# Prīmus et Secundus Annus, Lessons I–VI Latin for Beginners I First Principles; First Principles, continued Source: https://1732studios.com/courses/la/18. Data: https://1732studios.com/courses/la/18.json. ## First Principles (D'Ooge I) ### The object can come first Rosam in comīs habet means "She has a rose in her hair." Rosam is the direct object, although it comes before habet. Agricola fīliam amat also places the direct object before the verb. Nauta pugnat has no direct object. ### Latin leaves clear words unstated Rosam in comīs habet leaves she and her unstated because the meaning is clear without them. Latin has no word for a or the. Agricola fīliam amat also leaves his unstated. **1** Galba est agricola Galba is a farmer **2** Nauta pugnat The sailor fights **3** America est patria mea America is my native land **4** Agricola fīliam amat The farmer loves his daughter **5** Fīlia est Iūlia His daughter is Julia **6** Iūlia et agricola sunt in īnsulā Julia and the farmer are on the island **7** Iūlia aquam portat Julia carries water **8** Rosam in comīs habet She has a rose in her hair **9** Iūlia est puella pulchra Julia is a beautiful girl **10** Domina fīliam pulchram habet The lady has a beautiful daughter ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson I, §§19-22 §19. Subject and Predicate. 1. Latin, like English, expresses thoughts by means of sentences. A sentence is a combination of words that expresses a thought, and in its simplest form is the statement of a single fact. Thus, Galba is a farmer Galba est agricola The sailor fights Nauta pugnat In each of these sentences there are two parts: SUBJECT PREDICATE Galba is a farmer Galba The sailor fights Nauta pugnat 2. The subject is that person, place, or thing about which something is said, and is therefore a noun or some word which can serve the same purpose. a. Pronouns, as their name implies (pro, “instead of,” and noun), often take the place of nouns, usually to save repeating the same noun, as, Galba is a farmer; he is a sturdy fellow. 3. The predicate is that which is said about the subject, and consists of a verb with or without modifiers. a. A verb is a word which asserts something (usually an act) concerning a person, place, or thing. ``` ``` §20. The Object. In the two sentences, The boy hit the ball and The ball hit the boy, the same words are used, but the meaning is different, and depends upon the order of the words. The doer of the act, that about which something is said, is, as we have seen above, the subject. That to which something is done is the direct object of the verb. The boy hit the ball is therefore analyzed as follows: SUBJECT PREDICATE /-----------\ The boy hit the ball (verb) (direct object) a. A verb whose action passes over to the object directly, as in the sentence above, is called a transitive verb. A verb which does not admit of a direct object is called intransitive, as, I walk, he comes. ``` ``` §21. The Copula. The verb to be in its different forms--are, is, was, etc.--does not tell us anything about the subject; neither does it govern an object. It simply connects the subject with the word or words in the predicate that possess a distinct meaning. Hence it is called the copula, that is, the joiner or link. ``` ``` §22. In the following sentences pronounce the Latin and name the nouns, verbs, subjects, objects, predicates, copulas: 1. America est patria mea America is fatherland my 2. Agricola fīliam amat (The) farmer (his) daughter loves 3. Fīlia est Iūlia (His) daughter is Julia 4. Iūlia et agricola sunt in īnsulā Julia and (the) farmer are on (the) island 5. Iūlia aquam portat Julia water carries 6. Rosam in comīs habet (A) rose in (her) hair (she) has 7. Iūlia est puella pulchra Julia is (a) girl pretty 8. Domina fīliam pulchram habet (The) lady (a) daughter beautiful has a. The sentences above show that Latin does not express some words which are necessary in English. First of all, Latin has no article the or a; thus agricola may mean the farmer, a farmer, or simply farmer. Then, too, the personal pronouns, I, you, he, she, etc., and the possessive pronouns, my, your, his, her, etc., are not expressed if the meaning of the sentence is clear without them. ``` ## First Principles, continued (D'Ooge II) ### The noun ending marks number Naut-a pugnat means "The sailor fights." Naut-ae pugnant means "The sailors fight." A Latin noun ending in -a in the singular ends in -ae in the plural. ### The verb ending matches the subject Nauta pugna-t means "The sailor fights." Nautae pugna-nt means "The sailors fight." Third person singular active ends in -t. Third person plural active ends in -nt. A Latin finite verb matches its subject in person and number: Nauta pairs with