{"course":{"lang":"la","language":"Latin","title":"Prīmus et Secundus Annus","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/la","source":"Paine and Mainwaring, Prīmus Annus (Oxford, 1912) and Secundus Annus (1917); Appleton and Jones, Puer Rōmānus (1913); D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (Boston, 1911); Ritchie, Fabulae Faciles (1903). Public domain. The teaching pages, the glosses and the narration are ours."},"unit":{"number":1,"id":"la.module.pa.02-08","title":"Lēctiōnēs 2–8","stage":"Prīmus Annus I","situation":"Verbum; Prōnōmen; Interrogātiō; Nōmen; Adiectīvum; Cāsus Accūsātīvus; Adiectīvum Possessīvum","outcome":"Verbum; Prōnōmen; Interrogātiō; Nōmen; Adiectīvum; Cāsus Accūsātīvus; Adiectīvum Possessīvum","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/la/1","lines":90},"previous":null,"next":"https://1732studios.com/courses/la/2","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/","sections":[{"title":"Verbum, the verb","teaching":[{"title":"The ending names the doer","paragraphs":["Recitās means \"You are reciting.\" Its -s ending names you as the doer.","In Recitāmus, -mus names the speaker and others as the doers.","The six forms of amō show which ending names each doer."]},{"title":"","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"One form has three translations","paragraphs":["Recitō means \"I am reciting.\" It can also mean \"I recite\" or \"I do recite.\"","One Latin present form covers all three English expressions."]}],"lines":[{"number":1,"id":"la.pa.L02.s1.1","source":"Recitā, respondē, surge, cōnsīde, dīc, venī.","translation":"Recite, answer, stand up, sit down, speak, come.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Recitā,","gloss":"recito: read aloud, recite"},{"text":"respondē,","gloss":"respondeo: answer"},{"text":"surge,","gloss":"surgo: rise, lift"},{"text":"cōnsīde,","gloss":"consido: sit down/be seated"},{"text":"dīc,","gloss":"dico2: say, speak, tell"},{"text":"venī.","gloss":"venio: come, go"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L02.s1.1.m4a"},{"number":2,"id":"la.pa.L02.s1.2","source":"Quid facis?","translation":"What are you doing?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quid","gloss":"quis: what?"},{"text":"facis?","gloss":"facio: do, make"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L02.s1.2.m4a"},{"number":3,"id":"la.pa.L02.s1.3","source":"Recitō.","translation":"I am reciting.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Recitō.","gloss":"recito: read aloud, recite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L02.s1.3.m4a"},{"number":4,"id":"la.pa.L02.s1.4","source":"Quid faciō?","translation":"What am I doing?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quid","gloss":"quis: what?"},{"text":"faciō?","gloss":"facio: do, make"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L02.s1.4.m4a"},{"number":5,"id":"la.pa.L02.s1.5","source":"Recitās.","translation":"You are reciting.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Recitās.","gloss":"recito: read aloud, recite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L02.s1.5.m4a"},{"number":6,"id":"la.pa.L02.s1.6","source":"Quid facit?","translation":"What is he doing?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quid","gloss":"quis: what?"},{"text":"facit?","gloss":"facio: make, do; cause, bring about"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L02.s1.6.m4a"},{"number":7,"id":"la.pa.L02.s1.7","source":"Recitat.","translation":"He is reciting.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Recitat.","gloss":"recito: read aloud, recite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L02.s1.7.m4a"},{"number":8,"id":"la.pa.L02.s2.1","source":"Recitāte, respondēte, surgite, venīte.","translation":"Recite, answer, stand up, come (all of you).","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Recitāte,","gloss":""},{"text":"respondēte,","gloss":"respondeo: answer"},{"text":"surgite,","gloss":"surgo: rise, lift"},{"text":"venīte.","gloss":"venio: come, go"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L02.s2.1.m4a"},{"number":9,"id":"la.pa.L02.s2.2","source":"Quid facitis?","translation":"What are you (all) doing?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quid","gloss":"quis: what?"},{"text":"facitis?","gloss":"facio: do, make"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L02.s2.2.m4a"},{"number":10,"id":"la.pa.L02.s2.3","source":"Recitāmus.","translation":"We are reciting.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Recitāmus.","gloss":"recito: read aloud, recite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L02.s2.3.m4a"},{"number":11,"id":"la.pa.L02.s2.4","source":"Quid facimus?","translation":"What are we doing?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quid","gloss":"quis: what?"},{"text":"facimus?","gloss":"facio: do, make"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L02.s2.4.m4a"},{"number":12,"id":"la.pa.L02.s2.5","source":"Recitātis.","translation":"You (all) are reciting.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Recitātis.","gloss":"recito: read aloud, recite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L02.s2.5.m4a"},{"number":13,"id":"la.pa.L02.s2.6","source":"Quid faciunt?","translation":"What are they doing?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quid","gloss":"quis: what?"},{"text":"faciunt?","gloss":"facio: make, do; cause, bring about"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L02.s2.6.m4a"},{"number":14,"id":"la.pa.L02.s2.7","source":"Recitant.","translation":"They are reciting.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Recitant.","gloss":"recito: read aloud, recite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L02.s2.7.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":126,"text":"D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XIX, §§126-130\n\n§126. There are four conjugations of the regular verbs. These conjugations are distinguished from each other by the final vowel of the present conjugation-stem.[1] This vowel is called the distinguishing vowel, and is best seen in the present infinitive.\n[1] The stem is the body of a word to which the terminations are attached. It is often identical with the base (cf. §58). If, however, the stem ends in a vowel, the latter does not appear in the base, but is variously combined with the inflectional terminations. This point is further explained in §230.\n\nBelow is given the present infinitive of a verb of each conjugation, the present stem, and the distinguishing vowel.\n\n                                                  DISTINGUISHING\nCONJUGATION   PRES. INFIN.            PRES. STEM      VOWEL\n    I.         amā´re, to love       amā-            ā\n   II.         monē´re, to advise    monē-           ē\n  III.         re´gĕre, to rule      regĕ-           ĕ\n   IV.         audī´re, to hear      audi-           ī\n\na. Note that the present stem of each conjugation is found by dropping -re, the ending of the present infinitive.\n\nNOTE. The present infinitive of sum is esse, and es- is the present stem."},{"section":127,"text":"§127. From the present stem are formed the present, imperfect, and future tenses."},{"section":128,"text":"§128. The inflection of the Present Active Indicative of the first and of the second conjugation is as follows:\n\na´mō, amā´re (love)        mo´neō, monē´re (advise)\n PRES. STEM amā-                PRES. STEM monē-\n\n    SINGULAR                    PLURAL            PERSONAL ENDINGS\n1. a´mō, I love                 mo´neō, I advise                -ō\n2. a´mās, you love              mo´nēs, you advise              -s\n3. a´mat, he (she, it) loves    mo´net, he (she, it) advises    -t\n\n1. amā´mus, we love             monē´mus, we advise           -mus\n2. amā´tis, you love            monē´tis, you advise          -tis\n3. a´mant, they love            mo´nent, they advise           -nt\n\n1. The present tense is inflected by adding the personal endings to the present stem, and its first person uses -o and not -m. The form amō is for amā-ō, the two vowels ā-ō contracting to ō. In moneō there is no contraction. Nearly all regular verbs ending in -eo belong to the second conjugation.\n\n2. Note that the long final vowel of the stem is shortened before another vowel (monē-ō = mo´nĕō), and before final -t (amăt, monĕt) and -nt (amănt, monĕnt). Compare §12.2."},{"section":129,"text":"§129. Like amō and moneō inflect the present active indicative of the following verbs[2]:\n[2] The only new verbs in this list are the five of the second conjugation which are starred. Learn their meanings.\n\nINDICATIVE PRESENT           INFINITIVE PRESENT\n a´rō, I plow                 arā´re, to plow\n cū´rō, I care for            cūrā´re, to care for\n*dē´leō, I destroy            dēlē´re, to destroy\n dēsī´derō, I long for        dēsīderā´re, to long for\n dō,[3] I give                da´re, to give\n*ha´beō, I have               habē´re, to have\n ha´bitō, I live, I dwell     habitā´re, to live, to dwell\n*iu´beō, I order              iubē´re, to order\n labō´rō, I labor             labōrā´re, to labor\n lau´dō, I praise             laudā´re, to praise\n mātū´rō, I hasten            mātūrā´re, to hasten\n*mo´veō, I move               movē´re, to move\n nār´rō, I tell               nārrā´re, to tell\n ne´cō, I kill                necā´re, to kill\n nūn´tiō, I announce          nūntiā´re, to announce\n pa´rō, I prepare             parā´re, to prepare\n por´tō, I carry              portā´re, to carry\n pro´perō, I hasten           properā´re, to hasten\n pug´nō, I fight              pugnā´re, to fight\n*vi´deō, I see                vidē´re, to see\n vo´cō, I call                vocā´re, to call\n[3] Observe that in dō, dăre, the a is short, and that the present stem is dă- and not dā-. The only forms of dō that have a long are dās (pres. indic.), dā (pres. imv.), and dāns (pres. part.)."},{"section":130,"text":"§130. The Translation of the Present. In English there are three ways of expressing present action. We may say, for example, I live, I am living, or I do live. In Latin the one expression habitō covers all three of these expressions."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"Recitā","gloss":"read aloud, recite, from recito"},{"word":"respondē","gloss":"respond, reply, from respondeo"},{"word":"surge","gloss":"rise, lift, from surgo"},{"word":"cōnsīde","gloss":"sit down, from consido"},{"word":"dīc","gloss":"say, speak, from dico"},{"word":"venī","gloss":"come, go, from venio"},{"word":"Quid","gloss":"who?, from quis"},{"word":"facis","gloss":"do, make, from facio"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Prōnōmen, the pronoun","teaching":[{"title":"Two pronouns mark contrast","paragraphs":["Ego interrogō, tū respondēs, ille audit means \"I ask, you answer, he listens.