{"course":{"lang":"ja","language":"Japanese","title":"Japanese Basic Course","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja","source":"Defense Language Institute, Japanese Basic Course, 1967 to 1971. Public domain. The teaching pages and the narration are ours."},"unit":{"number":88,"id":"ja.dli.L090","title":"Lesson 90","stage":"Reading Japan","situation":null,"outcome":"Lesson 90: hands, front and back body parts · dialogue 2 of 4, legs, understanding body expressions · dialogue 4 of 4, expressing uncertainty between alternatives · perception drill, contrasting uncertain possibilities · pattern 1 1 of 3, undecided choices and outcomes · pattern 1 2 of 3, uncertainty about distance and truth · pattern 1 3 of 3, naming major body parts · reading selection 1 of 2, joints and body expressions · reading selection 2 of 2, describing body parts and ambiguities · questions 1 of 2, learning body terms naturally · questions 2 of 2, arms, torso.","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/88","lines":117},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/87","next":"https://1732studios.com/courses/ja/89","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/","sections":[{"title":"Hands, arms and joints · Dialogue 1 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Two meanings of hand","paragraphs":["A learner asks a Japanese speaker about names for body parts.","*手というのは、うで と 手首から さきと 二つの 意味が ありますね* gives *手* two meanings: the arm and the part beyond the wrist.","The reply then names the intervening joints: *肩、ひじ、手首*, meaning shoulder, elbow, and wrist."]},{"title":"Kanji: 意, 味, 肩","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 首","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":1,"id":"ja.dli.L090.dlg.001","source":"変な 事を 聞く ようですが、今日は 体の 部分について 教えてくださいませんか。","translation":"It might sound funny to ask such a question as this, but can you tell me about the parts of a body today?","reading":"へんなことをきくようですが、きょうはからだのぶぶんについておしえてくださいませんか。","words":[{"text":"変","gloss":"strange","reading":"へん"},{"text":"な","gloss":"kind of"},{"text":"事","gloss":"question","reading":"こと"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"聞く","gloss":"ask","reading":"きく"},{"text":"よう","gloss":"seems like"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"今日","gloss":"today","reading":"きょう"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"体","gloss":"body","reading":"からだ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"部分","gloss":"parts","reading":"ぶぶん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"about"},{"text":"つい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"て","gloss":"about"},{"text":"教え","gloss":"tell","reading":"おしえ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"tell"},{"text":"ください","gloss":"please"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.dlg.001.m4a"},{"number":2,"id":"ja.dli.L090.dlg.002","source":"よろしい。で、わかりにくい ところは。","translation":"O.K. and what are the difficult parts to comprehend?","reading":"よろしい。で、わかりにくいところは。","words":[{"text":"よろしい。","gloss":"all right"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"わかり","gloss":"understand"},{"text":"にくい","gloss":"difficult to"},{"text":"ところ","gloss":"parts"},{"text":"は。","gloss":"topic"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.dlg.002.m4a"},{"number":3,"id":"ja.dli.L090.dlg.003","source":"たとえば 手です。","translation":"For example, \"TE\".","reading":"たとえばてです。","words":[{"text":"たとえば","gloss":"for example"},{"text":"手","gloss":"hand","reading":"て"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.dlg.003.m4a"},{"number":4,"id":"ja.dli.L090.dlg.004","source":"なるほど。手というのは、うで と 手首から さきと 二つの 意味が ありますね。","translation":"I see. So-called \"TE\" has two meanings, one being \"arm\" and the other \"end portion from the wrist.","reading":"なるほど。てというのは、うでとてくびからさきとふたつのいみがありますね。","words":[{"text":"なるほど。","gloss":"I see"},{"text":"手","gloss":"hand","reading":"て"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"いう","gloss":"called"},{"text":"の","gloss":"one"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"うで","gloss":"arm"},{"text":"と","gloss":"and"},{"text":"手首","gloss":"wrist","reading":"てくび"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"さき","gloss":"end portion"},{"text":"と","gloss":"and"},{"text":"二","gloss":"two","reading":"ふた"},{"text":"つ","gloss":"items"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"意味","gloss":"meanings","reading":"いみ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.dlg.004.m4a"},{"number":5,"id":"ja.dli.L090.dlg.005","source":"日本語には そんなのが 多いでしょう。","translation":"There are many such words in Japanese, aren’t there?","reading":"にほんごにはそんなのがおおいでしょう。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"そんな","gloss":"such"},{"text":"の","gloss":"words"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"多い","gloss":"many","reading":"おおい"},{"text":"でしょう。","gloss":"probably"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.dlg.005.m4a"},{"number":6,"id":"ja.dli.L090.dlg.006","source":"そう。そして 英語と ちがって 関せつの 部分が よく 使われています。たとえば 手の 場合には、肩、ひじ、手首と 言う 様に……。","translation":"Yes, there are. And different from English, parts of joints are used often. For example, in a case of \"TE\" we have shoulder, elbow, and wrist.","reading":"そう。そしてえいごとちがってかんせつのぶぶんがよくつかわれています。たとえばてのばあいには、かた、ひじ、てくびというように……。","words":[{"text":"そう。","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"そして","gloss":"and"},{"text":"英語","gloss":"English","reading":"えいご"},{"text":"と","gloss":"from"},{"text":"ちがっ","gloss":"different"},{"text":"て","gloss":"different"},{"text":"関","gloss":"joint","reading":"かん"},{"text":"せつ","gloss":"joint"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"部分","gloss":"parts","reading":"ぶぶん"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"よく","gloss":"often"},{"text":"使わ","gloss":"are used","reading":"つかわ"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"are used"},{"text":"て","gloss":"are used"},{"text":"い","gloss":"are used"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"are used"},{"text":"たとえば","gloss":"for example"},{"text":"手","gloss":"hand","reading":"て"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"場合","gloss":"case","reading":"ばあい"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"肩、","gloss":"shoulder","reading":"かた"},{"text":"ひじ、","gloss":"elbow"},{"text":"手首","gloss":"wrist","reading":"てくび"},{"text":"と","gloss":"and"},{"text":"言う","gloss":"say","reading":"いう"},{"text":"様","gloss":"way","reading":"よう"},{"text":"に……。","gloss":"like"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.dlg.006.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1,"text":"---YARA ---YARA WAKARANAI\nFollowing nouns, basic form of i-adjectives, and verbs (most commonly followed by NO), ---YARA ---YARA WAKARANAI expresses the meaning of \"I don’t know whether --- or ---.\"\n\nExamples:\n\nANO HITO WA NIHONJIN YARA BEIKOKUJIN YARA WAKARANAI. \"I don’t know whether he is Japanese or an American.\"\n\nANO HITO WA IKU NO YARA IKANAI NO YARA WAKARIMASEN. \"I don’t know whether he is going or not.\"\n\nBYOONIN WA II YARA WARUI YARA KIKIMASENDESHITA. \"I didn’t hear whether the patient is well or poor.\"\n\nKURU NO YARA KONAI NO YARA NANI MO IIMASENDESHITA. \"He didn’t say anything whether he is coming or not.\"\n\nSHINDA NO YARA IKITE IRU NO YARA WAKARIMASEN. \"I can’t tell whether he is dead or alive?\""},{"section":2,"text":"SHIRAZU SHIRAZU\nSHIRAZU SHIRAZU is an idiomatic phrase meaning \"unconsciously\", \"without knowing\", \"inadvertently\", etc.\n\nExamples:\n\nSHIRAZU SHIRAZU WARUI KOTO O NARAIMASU. \"We learn bad things without knowing it.\"\n\nSHIRAZU SHIRAZU WARUI KOTO O SURU YOO NI NARU. \"One drifts unconsciously into an evil course.\""}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"な","gloss":"I wish, I hope, huh"},{"word":"を","gloss":"particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill)"},{"word":"です","gloss":"to be (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"が、","gloss":"but (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"今日","gloss":"today"},{"word":"は","gloss":"leaves"},{"word":"体","gloss":"body, health"},{"word":"の","gloss":"See Grammar Notes"},{"word":"部分","gloss":"parts"},{"word":"に","gloss":"on (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"つい","gloss":"just; only"},{"word":"ください","gloss":"please give me (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"か。","gloss":"either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"よろしい。","gloss":"good!"},{"word":"で、","gloss":"--is and -- (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"ところ","gloss":"place (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"たとえば","gloss":"for instance"},{"word":"なるほど。","gloss":"I see, indeed, to be sure"},{"word":"と","gloss":"and (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"うで","gloss":"arm, forearm"},{"word":"手首","gloss":"wrist, wrist joint"},{"word":"から","gloss":"from (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"さき","gloss":"tip, point"},{"word":"二","gloss":"two"},{"word":"ます","gloss":"trout"},{"word":"ね。","gloss":"isn't it (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"でしょう。","gloss":"probably (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"そう。","gloss":"numerical counter for ships"},{"word":"よく","gloss":"well, skillfully"},{"word":"い","gloss":"stomach"},{"word":"肩、","gloss":"shoulder"},{"word":"ひじ、","gloss":"elbow"},{"word":"言う","gloss":"to say"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Front and back body parts · Dialogue 2 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"From head to legs","paragraphs":["*上から まず 頭、それから、首、胸、腹、それから 足です* names the body from the top: head, neck, chest, abdomen, and legs.","The speakers then consider the same body from behind."]},{"title":"The back and its lower part","paragraphs":["*胸と 腹が 背または 背中です* says that the chest and abdomen correspond to the back when viewed from behind.","*背中の 下部が 腰です* identifies the lower part of the back as the waist or hips."]},{"title":"Kanji: 胸, 腹","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]},{"title":"Kanji: 背, 腰, 足","paragraphs":["New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes."]}],"lines":[{"number":7,"id":"ja.dli.L090.dlg.007","source":"その肩も 少し あいまいですね。","translation":"That shoulder is also a little ambigious, isn’t it?","reading":"そのかたもすこしあいまいですね。","words":[{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"肩","gloss":"shoulder","reading":"かた"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"少し","gloss":"a little","reading":"すこし"},{"text":"あいまい","gloss":"ambiguous"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.dlg.007.m4a"},{"number":8,"id":"ja.dli.L090.dlg.008","source":"そうです。関せつの 部分と いわゆる 肩が あります。英語でも そうでしょう。","translation":"Yes, it is. We have a portion of a joint and so-called shoulder. This is true in English, too, isn’t it?","reading":"そうです。かんせつのぶぶんといわゆるかたがあります。えいごでもそうでしょう。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"so"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"},{"text":"関","gloss":"joint","reading":"かん"},{"text":"せつ","gloss":"joint"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"部分","gloss":"portion","reading":"ぶぶん"},{"text":"と","gloss":"and"},{"text":"いわゆる","gloss":"so-called"},{"text":"肩","gloss":"shoulder","reading":"かた"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"there are"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"there are"},{"text":"英語","gloss":"English","reading":"えいご"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"も","gloss":"too"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"so"},{"text":"でしょう。","gloss":"probably"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.dlg.008.m4a"},{"number":9,"id":"ja.dli.L090.dlg.009","source":"そうですね。