pugna-t, and Nautae pairs with pugna-nt. **11** Naut-a pugnat The sailor fights **12** Naut-ae pugnant The sailors fight **13** Nauta pugna-t The sailor fights **14** Nautae pugna-nt The sailors fight ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson II, §§23-30 §23. Inflection. Words may change their forms to indicate some change in sense or use, as, is, are; was, were; who, whose, whom; farmer, farmer’s; woman, women. This is called inflection. The inflection of a noun, adjective, or pronoun is called its declension, that of a verb its conjugation. ``` ``` §24. Number. Latin, like English, has two numbers, singular and plural. In English we usually form the plural by adding -s or -es to the singular. So Latin changes the singular to the plural by changing the ending of the word. Compare Naut-a pugnat The sailor fights Naut-ae pugnant The sailors fight ``` ``` §25. RULE. Nouns that end in -a in the singular end in -ae in the plural. ``` ``` §26. Learn the following nouns so that you can give the English for the Latin or the Latin for the English. Write the plural of each. agri´cola, farmer (agriculture)[1] aqua, water (aquarium) causa, cause, reason do´mina, lady of the house, mistress (dominate) filia, daughter (filial) fortū´na, fortune fuga, flight (fugitive) iniū´ria, wrong, injury lūna, moon (lunar) nauta, sailor (nautical) puel´la, girl silva, forest (silvan) terra, land (terrace) [1] The words in parentheses are English words related to the Latin. When the words are practically identical, as causa, cause, no comparison is needed. ``` ``` §27. Compare again the sentences Nauta pugna-t The sailor fights Nautae pugna-nt The sailors fight In the first sentence the verb pugna-t is in the third person singular, in the second sentence pugna-nt is in the third person plural. ``` ``` §28. RULE. Agreement of Verb. A finite verb must always be in the same person and number as its subject. ``` ``` §29. RULE. In the conjugation of the Latin verb the third person singular active ends in -t, the third person plural in -nt. The endings which show the person and number of the verb are called personal endings. ``` ``` §30. Learn the following verbs and write the plural of each. The personal pronouns he, she, it, etc., which are necessary in the inflection of the English verb, are not needed in the Latin, because the personal endings take their place. Of course, if the verb’s subject is expressed we do not translate the personal ending by a pronoun; thus nauta pugnat is translated the sailor fights, not the sailor he fights. ama-t he (she, it) loves, is loving, does love (amity, amiable) labō´ra-t “ “ “ labors, is laboring, does labor nūntia-t[2] “ “ “ announces, is announcing, does announce porta-t “ “ “ carries, is carrying, does carry (porter) pugna-t “ “ “ fights, is fighting, does fight (pugnacious) [2] The u in nūntiō is long by exception. (Cf. §12.2.) ``` | word | gloss | |---|---| | pugna-t | he | ## Give the forms (D'Ooge II) **15** Nauta pugnat, nautae pugnant. The sailor fights, the sailors fight. **16** Puella amat, puellae amant. The girl loves, the girls love. **17** Agricola portat, agricolae portant. The farmer carries, the farmers carry. **18** Fīlia labōrat, fīliae labōrant. The daughter labors, the daughters labor. **19** Nauta nūntiat, nautae nūntiant. The sailor announces, the sailors announce. **20** Dominae amant, domina amat. The ladies love, the lady loves. ## English into Latin (D'Ooge II) **21** Fīlia amat, fīliae amant. The daughter loves, the daughters love. **22** Nauta portat, nautae portant. The sailor is carrying, the sailors carry. **23** Agricola labōrat, agricolae labōrant. The farmer does labor, the farmers labor. **24** Puella nūntiat, puellae nūntiant. The girl is announcing, the girls do announce. **25** Dominae portant, domina portat. The ladies are carrying, the lady carries. ## First Principles, continued (D'Ooge III) ### Order does not decide the meaning Domina fīliam amat means, "The lady loves her daughter." Fīliam domina amat means the same thing. Latin noun endings, not position, distinguish the subject from the direct object. ### The endings identify each noun Domina and fīlia end in -a when each is the subject. Fīliam and dominam end in -am when each is the direct object. Domina fīliam amat and Fīliam domina amat therefore keep the same meaning. Fīlia dominam amat reverses the roles. **26** Domina fīliam amat The lady loves her daughter **27** Fīliam domina amat The lady loves her daughter **28** Amat fīliam domina The lady loves her daughter **29** Domina amat fīliam The lady loves her daughter **30** Fīlia dominam amat The daughter loves the lady **31** Dominam fīlia amat The daughter loves the lady **32** Amat dominam fīlia The