":"べんじょ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"how"},{"text":"でし","gloss":"were"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.q.004.m4a"},{"number":107,"id":"ja.dli.L088.q.005","source":"西洋人に どんな かんじを あたえていましたか。","translation":"What kind of impression did they give Westerners?","reading":"せいようじんにどんなかんじをあたえていましたか。","words":[{"text":"西洋","gloss":"Westerners","reading":"せいよう"},{"text":"人","gloss":"Westerners","reading":"じん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"どんな","gloss":"what kind of"},{"text":"かんじ","gloss":"impression"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"あたえ","gloss":"give"},{"text":"て","gloss":"give"},{"text":"い","gloss":"give"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"give"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.q.005.m4a"},{"number":108,"id":"ja.dli.L088.q.006","source":"西洋人から、どんな ひひょうを 聞かされますか。","translation":"What kind of criticism do you hear from Westerners?","reading":"せいようじんから、どんなひひょうをきかされますか。","words":[{"text":"西洋","gloss":"Westerners","reading":"せいよう"},{"text":"人","gloss":"Westerners","reading":"じん"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"from"},{"text":"どんな","gloss":"what kind of"},{"text":"ひ","gloss":"criticism"},{"text":"ひょう","gloss":"criticism"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"聞かさ","gloss":"be told","reading":"きかさ"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"be told"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.q.006.m4a"},{"number":109,"id":"ja.dli.L088.q.007","source":"日本人の 公衆衛生は どうですか。","translation":"What is public sanitation among the Japanese like?","reading":"にほんじんのこうしゅうえいせいはどうですか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"人","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"公衆","gloss":"public sanitation","reading":"こうしゅう"},{"text":"衛生","gloss":"public sanitation","reading":"えいせい"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"how"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.q.007.m4a"},{"number":110,"id":"ja.dli.L088.q.008","source":"日本人は 家では やかましく 言いますが、外に 出ると どうですか。","translation":"The Japanese are very strict about it at home, but what are they like when they go outside?","reading":"にほんじんはいえではやかましくいいますが、そとにでるとどうですか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"人","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"家","gloss":"home","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"やかましく","gloss":"strictly"},{"text":"言い","gloss":"say","reading":"いい"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"外","gloss":"outside","reading":"そと"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"出る","gloss":"go out","reading":"でる"},{"text":"と","gloss":"when"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"how"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.q.008.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"どんな","gloss":"what kind of; what sort of"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Pollution, hygiene and disease · Questions 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Regions affected by pollution","paragraphs":["The questions cover air pollution, its causes, affected regions, respiratory disease, and hygiene research.","*どの 地方で 空気の おせんが ありますか* asks \"In what regions is there air pollution?\" An answer names the regions from the dialogue.","*KEIHANSHIN CHIHOO* is one name for the Kyoto, Osaka, and Kobe area. *KEI* comes from *京* in *京都*, and *阪神* means Osaka and Kobe."]}],"lines":[{"number":111,"id":"ja.dli.L088.q.009","source":"日本人の 公衆衛生の せいしんを こう上させるためには どうしなければ なりませんか。","translation":"What must be done to improve the Japanese people’s sense of public sanitation?","reading":"にほんじんのこうしゅうえいせいのせいしんをこうじょうさせるためにはどうしなければなりませんか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"人","gloss":"Japanese"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"公衆","gloss":"public sanitation","reading":"こうしゅう"},{"text":"衛生","gloss":"public sanitation","reading":"えいせい"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"せいしん","gloss":"awareness"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"こう","gloss":"improve"},{"text":"上","gloss":"improve","reading":"じょう"},{"text":"さ","gloss":"make"},{"text":"せる","gloss":"make"},{"text":"ため","gloss":"in order to"},{"text":"に","gloss":"for"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"what"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"なけれ","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ば","gloss":"if"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"become"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.q.009.m4a"},{"number":112,"id":"ja.dli.L088.q.010","source":"空気の おせんは 何が 原因に なっていますか。","translation":"What causes air