大体に 人体の かく 部分は どう 名づけられていますか。","translation":"I suppose so. In general, how are various parts of a human body named?","reading":"そうですね。だいたいにじんたいのかくぶぶんはどうなづけられていますか。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"so"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"},{"text":"大体","gloss":"in general","reading":"だいたい"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"人体","gloss":"human body","reading":"じんたい"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"かく","gloss":"various"},{"text":"部分","gloss":"parts","reading":"ぶぶん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"how"},{"text":"名づけ","gloss":"are named","reading":"なづけ"},{"text":"られ","gloss":"are named"},{"text":"て","gloss":"are named"},{"text":"い","gloss":"are named"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"are named"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.dlg.009.m4a"},{"number":10,"id":"ja.dli.L090.dlg.010","source":"上から まず 頭、それから、首、胸、腹、それから 足です。","translation":"First of all, from the top the head and then the neck, chest, abdomen and legs.","reading":"うえからまずあたま、それから、くび、むね、はら、それからあしです。","words":[{"text":"上","gloss":"top","reading":"うえ"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"まず","gloss":"first"},{"text":"頭、","gloss":"head","reading":"あたま"},{"text":"それ","gloss":"then"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"then"},{"text":"首、","gloss":"neck","reading":"くび"},{"text":"胸、","gloss":"chest","reading":"むね"},{"text":"腹、","gloss":"abdomen","reading":"はら"},{"text":"それ","gloss":"then"},{"text":"から","gloss":"then"},{"text":"足","gloss":"legs","reading":"あし"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"are"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.dlg.010.m4a"},{"number":11,"id":"ja.dli.L090.dlg.011","source":"後から 見た 時も そうですか。","translation":"Is this true when looked at from behind?","reading":"うしろからみたときもそうですか。","words":[{"text":"後","gloss":"behind","reading":"うしろ"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"見","gloss":"looked","reading":"み"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"時","gloss":"when","reading":"とき"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"so"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.dlg.011.m4a"},{"number":12,"id":"ja.dli.L090.dlg.012","source":"いいえ、後から 見た 時には、胸と 腹が 背または 背中です。それで、背中の 下部が 腰です。","translation":"No, when looked at from behind, the chest and abdomen are the back. And the lower portion of a back is the loin.","reading":"いいえ、うしろからみたときには、むねとはらがせまたはせなかです。それで、せなかのかぶがこしです。","words":[{"text":"いいえ、","gloss":"no"},{"text":"後","gloss":"behind","reading":"うしろ"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"見","gloss":"looked","reading":"み"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"時","gloss":"when","reading":"とき"},{"text":"に","gloss":"when"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"胸","gloss":"chest","reading":"むね"},{"text":"と","gloss":"and"},{"text":"腹","gloss":"abdomen","reading":"はら"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"背","gloss":"back","reading":"せ"},{"text":"また","gloss":"or"},{"text":"は","gloss":"or"},{"text":"背中","gloss":"back","reading":"せなか"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"},{"text":"それ","gloss":"and so"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"and so"},{"text":"背中","gloss":"back","reading":"せなか"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"下部","gloss":"lower portion","reading":"かぶ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"腰","gloss":"lower back","reading":"こし"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.dlg.012.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"肩","gloss":"shoulder"},{"word":"少し","gloss":"little (quantity)"},{"word":"あいまい","gloss":"vague, ambiguous"},{"word":"そう","gloss":"numerical counter for ships"},{"word":"いわゆる","gloss":"so called"},{"word":"が","gloss":"but (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ます。","gloss":"trout"},{"word":"で","gloss":"--is and -- (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"人体","gloss":"human body"},{"word":"かく","gloss":"each (prefix)"},{"word":"まず","gloss":"first, first of all"},{"word":"頭、","gloss":"head, mind"},{"word":"首、","gloss":"neck, head"},{"word":"胸、","gloss":"chest"},{"word":"腹、","gloss":"abdomen; belly, stomach"},{"word":"時","gloss":"time"},{"word":"背","gloss":"back"},{"word":"背中","gloss":"back (more colloquial than SE)"},{"word":"下部","gloss":"lower portion, lower part"},{"word":"腰","gloss":"loin, waist, hips"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Legs, feet and their parts · Dialogue 3 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"From the ankle or from the hips","paragraphs":["*足と 言う 言葉には 二つの 使い方が あります* introduces two extents for *足*.","One runs from the ankle to the toes. The other runs from the hips to the toes.","*足の 上部やら 下部やら わからなくて* previews *やら* after two alternatives when the intended part is uncertain."]},{"title":"Without knowing it","paragraphs":["*知らず 知らず* is a fixed phrase meaning \"unconsciously\" or \"without knowing.\"","*知らず知らず おぼえてしまいます* says that repeated hearing and seeing teach the body terms before one realizes it."]}],"lines":[{"number":13,"id":"ja.dli.L090.dlg.013","source":"足と 言うと 英語では 何ですか。","translation":"When you say \"ASHT\" what does this mean in English?","reading":"あしというとえいごではなんですか。","words":[{"text":"足","gloss":"leg or foot","reading":"あし"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言う","gloss":"say","reading":"いう"},{"text":"と","gloss":"when"},{"text":"英語","gloss":"English","reading":"えいご"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.dlg.013.m4a"},{"number":14,"id":"ja.dli.L090.dlg.014","source":"足と 言う 言葉には 二つの 使い方が あります。一つは 足首から 足の ゆびの さきまで、そして、もう一つは 腰から 足の ゆびさきまでです。","translation":"The word \"ASHT\" has two meanings. One is from the ankle to the tip of the toes, and the other is from the hips to the tip of the toes.","reading":"あしということばにはふたつのつかいかたがあります。ひとつはあしくびからあしのゆびのさきまで、そして、もうひとつはこしからあしのゆびさきまでです。","words":[{"text":"足","gloss":"leg or foot","reading":"あし"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言う","gloss":"called","reading":"いう"},{"text":"言葉","gloss":"word","reading":"ことば"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"二","gloss":"two","reading":"ふた"},{"text":"つ","gloss":"items"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"使い","gloss":"usage","reading":"つかい"},{"text":"方","gloss":"usage","reading":"かた"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"there are"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"there are"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"つ","gloss":"one"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"足首","gloss":"ankle","reading":"あしくび"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"足","gloss":"foot","reading":"あし"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"ゆび","gloss":"toes"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"さき","gloss":"tip"},{"text":"まで、","gloss":"to"},{"text":"そして、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"もう","gloss":"another"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"つ","gloss":"one"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"腰","gloss":"hips","reading":"こし"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"足","gloss":"foot","reading":"あし"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"ゆびさき","gloss":"toe tips"},{"text":"まで","gloss":"to"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.dlg.014.m4a"},{"number":15,"id":"ja.dli.L090.dlg.015","source":"では 足の 部分は。","translation":"Then,what about the parts of \"ASHT\"?","reading":"ではあしのぶぶんは。","words":[{"text":"で","gloss":"then"},{"text":"は","gloss":"then"},{"text":"足","gloss":"leg or foot","reading":"あし"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"部分","gloss":"parts","reading":"ぶぶん"},{"text":"は。","gloss":"topic"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.dlg.015.m4a"},{"number":16,"id":"ja.dli.L090.dlg.016","source":"上から もも、大たい または 大たい部とも 言います。それから 関せつの ところが ひざ、その下が すね、足首、足です。","translation":"From the top, they are the thigh, and the section of the joint being the knee, and below it the shank, the ankle and the feet.","reading":"うえからもも、だいたいまたはだいたいぶともいいます。それからかんせつのところがひざ、そのしたがすね、あしくび、あしです。","words":[{"text":"上","gloss":"top","reading":"うえ"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"もも、","gloss":"thigh"},{"text":"大たい","gloss":"thigh","reading":"だいたい"},{"text":"また","gloss":"or"},{"text":"は","gloss":"or"},{"text":"大たい","gloss":"thigh","reading":"だいたい"},{"text":"部","gloss":"section","reading":"ぶ"},{"text":"とも","gloss":"also"},{"text":"言い","gloss":"called","reading":"いい"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"called"},{"text":"それ","gloss":"then"},{"text":"から","gloss":"then"},{"text":"関","gloss":"joint","reading":"かん"},{"text":"せつ","gloss":"joint"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"ところ","gloss":"place"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"ひざ、","gloss":"knee"},{"text":"その","gloss":"that"},{"text":"下","gloss":"below","reading":"した"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"す","gloss":"shin"},{"text":"ね、","gloss":"shin"},{"text":"足首、","gloss":"ankle","reading":"あしくび"},{"text":"足","gloss":"foot","reading":"あし"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.dlg.016.m4a"},{"number":17,"id":"ja.dli.L090.dlg.017","source":"私たちは 時々 足と 言われても、足の 上部やら 下部やら わからなくて 困る事が あります。","translation":"At times when we are told \"ASHT\", we can’t tell whether it is the upper portions of the legs or the lower portions of the legs and we have a hard time of it.","reading":"わたくしたちはときどきあしといわれても、あしのじょうぶやらかぶやらわからなくてこまることがあります。","words":[{"text":"私","gloss":"we","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"たち","gloss":"we"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"時々","gloss":"sometimes","reading":"ときどき"},{"text":"足","gloss":"leg or foot","reading":"あし"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言わ","gloss":"are told","reading":"いわ"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"are told"},{"text":"て","gloss":"are told"},{"text":"も、","gloss":"even"},{"text":"足","gloss":"leg","reading":"あし"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"上部","gloss":"upper portion","reading":"じょうぶ"},{"text":"やら","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"下部","gloss":"lower portion","reading":"かぶ"},{"text":"やら","gloss":"or"},{"text":"わから","gloss":"cannot tell"},{"text":"なく","gloss":"cannot tell"},{"text":"て","gloss":"cannot tell"},{"text":"困る","gloss":"have trouble","reading":"こまる"},{"text":"事","gloss":"times","reading":"こと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"there are"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"there are"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.dlg.017.m4a"},{"number":18,"id":"ja.dli.L090.dlg.018","source":"そうでしょうね。でも、こう言う 言葉を 何度も 聞いたり見たりしているうちに 知らず知らず おぼえてしまいます。","translation":"I suppose so. However, while listening and hearing such words time and time again, you’ll know them before you realize.","reading":"そうでしょうね。でも、こういうことばをなんどもきいたりみたりしているうちにしらずしらずおぼえてしまいます。