daughter loves the lady **33** Fīlia amat dominam The daughter loves the lady ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson III, §§32-33 §32. Declension of Nouns. We learned above (§§19, 20) the difference between the subject and object, and that in English they may be distinguished by the order of the words. Sometimes, however, the order is such that we are left in doubt. For example, the sentence The lady her daughter loves might mean either that the lady loves her daughter, or that the daughter loves the lady. 1. If the sentence were in Latin, no doubt could arise, because the subject and the object are distinguished, not by the order of the words, but by the endings of the words themselves. Compare the following sentences: Domina fīliam amat Fīliam domina amat Amat fīliam domina Domina amat fīliam The lady loves her daughter Fīlia dominam amat Dominam fīlia amat Amat dominam fīlia Fīlia amat dominam The daughter loves the lady a. Observe that in each case the subject of the sentence ends in -a and the object in -am. The form of the noun shows how it is used in the sentence, and the order of the words has no effect on the essential meaning. 2. As stated above (§23), this change of ending is called declension, and each different ending produces what is called a case. When we decline a noun, we give all its different cases, or changes of endings. In English we have three cases,--nominative, possessive, and objective; but, in nouns, the nominative and objective have the same form, and only the possessive case shows a change of ending, by adding ’s or the apostrophe. The interrogative pronoun, however, has the fuller declension, who? whose? whom? ``` ``` §33. The following table shows a comparison between English and Latin declension forms, and should be thoroughly memorized: Declension of who? Name of case and use Declension of domina and translation Name of case and use SINGULAR Who? Nominative-- case of the subject do´min-a the lady Nominative-- case of the subject Whose? Possessive-- case of the possessor domin-ae the lady’s of the lady Genitive-- case of the possessor Whom? Objective-- case of the object domin-am the lady Accusative-- case of the direct object PLURAL Who? Nominative-- case of the subject domin-ae the ladies Nominative-- case of the subject Whose? Possessive-- case of the possessor domin-ā´rum the ladies’ of the ladies Genitive-- case of the possessor Whom? Objective-- case of the object domin-ās the ladies Accusative-- case of the direct object When the nominative singular of a noun ends in -a, observe that a. The nominative plural ends in -ae. b. The genitive singular ends in -ae and the genitive plural in -ārum. c. The accusative singular ends in -am and the accusative plural in -ās. d. The genitive singular and the nominative plural have the same ending. ``` ## Give the forms (D'Ooge III) **34** Aquās, causam, lūnās. Waters (acc.), cause (acc.), moons (acc.). **35** Fīliae, fortūnae, lūnae. Of the daughter, to the daughter, or daughters; of fortune, to fortune, or fortunes; of the moon, to the moon, or moons (each gen. sing., dat. sing., or nom. pl.). **36** silva wood, forest **37** fuga flight **38** terra land **39** Agricolam, puellam, silvārum. Farmer (acc.), girl (acc.), of the forests (gen. pl.). **40** aqua water **41** puella girl **42** nauta sailor | word | gloss | |---|---| | lūnās | moon, from luna | ## First Principles, continued (D'Ooge IV) ### Case assigns each noun its role Fīlia agricolae nautam amat means the farmer’s daughter loves the sailor. Fīlia is the nominative subject. Nautam is the accusative direct object. Agricolae is genitive and names the possessor. ### The genitive marks the possessor The owner or possessor stands in the genitive and answers whose. In fīlia agricolae, agricolae means the farmer’s or of the farmer. **43** Fīlia agricolae nautam amat the farmer’s daughter (or the daughter of the farmer) loves the sailor ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson IV, §§35-38 §35. We learned from the table (§33) that the Latin nominative, genitive, and accusative correspond, in general, to the nominative, possessive, and objective in English, and that they are used in the same way. This will be made even clearer by the following sentence: Fīlia agricolae nautam amat, the farmer’s daughter (or the daughter of the farmer) loves the sailor What is the subject? the direct object? What case is used for the subject? for the direct object? What word denotes the possessor? In what case is it? ``` ``` §36. RULE. Nominative Subject. The subject of a finite verb is in the Nominative and answers the question Who? or What? ``` ``` §37. RULE. Accusative Object. The direct object of a transitive verb is in the Accusative