pollution?","reading":"くうきのおせんはなにがげんいんになっていますか。","words":[{"text":"空気","gloss":"air","reading":"くうき"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"おせん","gloss":"pollution"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なに"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"原因","gloss":"cause","reading":"げんいん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"into"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"causes"},{"text":"て","gloss":"causes"},{"text":"い","gloss":"causes"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.q.010.m4a"},{"number":113,"id":"ja.dli.L088.q.011","source":"日本でも 空気の おせんが ありますか。","translation":"Is there air pollution in Japan too?","reading":"にほんでもくうきのおせんがありますか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"も","gloss":"too"},{"text":"空気","gloss":"air","reading":"くうき"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"おせん","gloss":"pollution"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.q.011.m4a"},{"number":114,"id":"ja.dli.L088.q.012","source":"どの 地方で 空気の おせんが ありますか。","translation":"In what regions is there air pollution?","reading":"どのちほうでくうきのおせんがありますか。","words":[{"text":"どの","gloss":"which"},{"text":"地方","gloss":"regions","reading":"ちほう"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"空気","gloss":"air","reading":"くうき"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"おせん","gloss":"pollution"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.q.012.m4a"},{"number":115,"id":"ja.dli.L088.q.013","source":"近年、大都市に こきゅうき病が 多くなったのは 何が 原因ですか。","translation":"What has caused the increase in respiratory diseases in large cities in recent years?","reading":"きんねん、だいとしにこきゅうきびょうがおおくなったのはなにがげんいんですか。","words":[{"text":"近年、","gloss":"recent years"},{"text":"大","gloss":"large city"},{"text":"都市","gloss":"large city"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"こきゅう","gloss":"respiratory disease"},{"text":"き","gloss":"respiratory disease"},{"text":"病","gloss":"respiratory disease","reading":"びょう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"多く","gloss":"more numerous","reading":"おおく"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"became"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"の","gloss":"the fact"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なに"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"原因","gloss":"cause","reading":"げんいん"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.q.013.m4a"},{"number":116,"id":"ja.dli.L088.q.014","source":"日本には せいしん病や 性病が 多いですか。","translation":"Are mental illness and venereal disease common in Japan?","reading":"にほんにはせいしんびょうやせいびょうがおおいですか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"せいしん","gloss":"mental illness"},{"text":"病","gloss":"mental illness","reading":"びょう"},{"text":"や","gloss":"and such"},{"text":"性病","gloss":"venereal disease","reading":"せいびょう"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"多い","gloss":"common","reading":"おおい"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.q.014.m4a"},{"number":117,"id":"ja.dli.L088.q.015","source":"戦後、何の けんきゅうが さかんに なりましたか。","translation":"What kind of research became active after the war?","reading":"せんご、なんのけんきゅうがさかんになりましたか。","words":[{"text":"戦後、","gloss":"after the war","reading":"せんご"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"の","gloss":"kind of"},{"text":"けんきゅう","gloss":"research"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"さかん","gloss":"active"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"became"},{"text":"まし","gloss":"became"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.q.015.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"近年、","gloss":"recent years"},{"word":"き","gloss":"counter for airplanes (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"戦後、","gloss":"after a war"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Sewage and cleanliness words · Word list 1 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Sewage and cleanliness","paragraphs":["The words cover sanitation facilities, dirty conditions, cleaning, bathing, and disinfection.","*下水* means \"foul water or waste matter,\" while *下水道* means \"drainage for waste matter.\"","*水せん* means \"flushing,\" and *しょうどく* means \"disinfection or sterilization.