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"so"},{"text":"でしょう","gloss":"probably"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"},{"text":"で","gloss":"however"},{"text":"も、","gloss":"however"},{"text":"こう","gloss":"such"},{"text":"言う","gloss":"such","reading":"いう"},{"text":"言葉","gloss":"words","reading":"ことば"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"何","gloss":"many","reading":"なん"},{"text":"度","gloss":"times","reading":"ど"},{"text":"も","gloss":"again"},{"text":"聞い","gloss":"hear","reading":"きい"},{"text":"たり","gloss":"and"},{"text":"見","gloss":"see","reading":"み"},{"text":"たり","gloss":"and"},{"text":"し","gloss":"keep doing"},{"text":"て","gloss":"keep doing"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"keep doing"},{"text":"うち","gloss":"while"},{"text":"に","gloss":"during"},{"text":"知ら","gloss":"without knowing","reading":"しら"},{"text":"ず","gloss":"without knowing"},{"text":"知ら","gloss":"without knowing","reading":"しら"},{"text":"ず","gloss":"without knowing"},{"text":"おぼえ","gloss":"end up learning"},{"text":"て","gloss":"end up learning"},{"text":"しまい","gloss":"end up learning"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"end up learning"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.dlg.018.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"一","gloss":"one"},{"word":"足首","gloss":"ankle"},{"word":"ゆび","gloss":"fingers, toes"},{"word":"まで、","gloss":"as far as, to (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"もう","gloss":"already (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ゆびさき","gloss":"tip of fingers or toes"},{"word":"もも、","gloss":"peach"},{"word":"ひざ、","gloss":"knee, lap"},{"word":"ね、","gloss":"isn't it (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"時々","gloss":"sometimes, occasionally"},{"word":"上部","gloss":"upper part"},{"word":"でしょう","gloss":"probably (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"し","gloss":"city"},{"word":"いる","gloss":"to need (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"うち","gloss":"home, house"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Understanding body expressions · Dialogue 4 of 4","teaching":[{"title":"Expressions about the body","paragraphs":["*しん体に関する 言いまわしが 多い事で 時々わかりにくいのが あります* says that many body-related expressions can be difficult to understand.","*少しばかり 取り上げて 見ましょうか* offers to take up a few of these expressions. The other speaker accepts."]}],"lines":[{"number":19,"id":"ja.dli.L090.dlg.019","source":"そうでしょうね。それから、私たちが 困る事は しん体に関する 言いまわしが 多い事で 時々わかりにくいのが あります。","translation":"I suppose you are right. And the thing that perplexes us is the fact that there are many expressions related to a human body and at times there are expressions that are difficult to comprehend.","reading":"そうでしょうね。それから、わたくしたちがこまることはしんたいにかんするいいまわしがおおいことでときどきわかりにくいのがあります。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"so"},{"text":"でしょう","gloss":"probably"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"},{"text":"それ","gloss":"and then"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"and then"},{"text":"私","gloss":"we","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"たち","gloss":"we"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"困る","gloss":"troubles","reading":"こまる"},{"text":"事","gloss":"thing","reading":"こと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"しん","gloss":"body"},{"text":"体","gloss":"body","reading":"たい"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"関する","gloss":"related","reading":"かんする"},{"text":"言いまわし","gloss":"expressions","reading":"いいまわし"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"多い","gloss":"many","reading":"おおい"},{"text":"事","gloss":"fact","reading":"こと"},{"text":"で","gloss":"and"},{"text":"時々","gloss":"sometimes","reading":"ときどき"},{"text":"わかり","gloss":"understand"},{"text":"にくい","gloss":"difficult to"},{"text":"の","gloss":"ones"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"there are"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"there are"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.dlg.019.m4a"},{"number":20,"id":"ja.dli.L090.dlg.020","source":"沢山 ありますね。少しばかり 取り上げて 見ましょうか。","translation":"Yes, we have many of them. Shall we take up some of them?","reading":"たくさんありますね。すこしばかりとりあげてみましょうか。","words":[{"text":"沢山","gloss":"many","reading":"たくさん"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"there are"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"there are"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"},{"text":"少し","gloss":"a few","reading":"すこし"},{"text":"ばかり","gloss":"just"},{"text":"取り上げ","gloss":"take up","reading":"とりあげ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"take up"},{"text":"見","gloss":"try","reading":"み"},{"text":"ましょう","gloss":"shall we"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.dlg.020.m4a"},{"number":21,"id":"ja.dli.L090.dlg.021","source":"お、お願いします。","translation":"Yes, please.","reading":"お、おねがいします。","words":[{"text":"お、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"お","gloss":"honorific"},{"text":"願い","gloss":"request","reading":"ねがい"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.dlg.021.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"から、","gloss":"from (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"ばかり","gloss":"about"},{"word":"ましょう","gloss":"let's (See Gram. Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Expressing uncertainty between alternatives · Perception drill","teaching":[{"title":"Uncertain between two parts","paragraphs":["*足の 上部 やら 下部 やら わからない* means \"I cannot tell whether it is an upper portion or a lower portion of the legs.\"","Place *やら* after each alternative and end with *わからない* to say that the choice between them is uncertain."]},{"title":"Alternatives made with verbs","paragraphs":["*行くのやら 行かないのやら わかりません* means \"I cannot tell whether he is going or not.\"","After a verb, *の* usually comes before *やら*. Nouns and I-adjectives can also stand before *やら*."]}],"lines":[{"number":22,"id":"ja.dli.L090.gp1.01","source":"足の 上部 やら 下部 やら わからない。","translation":"I can’t tell whether it is an upper portion or a lower portion of the legs.","reading":"あしのじょうぶやらかぶやらわからない。","words":[{"text":"足","gloss":"legs","reading":"あし"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"上部","gloss":"upper portion","reading":"じょうぶ"},{"text":"やら","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"下部","gloss":"lower portion","reading":"かぶ"},{"text":"やら","gloss":"or"},{"text":"わから","gloss":"cannot tell"},{"text":"ない。","gloss":"cannot tell"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.gp1.01.m4a"},{"number":23,"id":"ja.dli.L090.gp1.02","source":"あの人は 来るの やら 来ないの やら 知りません。","translation":"I don’t know whether he is coming or not.","reading":"あのひとはくるのやらこないのやらしりません。","words":[{"text":"あの","gloss":"that"},{"text":"人","gloss":"person","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"来る","gloss":"coming","reading":"くる"},{"text":"の","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"やら","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"来","gloss":"not coming","reading":"こ"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not coming"},{"text":"の","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"やら","gloss":"or"},{"text":"知り","gloss":"know","reading":"しり"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.gp1.02.m4a"},{"number":24,"id":"ja.dli.L090.gp1.03","source":"この本は 新しいの やら 古いの やら わかりません。","translation":"I can’t tell whether this book is new or old.","reading":"このほんはあたらしいのやらふるいのやらわかりません。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"本","gloss":"book","reading":"ほん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"新しい","gloss":"new","reading":"あたらしい"},{"text":"の","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"やら","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"古い","gloss":"old","reading":"ふるい"},{"text":"の","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"やら","gloss":"or"},{"text":"わかり","gloss":"understand"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.gp1.03.m4a"},{"number":25,"id":"ja.dli.L090.gp1.04","source":"あの 生徒は 勉強しているのですか。","translation":"Is that student studying?","reading":"あのせいとはべんきょうしているのですか。","words":[{"text":"あの","gloss":"that"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"student","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"勉強","gloss":"study","reading":"べんきょう"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"is doing"},{"text":"の","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.gp1.04.m4a"},{"number":26,"id":"ja.dli.L090.gp1.05","source":"勉強しているのやら 遊んでいるのやら わからないね。","translation":"You can’t tell whether he is studying or fooling around.","reading":"べんきょうしているのやらあそんでいるのやらわからないね。","words":[{"text":"勉強","gloss":"study","reading":"べんきょう"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"て","gloss":"and"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"is doing"},{"text":"の","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"やら","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"遊ん","gloss":"is fooling around","reading":"あそん"},{"text":"で","gloss":"is fooling around"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"is fooling around"},{"text":"の","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"やら","gloss":"or"},{"text":"わから","gloss":"cannot tell"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"cannot tell"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.gp1.05.m4a"},{"number":27,"id":"ja.dli.L090.gp1.06","source":"田中さんは 明日の ピクニックに 行くのですか。","translation":"Is Mr. Tanaka going to a picnic tomorrow?","reading":"たなかさんはあしたのピクニックにいくのですか。","words":[{"text":"田中","gloss":"Tanaka","reading":"たなか"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"明日","gloss":"tomorrow","reading":"あした"},{"text":"の","gloss":"'s"},{"text":"ピクニック","gloss":"picnic"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"行く","gloss":"go","reading":"いく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.gp1.06.m4a"},{"number":28,"id":"ja.dli.L090.gp1.07","source":"行くのやら 行かないのやら わかりません。まだ 何とも はっきりした 事を 言いません。","translation":"I can’t tell whether he is going or not. He hasn’t said anything definite yet.","reading":"いくのやらいかないのやらわかりません。まだなんともはっきりしたことをいいません。","words":[{"text":"行く","gloss":"going","reading":"いく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"やら","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"行か","gloss":"not going","reading":"いか"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not going"},{"text":"の","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"やら","gloss":"or"},{"text":"わかり","gloss":"understand"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not"},{"text":"まだ","gloss":"yet"},{"text":"何","gloss":"anything","reading":"なん"},{"text":"と","gloss":"in any way"},{"text":"も","gloss":"at all"},{"text":"はっきり","gloss":"definite"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"事","gloss":"thing","reading":"こと"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"言い","gloss":"say","reading":"いい"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.gp1.07.m4a"},{"number":29,"id":"ja.dli.L090.gp1.08","source":"ＰＸで こんな 時計を 売っていますか。","translation":"Do they sell this kind of a watch at the P.X?","reading":"ピーエックスでこんなとけいをうっていますか。","words":[{"text":"ＰＸ","gloss":"post exchange"},{"text":"で","gloss":"at"},{"text":"こんな","gloss":"this kind of"},{"text":"時計","gloss":"watch"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"売っ","gloss":"are selling"},{"text":"て","gloss":"are selling"},{"text":"い","gloss":"are selling"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"are selling"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.gp1.08.m4a"},{"number":30,"id":"ja.dli.L090.gp1.09","source":"さあ、売っているのやら 売っていないのやら 私は 知りません。","translation":"Well, I don’t know whether they sell it or not.","reading":"さあ、うっているのやらうっていないのやらわたくしはしりません。","words":[{"text":"さあ、","gloss":"well"},{"text":"売っ","gloss":"sell","reading":"うっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"sell"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"sell"},{"text":"の","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"やら","gloss":"or"},{"text":"売っ","gloss":"sell","reading":"うっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"sell"},{"text":"い","gloss":"sell"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"の","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"やら","gloss":"or"},{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"知り","gloss":"know","reading":"しり"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.gp1.09.m4a"},{"number":31,"id":"ja.dli.L090.gp1.10","source":"あの女の人は 若いのやら 年を とっているのやら わかりませんね。","translation":"You can’t tell whether that woman is young or old, can you?","reading":"あのおんなのひとはわかいのやらとしをとっているのやらわかりませんね。","words":[{"text":"あの","gloss":"that"},{"text":"女","gloss":"woman","reading":"おんな"},{"text":"の","gloss":"woman"},{"text":"人","gloss":"woman","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"若い","gloss":"young","reading":"わかい"},{"text":"の","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"やら","gloss":"or"},{"text":"年","gloss":"age","reading":"とし"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"とっ","gloss":"is old"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is old"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"is old"},{"text":"の","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"やら","gloss":"or"},{"text":"わかり","gloss":"tell"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.gp1.10.m4a"},{"number":32,"id":"ja.dli.L090.gp1.11","source":"そうですね。