\"","The endings of interrogō, respondēs, and audit already mark first, second, and third person. Ego and tū make the contrast explicit."]},{"title":"Nominative pronouns add emphasis","paragraphs":["The nominative is the form used for a subject. Latin uses ego, tū, nōs, and vōs in this form only for emphasis or contrast.","Ego and tū are singular. Nōs and vōs are plural."]},{"title":"The verb matches its subject","paragraphs":["Ego et ille surgimus means \"He and I stand up.\" The two subjects take the first person plural verb surgimus.","A finite verb has the same person and number as its subject. Interrogō matches ego, respondēs matches tū, and audit matches ille."]}],"lines":[{"number":15,"id":"la.pa.L03.s1.1","source":"Ego interrogō, tū respondēs, ille audit.","translation":"I ask, you answer, he listens.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ego","gloss":"I"},{"text":"interrogō,","gloss":"interrogo: ask, question, interrogate, examine"},{"text":"tū","gloss":"tu: thou, you"},{"text":"respondēs,","gloss":"respondeo: answer"},{"text":"ille","gloss":"that; he, she, it"},{"text":"audit.","gloss":"audio: hear, listen, accept, agree with"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L03.s1.1.m4a"},{"number":16,"id":"la.pa.L03.s1.2","source":"Ego et ille surgimus; nōs stāmus.","translation":"He and I stand up; we are standing.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ego","gloss":"I"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ille","gloss":"that; he, she, it"},{"text":"surgimus;","gloss":"surgo: rise, lift"},{"text":"nōs","gloss":"nos: we"},{"text":"stāmus.","gloss":"sto: stand, stand still, stand firm"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L03.s1.2.m4a"},{"number":17,"id":"la.pa.L03.s1.3","source":"Tū et ille cōnsīditis; vōs sedētis.","translation":"You and he sit down; you are sitting.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Tū","gloss":"tu: thou, you"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ille","gloss":"that; he, she, it"},{"text":"cōnsīditis;","gloss":""},{"text":"vōs","gloss":"tu: thou, you"},{"text":"sedētis.","gloss":"sedeo: sit, remain"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L03.s1.3.m4a"},{"number":18,"id":"la.pa.L03.s1.4","source":"Illī veniunt.","translation":"They are coming.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Illī","gloss":"ille: that; he, she, it"},{"text":"veniunt.","gloss":"venio: come, go"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L03.s1.4.m4a"},{"number":19,"id":"la.pa.L03.s1.5","source":"Quis docet?","translation":"Who teaches?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quis","gloss":"who?"},{"text":"docet?","gloss":"doceo: teach"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L03.s1.5.m4a"},{"number":20,"id":"la.pa.L03.s1.6","source":"Magister docet.","translation":"The master teaches.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Magister","gloss":"master, commander; teacher"},{"text":"docet.","gloss":"doceo: teach"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L03.s1.6.m4a"},{"number":21,"id":"la.pa.L03.s1.7","source":"Quis discit?","translation":"Who learns?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quis","gloss":"who?"},{"text":"discit?","gloss":"disco: learn"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L03.s1.7.m4a"},{"number":22,"id":"la.pa.L03.s1.8","source":"Discipulus discit.","translation":"The pupil learns.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Discipulus","gloss":"female pupil"},{"text":"discit.","gloss":"disco: learn"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L03.s1.8.m4a"},{"number":23,"id":"la.pa.L03.s1.9","source":"Magister etiam scrībit; discipulus spectat.","translation":"The master also writes; the pupil watches.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Magister","gloss":"master, commander; teacher"},{"text":"etiam","gloss":"yet, still; also, besides"},{"text":"scrībit;","gloss":"scribo: write"},{"text":"discipulus","gloss":"female pupil"},{"text":"spectat.","gloss":"specto: observe, watch, look at, see"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L03.s1.9.m4a"},{"number":24,"id":"la.pa.L03.s1.10","source":"Nēmō stat, omnēs sedent.","translation":"No one is standing, everyone is sitting.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nēmō","gloss":"nemo: no one"},{"text":"stat,","gloss":"sto: stand"},{"text":"omnēs","gloss":"omnis: every, all"},{"text":"sedent.","gloss":"sedeo: sit, remain"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L03.s1.10.m4a"},{"number":25,"id":"la.pa.L03.s1.11","source":"Omnēs recitant, nēmō silet.","translation":"Everyone is reciting, no one is silent.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Omnēs","gloss":"omnis: every, all"},{"text":"recitant,","gloss":"recito: read aloud, recite"},{"text":"nēmō","gloss":"nemo: no one"},{"text":"silet.","gloss":"sileo: be silent, not to speak (about)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L03.s1.11.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":23,"text":"D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson II, §§23-30\n\n§23. Inflection. Words may change their forms to indicate some change in sense or use, as, is, are; was, were; who, whose, whom; farmer, farmer’s; woman, women. This is called inflection. The inflection of a noun, adjective, or pronoun is called its declension, that of a verb its conjugation."},{"section":24,"text":"§24. Number. Latin, like English, has two numbers, singular and plural. In English we usually form the plural by adding -s or -es to the singular. So Latin changes the singular to the plural by changing the ending of the word. Compare\n\nNaut-a pugnat\n  The sailor fights\nNaut-ae pugnant\n  The sailors fight"},{"section":25,"text":"§25. RULE. Nouns that end in -a in the singular end in -ae in the plural."},{"section":26,"text":"§26. Learn the following nouns so that you can give the English for the Latin or the Latin for the English. Write the plural of each.\n\nagri´cola, farmer (agriculture)[1]\naqua, water (aquarium)\ncausa, cause, reason\ndo´mina, lady of the house, mistress (dominate)\nfilia, daughter (filial)\nfortū´na, fortune\nfuga, flight (fugitive)\niniū´ria, wrong, injury\nlūna, moon (lunar)\nnauta, sailor (nautical)\npuel´la, girl\nsilva, forest (silvan)\nterra, land (terrace)\n[1] The words in parentheses are English words related to the Latin. When the words are practically identical, as causa, cause, no comparison is needed."},{"section":27,"text":"§27. Compare again the sentences\n\nNauta pugna-t\n  The sailor fights\nNautae pugna-nt\n  The sailors fight\n\nIn the first sentence the verb pugna-t is in the third person singular, in the second sentence pugna-nt is in the third person plural."},{"section":28,"text":"§28. RULE. Agreement of Verb. A finite verb must always be in the same person and number as its subject."},{"section":29,"text":"§29. RULE. In the conjugation of the Latin verb the third person singular active ends in -t, the third person plural in -nt. The endings which show the person and number of the verb are called personal endings."},{"section":30,"text":"§30. Learn the following verbs and write the plural of each. The personal pronouns he, she, it, etc., which are necessary in the inflection of the English verb, are not needed in the Latin, because the personal endings take their place. Of course, if the verb’s subject is expressed we do not translate the personal ending by a pronoun; thus nauta pugnat is translated the sailor fights, not the sailor he fights.\n\nama-t he (she, it) loves, is loving, does love (amity, amiable) labō´ra-t “ “ “ labors, is laboring, does labor nūntia-t[2] “ “ “ announces, is announcing, does announce porta-t “ “ “ carries, is carrying, does carry (porter) pugna-t “ “ “ fights, is fighting, does fight (pugnacious)\n[2] The u in nūntiō is long by exception. (Cf. §12.2.)"},{"section":278,"text":"§278. We have the same kinds of pronouns in Latin as in English. They are divided into the following eight classes:\n\n1. Personal pronouns, which show the person speaking, spoken to, or spoken of; as, ego, I; tū, you; is, he. (Cf. §279. etc.)\n\n2. Possessive pronouns, which denote possession; as, meus, tuus, suus, etc. (Cf. §98.)\n\n3. Reflexive pronouns, used in the predicate to refer back to the subject; as, he saw himself. (Cf. §281.)\n\n4. Intensive pronouns, used to emphasize a noun or pronoun; as, I myself saw it. (Cf. §285.)\n\n5. Demonstrative pronouns, which point out persons or things; as, is, this, that. (Cf. §112.)\n\n6. Relative pronouns, which connect a subordinate adjective clause with an antecedent; as, quī, who. (Cf. §220.)\n\n7. Interrogative pronouns, which ask a question; as, quis, who? (Cf. §225.)\n\n8. Indefinite pronouns, which point out indefinitely; as, some one, any one, some, certain ones, etc. (Cf. §296.)"},{"section":279,"text":"§279. The demonstrative pronoun is, ea, id, as we learned in §115, is regularly used as the personal pronoun of the third person (he, she, it, they, etc.)."},{"section":280,"text":"§280. The personal pronouns of the first person are ego, I; nōs, we; of the second person, tū, thou or you; vōs, ye or you. They are declined as follows:\n\n       SINGULAR\n       FIRST PERSON                  SECOND PERSON\nNom. ego, I                        tū, you\nGen. meī, of me                    tuī, of you\nDat. mihi, to or for me          tibi, to or for you\nAcc. mē, me                        tē, you\nAbl. mē, with, from, etc., me    tē, with, from, etc., you\n\n       PLURAL\nNom. nōs, we                       vōs, you\nGen. nostrum or nostrī, of us      vestrum or vestrī, of you\nDat. nōbīs, to or for us         vōbīs, to or for you\nAcc. nōs, us                       vōs, you\nAbl. nōbīs, with, from,          vōbīs, with, from, etc., you\n         etc., us\n\n1. The personal pronouns are not used in the nominative excepting for emphasis or contrast."},{"section":281,"text":"§281. The Reflexive Pronouns. 1. The personal pronouns ego and tū may be used in the predicate as reflexives; as,\n\nvideō mē, I see myself\n  vidēmus nōs, we see ourselves\nvidēs tē, you see yourself\n  vidētis vōs, you see yourselves\n\n2. The reflexive pronoun of the third person (himself, herself, itself, themselves) has a special form, used only in these senses, and declined alike in the singular and plural.\n\nSINGULAR AND PLURAL\n    Gen.     suī              Acc.     sē\n    Dat.     sibi                Abl.     sē\n\nEXAMPLES\n  Puer sē videt, the boy sees himself\n  Puella sē videt, the girl sees herself\n  Animal sē videt, the animal sees itself\n  Iī sē vident, they see themselves\n\na. The form sē is sometimes doubled, sēsē, for emphasis.