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":118,"id":"ja.dli.L088.w.001","source":"公衆衛生","translation":"public hygiene","reading":"こうしゅうえいせい","words":[{"text":"公衆衛生","gloss":"public hygiene","reading":"こうしゅうえいせい"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.w.001.m4a"},{"number":119,"id":"ja.dli.L088.w.002","source":"頭に うかぶ","translation":"come to mind","reading":"あたまにうかぶ","words":[{"text":"頭にうかぶ","gloss":"come to mind","reading":"あたまにうかぶ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.w.002.m4a"},{"number":120,"id":"ja.dli.L088.w.003","source":"下水","translation":"foul water, waste matter","reading":"げすい","words":[{"text":"下水","gloss":"wastewater","reading":"げすい"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.w.003.m4a"},{"number":121,"id":"ja.dli.L088.w.004","source":"しまつ","translation":"disposal","reading":"しまつ","words":[{"text":"しまつ","gloss":"disposal"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.w.004.m4a"},{"number":122,"id":"ja.dli.L088.w.005","source":"下水道","translation":"drainage for waste matter","reading":"げすいどう","words":[{"text":"下水道","gloss":"sewer system","reading":"げすいどう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.w.005.m4a"},{"number":123,"id":"ja.dli.L088.w.006","source":"水せん","translation":"washing down with water, flushing","reading":"すいせん","words":[{"text":"水せん","gloss":"flushing","reading":"すいせん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.w.006.m4a"},{"number":124,"id":"ja.dli.L088.w.007","source":"大都市","translation":"great city, metropolis","reading":"だいとし","words":[{"text":"大都市","gloss":"large city","reading":"だいとし"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.w.007.m4a"},{"number":125,"id":"ja.dli.L088.w.008","source":"病原","translation":"cause of illness","reading":"びょうげん","words":[{"text":"病原","gloss":"cause of illness","reading":"びょうげん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.w.008.m4a"},{"number":126,"id":"ja.dli.L088.w.009","source":"せいけつ","translation":"cleanliness","reading":"せいけつ","words":[{"text":"せいけつ","gloss":"cleanliness"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.w.009.m4a"},{"number":127,"id":"ja.dli.L088.w.010","source":"きたない","translation":"dirty; filthy","reading":"きたない","words":[{"text":"きたない","gloss":"dirty"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.w.010.m4a"},{"number":128,"id":"ja.dli.L088.w.011","source":"おふろ","translation":"bath","reading":"おふろ","words":[{"text":"おふろ","gloss":"bath"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.w.011.m4a"},{"number":129,"id":"ja.dli.L088.w.012","source":"しょうどく(する)","translation":"disinfection, sterilization (to disinfect)","reading":"しょうどく(する)","words":[{"text":"しょうどく(する)","gloss":"disinfection or sterilization"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.w.012.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"公衆衛生","gloss":"public hygiene"},{"word":"頭にうかぶ","gloss":"come to mind"},{"word":"下水道","gloss":"drainage for waste matter"},{"word":"水せん","gloss":"washing down with water, flushing"},{"word":"大都市","gloss":"great city, metropolis"},{"word":"おふろ","gloss":"bath"},{"word":"しょうどく(する)","gloss":"disinfection, sterilization (to disinfect)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Dirt and disposal words · Word list 2 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Dirt and careless disposal","paragraphs":["The words cover unsanitary conditions, unpleasant impressions, careless behavior, gutters, disposal, and causes.","*不けつ* means \"dirty, unclean, or unsanitary.\" *投げる* means \"throw,\" while *捨てる* means \"throw away or discard.\"","The two verbs distinguish the act of throwing from disposal."]}],"lines":[{"number":130,"id":"ja.dli.L088.w.013","source":"あたえる","translation":"give; present (v.t.)","reading":"あたえる","words":[{"text":"あたえる","gloss":"give"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.w.013.m4a"},{"number":131,"id":"ja.dli.L088.w.014","source":"くさい","translation":"smelly","reading":"くさい","words":[{"text":"くさい","gloss":"smelly"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.w.014.m4a"},{"number":132,"id":"ja.dli.L088.w.015","source":"かんじ","translation":"feeling","reading":"かんじ","words":[{"text":"かんじ","gloss":"feeling"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.w.015.m4a"},{"number":133,"id":"ja.dli.L088.w.016","source":"ひひょう(する)","translation":"criticism, comment (to criticize)","reading":"ひひょう(する)","words":[{"text":"ひひょう(する)","gloss":"criticism or comment"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.w.016.m4a"},{"number":134,"id":"ja.dli.L088.w.017","source":"不けつ","translation":"dirty, unclean, unsanitary","reading":"ふけつ","words":[{"text":"不けつ","gloss":"unsanitary","reading":"ふけつ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.w.017.m4a"},{"number":135,"id":"ja.dli.L088.w.018","source":"平気で","translation":"nonchalantly","reading":"へいきで","words":[{"text":"平気で","gloss":"nonchalantly","reading":"へいきで"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.w.018.m4a"},{"number":136,"id":"ja.dli.L088.w.019","source":"やかましく言う","translation":"be strict","reading":"やかましくいう","words":[{"text":"やかましく言う","gloss":"be strict","reading":"やかましくいう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.w.019.m4a"},{"number":137,"id":"ja.dli.L088.w.020","source":"投げる","translation":"throw, cast (v.t.)","reading":"なげる","words":[{"text":"投げる","gloss":"throw","reading":"なげる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.w.020.m4a"},{"number":138,"id":"ja.dli.L088.w.021","source":"みぞ","translation":"drain, gutter, ditch","reading":"みぞ","words":[{"text":"みぞ","gloss":"drain or ditch"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.w.021.m4a"},{"number":139,"id":"ja.dli.L088.w.022","source":"捨てる","translation":"throw away, discard (v.t.)","reading":"すてる","words":[{"text":"捨てる","gloss":"throw away","reading":"すてる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.w.022.m4a"},{"number":140,"id":"ja.dli.L088.w.023","source":"もと","translation":"cause, origin","reading":"もと","words":[{"text":"もと","gloss":"cause or origin"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.w.023.m4a"},{"number":141,"id":"ja.dli.L088.w.024","source":"多分に","translation":"very much","reading":"たぶんに","words":[{"text":"多分に","gloss":"very much","reading":"たぶんに"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.w.024.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"あたえる","gloss":"give; present (v.t.)"},{"word":"ひひょう(する)","gloss":"criticism, comment (to criticize)"},{"word":"不けつ","gloss":"dirty, unclean, unsanitary"},{"word":"平気で","gloss":"nonchalantly"},{"word":"やかましく言う","gloss":"be strict"},{"word":"投げる","gloss":"throw, cast (v.t.)"},{"word":"捨てる","gloss":"throw away, discard (v.t.)"},{"word":"多分に","gloss":"very much"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Regulation and improvement words · Word list 3 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Control, limits, and prospects","paragraphs":["The words cover regulation, public awareness, improvement, air pollution, limits, and prospects.","*とりしまり* means \"control or supervision.\" *かぎり* means \"as long as or to the best of.\" *みこみ* means \"hope or possibility.\"","These two entries separate the condition that limits events from the prospect that an outcome will occur."]}],"lines":[{"number":142,"id":"ja.dli.L088.w.025","source":"とりしまり","translation":"control, supervision","reading":"とりしまり","words":[{"text":"とりしまり","gloss":"control or supervision"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.w.025.m4a"},{"number":143,"id":"ja.dli.L088.w.026","source":"きそく","translation":"rule, regulation","reading":"きそく","words":[{"text":"きそく","gloss":"rule or regulation"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.w.026.m4a"},{"number":144,"id":"ja.dli.L088.w.027","source":"せいしん","translation":"spirit; intention","reading":"せいしん","words":[{"text":"せいしん","gloss":"spirit or intention"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.w.027.m4a"},{"number":145,"id":"ja.dli.L088.w.028","source":"てっていさせる","translation":"convince; bring home to one's heart(v.t.)","reading":"てっていさせる","words":[{"text":"てっていさせる","gloss":"convince"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.w.028.m4a"},{"number":146,"id":"ja.dli.L088.w.029","source":"---かぎり","translation":"as long as, to the best of (See Gram. Notes)","reading":"---かぎり","words":[{"text":"---かぎり","gloss":"as long as"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.w.029.m4a"},{"number":147,"id":"ja.dli.L088.w.030","source":"こう上","translation":"improvement, betterment, elevate","reading":"こうじょう","words":[{"text":"こう上","gloss":"improvement","reading":"こうじょう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.w.030.m4a"},{"number":148,"id":"ja.dli.L088.w.031","source":"みこみ","translation":"hope, possibility (See Gram. Notes)","reading":"みこみ","words":[{"text":"みこみ","gloss":"hope or possibility"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.w.031.m4a"},{"number":149,"id":"ja.dli.L088.w.032","source":"きびしい","translation":"strict, stern, severe","reading":"きびしい","words":[{"text":"きびしい","gloss":"strict or severe"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.w.032.m4a"},{"number":150,"id":"ja.dli.L088.w.033","source":"とりしまる","translation":"regulate, supervise, control, (v.t.)","reading":"とりしまる","words":[{"text":"とりしまる","gloss":"regulate or supervise"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.w.033.m4a"},{"number":151,"id":"ja.dli.L088.w.034","source":"空気","translation":"air","reading":"くうき","words":[{"text":"空気","gloss":"air","reading":"くうき"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.w.034.m4a"},{"number":152,"id":"ja.dli.L088.w.035","source":"おせん(する)","translation":"pollution (pollute) (v.t.)","reading":"おせん(する)","words":[{"text":"おせん(する)","gloss":"pollution or pollute"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.w.035.m4a"},{"number":153,"id":"ja.dli.L088.w.036","source":"はい気ガス","translation":"exhaust gas","reading":"はいきガス","words":[{"text":"はい気ガス","gloss":"exhaust gas","reading":"はいきガス"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.w.036.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"とりしまり","gloss":"control, supervision"},{"word":"てっていさせる","gloss":"convince; bring home to one's heart(v.t.)"