年よりの様にも 見えるし、又 若い様にも 見えますね。","translation":"Yes, she looks old and again she looks young.","reading":"そうですね。としよりのようにもみえるし、またわかいようにもみえますね。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"that is so"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"},{"text":"年より","gloss":"old","reading":"としより"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"様","gloss":"appearance","reading":"よう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"見える","gloss":"looks","reading":"みえる"},{"text":"し、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"又","gloss":"again","reading":"また"},{"text":"若い","gloss":"young","reading":"わかい"},{"text":"様","gloss":"appearance","reading":"よう"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"見え","gloss":"looks","reading":"みえ"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.gp1.11.m4a"},{"number":33,"id":"ja.dli.L090.gp1.12","source":"パーカーさんの 赤ちゃんは 男の子ですか、女の子ですか。","translation":"Is Mr. Parker’s baby a boy or a girl?","reading":"パーカーさんのあかちゃんはおとこのこですか、おんなのこですか。","words":[{"text":"パーカー","gloss":"Parker"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"の","gloss":"s"},{"text":"赤ちゃん","gloss":"baby","reading":"あかちゃん"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"男の子","gloss":"boy"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か、","gloss":"question"},{"text":"女の子","gloss":"girl"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.gp1.12.m4a"},{"number":34,"id":"ja.dli.L090.gp1.13","source":"男の子です。","translation":"It is a boy.","reading":"おとこのこです。","words":[{"text":"男の子","gloss":"boy"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.gp1.13.m4a"},{"number":35,"id":"ja.dli.L090.gp1.14","source":"そうですか。ちょっと見ただけでは 男の子やら 女の子やら わかりませんね。","translation":"Is that so? At a glance you can’t tell whether it is boy or a girl, can you?","reading":"そうですか。ちょっとみただけではおとこのこやらおんなのこやらわかりませんね。","words":[{"text":"そう","gloss":"that is so"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"},{"text":"ちょっと","gloss":"briefly"},{"text":"見","gloss":"look","reading":"み"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"だけ","gloss":"only"},{"text":"で","gloss":"by"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"男の子","gloss":"boy"},{"text":"やら","gloss":"or"},{"text":"女の子","gloss":"girl"},{"text":"やら","gloss":"or"},{"text":"わかり","gloss":"tell"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.gp1.14.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"人","gloss":"people"},{"word":"本","gloss":"numerical counter for counting long slender objects (See Notes)"},{"word":"古い","gloss":"old, antique"},{"word":"明日","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"word":"まだ","gloss":"yet, still"},{"word":"はっきり","gloss":"clearly"},{"word":"さあ、","gloss":"well, now, here, come"},{"word":"女","gloss":"female"},{"word":"年","gloss":"year (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"見える","gloss":"to be visible, can see (v.i.)"},{"word":"赤ちゃん","gloss":"baby (an affectionate way of referring to a baby)"},{"word":"男の子","gloss":"boy"},{"word":"女の子","gloss":"girl"},{"word":"ちょっと","gloss":"a little"},{"word":"だけ","gloss":"only, just (See Grammar Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Contrasting uncertain possibilities · Pattern 1 1 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Nouns as alternatives","paragraphs":["*あの人は 男 やら 女 やら わかりません* means \"I do not know whether that person is a man or a woman.\"","The alternatives *男* and *女* are nouns."]},{"title":"Adjectives and verbs as alternatives","paragraphs":["*この時計は いいの やら、悪いの やら わかりません* contrasts the I-adjectives *いい* and *悪い*.","*わかったの やら、わからないの やら わかりません* contrasts the verbs for understanding and not understanding."]}],"lines":[{"number":36,"id":"ja.dli.L090.pt1.01","source":"あの人は 男 やら 女 やら わかりません。","translation":"I don’t know whether that person is a man or a woman.","reading":"あのひとはおとこやらおんなやらわかりません。","words":[{"text":"あの","gloss":"that"},{"text":"人","gloss":"person","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"男","gloss":"man","reading":"おとこ"},{"text":"やら","gloss":"or"},{"text":"女","gloss":"woman","reading":"おんな"},{"text":"やら","gloss":"or"},{"text":"わかり","gloss":"know"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.pt1.01.m4a"},{"number":37,"id":"ja.dli.L090.pt1.02","source":"この時計は いいの やら、悪いの やら わかりません。","translation":"I don’t know whether this watch is good or bad.","reading":"このとけいはいいのやら、わるいのやらわかりません。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"時計","gloss":"watch","reading":"とけい"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"いい","gloss":"good"},{"text":"の","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"やら、","gloss":"or"},{"text":"悪い","gloss":"bad","reading":"わるい"},{"text":"の","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"やら","gloss":"or"},{"text":"わかり","gloss":"know"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.pt1.02.m4a"},{"number":38,"id":"ja.dli.L090.pt1.03","source":"あの生徒は わかったの やら、わからないの やら わかりません。","translation":"I don’t know whether that student understood or not.","reading":"あのせいとはわかったのやら、わからないのやらわかりません。","words":[{"text":"あの","gloss":"that"},{"text":"生徒","gloss":"student","reading":"せいと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"わかっ","gloss":"understand"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"の","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"やら、","gloss":"or"},{"text":"わから","gloss":"understand"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"の","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"やら","gloss":"or"},{"text":"わかり","gloss":"know"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.pt1.03.m4a"},{"number":39,"id":"ja.dli.L090.pt1.04","source":"スミスさんは 日本へ 行くのやら、たいわんへ 行くのやら、まだ わからないそうです。","translation":"I hear Mr. Smith still doesn’t know whether he will go to Japan or Taiwan.","reading":"スミスさんはにほんへいくのやら、たいわんへいくのやら、まだわからないそうです。","words":[{"text":"スミス","gloss":"Smith"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"行く","gloss":"go","reading":"いく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"やら、","gloss":"or"},{"text":"たい","gloss":"Taiwan"},{"text":"わん","gloss":"Taiwan"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"行く","gloss":"go","reading":"いく"},{"text":"の","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"やら、","gloss":"or"},{"text":"まだ","gloss":"still"},{"text":"わから","gloss":"know"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"I hear"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.pt1.04.m4a"},{"number":40,"id":"ja.dli.L090.pt1.05","source":"田中さんは 死んだのやら 生きているのやら、わかりません。","translation":"I don’t know whether Mr. Tanaka is dead or alive.","reading":"たなかさんはしんだのやらいきているのやら、わかりません。","words":[{"text":"田中","gloss":"Tanaka","reading":"たなか"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"死ん","gloss":"die","reading":"しん"},{"text":"だ","gloss":"past"},{"text":"の","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"やら","gloss":"or"},{"text":"生き","gloss":"is alive","reading":"いき"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is alive"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"is alive"},{"text":"の","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"やら、","gloss":"or"},{"text":"わかり","gloss":"know"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.pt1.05.m4a"},{"number":41,"id":"ja.dli.L090.pt1.06","source":"あの人は 今晩 来るのやら 来ないのやら、何も 言いませんでした。","translation":"That person didn’t say anything about whether he would come tonight or not.","reading":"あのひとはこんばんくるのやらこないのやら、なにもいいませんでした。","words":[{"text":"あの","gloss":"that"},{"text":"人","gloss":"person","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"今晩","gloss":"tonight","reading":"こんばん"},{"text":"来る","gloss":"come","reading":"くる"},{"text":"の","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"やら","gloss":"or"},{"text":"来","gloss":"come","reading":"こ"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"の","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"やら、","gloss":"or"},{"text":"何","gloss":"anything","reading":"なに"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"言い","gloss":"say","reading":"いい"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"でし","gloss":"did, polite"},{"text":"た。","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.pt1.06.m4a"},{"number":42,"id":"ja.dli.L090.pt1.07","source":"この時計は 高いのやら 安いのやら、私には わかりません。","translation":"I don’t know whether this watch is expensive or inexpensive.","reading":"このとけいはたかいのやらやすいのやら、わたくしにはわかりません。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"時計","gloss":"watch","reading":"とけい"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"高い","gloss":"expensive","reading":"たかい"},{"text":"の","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"やら","gloss":"or"},{"text":"安い","gloss":"inexpensive","reading":"やすい"},{"text":"の","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"やら、","gloss":"or"},{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"わかり","gloss":"know"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.pt1.07.m4a"},{"number":43,"id":"ja.dli.L090.pt1.08","source":"田中さんの家は 学校から 遠いのやら、近いのやら、私は 知りません。","translation":"I don’t know whether Mr. Tanaka’s house is far from the school or near it.","reading":"たなかさんのいえはがっこうからとおいのやら、ちかいのやら、わたくしはしりません。","words":[{"text":"田中","gloss":"Tanaka","reading":"たなか"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"の","gloss":"s"},{"text":"家","gloss":"house","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"学校","gloss":"school","reading":"がっこう"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"遠い","gloss":"far","reading":"とおい"},{"text":"の","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"やら、","gloss":"or"},{"text":"近い","gloss":"near","reading":"ちかい"},{"text":"の","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"やら、","gloss":"or"},{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"知り","gloss":"know","reading":"しり"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.pt1.08.m4a"},{"number":44,"id":"ja.dli.L090.pt1.09","source":"どっちが 東やら、どっちが 西やら、わかりません。","translation":"I don’t know which way is east and which way is west.","reading":"どっちがひがしやら、どっちがにしやら、わかりません。","words":[{"text":"どっち","gloss":"which way"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"東","gloss":"east","reading":"ひがし"},{"text":"やら、","gloss":"or"},{"text":"どっち","gloss":"which way"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"西","gloss":"west","reading":"にし"},{"text":"やら、","gloss":"or"},{"text":"わかり","gloss":"know"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.pt1.09.