\n\n3. Give the Latin for\n\nI teach myself          We teach ourselves\nYou teach yourself      You teach yourselves\nHe teaches himself      They teach themselves"},{"section":282,"text":"§282. The preposition cum, when used with the ablative of ego, tū, or suī, is appended to the form, as, mēcum, with me; tēcum, with you; nōbīscum, with us; etc."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"Ego","gloss":"I"},{"word":"interrogō","gloss":"ask, question"},{"word":"tū","gloss":"thou, you"},{"word":"ille","gloss":"that"},{"word":"audit","gloss":"hear, listen, from audio"},{"word":"et","gloss":"and"},{"word":"nōs","gloss":"we"},{"word":"stāmus","gloss":"stand, from sto"},{"word":"sedētis","gloss":"sit, remain, from sedeo"},{"word":"docet","gloss":"teach, from doceo"},{"word":"Magister","gloss":"master, commander"},{"word":"discit","gloss":"learn, from disco"},{"word":"Discipulus","gloss":"female pupil"},{"word":"etiam","gloss":"yet, still"},{"word":"scrībit","gloss":"write, from scribo"},{"word":"spectat","gloss":"observe, watch, from specto"},{"word":"Nēmō","gloss":"no one"},{"word":"omnēs","gloss":"every, all, from omnis"},{"word":"silet","gloss":"be silent, not to speak, from sileo"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Interrogātiō, asking a question","teaching":[{"title":"A question with no expected answer","paragraphs":["Recitāsne tū asks whether you are reciting.","Latin usually adds -ne to the verb and puts that verb first. The question expects neither yes nor no."]},{"title":"A question that expects yes","paragraphs":["Nōnne vōs sedētis asks whether you are not sitting.","Nōnne begins a question that expects yes. Sānē, magister, nōs sedēmus gives that answer."]}],"lines":[{"number":26,"id":"la.pa.L04.s1.1","source":"Recitāsne tū?","translation":"Are you reciting?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Recitāsne","gloss":"recito: read aloud, recite"},{"text":"tū?","gloss":"tu: thou, you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L04.s1.1.m4a"},{"number":27,"id":"la.pa.L04.s1.2","source":"Minimē, magister, ego audiō.","translation":"No, master, I am listening.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Minimē,","gloss":"minime: least, very little; by no means"},{"text":"magister,","gloss":"master, commander; teacher"},{"text":"ego","gloss":"I"},{"text":"audiō.","gloss":"audio: hear, listen to"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L04.s1.2.m4a"},{"number":28,"id":"la.pa.L04.s1.3","source":"Audīsne?","translation":"Are you listening?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Audīsne?","gloss":"audio: hear, listen to"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L04.s1.3.m4a"},{"number":29,"id":"la.pa.L04.s1.4","source":"Ita, magister, audiō.","translation":"Yes, master, I am listening.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ita,","gloss":"thus, in this way, as follows"},{"text":"magister,","gloss":"master, commander; teacher"},{"text":"audiō.","gloss":"audio: hear, listen to"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L04.s1.4.m4a"},{"number":30,"id":"la.pa.L04.s1.5","source":"Nōnne vōs sedētis?","translation":"Aren't you sitting?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nōnne","gloss":"nonne: not?"},{"text":"vōs","gloss":"tu: thou, you"},{"text":"sedētis?","gloss":"sedeo: sit, remain"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L04.s1.5.m4a"},{"number":31,"id":"la.pa.L04.s1.6","source":"Sānē, magister, nōs sedēmus.","translation":"Certainly, master, we are sitting.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Sānē,","gloss":"reasonably, sensibly"},{"text":"magister,","gloss":"master, commander; teacher"},{"text":"nōs","gloss":"nos: we"},{"text":"sedēmus.","gloss":"sedeo: sit, remain"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L04.s1.6.m4a"},{"number":32,"id":"la.pa.L04.s1.7","source":"Surgitne ille an cōnsīdit?","translation":"Is he standing up or sitting down?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Surgitne","gloss":"surgo: rise, lift"},{"text":"ille","gloss":"that; he, she, it"},{"text":"an","gloss":"or; Is he a Roman or a Gaul"},{"text":"cōnsīdit?","gloss":"consido: sit down/be seated"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L04.s1.7.m4a"},{"number":33,"id":"la.pa.L04.s1.8","source":"Neque surgit neque cōnsīdit, sed stat.","translation":"He is neither standing up nor sitting down, but standing.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Neque","gloss":"neither, nor, and ... not"},{"text":"surgit","gloss":"surgo: rise, lift"},{"text":"neque","gloss":"neither, nor, and ... not"},{"text":"cōnsīdit,","gloss":"consido: sit down/be seated"},{"text":"sed","gloss":"but"},{"text":"stat.","gloss":"sto: stand"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L04.s1.8.m4a"},{"number":34,"id":"la.pa.L04.s1.9","source":"Audiuntne illī an spectant?","translation":"Are they listening or watching?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Audiuntne","gloss":"audio: hear, listen, accept, agree with"},{"text":"illī","gloss":"ille: that; he, she, it"},{"text":"an","gloss":"or; Is he a Roman or a Gaul"},{"text":"spectant?","gloss":"specto: observe, watch, look at, see"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L04.s1.9.m4a"},{"number":35,"id":"la.pa.L04.s1.10","source":"Et audiunt et spectant.","translation":"They are both listening and watching.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"audiunt","gloss":"audio: hear, listen, accept, agree with"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"spectant.","gloss":"specto: observe, watch, look at, see"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L04.s1.10.m4a"},{"number":36,"id":"la.pa.L04.s1.11","source":"Scrībōne ego an interrogō?","translation":"Am I writing or asking?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Scrībōne","gloss":"scribo: write"},{"text":"ego","gloss":"I"},{"text":"an","gloss":"or; Is he a Roman or a Gaul"},{"text":"interrogō?","gloss":"interrogo: ask, question, interrogate, examine"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L04.s1.11.m4a"},{"number":37,"id":"la.pa.L04.s1.12","source":"Nōn scrībis, sed interrogās.","translation":"You are not writing, but asking.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"scrībis,","gloss":"scribo: write"},{"text":"sed","gloss":"but"},{"text":"interrogās.","gloss":"interrogo: ask, question, interrogate, examine"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L04.s1.12.m4a"},{"number":38,"id":"la.pa.L04.s1.13","source":"Intellegitisne omnēs annōn?","translation":"Do you all understand or not?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Intellegitisne","gloss":"intellego: understand"},{"text":"omnēs","gloss":"omnis: every, all"},{"text":"annōn?","gloss":"can it be that (introducing a question expecting a positive answer)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L04.s1.13.m4a"},{"number":39,"id":"la.pa.L04.s1.14","source":"Intellegimus.","translation":"We understand.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Intellegimus.","gloss":"intellego: understand"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L04.s1.14.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":208,"text":"D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XXXVI, §§208-210\n\n§208. The following list shows the principal parts of all the verbs you have had excepting those used in the paradigms. The parts you have had before are given for review, and the perfect participle is the only new form for you to learn. Sometimes one or more of the principal parts are lacking, which means that the verb has no forms based on that stem. A few verbs lack the perfect passive participle but have the future active participle in -ūrus, which appears in the principal parts instead.\n\nIRREGULAR VERBS\n\nsum       esse       fuī      futūrus      be\nabsum     abesse     āfuī     āfutūrus     be away\ndō[1]   dare       dedī     datus        give\n[1] dō is best classed with the irregular verbs because of the short a in the present and participial stems.\n\nCONJUGATION I\n\nportō     portāre     portāvī     portātus     carry\n\nSo for all verbs of this conjugation thus far used.\n\nCONJUGATION II\n\ncontineō     continēre     continuī    contentus     hold in, keep\ndēleō        dēlēre        dēlēvī      dēlētus       destroy\ndoceō        docēre        docuī       doctus        teach\negeō         egēre         eguī         ----         lack\nfaveō        favēre        fāvī        fautūrus      favor\niubeō        iubēre        iussī       iussus        order\nmoveō        movēre        mōvī        mōtus         move\nnoceō        nocēre        nocuī       nocitūrus     injure\npāreō        pārēre        pāruī        ----         obey\npersuādeō    persuādēre    persuāsī    persuāsus     persuade (from)\nprohibeō     prohibēre     prohibuī    prohibitus    restrain, keep\nrespondeō    respondēre    respondī    respōnsus     reply\nsedeō        sedēre        sēdī        -sessus       sit\nstudeō       studēre       studuī        ----        be eager\nvideō        vidēre        vīdī        vīsus         see\n\nCONJUGATION III\n\nagō           agere          ēgī          āctus          drive\ncrēdō         crēdere        crēdidī      crēditus       believe\ndīcō          dīcere         dīxī         dictus         say\ndiscēdō       discēdere      discessī     discessus      depart\ndūcō          dūcere         dūxī         ductus         lead\nfaciō[2]    facere         fēcī         factus         make\nfugiō         fugere         fūgī         fugitūrus      flee\niaciō         iacere         iēcī         iactus         hurl\ninterficiō    interficere    interfēcī    interfectus    kill\nmittō         mittere        mīsī         missus         send\nrapiō         rapere         rapuī        raptus         seize\nresistō       resistere      restitī       ----          resist\n[2] faciō has an irregular passive which will be presented later.\n\nCONJUGATION IV\n\nmūniō       mūnīre       mūnīvī       mūnītus      fortify\nreperiō     reperīre     rep´perī     repertus     find\nveniō       venīre       vēnī         ventus       come"},{"section":209,"text":"§209. Prepositions. 1. We learned in §§52, 53 that only the accusative and the ablative are used with prepositions, and that prepositions expressing ablative relations govern the ablative case. Those we have had are here summarized. The table following should be learned.\n\nā or ab,  from, by\ncum,        with\ndē,         down from, concerning\nē or ex,  out from, out of\nprō,        before, in front of; for, in behalf of\nsine,       without\n\n2. Prepositions not expressing ablative relations must govern the accusative (§52). Of these we have had the following:\n\nad,    to;\napud,  among;\nper,   through\n\nThere are many others which you will meet as we proceed.\n\n3. The preposition in when meaning in or on governs the ablative; when meaning to, into, against (relations foreign to the ablative) in governs the accusative."