and answers the question Whom? or What? ``` ``` §38. RULE. Genitive of the Possessor. The word denoting the owner or possessor of something is in the Genitive and answers the question Whose? ``` ## Latin into English (D'Ooge IV) **44** Diāna est dea. Diana is a goddess. **45** Lātōna est dea. Latona is a goddess. **46** Diāna et Lātōna sunt deae. Diana and Latona are goddesses. **47** Diāna est dea lūnae. Diana is the goddess of the moon. **48** Diāna est fīlia Lātōnae. Diana is the daughter of Latona. **49** Lātōna Diānam amat. Latona loves Diana. **50** Diāna est dea silvārum. Diana is the goddess of the forests. **51** Diāna silvam amat. Diana loves the forest. **52** Diāna sagittās portat. Diana carries arrows. **53** Diāna ferās silvae necat. Diana kills the wild beasts of the forest. **54** Ferae terrārum pugnant. The wild beasts of the lands fight. | word | gloss | |---|---| | dea | goddess | ## Conversation (D'Ooge IV) **55** Quis est Diāna? Who is Diana? **56** Cuius fīlia est Diāna? Whose daughter is Diana? **57** Quis Diānam amat? Who loves Diana? **58** Quis silvam amat? Who loves the forest? **59** Quis sagittās portat? Who carries arrows? **60** Cuius fīliae labōrant? Whose daughters are laboring? ## English into Latin (D'Ooge IV) **61** Fīlia Lātōnae silvās amat. The daughter of Latona does love the forests. **62** Fīlia Lātōnae sagittās portat. Latona’s daughter carries arrows. **63** Fīliae agricolārum labōrant. The farmers’ daughters do labor. **64** Fīlia agricolae aquās silvae amat. The farmer’s daughter loves the waters of the forest. **65** Nauta fugam puellārum nūntiat. The sailor is announcing the girls’ flight. **66** Puellae iniūriās nautārum nūntiant. The girls announce the sailors’ wrongs. **67** Fīlia agricolae labōrat. The farmer’s daughter labors. **68** Sagittae Diānae ferās terrae necant. Diana’s arrows are killing the wild beasts of the land. | word | gloss | |---|---| | iniūriās | wrong, injury, from injuria | ## First Principles, continued (D'Ooge V) ### One verb has two objects Nauta fugam nūntiat means "the sailor announces the flight." Nauta agricolīs fugam nūntiat means "The sailor announces the flight to the farmers." Nūntiat has fugam as its direct object and agricolīs as its indirect object. The table distinguishes what the sailor announces from the people to whom he announces it. ### The Indirect Object ### The dative plural ends in īs For nouns whose nominative singular ends in -a, the dative singular ends in -ae and the dative plural in -īs. Agricola therefore has the dative plural agricolīs, "to the farmers." ### The indirect object is dative The indirect object of a verb takes the dative case. In Nauta agricolīs fugam nūntiat, agricolīs is dative and stands before the direct object fugam. **69** Nauta fugam nūntiat the sailor announces the flight **70** Nauta agricolīs fugam nūntiat The sailor announces the flight to the farmers ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson V, §§41-46 §41. The Dative Case. In addition to the relationships between words expressed by the nominative, genitive (possessive), and accusative (objective) cases, there are other relationships, to express which in English we use such words as from, with, by, to, for, in, at.[1] [1] Words like to, for, by, from, in, etc., which define the relationship between words, are called prepositions. Latin, too, makes frequent use of such prepositions; but often it expresses these relations without them by means of case forms which English does not possess. One of the cases found in the Latin declension and lacking in English is called the dative. ``` ``` §42. When the nominative singular ends in -a, the dative singular ends in -ae and the dative plural in -īs. NOTE. Observe that the genitive singular, the dative singular, and the nominative plural all have the same ending, -ae; but the uses of the three cases are entirely different. The general meaning of the sentence usually makes clear which case is intended. a. Form the dative singular and plural of the following nouns: fuga, causa, fortūna, terra, aqua, puella, agricola, nauta, domina. ``` ``` §43. The Dative Relation. The dative case is used to express the relations conveyed in English by the prepositions to, towards, for. These prepositions are often used in English in expressions of motion, such as She went to town, He ran towards the horse, Columbus sailed for America. In such cases the dative is not used in Latin, as motion through space is foreign to the dative relation. But the dative is used to denote that to or towards which a benefit, injury, purpose, feeling, or quality is directed, or that for which something serves or exists. a. What dative relations do you discover in the following? The