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"男","gloss":"male"},{"word":"いい","gloss":"good (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"へ","gloss":"to (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"わん","gloss":"bowl"},{"word":"です。","gloss":"to be (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"だ","gloss":"to be (informal equivalent of DESU. See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"家","gloss":"house, home"},{"word":"遠い","gloss":"far"},{"word":"近い","gloss":"near, close"},{"word":"どっち","gloss":"which of two (See Grammar Notes)"},{"word":"東","gloss":"east"},{"word":"西","gloss":"west"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Undecided choices and outcomes · Pattern 1 2 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"An uncertain outcome","paragraphs":["*雨に なるのやら、晴れるのやら、わかりませんね* contrasts rain with clearing weather. The two *やら* alternatives remain uncertain at present."]},{"title":"An undecided action","paragraphs":["*買うのやら、買わないのやら、今の ところ まだ はっきり きめていません* says that the decision to buy or not remains unsettled.","*わかったのやら、わからなかったのやら* contrasts two past outcomes: understanding and not understanding."]}],"lines":[{"number":45,"id":"ja.dli.L090.pt1.10","source":"この時計は 日本製やら 米国製やら、わかりません。","translation":"I don’t know whether this watch was made in Japan or in the United States.","reading":"このとけいはにほんせいやらべいこくせいやら、わかりません。","words":[{"text":"この","gloss":"this"},{"text":"時計","gloss":"watch","reading":"とけい"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japan-made","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"製","gloss":"Japan-made","reading":"せい"},{"text":"やら","gloss":"or"},{"text":"米国","gloss":"U.S.-made","reading":"べいこく"},{"text":"製","gloss":"U.S.-made","reading":"せい"},{"text":"やら、","gloss":"or"},{"text":"わかり","gloss":"know"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.pt1.10.m4a"},{"number":46,"id":"ja.dli.L090.pt1.11","source":"あの二人は 兄弟やら 親子やら、わかりません。","translation":"I don’t know whether those two are brothers or father and son.","reading":"あのふたりはきょうだいやらおやこやら、わかりません。","words":[{"text":"あの","gloss":"those"},{"text":"二人","gloss":"two people","reading":"ふたり"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"兄弟","gloss":"brothers","reading":"きょうだい"},{"text":"やら","gloss":"or"},{"text":"親子","gloss":"father and son","reading":"おやこ"},{"text":"やら、","gloss":"or"},{"text":"わかり","gloss":"know"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.pt1.11.m4a"},{"number":47,"id":"ja.dli.L090.pt1.12","source":"変な 雲が 出ていますが、明日ごろ 雨が 降るのでは ありませんかね。","translation":"There are some strange clouds in the sky; don’t you think it may rain around tomorrow?","reading":"へんなくもがでていますが、あしたごろあめがふるのではありませんかね。","words":[{"text":"変","gloss":"strange","reading":"へん"},{"text":"な","gloss":"strange"},{"text":"雲","gloss":"clouds","reading":"くも"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"出","gloss":"are present","reading":"で"},{"text":"て","gloss":"are present"},{"text":"い","gloss":"are present"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"are present"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"明日","gloss":"tomorrow","reading":"あした"},{"text":"ごろ","gloss":"around"},{"text":"雨","gloss":"rain","reading":"あめ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"降る","gloss":"rain","reading":"ふる"},{"text":"の","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"で","gloss":"is"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"be"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"か","gloss":"question"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.pt1.12.m4a"},{"number":48,"id":"ja.dli.L090.pt1.13","source":"さあ、今のところ 雨に なるのやら、晴れるのやら、わかりませんね。","translation":"Well, at the moment we don’t know whether it will rain or clear up.","reading":"さあ、いまのところあめになるのやら、はれるのやら、わかりませんね。","words":[{"text":"さあ、","gloss":"well"},{"text":"今","gloss":"present","reading":"いま"},{"text":"の","gloss":"present"},{"text":"ところ","gloss":"present"},{"text":"雨","gloss":"rain","reading":"あめ"},{"text":"に","gloss":"into"},{"text":"なる","gloss":"become"},{"text":"の","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"やら、","gloss":"or"},{"text":"晴れる","gloss":"clear up","reading":"はれる"},{"text":"の","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"やら、","gloss":"or"},{"text":"わかり","gloss":"know"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.pt1.13.m4a"},{"number":49,"id":"ja.dli.L090.pt1.14","source":"新しい 自動車を 買うそうですね。","translation":"I hear you’re going to buy a new car.","reading":"あたらしいじどうしゃをかうそうですね。","words":[{"text":"新しい","gloss":"new"},{"text":"自動","gloss":"car"},{"text":"車","gloss":"car"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"買う","gloss":"buy","reading":"かう"},{"text":"そう","gloss":"I hear"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"right?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.pt1.14.m4a"},{"number":50,"id":"ja.dli.L090.pt1.15","source":"さあ、買うのやら、買わないのやら、今の ところ まだ はっきり きめていません。","translation":"Well, I haven’t yet definitely decided whether to buy one or not.","reading":"さあ、かうのやら、かわないのやら、いまのところまだはっきりきめていません。","words":[{"text":"さあ、","gloss":"well"},{"text":"買う","gloss":"buy","reading":"かう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"やら、","gloss":"or"},{"text":"買わ","gloss":"buy","reading":"かわ"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"の","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"やら、","gloss":"or"},{"text":"今","gloss":"present","reading":"いま"},{"text":"の","gloss":"present"},{"text":"ところ","gloss":"present"},{"text":"まだ","gloss":"still"},{"text":"はっきり","gloss":"definitely"},{"text":"きめ","gloss":"decide"},{"text":"て","gloss":"decide"},{"text":"い","gloss":"decide"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.pt1.15.m4a"},{"number":51,"id":"ja.dli.L090.pt1.16","source":"スミスさんは 田中さんの 話が わかったのでしょうか。","translation":"Do you suppose Mr. Smith understood what Mr. Tanaka said?","reading":"スミスさんはたなかさんのはなしがわかったのでしょうか。","words":[{"text":"スミス","gloss":"Smith"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"田中","gloss":"Tanaka","reading":"たなか"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"の","gloss":"s"},{"text":"話","gloss":"story","reading":"はなし"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"わかっ","gloss":"understand"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"の","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"でしょう","gloss":"probably"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.pt1.16.m4a"},{"number":52,"id":"ja.dli.L090.pt1.17","source":"さあ、わかったのやら、わからなかったのやら、何も 言いませんから、知りません。","translation":"Well, I don’t know whether he understood or not, because he didn’t say anything.","reading":"さあ、わかったのやら、わからなかったのやら、なにもいいませんから、しりません。","words":[{"text":"さあ、","gloss":"well"},{"text":"わかっ","gloss":"understand"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"の","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"やら、","gloss":"or"},{"text":"わから","gloss":"understand"},{"text":"なかっ","gloss":"not, past"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"の","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"やら、","gloss":"or"},{"text":"何","gloss":"anything","reading":"なに"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"言い","gloss":"say","reading":"いい"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"知り","gloss":"know","reading":"しり"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.pt1.17.m4a"},{"number":53,"id":"ja.dli.L090.pt1.18","source":"山村さんの 家は ここから 遠いですか。","translation":"Is Mr. Yamamura’s house far from here?","reading":"やまむらさんのいえはここからとおいですか。","words":[{"text":"山村","gloss":"Yamamura","reading":"やまむら"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"の","gloss":"s"},{"text":"家","gloss":"house","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ここ","gloss":"here"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"遠い","gloss":"far","reading":"とおい"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.pt1.18.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"二人","gloss":"2 people"},{"word":"兄弟","gloss":"brothers and sisters"},{"word":"雲","gloss":"cloud"},{"word":"雨","gloss":"rain"},{"word":"降る","gloss":"to fall (rain) (v.i.)"},{"word":"か","gloss":"either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"晴れる","gloss":"to clear (v.i.)"},{"word":"車","gloss":"vehicle, car"},{"word":"買う","gloss":"to buy"},{"word":"話","gloss":"story, talk"},{"word":"ここ","gloss":"here"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Uncertainty about distance and truth · Pattern 1 3 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Far or near","paragraphs":["*遠いのやら、近いのやら* contrasts \"far\" with \"near.\" The speaker does not know which is true because he has not visited the house."]},{"title":"Truth or a joke","paragraphs":["*本当の 事を 言っているのやら、冗談を 言っているのやら、わかりません* means \"I do not know whether Mr. Parker is telling the truth or joking.\"","Here each alternative is an action followed by *のやら*."]}],"lines":[{"number":54,"id":"ja.dli.L090.pt1.19","source":"さあ、遠いのやら、近いのやら、私は まだ あの人の 家へ 行った事が ないから、知りません。","translation":"Well, I don’t know whether it is far or near, because I haven’t been to his house yet.","reading":"さあ、とおいのやら、ちかいのやら、わたくしはまだあのひとのいえへいったことがないから、しりません。","words":[{"text":"さあ、","gloss":"well"},{"text":"遠い","gloss":"far","reading":"とおい"},{"text":"の","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"やら、","gloss":"or"},{"text":"近い","gloss":"near","reading":"ちかい"},{"text":"の","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"やら、","gloss":"or"},{"text":"私","gloss":"I","reading":"わたくし"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"まだ","gloss":"yet"},{"text":"あの","gloss":"that"},{"text":"人","gloss":"person","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"の","gloss":"s"},{"text":"家","gloss":"house","reading":"いえ"},{"text":"へ","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"行っ","gloss":"have been","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"た","gloss":"have been"},{"text":"事","gloss":"experience","reading":"こと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"から、","gloss":"because"},{"text":"知り","gloss":"know","reading":"しり"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.pt1.19.m4a"},{"number":55,"id":"ja.dli.L090.pt1.20","source":"パーカーさんは、本当の 事を 言っているのやら、冗談を 言っているのやら、わかりません。","translation":"I don’t know whether Mr. Parker is telling the truth or joking.","reading":"パーカーさんは、ほんとうのことをいっているのやら、じょうだんをいっているのやら、わかりません。","words":[{"text":"パーカー","gloss":"Parker"},{"text":"さん","gloss":"Mr."