},{"section":210,"text":"§210. Yes-or-No Questions. Questions not introduced by some interrogative word like who, why, when, etc., but expecting the answer yes or no, may take one of three forms:\n\n1. Is he coming? (Asking for information. Implying nothing as to the answer expected.) 2. Is he not coming? (Expecting the answer yes.) 3. He isn´t coming, is he? (Expecting the answer no.)\n\nThese three forms are rendered in Latin as follows:\n\n1. Venitne? is he coming?\n2. Nōnne venit? is he not coming?\n3. Num venit? he isn´t coming, is he?\n\na. -ne, the question sign, is usually added to the verb, which then stands first.\n\nb. We learned in §56.b that yes-or-no questions are usually answered by repeating the verb, with or without a negative. Instead of this, ita, vērō, certē, etc. (so, truly, certainly, etc.) may be used for yes, and nōn, minimē, etc. for no if the denial is emphatic, as, by no means, not at all."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"Minimē","gloss":"least, very little"},{"word":"Ita","gloss":"thus, in this way"},{"word":"Nōnne","gloss":"not?"},{"word":"Sānē","gloss":"reasonably, sensibly"},{"word":"an","gloss":"or"},{"word":"Neque","gloss":"neither, nor"},{"word":"sed","gloss":"but"},{"word":"Nōn","gloss":"not"},{"word":"Intellegitisne","gloss":"understand, from intellego"},{"word":"annōn","gloss":"can it be that"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Nōmen, the noun","teaching":[{"title":"Est joins the subject and predicate","paragraphs":["Mēnsa est illa means \"That is a table.\"","Est joins illa, the subject, to mēnsa in the predicate. It does not take an object."]},{"title":"Latin has no a or the","paragraphs":["Latin has no word for a or the. English adds a in \"That is a table.\"","Mēnsa can mean table, a table, or the table. The context determines the English article."]}],"lines":[{"number":40,"id":"la.pa.L05.s1.1","source":"Quid est illud?","translation":"What is that?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quid","gloss":"quis: what?"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"illud?","gloss":"ille: that; he, she, it"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L05.s1.1.m4a"},{"number":41,"id":"la.pa.L05.s1.2","source":"Mēnsa est illa.","translation":"That is a table.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mēnsa","gloss":"mensa: table"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"illa.","gloss":"ille: that; he, she, it"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L05.s1.2.m4a"},{"number":42,"id":"la.pa.L05.s1.3","source":"Quid est hoc?","translation":"What is this?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quid","gloss":"quis: what?"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"hoc?","gloss":"hic: this"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L05.s1.3.m4a"},{"number":43,"id":"la.pa.L05.s1.4","source":"Sella est haec.","translation":"This is a chair.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Sella","gloss":"seat (usu. no back/arms), stool, chair"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"haec.","gloss":"hic: this"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L05.s1.4.m4a"},{"number":44,"id":"la.pa.L05.s2.1","source":"Iānua, fenestra, tabula, crēta, carta, pāgina, līttera, lingua, dextra, sinistra, pila, camera.","translation":"Door, window, blackboard, chalk, map, page, letter, tongue, right hand, left hand, ball, room.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Iānua,","gloss":"janua: door, entrance"},{"text":"fenestra,","gloss":"window, opening for light"},{"text":"tabula,","gloss":"writing tablet (wax covered board)"},{"text":"crēta,","gloss":"Creta: Crete"},{"text":"carta,","gloss":"Carte: papyrus (sheet/page)"},{"text":"pāgina,","gloss":"pagina: page, sheet"},{"text":"līttera,","gloss":"littera: letter (alphabet)"},{"text":"lingua,","gloss":"tongue"},{"text":"dextra,","gloss":"dexter: right, on/to the right hand/side"},{"text":"sinistra,","gloss":"sinister: left"},{"text":"pila,","gloss":"pila3: ball (play/decorative)"},{"text":"camera.","gloss":"room,  vault, vaulted/arched room/roof/ceiling"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L05.s2.1.m4a"},{"number":45,"id":"la.pa.L05.s3.1","source":"Quid est illud?","translation":"What is that?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quid","gloss":"quis: what?"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"illud?","gloss":"ille: that; he, she, it"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L05.s3.1.m4a"},{"number":46,"id":"la.pa.L05.s3.2","source":"Nōnne scīs?","translation":"Don't you know?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nōnne","gloss":"nonne: not?"},{"text":"scīs?","gloss":"scio: know, understand"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L05.s3.2.m4a"},{"number":47,"id":"la.pa.L05.s3.3","source":"Minimē, magister, nesciō.","translation":"No, master, I don't know.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Minimē,","gloss":"minime: least, very little; by no means"},{"text":"magister,","gloss":"master, commander; teacher"},{"text":"nesciō.","gloss":"nescius: unaware, not knowing, ignorant"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L05.s3.3.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":19,"text":"D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson I, §§19-22\n\n§19. Subject and Predicate. 1. Latin, like English, expresses thoughts by means of sentences. A sentence is a combination of words that expresses a thought, and in its simplest form is the statement of a single fact. Thus,\n\nGalba is a farmer\n  Galba est agricola\nThe sailor fights\n  Nauta pugnat\n\nIn each of these sentences there are two parts:\n\nSUBJECT               PREDICATE\n  Galba                 is a farmer\n    Galba\n  The sailor            fights\n    Nauta                 pugnat\n\n2. The subject is that person, place, or thing about which something is said, and is therefore a noun or some word which can serve the same purpose.\n\na. Pronouns, as their name implies (pro, “instead of,” and noun), often take the place of nouns, usually to save repeating the same noun, as, Galba is a farmer; he is a sturdy fellow.\n\n3. The predicate is that which is said about the subject, and consists of a verb with or without modifiers.\n\na. A verb is a word which asserts something (usually an act) concerning a person, place, or thing."},{"section":20,"text":"§20. The Object. In the two sentences, The boy hit the ball and The ball hit the boy, the same words are used, but the meaning is different, and depends upon the order of the words. The doer of the act, that about which something is said, is, as we have seen above, the subject. That to which something is done is the direct object of the verb. The boy hit the ball is therefore analyzed as follows:\n\nSUBJECT        PREDICATE\n             /-----------\\\nThe boy      hit the ball\n           (verb)  (direct object)\n\na. A verb whose action passes over to the object directly, as in the sentence above, is called a transitive verb. A verb which does not admit of a direct object is called intransitive, as, I walk, he comes."},{"section":21,"text":"§21. The Copula. The verb to be in its different forms--are, is, was, etc.--does not tell us anything about the subject; neither does it govern an object. It simply connects the subject with the word or words in the predicate that possess a distinct meaning. Hence it is called the copula, that is, the joiner or link."},{"section":22,"text":"§22. In the following sentences pronounce the Latin and name the nouns, verbs, subjects, objects, predicates, copulas:\n\n1. America est patria mea\n   America is fatherland my\n\n2. Agricola fīliam amat\n   (The) farmer (his) daughter loves\n\n3. Fīlia est Iūlia\n   (His) daughter is Julia\n\n4. Iūlia et agricola sunt in īnsulā\n   Julia and (the) farmer are on (the) island\n\n5. Iūlia aquam portat\n   Julia water carries\n\n6. Rosam in comīs habet\n   (A) rose in (her) hair (she) has\n\n7. Iūlia est puella pulchra\n   Julia is (a) girl pretty\n\n8. Domina fīliam pulchram habet\n   (The) lady (a) daughter beautiful has\n\na. The sentences above show that Latin does not express some words which are necessary in English. First of all, Latin has no article the or a; thus agricola may mean the farmer, a farmer, or simply farmer. Then, too, the personal pronouns, I, you, he, she, etc., and the possessive pronouns, my, your, his, her, etc., are not expressed if the meaning of the sentence is clear without them."},{"section":32,"text":"§32. Declension of Nouns. We learned above (§§19, 20) the difference between the subject and object, and that in English they may be distinguished by the order of the words. Sometimes, however, the order is such that we are left in doubt. For example, the sentence The lady her daughter loves might mean either that the lady loves her daughter, or that the daughter loves the lady.\n\n1. If the sentence were in Latin, no doubt could arise, because the subject and the object are distinguished, not by the order of the words, but by the endings of the words themselves. Compare the following sentences:\n\nDomina fīliam amat\nFīliam domina amat\nAmat fīliam domina\nDomina amat fīliam\n  The lady loves her daughter\n\nFīlia dominam amat\nDominam fīlia amat\nAmat dominam fīlia\nFīlia amat dominam\n  The daughter loves the lady\n\na. Observe that in each case the subject of the sentence ends in -a and the object in -am. The form of the noun shows how it is used in the sentence, and the order of the words has no effect on the essential meaning.\n\n2. As stated above (§23), this change of ending is called declension, and each different ending produces what is called a case. When we decline a noun, we give all its different cases, or changes of endings. In English we have three cases,--nominative, possessive, and objective; but, in nouns, the nominative and objective have the same form, and only the possessive case shows a change of ending, by adding ’s or the apostrophe. The interrogative pronoun, however, has the fuller declension, who? whose? whom?"},{"section":33,"text":"§33. The following table shows a comparison between English and Latin declension forms, and should be thoroughly memorized:\n\nDeclension of who?  Name of case and use                Declension of domina and translation   Name of case and use\nSINGULAR\nWho?                Nominative-- case of the subject    do´min-a the lady                      Nominative-- case of the subject\nWhose?              Possessive-- case of the possessor  domin-ae the lady’s of the lady        Genitive-- case of the possessor\nWhom?               Objective-- case of the object      domin-am the lady                      Accusative-- case of the direct object\nPLURAL\nWho?                