teacher gave a prize to John because he replied so promptly to all her questions--a good example for the rest of us. It is a pleasure to us to hear him recite. Latin is easy for him, but it is very hard for me. Some are fitted for one thing and others for another. ``` ``` §44. The Indirect Object. Examine the sentence Nauta fugam nūntiat, the sailor announces the flight Here the verb, nūntiat, governs the direct object, fugam, in the accusative case. If, however, we wish to mention the persons to whom the sailor announces the flight, as, The sailor announces the flight to the farmers, the verb will have two objects: 1. Its direct object, flight (fugam) 2. Its indirect object, farmers According to the preceding section, to the farmers is a relation covered by the dative case, and we are prepared for the following rule: ``` ``` §45. RULE. Dative Indirect Object. The indirect object of a verb is in the Dative. a. The indirect object usually stands before the direct object. ``` ``` §46. We may now complete the translation of the sentence The sailor announces the flight to the farmers, and we have Nauta agricolīs fugam nūntiat ``` ## Latin into English (D'Ooge V) **71** Quis nautīs pecūniam dat? Who gives money to the sailors? **72** Fīliae agricolae nautīs pecūniam dant. The daughters of the farmer give money to the sailors. **73** Quis fortūnam pugnae nūntiat? Who announces the fortune of the battle? **74** Galba agricolīs fortunam pugnae nūntiat. Galba announces the fortune of the battle to the farmers. **75** Cui domina fābulam nārrat? To whom does the lady tell the story? **76** Fīliae agricolae domina fābulam nārrat. The lady tells the story to the farmer's daughter. **77** Quis Diānae corōnam dat? Who gives Diana a wreath? **78** Puella Diānae corōnam dat quia Diānam amat. The girl gives Diana a wreath because she loves Diana. **79** Dea lūnae sagittās portat et ferās silvārum necat. The goddess of the moon carries arrows and kills the wild beasts of the forests. **80** Cuius victōriam Galba nūntiat? Whose victory does Galba announce? **81** Nautae victōriam Galba nūntiat. Galba announces the victory of the sailor. ## English into Latin (D'Ooge V) **82** Cui puellae corōnam dant? To whom do the girls give a wreath? **83** Puellae Iūliae corōnam dant, quia Iūlia corōnās amat. The girls give a wreath to Julia, because Julia loves wreaths. **84** Nautae dominīs fābulam nārrant, quia dominae fābulās amant. The sailors tell the ladies[2] a story, because the ladies love stories. **85** Agricola fīliae aquam dat. The farmer gives his (§ 22. a) daughter water. **86** Galba nautae causam pugnae nūntiat. Galba announces the cause of the battle to the sailor. **87** Dea lūnae aquās silvae amat. The goddess of the moon loves the waters of the forest. **88** Cuius corōnam Lātōna portat? Diānae. Whose wreath is Latona carrying? Diana’s. ## First Principles, continued (D'Ooge VI) ### The short vowel marks the nominative Puella parva bonam deam amat means "the little girl loves the good goddess." Puella is nominative singular, so its final -a is short. ### The long vowel marks the ablative For these nouns, the ablative singular changes short -ă to long -ā. Fīliă and fīliā differ only in the length of the final vowel. Their forms establish the case contrast. ### The forms of fīliă **89** Puella parva bonam deam amat the little girl loves the good goddess **90** Puella est parva the girl is little **91** Puella parva bonam deam amat the little girl loves the good goddess ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson VI, §§48-56 §48. The Ablative Case. Another case, lacking in English but found in the fuller Latin declension, is the ab´la-tive. ``` ``` §49. When the nominative singular ends in -a, the ablative singular ends in -ā and the ablative plural in -īs. a. Observe that the final -ă of the nominative is short, while the final -ā of the ablative is long, as, Nom. fīliă Abl. fīliā b. Observe that the ablative plural is like the dative plural. c. Form the ablative singular and plural of the following nouns: fuga, causa, fortūna, terra, aqua, puella, agricola, nauta, domina. ``` ``` §50. The Ablative Relation. The ablative case is used to express the relations conveyed in English by the prepositions from, with, by, at, in. It denotes 1. That from which something is separated, from which it starts, or of which it is deprived--generally translated by from. 2. That with which something is associated or by means of which it is done--translated by with or by. 3. The place where or the time when something happens--translated by in or at. a. What ablative relations do you discover in the following? In our class there are twenty boys and girls. Daily at eight o’clock they come from home