},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"本当","gloss":"truth","reading":"ほんとう"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"事","gloss":"matter","reading":"こと"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"言っ","gloss":"is telling","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is telling"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"is telling"},{"text":"の","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"やら、","gloss":"or"},{"text":"冗談","gloss":"joke","reading":"じょうだん"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"言っ","gloss":"is joking","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is joking"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"is joking"},{"text":"の","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"やら、","gloss":"or"},{"text":"わかり","gloss":"know"},{"text":"ませ","gloss":"not, polite"},{"text":"ん。","gloss":"not, polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.pt1.20.m4a"},{"number":56,"id":"ja.dli.L090.pt1.21","source":"ええ、あの人は いつも 冗談ばかり 言っていますからね。","translation":"Yes, he is always telling jokes, you know.","reading":"ええ、あのひとはいつもじょうだんばかりいっていますからね。","words":[{"text":"ええ、","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"あの","gloss":"that"},{"text":"人","gloss":"person","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"いつ","gloss":"always"},{"text":"も","gloss":"always"},{"text":"冗談","gloss":"jokes","reading":"じょうだん"},{"text":"ばかり","gloss":"nothing but"},{"text":"言っ","gloss":"is telling","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"is telling"},{"text":"い","gloss":"is telling"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"is telling"},{"text":"から","gloss":"because"},{"text":"ね。","gloss":"you know"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.pt1.21.m4a"},{"number":57,"id":"ja.dli.L090.pt1.22","source":"食べる","translation":"to eat","reading":"たべる","words":[{"text":"食べる","gloss":"eat","reading":"たべる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.pt1.22.m4a"},{"number":58,"id":"ja.dli.L090.pt1.23","source":"行く","translation":"to go","reading":"いく","words":[{"text":"行く","gloss":"go","reading":"いく"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.pt1.23.m4a"},{"number":59,"id":"ja.dli.L090.pt1.24","source":"新しい","translation":"new","reading":"あたらしい","words":[{"text":"新しい","gloss":"new","reading":"あたらしい"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.pt1.24.m4a"},{"number":60,"id":"ja.dli.L090.pt1.25","source":"高い","translation":"expensive","reading":"たかい","words":[{"text":"高い","gloss":"expensive","reading":"たかい"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.pt1.25.m4a"},{"number":61,"id":"ja.dli.L090.pt1.26","source":"勉強する","translation":"to study","reading":"べんきょうする","words":[{"text":"勉強","gloss":"study","reading":"べんきょう"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.pt1.26.m4a"},{"number":62,"id":"ja.dli.L090.pt1.27","source":"男の子","translation":"boy","reading":"おとこのこ","words":[{"text":"男の子","gloss":"boy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.pt1.27.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ええ、","gloss":"Yes"},{"word":"いつ","gloss":"when?"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Naming major body parts · Reading Selection 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"The body from front and back","paragraphs":["The passage names the main body parts from head to legs. From behind, the chest and abdomen correspond to *背中*, the back.","*背中の 下部が 腰です* identifies the lower part of the back as the waist."]},{"title":"Uncertain limb names","paragraphs":["*うでの事やら、手首から さきの事やら* applies the two *やら* alternatives to the possible meanings of *手*.","The passage also contrasts *足の 上部 やら、下部 やら*, since *足* can leave the intended part uncertain."]}],"lines":[{"number":63,"id":"ja.dli.L090.rd.001","source":"大体に 人体の かく 部分を 上から かんたんに 説明すると、まず 頭、それから 首、肩、胸、腹 それから 足です。","translation":"To describe the main parts of the human body briefly from the top, there are first the head, then the neck, shoulders, chest, abdomen, and then the legs.","reading":"だいたいにじんたいのかくぶぶんをうえからかんたんにせつめいすると、まずあたま、それからくび、かた、むね、はらそれからあしです。","words":[{"text":"大体","gloss":"generally","reading":"だいたい"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"人体","gloss":"human body","reading":"じんたい"},{"text":"の","gloss":"s"},{"text":"かく","gloss":"various"},{"text":"部分","gloss":"parts","reading":"ぶぶん"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"上","gloss":"top","reading":"うえ"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"かんたん","gloss":"briefly"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"説明","gloss":"explain","reading":"せつめい"},{"text":"する","gloss":"do"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"when"},{"text":"まず","gloss":"first"},{"text":"頭、","gloss":"head","reading":"あたま"},{"text":"それ","gloss":"that"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"首、","gloss":"neck","reading":"くび"},{"text":"肩、","gloss":"shoulders","reading":"かた"},{"text":"胸、","gloss":"chest","reading":"むね"},{"text":"腹","gloss":"abdomen","reading":"はら"},{"text":"それ","gloss":"that"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"足","gloss":"legs","reading":"あし"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"are"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.rd.001.m4a"},{"number":64,"id":"ja.dli.L090.rd.002","source":"後から 見た時には、胸と 腹が 背中に なっています。","translation":"When viewed from behind, the chest and abdomen correspond to the back.","reading":"あとからみたときには、むねとはらがせなかになっています。","words":[{"text":"後","gloss":"behind","reading":"あと"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"見","gloss":"viewed","reading":"み"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"時","gloss":"when","reading":"とき"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"胸","gloss":"chest","reading":"むね"},{"text":"と","gloss":"and"},{"text":"腹","gloss":"abdomen","reading":"はら"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"背中","gloss":"back","reading":"せなか"},{"text":"に","gloss":"into"},{"text":"なっ","gloss":"become"},{"text":"て","gloss":"become"},{"text":"い","gloss":"become"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"become"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.rd.002.m4a"},{"number":65,"id":"ja.dli.L090.rd.003","source":"そして、背中の 下部が 腰です。","translation":"And the lower part of the back is the waist.","reading":"そして、せなかのかぶがこしです。","words":[{"text":"そして、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"背中","gloss":"back","reading":"せなか"},{"text":"の","gloss":"s"},{"text":"下部","gloss":"lower part","reading":"かぶ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"腰","gloss":"waist","reading":"こし"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.rd.003.m4a"},{"number":66,"id":"ja.dli.L090.rd.004","source":"人体については、日本語には 少し あいまいな ところが あって、外国人が 大変 困る事です。","translation":"Japanese has some ambiguities concerning the human body that cause foreigners a great deal of difficulty.","reading":"じんたいについては、にほんごにはすこしあいまいなところがあって、がいこくじんがたいへんこまることです。","words":[{"text":"人体","gloss":"human body","reading":"じんたい"},{"text":"に","gloss":"about"},{"text":"つい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"て","gloss":"about"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"少し","gloss":"some","reading":"すこし"},{"text":"あいまい","gloss":"ambiguity"},{"text":"な","gloss":"ambiguity"},{"text":"ところ","gloss":"aspect"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あっ","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"て、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"外国","gloss":"foreigners","reading":"がいこく"},{"text":"人","gloss":"foreigners","reading":"じん"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"大変","gloss":"greatly","reading":"たいへん"},{"text":"困る","gloss":"have difficulty","reading":"こまる"},{"text":"事","gloss":"fact","reading":"こと"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.rd.004.m4a"},{"number":67,"id":"ja.dli.L090.rd.005","source":"たとえば、手と 言った時には、うでの事やら、手首から さきの事やら、はっきり わからない 事が あります。","translation":"For example, when the word “te” is used, it is sometimes unclear whether it means the arm or the part beyond the wrist.","reading":"たとえば、てといったときには、うでのことやら、てくびからさきのことやら、はっきりわからないことがあります。","words":[{"text":"たとえば、","gloss":"for example"},{"text":"手","gloss":"hand","reading":"て"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言っ","gloss":"say","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"時","gloss":"when","reading":"とき"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"うで","gloss":"arm"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"事","gloss":"meaning","reading":"こと"},{"text":"やら、","gloss":"or"},{"text":"手首","gloss":"wrist","reading":"てくび"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"さき","gloss":"beyond"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"事","gloss":"part","reading":"こと"},{"text":"やら、","gloss":"or"},{"text":"はっきり","gloss":"clearly"},{"text":"わから","gloss":"know"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"事","gloss":"times","reading":"こと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.rd.005.m4a"},{"number":68,"id":"ja.dli.L090.rd.006","source":"又 ふ通 足と 言った時には 足の 上部 やら、下部 やら わからない 事が あります。","translation":"Also, when the word “ashi” is ordinarily used, it is sometimes unclear whether it means the upper or lower part of the leg.","reading":"またふつうあしといったときにはあしのじょうぶやら、かぶやらわからないことがあります。","words":[{"text":"又","gloss":"also","reading":"また"},{"text":"ふ","gloss":"ordinarily"},{"text":"通","gloss":"ordinarily","reading":"つう"},{"text":"足","gloss":"leg","reading":"あし"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言っ","gloss":"say","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"時","gloss":"when","reading":"とき"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"足","gloss":"leg","reading":"あし"},{"text":"の","gloss":"s"},{"text":"上部","gloss":"upper part","reading":"じょうぶ"},{"text":"やら、","gloss":"or"},{"text":"下部","gloss":"lower part","reading":"かぶ"},{"text":"やら","gloss":"or"},{"text":"わから","gloss":"know"},{"text":"ない","gloss":"not"},{"text":"事","gloss":"times","reading":"こと"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.rd.006.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"説明","gloss":"explanation"},{"word":"と、","gloss":"and (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"腹","gloss":"abdomen; belly, stomach"},{"word":"は、","gloss":"leaves"},{"word":"たとえば、","gloss":"for instance"},{"word":"通","gloss":"classifier for counting letters and telegrams"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Joints and body expressions · Reading Selection 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Names learned without awareness","paragraphs":["The passage lists distinct leg parts: *もも、大たい、ひざ、すね、足首*.","*知らず 知らず おぼえてしまいます* uses *知らず 知らず*, \"without knowing,\" for learning these words through repeated hearing and seeing."]},{"title":"Joints used for limb parts","paragraphs":["*日本語では 又 関せつの 部分が よく 使われています* says that Japanese often uses joint names for parts of the body.","*足の 場合には、ひざ、足首* gives the knee and ankle for the leg. *手の場合には 肩、ひじ、手首* gives the shoulder, elbow, and wrist."]}],"lines":[{"number":69,"id":"ja.dli.L090.rd.007","source":"もちろん 日本語でも","translation":"Of course, even in Japanese.","reading":"もちろんにほんごでも","words":[{"text":"もちろん","gloss":"of course"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.rd.007.m4a"},{"number":70,"id":"ja.dli.L090.rd.008","source":"足の 部分には、もも、大たい、ひざ、すね、足首と、それ〲 違った 名前が ついている事は ついているのですが、でも、こう言う 言葉は 何度も 聞いたり 見たりしているうちに 知らず 知らず おぼえてしまいます。","translation":"The parts of the leg do have different names, such as the thigh, upper leg, knee, shin, and ankle, but as you hear and see words like these again and again, you learn them without even realizing it.","reading":"あしのぶぶんには、もも、だいたい、ひざ、すね、あしくびと、それぞれちがったなまえがついていることはついているのですが、でも、こういうことばはなんどもきいたりみたりしているうちにしらずしらずおぼえてしまいます。","words":[{"text":"足","gloss":"leg","reading":"あし"},{"text":"の","gloss":"s"},{"text":"部分","gloss":"parts","reading":"ぶぶん"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"もも、","gloss":"thigh"},{"text":"大たい、","gloss":"upper leg","reading":"だいたい"},{"text":"ひざ、","gloss":"knee"},{"text":"す","gloss":"shin"},{"text":"ね、","gloss":"shin"},{"text":"足首","gloss":"ankle","reading":"あしくび"},{"text":"と、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"それ","gloss":"each"},{"text":"〲","gloss":"each"},{"text":"違っ","gloss":"different"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"名前","gloss":"names","reading":"なまえ"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"つい","gloss":"have"},{"text":"て","gloss":"have"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"have"},{"text":"事","gloss":"fact","reading":"こと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"つい","gloss":"have"},{"text":"て","gloss":"have"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"have"},{"text":"の","gloss":"although"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"が、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"で","gloss":"but"},{"text":"も、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"こう","gloss":"such"},{"text":"言う","gloss":"called","reading":"いう"},{"text":"言葉","gloss":"words","reading":"ことば"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"many","reading":"なん"},{"text":"度","gloss":"times","reading":"ど"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"聞い","gloss":"hear","reading":"きい"},{"text":"たり","gloss":"and such"},{"text":"見","gloss":"see","reading":"み"},{"text":"たり","gloss":"and such"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"て","gloss":"do"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"do"},{"text":"うち","gloss":"while"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"知ら","gloss":"know","reading":"しら"},{"text":"ず","gloss":"without"},{"text":"知ら","gloss":"know","reading":"しら"},{"text":"ず","gloss":"without"},{"text":"おぼえ","gloss":"learn"},{"text":"て","gloss":"learn"},{"text":"しまい","gloss":"learn completely"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.rd.008.m4a"},{"number":71,"id":"ja.dli.L090.rd.009","source":"日本語では 又 関せつの 部分が よく 使われています。","translation":"In Japanese, the joints are also often used to refer to parts of the body.","reading":"にほんごではまたかんせつのぶぶんがよくつかわれています。