Nominative-- case of the subject    domin-ae the ladies                    Nominative-- case of the subject\nWhose?              Possessive-- case of the possessor  domin-ā´rum the ladies’ of the ladies  Genitive-- case of the possessor\nWhom?               Objective-- case of the object      domin-ās the ladies                    Accusative-- case of the direct object\n\nWhen the nominative singular of a noun ends in -a, observe that\n\na. The nominative plural ends in -ae.\n\nb. The genitive singular ends in -ae and the genitive plural in -ārum.\n\nc. The accusative singular ends in -am and the accusative plural in -ās.\n\nd. The genitive singular and the nominative plural have the same ending."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"est","gloss":"be, from sum"},{"word":"Mēnsa","gloss":"table"},{"word":"hoc","gloss":"this, from hic"},{"word":"Sella","gloss":"seat, stool"},{"word":"Iānua","gloss":"door, entrance, from janua"},{"word":"fenestra","gloss":"window, opening for light"},{"word":"tabula","gloss":"writing tablet"},{"word":"crēta","gloss":"Crete"},{"word":"carta","gloss":"papyrus, from Carte"},{"word":"pāgina","gloss":"page, sheet"},{"word":"līttera","gloss":"a letter"},{"word":"lingua","gloss":"tongue"},{"word":"dextra","gloss":"right, from dexter"},{"word":"sinistra","gloss":"left, from sinister"},{"word":"pila","gloss":"ball"},{"word":"camera","gloss":"room, vault"},{"word":"scīs","gloss":"know, understand, from scio"},{"word":"nesciō","gloss":"unaware, not knowing, from nescius"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Adiectīvum, the adjective","teaching":[{"title":"The ending links the words","paragraphs":["Crēta alba est, lingua rubra, tabula nigra means The chalk is white, the tongue red, the blackboard black.","Alba belongs with crēta, rubra with lingua, and nigra with tabula. Each adjective matches its noun with the ending -a."]},{"title":"The ending stays the same","paragraphs":["Quadrāta est tabula means The blackboard is square. Pila est rotunda means The ball is round.","Quadrāta stands before est. Rotunda stands after est. Both are predicate adjectives.","The position changes, but the agreement does not. Each adjective keeps the same -a ending as its noun."]}],"lines":[{"number":48,"id":"la.pa.L06.s1.1","source":"Quālis est tabula?","translation":"What is the blackboard like?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quālis","gloss":"qualis: what kind/sort/condition (of)"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"tabula?","gloss":"writing tablet (wax covered board)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L06.s1.1.m4a"},{"number":49,"id":"la.pa.L06.s1.2","source":"Quadrāta est tabula.","translation":"The blackboard is square.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quadrāta","gloss":"quadratum: square"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"tabula.","gloss":"writing tablet (wax covered board)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L06.s1.2.m4a"},{"number":50,"id":"la.pa.L06.s1.3","source":"Pila est rotunda.","translation":"The ball is round.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Pila","gloss":"pila3: ball (play/decorative)"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"rotunda.","gloss":"rotundus: round, circular"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L06.s1.3.m4a"},{"number":51,"id":"la.pa.L06.s2.1","source":"Iānua et longa et angusta est, sed tabula lāta est.","translation":"The door is both long and narrow, but the blackboard is wide.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Iānua","gloss":"janua: door, entrance"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"longa","gloss":"longus: long"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"angusta","gloss":"angustum: small/confined/narrow space/place/passage, strait, channel"},{"text":"est,","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"sed","gloss":"but"},{"text":"tabula","gloss":"writing tablet (wax covered board)"},{"text":"lāta","gloss":"latus: wide"},{"text":"est.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L06.s2.1.m4a"},{"number":52,"id":"la.pa.L06.s2.2","source":"Crēta alba est, lingua rubra, tabula nigra.","translation":"The chalk is white, the tongue red, the blackboard black.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Crēta","gloss":"creta2: clay/clayey soil"},{"text":"alba","gloss":"albus: white"},{"text":"est,","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"lingua","gloss":"tongue"},{"text":"rubra,","gloss":"rubrus: red, ruddy, painted red"},{"text":"tabula","gloss":"writing tablet (wax covered board)"},{"text":"nigra.","gloss":"niger: black, dark"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L06.s2.2.m4a"},{"number":53,"id":"la.pa.L06.s2.3","source":"Iānua clausa est; fenestra nōn clausa sed aperta est.","translation":"The door is shut; the window is not shut but open.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Iānua","gloss":"janua: door, entrance"},{"text":"clausa","gloss":"claudo: shut, close, block"},{"text":"est;","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"fenestra","gloss":"window, opening for light"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"clausa","gloss":"claudo: shut, close, block"},{"text":"sed","gloss":"but"},{"text":"aperta","gloss":"apertus: open/public/free"},{"text":"est.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L06.s2.3.m4a"},{"number":54,"id":"la.pa.L06.s2.4","source":"Neque haec līttera, neque illa rubra est: haec nigra est, illa caerulea.","translation":"Neither this letter nor that one is red: this one is black, that one blue.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Neque","gloss":"neither, nor, and ... not"},{"text":"haec","gloss":"hic: this"},{"text":"līttera,","gloss":"littera: letter (alphabet)"},{"text":"neque","gloss":"neither, nor, and ... not"},{"text":"illa","gloss":"ille: that; he, she, it"},{"text":"rubra","gloss":"rubrus: red, ruddy, painted red"},{"text":"est:","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"haec","gloss":"hic: this"},{"text":"nigra","gloss":"niger: black, dark"},{"text":"est,","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"illa","gloss":"ille: that; he, she, it"},{"text":"caerulea.","gloss":"caeruleus: blue, cerulean, dark"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L06.s2.4.m4a"},{"number":55,"id":"la.pa.L06.s3.1","source":"Quanta est mēnsa?","translation":"How big is the table?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quanta","gloss":"quantus: as great as"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"mēnsa?","gloss":"mensa: table"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L06.s3.1.m4a"},{"number":56,"id":"la.pa.L06.s3.2","source":"Māgna est mēnsa, sed sella parva.","translation":"The table is big, but the chair small.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Māgna","gloss":"magnus: great, large"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"mēnsa,","gloss":"mensa: table"},{"text":"sed","gloss":"but"},{"text":"sella","gloss":"seat (usu. no back/arms), stool, chair"},{"text":"parva.","gloss":"parvus: small, little"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L06.s3.2.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":48,"text":"D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson VI, §§48-56\n\n§48. The Ablative Case. Another case, lacking in English but found in the fuller Latin declension, is the ab´la-tive."},{"section":49,"text":"§49. When the nominative singular ends in -a, the ablative singular ends in -ā and the ablative plural in -īs.\n\na. Observe that the final -ă of the nominative is short, while the final -ā of the ablative is long, as,\n\nNom. fīliă\nAbl. fīliā\n\nb. Observe that the ablative plural is like the dative plural.\n\nc. Form the ablative singular and plural of the following nouns: fuga, causa, fortūna, terra, aqua, puella, agricola, nauta, domina."},{"section":50,"text":"§50. The Ablative Relation. The ablative case is used to express the relations conveyed in English by the prepositions from, with, by, at, in. It denotes\n\n1. That from which something is separated, from which it starts, or of which it is deprived--generally translated by from.\n\n2. That with which something is associated or by means of which it is done--translated by with or by.\n\n3. The place where or the time when something happens--translated by in or at.\n\na. What ablative relations do you discover in the following?\n\nIn our class there are twenty boys and girls. Daily at eight o’clock they come from home with their books, and while they are at school they read with ease the books written by the Romans. By patience and perseverance all things in this world can be overcome."},{"section":51,"text":"§51. Prepositions. While, as stated above (§41), many relations expressed in English by prepositions are in Latin expressed by case forms, still prepositions are of frequent occurrence, but only with the accusative or ablative."},{"section":52,"text":"§52. RULE. Object of a Preposition. A noun governed by a preposition must be in the Accusative or Ablative case."},{"section":53,"text":"§53. Prepositions denoting the ablative relations from, with, in, on, are naturally followed by the ablative case. Among these are\n\nā[1] or ab, from, away from\ndē, from, down from\nē[1] or ex, from, out from, out of\ncum, with\nin, in, on\n[1] ā and ē are used only before words beginning with a consonant; ab and ex are used before either vowels or consonants.\n\n1. Translate into Latin, using prepositions. In the water, on the land, down from the forest, with the fortune, out of the forests, from the victory, out of the waters, with the sailors, down from the moon."},{"section":54,"text":"§54. Adjectives. Examine the sentence\n\nPuella parva bonam deam amat,\n  the little girl loves the good goddess\n\nIn this sentence parva (little) and bonam (good) are not nouns, but are descriptive words expressing quality. Such words are called adjectives,[2] and they are said to belong to the noun which they describe.\n[2] Pick out the adjectives in the following: “When I was a little boy, I remember that one cold winter’s morning I was accosted by a smiling man with an ax on his shoulder. ‘My pretty boy,’ said he, ‘has your father a grindstone?’ ‘Yes, sir,’ said I. ‘You are a fine little fellow,’ said he. ‘Will you let me grind my ax on it?’”\n\nYou can tell by its ending to which noun an adjective belongs. The ending of parva shows that it belongs to puella, and the ending of bonam that it belongs to deam. Words that belong together are said to agree, and the belonging-together is called agreement. Observe that the adjective and its noun agree in number and case."