},{"word":"---かぎり","gloss":"as long as, to the best of (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"こう上","gloss":"improvement, betterment, elevate"},{"word":"きびしい","gloss":"strict, stern, severe"},{"word":"とりしまる","gloss":"regulate, supervise, control, (v.t.)"},{"word":"おせん(する)","gloss":"pollution (pollute) (v.t.)"},{"word":"はい気ガス","gloss":"exhaust gas"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Pollution and hygiene words · Word list 4 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Pollution, disease, and hygiene","paragraphs":["The words cover the Tokyo-Yokohama region, soot, breathing, major diseases, fields of hygiene, and research.","*京浜* means \"Tokyo-Yokohama.\" *せいしん病* means \"mental disease,\" while *せいしん衛生学* means \"mental hygiene.\"","The shared *せいしん* links the name of the disease with the field that studies mental hygiene."]}],"lines":[{"number":154,"id":"ja.dli.L088.w.037","source":"ばいえん","translation":"smoke, soot","reading":"ばいえん","words":[{"text":"ばいえん","gloss":"smoke or soot"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.w.037.m4a"},{"number":155,"id":"ja.dli.L088.w.038","source":"京浜","translation":"Tokyo-Yokohama (See Cult. Notes)","reading":"けいひん","words":[{"text":"京浜","gloss":"Tokyo-Yokohama","reading":"けいひん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.w.038.m4a"},{"number":156,"id":"ja.dli.L088.w.039","source":"すでに","translation":"already","reading":"すでに","words":[{"text":"すでに","gloss":"already"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.w.039.m4a"},{"number":157,"id":"ja.dli.L088.w.040","source":"こきゅう(する)","translation":"breathing, respiration, (breathe (v.t.)","reading":"こきゅう(する)","words":[{"text":"こきゅう(する)","gloss":"breathing"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.w.040.m4a"},{"number":158,"id":"ja.dli.L088.w.041","source":"こきゅうき病","translation":"diseases of respiratory organs","reading":"こきゅうきびょう","words":[{"text":"こきゅうき病","gloss":"respiratory disease","reading":"こきゅうきびょう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.w.041.m4a"},{"number":159,"id":"ja.dli.L088.w.042","source":"せいしん病","translation":"mental disease","reading":"せいしんびょう","words":[{"text":"せいしん病","gloss":"mental illness","reading":"せいしんびょう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.w.042.m4a"},{"number":160,"id":"ja.dli.L088.w.043","source":"性病","translation":"venereal disease","reading":"せいびょう","words":[{"text":"性病","gloss":"venereal disease","reading":"せいびょう"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.w.043.m4a"},{"number":161,"id":"ja.dli.L088.w.044","source":"せいしん衛生学","translation":"mental hygiene","reading":"せいしんえいせいがく","words":[{"text":"せいしん衛生学","gloss":"mental hygiene","reading":"せいしんえいせいがく"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.w.044.m4a"},{"number":162,"id":"ja.dli.L088.w.045","source":"社会衛生学","translation":"social hygiene","reading":"しゃかいえいせいがく","words":[{"text":"社会衛生学","gloss":"social hygiene","reading":"しゃかいえいせいがく"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.w.045.m4a"},{"number":163,"id":"ja.dli.L088.w.046","source":"ゆうせい学","translation":"eugenics","reading":"ゆうせいがく","words":[{"text":"ゆうせい学","gloss":"eugenics","reading":"ゆうせいがく"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.w.046.m4a"},{"number":164,"id":"ja.dli.L088.w.047","source":"けんきゅう(する)","translation":"study, research (to study, to make research)","reading":"けんきゅう(する)","words":[{"text":"けんきゅう(する)","gloss":"study or research"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L088.w.047.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":7,"text":"Guide for Free Conversation\n\n1 Topic Titles;\n\n1 Spirit of public sanitation of the Japanese people and that of American people.\n\n2 Talk about pollution of air in Japan and in America.\n\n3 Compare sewage systems in Japan and that of the United States.\n\n4 Talk about sanitation at home."},{"section":8,"text":"Homework\n\n1 Memorize the Dialogue and the vocabulary.\n\n2 Study the Grammar Perception Drill.\n\n3 Study Pattern Practice and do the exercise following each pattern.\n\n4 Learn to read and write new Kanji.\n\n5 Read the Explanatory Notes.\n\n6 Read the Guide for Free Conversation and do the exercises given."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ばいえん","gloss":"smoke, soot"},{"word":"京浜","gloss":"Tokyo-Yokohama (See Cult. Notes)"},{"word":"こきゅう(する)","gloss":"breathing, respiration, (breathe (v.t.)"},{"word":"こきゅうき病","gloss":"diseases of respiratory organs"},{"word":"せいしん病","gloss":"mental disease"},{"word":"せいしん衛生学","gloss":"mental hygiene"},{"word":"社会衛生学","gloss":"social hygiene"},{"word":"ゆうせい学","gloss":"eugenics"},{"word":"けんきゅう(する)","gloss":"study, research (to study, to make research)"}],"paradigms":[]}]}