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"又","gloss":"also","reading":"また"},{"text":"関","gloss":"joint","reading":"かん"},{"text":"せつ","gloss":"joint"},{"text":"の","gloss":"s"},{"text":"部分","gloss":"parts","reading":"ぶぶん"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"よく","gloss":"often"},{"text":"使わ","gloss":"are used","reading":"つかわ"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"are used"},{"text":"て","gloss":"are used"},{"text":"い","gloss":"are used"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"are used"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.rd.009.m4a"},{"number":72,"id":"ja.dli.L090.rd.010","source":"たとえば、足の 場合には、ひざ、足首などで、手の場合には 肩、ひじ、手首などです。","translation":"For example, for the leg there are the knee and ankle, and for the arm there are the shoulder, elbow, and wrist.","reading":"たとえば、あしのばあいには、ひざ、あしくびなどで、てのばあいにはかた、ひじ、てくびなどです。","words":[{"text":"たとえば、","gloss":"for example"},{"text":"足","gloss":"leg","reading":"あし"},{"text":"の","gloss":"s"},{"text":"場合","gloss":"case","reading":"ばあい"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は、","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"ひざ、","gloss":"knee"},{"text":"足首","gloss":"ankle","reading":"あしくび"},{"text":"など","gloss":"and so forth"},{"text":"で、","gloss":"being"},{"text":"手","gloss":"arm","reading":"て"},{"text":"の","gloss":"s"},{"text":"場合","gloss":"case","reading":"ばあい"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"肩、","gloss":"shoulder","reading":"かた"},{"text":"ひじ、","gloss":"elbow"},{"text":"手首","gloss":"wrist","reading":"てくび"},{"text":"など","gloss":"and so forth"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"are"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.rd.010.m4a"},{"number":73,"id":"ja.dli.L090.rd.011","source":"もう一つ 外国人が 困る事は 日本語には しん体に 関する 言いまわしが 多い事です。","translation":"Another thing that causes foreigners difficulty is that Japanese has many expressions relating to the body.","reading":"もうひとつがいこくじんがこまることはにほんごにはしんたいにかんするいいまわしがおおいことです。","words":[{"text":"もう","gloss":"another"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"つ","gloss":"one"},{"text":"外国","gloss":"foreigners","reading":"がいこく"},{"text":"人","gloss":"foreigners","reading":"じん"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"困る","gloss":"have difficulty","reading":"こまる"},{"text":"事","gloss":"thing","reading":"こと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"しん","gloss":"body"},{"text":"体","gloss":"body","reading":"たい"},{"text":"に","gloss":"to"},{"text":"関する","gloss":"relating","reading":"かんする"},{"text":"言いまわし","gloss":"expressions","reading":"いいまわし"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"多い","gloss":"many","reading":"おおい"},{"text":"事","gloss":"fact","reading":"こと"},{"text":"です。","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.rd.011.m4a"},{"number":74,"id":"ja.dli.L090.rd.012","source":"これについては 次の 課で 説明されます。","translation":"This will be explained in the next lesson.","reading":"これについてはつぎのかでせつめいされます。","words":[{"text":"これ","gloss":"this"},{"text":"に","gloss":"about"},{"text":"つい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"て","gloss":"about"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"次","gloss":"next","reading":"つぎ"},{"text":"の","gloss":"s"},{"text":"課","gloss":"lesson","reading":"か"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"説明","gloss":"explanation","reading":"せつめい"},{"text":"さ","gloss":"do"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"passive"},{"text":"ます。","gloss":"polite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.rd.012.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"もちろん","gloss":"of course, to be sure"},{"word":"など","gloss":"and so forth, etc."}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Describing body parts and ambiguities · Questions 1 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Body parts and their extent","paragraphs":["The questions ask for body parts from top to bottom, viewed from the front and from behind.","*足と 言った 場合には どうですか* asks what *足* can mean. An answer states its two possible extents."]}],"lines":[{"number":75,"id":"ja.dli.L090.q.001","source":"人体の かく 部分を 前から 見た 場合、上から かんたんに 言ってください。","translation":"Looking at the human body from the front, please briefly name its parts from the top down.","reading":"じんたいのかくぶぶんをまえからみたばあい、うえからかんたんにいってください。","words":[{"text":"人体","gloss":"human body","reading":"じんたい"},{"text":"の","gloss":"s"},{"text":"かく","gloss":"various"},{"text":"部分","gloss":"parts","reading":"ぶぶん"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"前","gloss":"front","reading":"まえ"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"見","gloss":"view","reading":"み"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"場合、","gloss":"case","reading":"ばあい"},{"text":"上","gloss":"top","reading":"うえ"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"かんたん","gloss":"briefly"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"言っ","gloss":"say","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"say"},{"text":"ください。","gloss":"please"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.q.001.m4a"},{"number":76,"id":"ja.dli.L090.q.002","source":"後から 見た 場合には どうですか。","translation":"How about when it is viewed from behind?","reading":"あとからみたばあいにはどうですか。","words":[{"text":"後","gloss":"behind","reading":"あと"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"見","gloss":"view","reading":"み"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"場合","gloss":"case","reading":"ばあい"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"how"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.q.002.m4a"},{"number":77,"id":"ja.dli.L090.q.003","source":"人体について 日本語には 少し あいまいな ところが ありますか。","translation":"Are there some ambiguities in Japanese concerning the human body?","reading":"じんたいについてにほんごにはすこしあいまいなところがありますか。","words":[{"text":"人体","gloss":"human body","reading":"じんたい"},{"text":"に","gloss":"about"},{"text":"つい","gloss":"about"},{"text":"て","gloss":"about"},{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"少し","gloss":"some","reading":"すこし"},{"text":"あいまい","gloss":"ambiguity"},{"text":"な","gloss":"ambiguity"},{"text":"ところ","gloss":"aspects"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"あり","gloss":"exist"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.q.003.m4a"},{"number":78,"id":"ja.dli.L090.q.004","source":"たとえば、手と 言った 時には どうですか。","translation":"For example, what about when the word “te” is used?","reading":"たとえば、てといったときにはどうですか。","words":[{"text":"たとえば、","gloss":"for example"},{"text":"手","gloss":"hand","reading":"て"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言っ","gloss":"say","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"時","gloss":"when","reading":"とき"},{"text":"に","gloss":"at"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"how"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.q.004.m4a"},{"number":79,"id":"ja.dli.L090.q.005","source":"足と 言った 場合には どうですか。","translation":"What about when the word “ashi” is used?","reading":"あしといったばあいにはどうですか。","words":[{"text":"足","gloss":"leg","reading":"あし"},{"text":"と","gloss":"quote"},{"text":"言っ","gloss":"say","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"た","gloss":"past"},{"text":"場合","gloss":"case","reading":"ばあい"},{"text":"に","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"how"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.q.005.m4a"},{"number":80,"id":"ja.dli.L090.q.006","source":"足の かく 部分を 上から 言ってください。","translation":"Please name the parts of the leg from the top down.","reading":"あしのかくぶぶんをうえからいってください。","words":[{"text":"足","gloss":"leg","reading":"あし"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"かく","gloss":"various"},{"text":"部分","gloss":"parts","reading":"ぶぶん"},{"text":"を","gloss":"object"},{"text":"上","gloss":"top","reading":"うえ"},{"text":"から","gloss":"from"},{"text":"言っ","gloss":"name","reading":"いっ"},{"text":"て","gloss":"name"},{"text":"ください。","gloss":"please"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.q.006.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"前","gloss":"before, front"},{"word":"ください。","gloss":"please give me (See Gram. Notes)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Learning body terms naturally · Questions 2 of 2","teaching":[{"title":"Repeated words and joint names","paragraphs":["The questions ask what repeated hearing and seeing does to words such as *手* and *足*. The answer uses *SHIRAZU SHIRAZU* for learning without awareness.","*日本語では 関せつの 部分が よく使われていますか* means \"Are the joints often used to refer to parts of the body in Japanese?\"","An answer names the relevant joints for the leg or the arm."]