},{"section":55,"text":"§55. Examine the sentences\n\nPuella est parva,\n  the girl is little\nPuella parva bonam deam amat,\n  the little girl loves the good goddess\n\nIn the first sentence the adjective parva is separated from its noun by the verb and stands in the predicate. It is therefore called a predicate adjective. In the second sentence the adjectives parva and bonam are closely attached to the nouns puella and deam respectively, and are called attributive adjectives.\n\na. Pick out the attributive and the predicate adjectives in the following:\n\nDo you think Latin is hard? Hard studies make strong brains. Lazy students dislike hard studies. We are not lazy.\n\na. When a person is called or addressed, the case used is called the voc´ative (Latin vocāre, “to call”). In form the vocative is regularly like the nominative. In English the name of the person addressed usually stands first in the sentence. The Latin vocative rarely stands first. Point out five examples of the vocative in this dialogue.\n\nb. Observe that questions answered by yes or no in English are answered in Latin by repeating the verb. Thus, if you wished to answer in Latin the question Is the sailor fighting? Pugnatne nauta? you would say Pugnat, he is fighting, or Nōn pugnat, he is not fighting."},{"section":64,"text":"§64. We have for some time now been using adjectives and nouns together and you have noticed an agreement between them in case and in number (§54). They agree also in gender. In the phrase silva magna, we have a feminine adjective in -a agreeing with a feminine noun in -a."},{"section":65,"text":"§65. RULE. Agreement of Adjectives. Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender, number, and case."},{"section":66,"text":"§66. Feminine adjectives in -a are declined like feminine nouns in -a, and you should learn to decline them together as follows:\n\n        NOUN               ADJECTIVE\ndomina (base domin-),  bona (base bon-),\n   f., lady                  good\n\n        SINGULAR                TERMINATIONS\nNom.    do´mina             bona        -a\nGen.    dominae             bonae       -ae\nDat.    dominae             bonae       -ae\nAcc.    dominam             bonam       -am\nAbl.    dominā              bonā        -ā\n\n        PLURAL\nNom.    dominae             bonae       -ae\nGen.    dominā´rum          bonā´rum    -ārum\nDat.    dominīs             bonīs       -īs\nAcc.    dominās             bonās       -ās\nAbl.    dominīs             bonīs       -īs\n\na. In the same way decline together puella mala, the bad girl; ancil´la parva, the little maid; fortū´na magna, great fortune."},{"section":67,"text":"§67. The words dea, goddess, and fīlia, daughter, take the ending -ābus instead of -īs in the dative and ablative plural. Note the dative and ablative plural in the following declension:\n\ndea bona (bases de- bon-)\n\n        SINGULAR      PLURAL\nNom.    dea bona      deae bonae\nGen.    deae bonae    deā´rum bonā´rum\nDat.    deae bonae    deā´bus bonīs\nAcc.    deam bonam    deās bonās\nAbl.    deā bonā      dea´bus bonīs\n\na. In the same way decline together fīlīa parva."},{"section":68,"text":"§68. Latin Word Order. The order of words in English and in Latin sentences is not the same.\n\nIn English we arrange words in a fairly fixed order. Thus, in the sentence My daughter is getting dinner for the farmers, we cannot alter the order of the words without spoiling the sentence. We can, however, throw emphasis on different words by speaking them with more force. Try the effect of reading the sentence by putting special force on my, daughter, dinner, farmers.\n\nIn Latin, where the office of the word in the sentence is shown by its ending (cf. §32.1), and not by its position, the order of words is more free, and position is used to secure the same effect that in English is secured by emphasis of voice. To a limited extent we can alter the order of words in English, too, for the same purpose. Compare the sentences\n\nI saw a game of football at Chicago last November (normal order) Last November I saw a game of football at Chicago At Chicago, last November, I saw a game of football\n\n1. In a Latin sentence the most emphatic place is the first; next in importance is the last; the weakest point is the middle. Generally the subject is the most important word, and is placed first; usually the verb is the next in importance, and is placed last. The other words of the sentence stand between these two in the order of their importance. Hence the normal order of words--that is, where no unusual emphasis is expressed--is as follows:\n\nsubject--modifiers of the subject--indirect object--direct object--adverb--verb\n\nChanges from the normal order are frequent, and are due to the desire for throwing emphasis upon some word or phrase. Notice the order of the Latin words when you are translating, and imitate it when you are turning English into Latin.\n\n2. Possessive pronouns and modifying genitives normally stand after their nouns. When placed before their nouns they are emphatic, as\n\nfīlia mea, my daughter;\n  mea fīlia, my daughter;\ncasa Galbae, Galba’s cottage;\n  Galbae casa, Galba’s cottage.\n\nNotice the variety of emphasis produced by writing the following sentence in different ways:\n\nFīlia mea agricolīs cēnam parat (normal order)\nMea fīlia agricolīs parat cēnam (mea and cēnam emphatic)\nAgricolīs fīlia mea cēnam parat (agricolīs emphatic)\n\n3. An adjective placed before its noun is more emphatic than when it follows. When great emphasis is desired, the adjective is separated from its noun by other words.\n\nFīlia mea casam parvam nōn amat (parvam not emphatic) Fīlia mea parvam casam nōn amat (parvam more emphatic) Parvam fīlia mea casam nōn amat (parvam very emphatic)\n\n4. Interrogative words usually stand first, the same as in English.\n\n5. The copula (as est, sunt) is of so little importance that it frequently does not stand last, but may be placed wherever it sounds well."},{"section":83,"text":"§83. Adjectives of the first and second declensions are declined in the three genders as follows:\n\n        MASCULINE  FEMININE   NEUTER\n        SINGULAR\nNom.    bonus      bona       bonum\nGen.    bonī       bonae      bonī\nDat.    bonō       bonae      bonō\nAcc.    bonum      bonam      bonum\nAbl.    bonō       bonā       bonō\nVoc.    bone       bona       bonum\n\n      PLURAL\nNom.    bonī       bonae      bona\nGen.    bonōrum    bonārum    bonōrum\nDat.    bonīs      bonīs      bonīs\nAcc.    bonōs      bonās      bona\nAbl.    bonīs      bonīs      bonīs\n\na. Write the declension and give it orally across the page, thus giving the three genders for each case.\n\nb. Decline grātus, -a, -um; malus, -a, -um; altus, -a, -um; parvus, -a, -um."},{"section":84,"text":"§84. Thus far the adjectives have had the same terminations as the nouns. However, the agreement between the adjective and its noun does not mean that they must have the same termination. If the adjective and the noun belong to different declensions, the terminations will, in many cases, not be the same. For example, nauta, sailor, is masculine and belongs to the first declension. The masculine form of the adjective bonus is of the second declension. Consequently, a good sailor is nauta bonus. So, the wicked farmer is agricola malus. Learn the following declensions:"},{"section":85,"text":"§85. nauta bonus (bases naut- bon-), m., the good sailor\n\n        SINGULAR\nNom.    nauta     bonus\nGen.    nautae    bonī\nDat.    nautae    bonō\nAcc.    nautam    bonum\nAbl.    nautā     bonō\nVoc.    nauta     bone\n\n        PLURAL\nNom.    nautae    bonī\nGen.    nautārum  bonōrum\nDat.    nautīs    bonīs\nAcc.    nautās    bonōs\nAbl.    nautīs    bonīs\nVoc.    nautae    bonī"}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"Quālis","gloss":"what kind"},{"word":"Quadrāta","gloss":"square, from quadratum"},{"word":"rotunda","gloss":"round, circular, from rotundus"},{"word":"longa","gloss":"long, from longus"},{"word":"angusta","gloss":"small, strait, from angustum"},{"word":"lāta","gloss":"wide, from latus"},{"word":"alba","gloss":"white, from albus"},{"word":"rubra","gloss":"red, ruddy, from rubrus"},{"word":"nigra","gloss":"black, dark, from niger"},{"word":"clausa","gloss":"shut, close, from claudo"},{"word":"aperta","gloss":"open, from apertus"},{"word":"caerulea","gloss":"blue, cerulean, from caeruleus"},{"word":"Quanta","gloss":"as great as, from quantus"},{"word":"Māgna","gloss":"great, large, from magnus"},{"word":"parva","gloss":"small, little, from parvus"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Cāsus Accūsātīvus, the accusative case","teaching":[{"title":"The ending marks the object","paragraphs":["Dextra sinistram tangit. Nunc dextram sinistra tangit. The right hand touches the left. Now the left touches the right.","Sinistram is the first object. Dextram is the second object, although it comes before sinistra.","The -am ending marks the object. Word order does not change the action."]},{"title":"One noun, two endings","paragraphs":["Dextra and dextram are forms of the same noun. Dextra is nominative as the subject, while dextram is the object.","Declension is a noun's changes of ending for its cases. Here -a marks the nominative and -am marks the object."]},{"title":"The object takes the accusative","paragraphs":["The accusative is the case of the direct object of a transitive verb.","In albam crētam habeō, crētam is the direct object of habeō, so it takes the accusative ending -am.","Albam agrees with crētam in case. Both words therefore end in -am."]}],"lines":[{"number":57,"id":"la.pa.L07.s1.1","source":"Quid vidēs?","translation":"What do you see?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quid","gloss":"quis: what?"},{"text":"vidēs?","gloss":"video: see, perceive"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L07.s1.1.m4a"},{"number":58,"id":"la.pa.L07.s1.2","source":"Crētam videō, ō magister.","translation":"I see the chalk, master.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Crētam","gloss":"creta2: clay/clayey soil"},{"text":"videō,","gloss":"video: see, perceive"},{"text":"ō","gloss":"O! (in address)"},{"text":"magister.","gloss":"master, commander; teacher"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L07.s1.2.m4a"},{"number":59,"id":"la.pa.L07.s2.1","source":"Pāginam tangō, sūmō, teneō, pōnō.","translation":"I touch, take, hold, put down the page.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Pāginam","gloss":"pagina: page, sheet"},{"text":"tangō,","gloss":"tango: touch, strike"},{"text":"sūmō,","gloss":"sumo: take up"},{"text":"teneō,","gloss":"teneo: hold, keep"},{"text":"pōnō.","gloss":"pono: put, place, set"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L07.s2.1.m4a"},{"number":60,"id":"la.pa.L07.s3.1","source":"Ego albam crētam habeō, vōs nigram tabulam vidētis.","translation":"I have white chalk, you see a black blackboard.