with their books, and while they are at school they read with ease the books written by the Romans. By patience and perseverance all things in this world can be overcome. ``` ``` §51. Prepositions. While, as stated above (§41), many relations expressed in English by prepositions are in Latin expressed by case forms, still prepositions are of frequent occurrence, but only with the accusative or ablative. ``` ``` §52. RULE. Object of a Preposition. A noun governed by a preposition must be in the Accusative or Ablative case. ``` ``` §53. Prepositions denoting the ablative relations from, with, in, on, are naturally followed by the ablative case. Among these are ā[1] or ab, from, away from dē, from, down from ē[1] or ex, from, out from, out of cum, with in, in, on [1] ā and ē are used only before words beginning with a consonant; ab and ex are used before either vowels or consonants. 1. Translate into Latin, using prepositions. In the water, on the land, down from the forest, with the fortune, out of the forests, from the victory, out of the waters, with the sailors, down from the moon. ``` ``` §54. Adjectives. Examine the sentence Puella parva bonam deam amat, the little girl loves the good goddess In this sentence parva (little) and bonam (good) are not nouns, but are descriptive words expressing quality. Such words are called adjectives,[2] and they are said to belong to the noun which they describe. [2] Pick out the adjectives in the following: “When I was a little boy, I remember that one cold winter’s morning I was accosted by a smiling man with an ax on his shoulder. ‘My pretty boy,’ said he, ‘has your father a grindstone?’ ‘Yes, sir,’ said I. ‘You are a fine little fellow,’ said he. ‘Will you let me grind my ax on it?’” You can tell by its ending to which noun an adjective belongs. The ending of parva shows that it belongs to puella, and the ending of bonam that it belongs to deam. Words that belong together are said to agree, and the belonging-together is called agreement. Observe that the adjective and its noun agree in number and case. ``` ``` §55. Examine the sentences Puella est parva, the girl is little Puella parva bonam deam amat, the little girl loves the good goddess In the first sentence the adjective parva is separated from its noun by the verb and stands in the predicate. It is therefore called a predicate adjective. In the second sentence the adjectives parva and bonam are closely attached to the nouns puella and deam respectively, and are called attributive adjectives. a. Pick out the attributive and the predicate adjectives in the following: Do you think Latin is hard? Hard studies make strong brains. Lazy students dislike hard studies. We are not lazy. a. When a person is called or addressed, the case used is called the voc´ative (Latin vocāre, “to call”). In form the vocative is regularly like the nominative. In English the name of the person addressed usually stands first in the sentence. The Latin vocative rarely stands first. Point out five examples of the vocative in this dialogue. b. Observe that questions answered by yes or no in English are answered in Latin by repeating the verb. Thus, if you wished to answer in Latin the question Is the sailor fighting? Pugnatne nauta? you would say Pugnat, he is fighting, or Nōn pugnat, he is not fighting. ``` ## Dialogue: Julia and Galba (D'Ooge VI) **92** Quis, Galba, est Diāna? Who, Galba, is Diana? **93** Diāna, Iūlia, est pulchra dea lūnae et silvārum. Diana, Julia, is the beautiful goddess of the moon and of the forests. **94** Cuius fīlia, Galba, est Diāna? Whose daughter, Galba, is Diana? **95** Lātōnae fīlia, Iūlia, est Diāna. Diana, Julia, is the daughter of Latona. **96** Quid Diāna portat? What does Diana carry? **97** Sagittās Diāna portat. Diana carries arrows. **98** Cūr Diāna sagittās portat? Why does Diana carry arrows? **99** Diāna sagittās portat, Iūlia, quod malās ferās silvae magnae necat. Diana carries arrows, Julia, because she kills the wicked wild beasts of the great forest. **100** Amatne Lātōna fīliam? Does Latona love her daughter? **101** Amat, et fīlia Lātōnam amat. She does, and the daughter loves Latona. **102** Quid fīlia tua parva portat? What does your little daughter carry? **103** Corōnās pulchrās fīlia mea parva portat. My little daughter carries beautiful wreaths. **104** Cui fīlia tua corōnās pulchrās dat? To whom does your daughter give the beautiful wreaths? **105** Diānae corōnās dat. She gives the wreaths to Diana. **106** Quis est cum fīliā tuā? Estne sōla? Who is with your daughter? Is she alone? **107** Sōla nōn est; fīlia mea parva est cum ancillā meā. She is not alone; my little daughter is with my maidservant. | word | gloss | |---|---| | ancillā | maidservant |