}],"lines":[{"number":81,"id":"ja.dli.L090.q.007","source":"しかし、手とか 足とか 言う 言葉は 何度も 聞いたり、見たりしているうちに どうなりますか。","translation":"But what happens as you hear and see words such as “te” and “ashi” again and again?","reading":"しかし、てとかあしとかいうことばはなんどもきいたり、みたりしているうちにどうなりますか。","words":[{"text":"しかし、","gloss":"but"},{"text":"手","gloss":"hand","reading":"て"},{"text":"と","gloss":"such as"},{"text":"か","gloss":"such as"},{"text":"足","gloss":"leg","reading":"あし"},{"text":"と","gloss":"such as"},{"text":"か","gloss":"such as"},{"text":"言う","gloss":"called","reading":"いう"},{"text":"言葉","gloss":"words","reading":"ことば"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"many times","reading":"なん"},{"text":"度","gloss":"many times","reading":"ど"},{"text":"も","gloss":"also"},{"text":"聞い","gloss":"hear","reading":"きい"},{"text":"たり、","gloss":"and"},{"text":"見","gloss":"see","reading":"み"},{"text":"たり","gloss":"and"},{"text":"し","gloss":"do"},{"text":"て","gloss":"while"},{"text":"いる","gloss":"continue"},{"text":"うち","gloss":"while"},{"text":"に","gloss":"as"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"what"},{"text":"なり","gloss":"happen"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.q.007.m4a"},{"number":82,"id":"ja.dli.L090.q.008","source":"日本語では 関せつの 部分が よく使われていますか。","translation":"Are the joints often used to refer to parts of the body in Japanese?","reading":"にほんごではかんせつのぶぶんがよくつかわれていますか。","words":[{"text":"日本","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"にほん"},{"text":"語","gloss":"Japanese","reading":"ご"},{"text":"で","gloss":"in"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"関","gloss":"joint","reading":"かん"},{"text":"せつ","gloss":"joint"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"部分","gloss":"body parts","reading":"ぶぶん"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"よく","gloss":"often"},{"text":"使わ","gloss":"use","reading":"つかわ"},{"text":"れ","gloss":"be"},{"text":"て","gloss":"being"},{"text":"い","gloss":"being"},{"text":"ます","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.q.008.m4a"},{"number":83,"id":"ja.dli.L090.q.009","source":"たとえば 足の 場合は どうですか。","translation":"For example, what about the leg?","reading":"たとえばあしのばあいはどうですか。","words":[{"text":"たとえば","gloss":"for example"},{"text":"足","gloss":"leg","reading":"あし"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"場合","gloss":"case","reading":"ばあい"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"how"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.q.009.m4a"},{"number":84,"id":"ja.dli.L090.q.010","source":"手の 場合は どうですか。","translation":"What about the arm?","reading":"てのばあいはどうですか。","words":[{"text":"手","gloss":"arm","reading":"て"},{"text":"の","gloss":"of"},{"text":"場合","gloss":"case","reading":"ばあい"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"どう","gloss":"how"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.q.010.m4a"},{"number":85,"id":"ja.dli.L090.q.011","source":"もう一つ 外国人が 困る 事は 何ですか。","translation":"What is one more thing that causes foreigners difficulty?","reading":"もうひとつがいこくじんがこまることはなんですか。","words":[{"text":"もう","gloss":"another"},{"text":"一","gloss":"one","reading":"ひと"},{"text":"つ","gloss":"one"},{"text":"外国","gloss":"foreigners","reading":"がいこく"},{"text":"人","gloss":"foreigners","reading":"じん"},{"text":"が","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"困る","gloss":"have difficulty","reading":"こまる"},{"text":"事","gloss":"thing","reading":"こと"},{"text":"は","gloss":"topic"},{"text":"何","gloss":"what","reading":"なん"},{"text":"です","gloss":"is"},{"text":"か。","gloss":"question"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.q.011.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"しかし、","gloss":"however, but"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Arms, joints and ambiguity · Word list 1 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"The arm and its joints","paragraphs":["These words cover the arm and the joints that divide it. *うで* means \"arm\" or \"forearm,\" *手首* means \"wrist,\" and *ひじ* means \"elbow.\"","*あいまい* names ambiguity or vagueness, which applies when a body-part word has more than one extent."]}],"lines":[{"number":86,"id":"ja.dli.L090.w.001","source":"部分","translation":"parts","reading":"ぶぶん","words":[{"text":"部分","gloss":"parts","reading":"ぶぶん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.w.001.m4a"},{"number":87,"id":"ja.dli.L090.w.002","source":"たとえば","translation":"for instance","reading":"たとえば","words":[{"text":"たとえば","gloss":"for instance"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.w.002.m4a"},{"number":88,"id":"ja.dli.L090.w.003","source":"うで","translation":"arm, forearm","reading":"うで","words":[{"text":"うで","gloss":"arm"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.w.003.m4a"},{"number":89,"id":"ja.dli.L090.w.004","source":"手首","translation":"wrist, wrist joint","reading":"てくび","words":[{"text":"手首","gloss":"wrist","reading":"てくび"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.w.004.m4a"},{"number":90,"id":"ja.dli.L090.w.005","source":"関せつ","translation":"joint","reading":"かんせつ","words":[{"text":"関せつ","gloss":"joint","reading":"かんせつ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.w.005.m4a"},{"number":91,"id":"ja.dli.L090.w.006","source":"使われる","translation":"be used (v.i)","reading":"つかわれる","words":[{"text":"使われる","gloss":"be used","reading":"つかわれる"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.w.006.m4a"},{"number":92,"id":"ja.dli.L090.w.007","source":"肩","translation":"shoulder","reading":"かた","words":[{"text":"肩","gloss":"shoulder","reading":"かた"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.w.007.m4a"},{"number":93,"id":"ja.dli.L090.w.008","source":"ひじ","translation":"elbow","reading":"ひじ","words":[{"text":"ひじ","gloss":"elbow"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.w.008.m4a"},{"number":94,"id":"ja.dli.L090.w.009","source":"あいまい","translation":"ambiguity, vagueness (copula noun)","reading":"あいまい","words":[{"text":"あいまい","gloss":"vagueness"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.w.009.m4a"},{"number":95,"id":"ja.dli.L090.w.010","source":"いわゆる","translation":"so called","reading":"いわゆる","words":[{"text":"いわゆる","gloss":"so-called"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.w.010.m4a"},{"number":96,"id":"ja.dli.L090.w.011","source":"人体","translation":"human body","reading":"じんたい","words":[{"text":"人体","gloss":"human body","reading":"じんたい"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.w.011.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"関せつ","gloss":"joint"},{"word":"使われる","gloss":"be used (v.i)"},{"word":"ひじ","gloss":"elbow"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Torso, back and waist · Word list 2 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Front, back, and lower limbs","paragraphs":["This set names the torso and lower body. *胸* means \"chest,\" *腰* can mean the loin, waist, or hips, and *足の ゆび* means \"toes.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":97,"id":"ja.dli.L090.w.012","source":"かく 部分","translation":"various parts","reading":"かくぶぶん","words":[{"text":"かく部分","gloss":"various parts","reading":"かくぶぶん"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.w.012.m4a"},{"number":98,"id":"ja.dli.L090.w.013","source":"名づける","translation":"name (v.t.)","reading":"なづける","words":[{"text":"名づける","gloss":"name","reading":"なづける"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.w.013.m4a"},{"number":99,"id":"ja.dli.L090.w.014","source":"首","translation":"neck, head","reading":"くび","words":[{"text":"首","gloss":"neck","reading":"くび"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.w.014.m4a"},{"number":100,"id":"ja.dli.L090.w.015","source":"胸","translation":"chest","reading":"むね","words":[{"text":"胸","gloss":"chest","reading":"むね"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.w.015.m4a"},{"number":101,"id":"ja.dli.L090.w.016","source":"腹","translation":"abdomen; belly, stomach","reading":"はら","words":[{"text":"腹","gloss":"abdomen","reading":"はら"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.w.016.m4a"},{"number":102,"id":"ja.dli.L090.w.017","source":"背","translation":"back","reading":"せ","words":[{"text":"背","gloss":"back","reading":"せ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.w.017.m4a"},{"number":103,"id":"ja.dli.L090.w.018","source":"背中","translation":"back (more colloquial than SE)","reading":"せなか","words":[{"text":"背中","gloss":"back","reading":"せなか"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.w.018.m4a"},{"number":104,"id":"ja.dli.L090.w.019","source":"下部","translation":"lower portion, lower part","reading":"かぶ","words":[{"text":"下部","gloss":"lower part","reading":"かぶ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.w.019.m4a"},{"number":105,"id":"ja.dli.L090.w.020","source":"腰","translation":"loin, waist, hips","reading":"こし","words":[{"text":"腰","gloss":"waist","reading":"こし"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.w.020.m4a"},{"number":106,"id":"ja.dli.L090.w.021","source":"足首","translation":"ankle","reading":"あしくび","words":[{"text":"足首","gloss":"ankle","reading":"あしくび"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.w.021.m4a"},{"number":107,"id":"ja.dli.L090.w.022","source":"足の ゆび","translation":"toes","reading":"あしのゆび","words":[{"text":"足のゆび","gloss":"toes","reading":"あしのゆび"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.w.022.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"かく部分","gloss":"various parts"},{"word":"名づける","gloss":"name (v.t.)"},{"word":"首","gloss":"neck, head"},{"word":"胸","gloss":"chest"},{"word":"足のゆび","gloss":"toes"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Legs, toes and unconscious learning · Word list 3 of 3","teaching":[{"title":"Leg parts and two expressions","paragraphs":["This set joins leg words with two expressions. *もも* means \"thigh.\"","*--やら --やら* means \"cannot tell whether one alternative or another.\" *知らず 知らず* means \"before one realizes\" or \"unconsciously.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":108,"id":"ja.dli.L090.w.023","source":"ゆび","translation":"fingers, toes","reading":"ゆび","words":[{"text":"ゆび","gloss":"fingers or toes"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.w.023.m4a"},{"number":109,"id":"ja.dli.L090.w.024","source":"ゆびさき","translation":"tip of fingers or toes","reading":"ゆびさき","words":[{"text":"ゆびさき","gloss":"finger or toe tips"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.w.024.m4a"},{"number":110,"id":"ja.dli.L090.w.025","source":"もも","translation":"thigh (colloquial)","reading":"もも","words":[{"text":"もも","gloss":"thigh"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.w.025.m4a"},{"number":111,"id":"ja.dli.L090.w.026","source":"大たい(部)","translation":"thigh (thigh section)","reading":"だいたい(ぶ)","words":[{"text":"大たい(部)","gloss":"thigh","reading":"だいたい(ぶ)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.w.026.m4a"},{"number":112,"id":"ja.dli.L090.w.027","source":"ひざ","translation":"knee, lap","reading":"ひざ","words":[{"text":"ひざ","gloss":"knee"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.w.027.m4a"},{"number":113,"id":"ja.dli.L090.w.028","source":"すね","translation":"shank, crus","reading":"すね","words":[{"text":"すね","gloss":"shin"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.w.028.m4a"},{"number":114,"id":"ja.dli.L090.w.029","source":"上部","translation":"upper part","reading":"じょうぶ","words":[{"text":"上部","gloss":"upper part","reading":"じょうぶ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.w.029.m4a"},{"number":115,"id":"ja.dli.L090.w.030","source":"--やら --やら (わからない)","translation":"can’t tell whether --- or --- (See Gram. Notes)","reading":"--やら--やら(わからない)","words":[{"text":"--やら--やら(わからない)","gloss":"whether this or that"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.w.030.m4a"},{"number":116,"id":"ja.dli.L090.w.031","source":"知らず 知らず","translation":"before you realize; unconsciously (See Gram. Notes)","reading":"しらずしらず","words":[{"text":"知らず知らず","gloss":"before realizing","reading":"しらずしらず"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.w.031.m4a"},{"number":117,"id":"ja.dli.L090.w.032","source":"しん体","translation":"body","reading":"しんたい","words":[{"text":"しん体","gloss":"body","reading":"しんたい"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-ja/ja.dli.L090.w.032.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":3,"text":"Guide for Free Conversation\n\nTopic Titles\n\na Name different parts of the body from the front.\n\nb Name different parts of the body from the rear.\n\nc Describe why \"TE\" in Japanese is ambiguous.\n\nd Describe why \"ASHI\" in Japanese is ambiguous."},{"section":4,"text":"Homework\n\n1 Memorize the Dialogue and the vocabulary\n\n2 Study the Grammar Perception Drill\n\n3 Study Pattern Practice and do the exercise following each pattern\n\n4 Learn to read and write new Kanji\n\n5 Read the Explanatory Notes\n\n6 Read the Guide for Free Conversation and do the exercises given"}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"もも","gloss":"peach"},{"word":"大たい(部)","gloss":"thigh (thigh section)"},{"word":"ひざ","gloss":"knee, lap"},{"word":"すね","gloss":"shank, crus"},{"word":"--やら--やら(わからない)","gloss":"can’t tell whether --- or --- (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"知らず知らず","gloss":"before you realize; unconsciously (See Gram. Notes)"},{"word":"しん体","gloss":"body"}],"paradigms":[]}]}