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ego","gloss":"I"},{"text":"albam","gloss":"alba: |white precious stone"},{"text":"crētam","gloss":"creta2: clay/clayey soil"},{"text":"habeō,","gloss":"habeo: have, hold; regard, consider, deem"},{"text":"vōs","gloss":"tu: thou, you"},{"text":"nigram","gloss":"niger: black, dark"},{"text":"tabulam","gloss":"tabula: writing tablet (wax covered board)"},{"text":"vidētis.","gloss":"video: see, perceive"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L07.s3.1.m4a"},{"number":61,"id":"la.pa.L07.s4.1","source":"Discipulus iānuam aperit; nunc aperta est iānua; apertam iānuam vidētis.","translation":"The pupil opens the door; now the door is open; you see an open door.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Discipulus","gloss":"female pupil"},{"text":"iānuam","gloss":"janua: door"},{"text":"aperit;","gloss":"aperio: uncover, open, disclose"},{"text":"nunc","gloss":"now, the present moment"},{"text":"aperta","gloss":"apertus: open/public/free"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"iānua;","gloss":"janua: door, entrance"},{"text":"apertam","gloss":"apertus: open/public/free"},{"text":"iānuam","gloss":"janua: door"},{"text":"vidētis.","gloss":"video: see, perceive"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L07.s4.1.m4a"},{"number":62,"id":"la.pa.L07.s5.1","source":"Magister fenestram claudit; nunc clausa est fenestra; clausam fenestram vidētis.","translation":"The master shuts the window; now the window is shut; you see a shut window.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Magister","gloss":"master, commander; teacher"},{"text":"fenestram","gloss":"fenestra: window, opening for light"},{"text":"claudit;","gloss":"claudo: limp, stumble/falter/hesitate"},{"text":"nunc","gloss":"now, the present moment"},{"text":"clausa","gloss":"claudo: shut, close, block"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"fenestra;","gloss":"window, opening for light"},{"text":"clausam","gloss":"claudo: limp, stumble/falter/hesitate"},{"text":"fenestram","gloss":"fenestra: window, opening for light"},{"text":"vidētis.","gloss":"video: see, perceive"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L07.s5.1.m4a"},{"number":63,"id":"la.pa.L07.s6.1","source":"Parvam crētam sūmō; māgnam lītteram et longam sententiam scrībō.","translation":"I take a small piece of chalk; I write a big letter and a long sentence.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Parvam","gloss":"parvus: small, little"},{"text":"crētam","gloss":"creta2: clay/clayey soil"},{"text":"sūmō;","gloss":"sumo: take up"},{"text":"māgnam","gloss":"magnus: great, large"},{"text":"lītteram","gloss":"littera: letter (alphabet)"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"longam","gloss":"longus: long"},{"text":"sententiam","gloss":"sententia: opinion, feeling, way of thinking"},{"text":"scrībō.","gloss":"scribo: write"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L07.s6.1.m4a"},{"number":64,"id":"la.pa.L07.s7.1","source":"Spectāte omnēs!","translation":"Watch, all of you!","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Spectāte","gloss":"specto: observe, watch, look at, see"},{"text":"omnēs!","gloss":"omnis: every, all"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L07.s7.1.m4a"},{"number":65,"id":"la.pa.L07.s7.2","source":"Dextra sinistram tangit; nunc dextram sinistra tangit.","translation":"The right hand touches the left; now the left touches the right.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dextra","gloss":"dexter: right, on/to the right hand/side"},{"text":"sinistram","gloss":"sinister: left, improper,adverse"},{"text":"tangit;","gloss":"tango: touch"},{"text":"nunc","gloss":"now, the present moment"},{"text":"dextram","gloss":"dexter: right"},{"text":"sinistra","gloss":"sinister: left"},{"text":"tangit.","gloss":"tango: touch"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L07.s7.2.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":32,"text":"D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson III, §§32-33\n\n§32. Declension of Nouns. We learned above (§§19, 20) the difference between the subject and object, and that in English they may be distinguished by the order of the words. Sometimes, however, the order is such that we are left in doubt. For example, the sentence The lady her daughter loves might mean either that the lady loves her daughter, or that the daughter loves the lady.\n\n1. If the sentence were in Latin, no doubt could arise, because the subject and the object are distinguished, not by the order of the words, but by the endings of the words themselves. Compare the following sentences:\n\nDomina fīliam amat\nFīliam domina amat\nAmat fīliam domina\nDomina amat fīliam\n  The lady loves her daughter\n\nFīlia dominam amat\nDominam fīlia amat\nAmat dominam fīlia\nFīlia amat dominam\n  The daughter loves the lady\n\na. Observe that in each case the subject of the sentence ends in -a and the object in -am. The form of the noun shows how it is used in the sentence, and the order of the words has no effect on the essential meaning.\n\n2. As stated above (§23), this change of ending is called declension, and each different ending produces what is called a case. When we decline a noun, we give all its different cases, or changes of endings. In English we have three cases,--nominative, possessive, and objective; but, in nouns, the nominative and objective have the same form, and only the possessive case shows a change of ending, by adding ’s or the apostrophe. The interrogative pronoun, however, has the fuller declension, who? whose? whom?"},{"section":35,"text":"§35. We learned from the table (§33) that the Latin nominative, genitive, and accusative correspond, in general, to the nominative, possessive, and objective in English, and that they are used in the same way. This will be made even clearer by the following sentence:\n\nFīlia agricolae nautam amat,\n  the farmer’s daughter (or the daughter of the farmer)\n  loves the sailor\n\nWhat is the subject? the direct object? What case is used for the subject? for the direct object? What word denotes the possessor? In what case is it?"},{"section":36,"text":"§36. RULE. Nominative Subject. The subject of a finite verb is in the Nominative and answers the question Who? or What?"},{"section":37,"text":"§37. RULE. Accusative Object. The direct object of a transitive verb is in the Accusative and answers the question Whom? or What?"},{"section":38,"text":"§38. RULE. Genitive of the Possessor. The word denoting the owner or possessor of something is in the Genitive and answers the question Whose?"}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"vidēs","gloss":"see, perceive, from video"},{"word":"ō","gloss":"O!"},{"word":"tangō","gloss":"touch, strike"},{"word":"sūmō","gloss":"take up, assume"},{"word":"teneō","gloss":"keep, hold"},{"word":"pōnō","gloss":"place, put"},{"word":"albam","gloss":"white precious stone, from alba"},{"word":"habeō","gloss":"have, hold"},{"word":"aperit","gloss":"uncover, open, from aperio"},{"word":"nunc","gloss":"now, the present moment"},{"word":"sententiam","gloss":"opinion, feeling, from sententia"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Adiectīvum Possessīvum, the possessive adjective","teaching":[{"title":"The noun sets the form","paragraphs":["Mea est haec crēta means This chalk is mine. Meam crētam means my chalk.","Mea stands alone for my chalk. Meam describes crētam and takes its gender, number, and case."]},{"title":"The endings follow the case","paragraphs":["Latin declines possessives like adjectives of the first and second declensions.","With these singular nouns, the nominative forms end in -a: mea crēta, tua sella, nostra tabula, vestra camera.","The accusative forms end in -am: meam crētam, tuam sellam, nostram tabulam, vestram cameram."]},{"title":"Suus means his own","paragraphs":["Mārcus suam sellam habet means Marcus has his own chair.","Suam refers back to Mārcus, the subject. Its accusative ending agrees with sellam, the thing possessed.","Magister suam cameram habet follows the same rule."]}],"lines":[{"number":66,"id":"la.pa.L08.s1.1","source":"Mea est haec crēta; meam crētam vidētis.","translation":"This chalk is mine; you see my chalk.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mea","gloss":"meus: my, mine"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"haec","gloss":"hic: this"},{"text":"crēta;","gloss":"creta2: clay/clayey soil"},{"text":"meam","gloss":"meus: my, mine"},{"text":"crētam","gloss":"creta2: clay/clayey soil"},{"text":"vidētis.","gloss":"video: see, perceive"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L08.s1.1.m4a"},{"number":67,"id":"la.pa.L08.s1.2","source":"Tua est illa sella; tuam sellam mōnstrō.","translation":"That chair is yours; I point to your chair.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Tua","gloss":"tuus: your, yours"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"illa","gloss":"ille: that; he, she, it"},{"text":"sella;","gloss":"seat (usu. no back/arms), stool, chair"},{"text":"tuam","gloss":"tuus: your, yours"},{"text":"sellam","gloss":"sella: seat (usu. no back/arms), stool, chair"},{"text":"mōnstrō.","gloss":"monstrum: omen, prodigy; monster"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L08.s1.2.m4a"},{"number":68,"id":"la.pa.L08.s1.3","source":"Mārcus suam sellam habet.","translation":"Marcus has his own chair.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mārcus","gloss":"Marcus: Marcus, Mark"},{"text":"suam","gloss":"suus: his, her, hers, its, their, theirs"},{"text":"sellam","gloss":"sella: seat (usu. no back/arms), stool, chair"},{"text":"habet.","gloss":"habeo: have, hold; regard, consider, deem"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L08.s1.3.m4a"},{"number":69,"id":"la.pa.L08.s1.4","source":"Nostra tabula est haec; nostram tabulam spectāmus.","translation":"This is our blackboard; we look at our blackboard.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nostra","gloss":"noster: our, ours"},{"text":"tabula","gloss":"writing tablet (wax covered board)"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"haec;","gloss":"hic: this"},{"text":"nostram","gloss":"noster: our"},{"text":"tabulam","gloss":"tabula: writing tablet (wax covered board)"},{"text":"spectāmus.","gloss":"specto: observe, watch, look at, see"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L08.s1.4.m4a"},{"number":70,"id":"la.pa.L08.s1.5","source":"Vestra camera est haec: spectāte vestram cameram!","translation":"This is your room: look at your room!","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Vestra","gloss":"vester: your, yours"},{"text":"camera","gloss":"room,  vault, vaulted/arched room/roof/ceiling"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"haec:","gloss":"hic: this"},{"text":"spectāte","gloss":"specto: observe, watch, look at, see"},{"text":"vestram","gloss":"vester: your (pl.), of/belonging to/associated with you"},{"text":"cameram!","gloss":"camera: room,  vault, vaulted/arched room/roof/ceiling"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L08.s1.5.m4a"},{"number":71,"id":"la.pa.L08.s1.6","source":"Magister suam cameram habet.","translation":"The master has his own room.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Magister","gloss":"master, commander; teacher"},{"text":"suam","gloss":"suus: his, her, hers, its, their, theirs"},{"text":"cameram","gloss":"camera: room,  vault, vaulted/arched room/roof/ceiling"},{"text":"habet.","gloss":"habeo: have, hold; regard, consider, deem"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L08.s1.6.m4a"},{"number":72,"id":"la.pa.L08.pB.i","source":"Quālis est iānua, fenestra, tabula, crēta, pila?","translation":"What are the door, the window, the blackboard, the chalk, the ball like?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quālis","gloss":"qualis: what kind/sort/condition (of)"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"iānua,","gloss":"janua: door, entrance"},{"text":"fenestra,","gloss":"window, opening for light"},{"text":"tabula,","gloss":"writing tablet (wax covered board)"},{"text":"crēta,","gloss":"Creta: Crete"},{"text":"pila?","gloss":"pila3: ball (play/decorative)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L08.pB.i.m4a"},{"number":73,"id":"la.pa.L08.pB.ii","source":"Quanta est mēnsa, sella, crēta, līttera B, haec sententia?","translation":"How big are the table, the chair, the chalk, the letter B, this sentence?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quanta","gloss":"quantus: as great as"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"mēnsa,","gloss":"mensa: table"},{"text":"sella,","gloss":"seat (usu. no back/arms), stool, chair"},{"text":"crēta,","gloss":"Creta: Crete"},{"text":"līttera","gloss":"littera: letter (alphabet)"},{"text":"B,","gloss":""},{"text":"haec","gloss":"hic: this"},{"text":"sententia?","gloss":"opinion, feeling, way of thinking"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L08.pB.ii.m4a"},{"number":74,"id":"la.pa.L08.pB.iii","source":"Quālem crētam teneō?","translation":"What sort of chalk am I holding?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quālem","gloss":"qualis: what kind/sort/condition (of)"},{"text":"crētam","gloss":"creta2: clay/clayey soil"},{"text":"teneō?","gloss":"teneo: hold, keep"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L08.pB.iii.m4a"},{"number":75,"id":"la.pa.L08.pB.iv","source":"Quālem tabulam habēmus?","translation":"What sort of blackboard do we have?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quālem","gloss":"qualis: what kind/sort/condition (of)"},{"text":"tabulam","gloss":"tabula: writing tablet (wax covered board)"},{"text":"habēmus?","gloss":"habeo: have, hold, consider, think, reason"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L08.pB.iv.m4a"},{"number":76,"id":"la.pa.L08.pB.v","source":"Quālem pāginam tangis?","translation":"What sort of page are you touching?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quālem","gloss":"qualis: what kind/sort/condition (of)"},{"text":"pāginam","gloss":"pagina: page, sheet"},{"text":"tangis?","gloss":"tango: touch, strike"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L08.pB.v.m4a"},{"number":77,"id":"la.pa.L08.pB.vi","source":"Quālem fenestram vidēs?","translation":"What sort of window do you see?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quālem","gloss":"qualis: what kind/sort/condition (of)"},{"text":"fenestram","gloss":"fenestra: window, opening for light"},{"text":"vidēs?","gloss":"video: see, perceive"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L08.pB.vi.m4a"},{"number":78,"id":"la.pa.L08.pB.vii","source":"Quantam sententiam scrībis?","translation":"How big a sentence are you writing?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quantam","gloss":"quantus: how great"},{"text":"sententiam","gloss":"sententia: opinion, feeling, way of thinking"},{"text":"scrībis?","gloss":"scribo: write"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L08.pB.vii.m4a"},{"number":79,"id":"la.pa.L08.pB.viii","source":"Quantam cameram habētis?","translation":"How big a room do you have?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quantam","gloss":"quantus: how great"},{"text":"cameram","gloss":"camera: room,  vault, vaulted/arched room/roof/ceiling"},{"text":"habētis?","gloss":"habeo: have, hold; regard, consider, deem"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L08.pB.viii.m4a"},{"number":80,"id":"la.pa.L08.pB.ix","source":"Cūius est crēta? camera?","translation":"Whose is the chalk? the room?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Cūius","gloss":"qui: who, which"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"crēta?","gloss":"Creta: Crete"},{"text":"camera?","gloss":"room,  vault, vaulted/arched room/roof/ceiling"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L08.pB.ix.m4a"},{"number":81,"id":"la.pa.L08.pB.x","source":"Cūius sellam habēs?","translation":"Whose chair do you have?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Cūius","gloss":"qui: who, which"},{"text":"sellam","gloss":"sella: seat (usu. no back/arms), stool, chair"},{"text":"habēs?","gloss":"habeo: have, hold; regard, consider, deem"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.L08.pB.x.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":97,"text":"D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XIV, §§97-98\n\n§97. Observe the sentences\n\nThis is my shield\nThis shield is mine\n\nIn the first sentence my is a possessive adjective; in the second mine is a possessive pronoun, for it takes the place of a noun, this shield is mine being equivalent to this shield is my shield. Similarly, in Latin the possessives are sometimes adjectives and sometimes pronouns."},{"section":98,"text":"§98. The possessives my, mine, your, yours, etc. are declined like adjectives of the first and second declensions.\n\n             SINGULAR\n1st Pers.    meus, mea, meum          my, mine\n2d Pers.     tuus, tua, tuum          your, yours\n3d Pers.     suus, sua, suum          his (own), her (own),\n                                         its (own)\n             PLURAL\n1st Pers.    noster, nostra, nostrum  our, ours\n2d Pers.     vester, vestra, vestrum  your, yours\n3d Pers.     suus, sua, suum          their (own), theirs\n\nNOTE. Meus has the irregular vocative singular masculine mī, as mī fīlī, O my son.\n\na. The possessives agree with the name of the thing possessed in gender, number, and case. Compare the English and Latin in\n\nSextus is calling his boy    Sextus } suum puerum vocat\nJulia is calling her boy     Iūlia    }\n\nObserve that suum agrees with puerum, and is unaffected by the gender of Sextus or Julia.\n\nb. When your, yours, refers to one person, use tuus; when to more than one, vester; as,\n\nLesbia, your wreaths are pretty\n  Corōnae tuae, Lesbia, sunt pulchrae\nGirls, your wreaths are pretty\n  Corōnae vestrae, puellae, sunt pulchrae\n\nc. Suus is a reflexive possessive, that is, it usually stands in the predicate and regularly refers back to the subject. Thus, Vir suōs servōs vocat means The man calls his (own) slaves. Here his (suōs) refers to man (vir), and could not refer to any one else.\n\nd. Possessives are used much less frequently than in English, being omitted whenever the meaning is clear without them. (Cf. §22.a.) This is especially true of suus, -a, -um, which, when inserted, is more or less emphatic, like our his own, her own, etc."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"Mea","gloss":"my, mine, from meus"},{"word":"Tua","gloss":"your, yours, from tuus"},{"word":"mōnstrō","gloss":"omen, prodigy, from monstrum"},{"word":"suam","gloss":"his, her, from suus"},{"word":"Nostra","gloss":"our, ours, from noster"},{"word":"Vestra","gloss":"your, yours, from vester"},{"word":"Cūius","gloss":"who, which, from qui"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Give the forms: recitō, stō","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":82,"id":"la.pa.drill.L08.A.recito.a","source":"recitō","translation":"read aloud","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"recitō","gloss":"read aloud"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.drill.L08.A.recito.a.m4a"},{"number":83,"id":"la.pa.drill.L08.A.sto.a","source":"stō","translation":"stand","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"stō","gloss":"stand"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.drill.L08.A.sto.a.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Give the forms: stō, respondeō","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":84,"id":"la.pa.drill.L08.A.sto.b","source":"stō","translation":"stand","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"stō","gloss":"stand"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.drill.L08.A.sto.b.m4a"},{"number":85,"id":"la.pa.drill.L08.A.respondeo.b","source":"respondeō","translation":"respond, reply","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"respondeō","gloss":"respond, reply"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.drill.L08.A.respondeo.b.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Give the forms: sedeō, surgō","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":86,"id":"la.pa.drill.L08.A.sedeo.c","source":"sedeō","translation":"sit","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"sedeō","gloss":"sit"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.drill.L08.A.sedeo.c.m4a"},{"number":87,"id":"la.pa.drill.L08.A.surgo.c","source":"surgō","translation":"get up","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"surgō","gloss":"get up"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.drill.L08.A.surgo.c.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Give the forms: surgō, faciō","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":88,"id":"la.pa.drill.L08.A.surgo.d","source":"surgō","translation":"get up","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"surgō","gloss":"get up"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.drill.L08.A.surgo.d.m4a"},{"number":89,"id":"la.pa.drill.L08.A.facio.d","source":"faciō","translation":"make","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"faciō","gloss":"make"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.drill.L08.A.facio.d.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Give the forms: veniō","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":90,"id":"la.pa.drill.L08.A.venio.e","source":"veniō","translation":"come","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"veniō","gloss":"come"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.pa.drill.L08.A.venio.e.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]}]}