# Prīmus et Secundus Annus, Lessons VII–XII Latin for Beginners I The First or Ā-Declension; First Declension, continued; The Second or O-Declension; Second Declension, continued; Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions; Nouns in -Ius and -Ium Source: https://1732studios.com/courses/la/19. Data: https://1732studios.com/courses/la/19.json. ## Latin into English (D'Ooge VII) ### The same -ae marks three forms Bona fīlia agricolae cēnam parat means "The farmer's good daughter prepares dinner." In agricolae, -ae marks the genitive singular, "the farmer's." The same -ae marks the dative singular and nominative plural. The forms of domin-a show every first-declension ending with its case, number, meaning, and use. ### Noun ### A male noun stays masculine Agricola cum fīliā in casā habitat means "The farmer lives with his daughter in the cottage." First-declension nouns are feminine unless they name males. Agricola names a male, so it is masculine. **1** Agricola cum fīliā in casā habitat. The farmer lives with his daughter in the cottage. **2** Bona fīlia agricolae cēnam parat. The farmer's good daughter prepares dinner. **3** Cēna est grāta agricolae et agricola bonam fīliam laudat. The dinner is pleasing to the farmer, and the farmer praises his good daughter. **4** Deinde fīlia agricolae gallīnās ad cēnam vocat. Then the farmer's daughter calls the chickens to dinner. **5** Gallīnae fīliam agricolae amant. The chickens love the farmer's daughter. **6** Malae fīliae bonās cēnās nōn parant. Bad daughters do not prepare good dinners. **7** Fīlia agricolae est grāta dominae. The farmer's daughter is pleasing to the lady. **8** Domina in īnsulā magnā habitat. The lady lives on a large island. **9** Domina bonae puellae parvae pecūniam dat. The lady gives money to the good little girl. ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson VII, §§57-61 §57. In the preceding lessons we have now gone over all the cases, singular and plural, of nouns whose nominative singular ends in -a. All Latin nouns whose nominative singular ends in -a belong to the First Declension. It is also called the Ā-Declension because of the prominent part which the vowel a plays in the formation of the cases. We have also learned what relations are expressed by each case. These results are summarized in the following table: CASE NOUN TRANSLATION USE AND GENERAL MEANING OF EACH CASE SINGULAR Nom. do´min-a the lady The subject Gen. domin-ae of the lady, or the lady’s The possessor of something Dat. domin-ae to or for the lady Expressing the relation to or for, especially the indirect object Acc. domin-am the lady The direct object Abl. domin-ā from, with, by, in, the lady Separation (from), association or means (with, by), place where or time when (in, at) PLURAL Nom. domin-ae the ladies Gen. domin-ā´rum of the ladies, or the ladies’ Dat. domin-īs to or for the ladies The same as the singular Acc. domin-ās the ladies Abl. domin-īs from, with, by, in, the ladies ``` ``` §58. The Base. That part of a word which remains unchanged in inflection and to which the terminations are added is called the base. Thus, in the declension above, domin- is the base and -a is the termination of the nominative singular. ``` ``` §59. Write the declension of the following nouns, separating the base from the termination by a hyphen. Also give them orally. pugna, terra, lūna, ancil´la, corō´na, īn´sula, silva ``` ``` §60. Gender. In English, names of living beings are either masculine or feminine, and names of things without life are neuter. This is called natural gender. Yet in English there are some names of things to which we refer as if they were feminine; as, “Have you seen my yacht? She is a beauty.” And there are some names of living beings to which we refer as if they were neuter; as, “Is the baby here? No, the nurse has taken it home.” Some words, then, have a gender quite apart from sex or real gender, and this is called grammatical gender. Latin, like English, has three genders. Names of males are usually masculine and of females feminine, but names of things have grammatical gender and may be either masculine, feminine, or neuter. Thus we have in Latin the three words, lapis, a stone; rūpēs, a cliff; and saxum, a rock. Lapis is masculine, rūpēs feminine, and saxum neuter. The gender can usually be determined by the ending of the word, and must always be learned, for without knowing the gender it is impossible to write correct Latin. ``` ``` §61. Gender of First-Declension Nouns. Nouns of the first declension are feminine unless they denote males. Thus silva is feminine, but nauta, sailor, and agricola, farmer, are masculine. ``` | word | gloss | |---|---| | casā | cottage | ## Conversation (D'Ooge VII) **10** Quis cum agricolā in casā habitat? Who lives with the farmer in the cottage? **11** Quid bona fīlia agricolae parat? What does the farmer's good daughter prepare? **12** Quem agricola laudat? Whom does the farmer praise? **13** Vocatne fīlia agricolae gallīnās ad cēnam? Does the farmer's daughter call the chickens to dinner? **14** Cuius fīlia est grāta dominae? Whose daughter is pleasing to the lady? **15** Cui domina pecūniam dat? To whom does the lady give money? ## English into Latin (D'Ooge VII) **16** Ubi agricola habitat? Where does the farmer live? **17** Agricola in casā parvā habitat. The farmer lives in the small cottage. **18** Quis cum agricolā habitat? Who lives with the farmer? **19** Fīlia parva cum agricolā habitat. (His) little daughter lives with the farmer. **20** Fīlia agricolae cēnam bonam parat. (His) daughter is getting (parat) a good dinner for the farmer. **21** Agricola cēnam bonam laudat. The farmer praises the good dinner. **22** Cēna bona fīliae est grāta agricolae. The daughter’s good dinner is pleasing to the farmer. ## First Declension, continued (D'Ooge VIII) ### The noun and adjective agree puella mala means the bad girl. In puella mala, both words are feminine, singular, and nominative. An adjective agrees with its noun in gender, number, and case. The same rule joins ancilla parva and fortūna magna. ### The same endings in -a A feminine adjective in -a is declined like a feminine noun in -a. The forms of domina and bona show their matching endings in every case and number. ### The forms of domina ### Position changes emphasis fīlia mea and mea fīlia both mean my daughter. A possessive pronoun or modifying genitive normally follows its noun. This order appears in fīlia mea and casa Galbae. In mea fīlia, placing mea first makes it emphatic. **23** puella mala the bad girl **24** ancilla parva the little maid **25** fortūna magna great fortune **26** fīlia mea my daughter **27** mea fīlia my daughter **28** casa Galbae Galba’s cottage **29** Galbae casa Galba’s cottage **30** Fīlia mea agricolīs cēnam parat My daughter is getting dinner for the farmers **31** Mea fīlia agricolīs parat cēnam My daughter is getting dinner for the farmers (my and dinner emphatic). **32** Agricolīs fīlia mea cēnam parat My daughter is getting dinner for the farmers (for the farmers emphatic). **33** Fīlia mea casam parvam nōn amat My daughter does not love the little cottage (little not emphatic). **34** Fīlia mea parvam casam nōn amat My daughter does not love the little cottage (little more emphatic). **35** Parvam fīlia mea casam nōn amat My daughter does not love the little cottage (little very emphatic). ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson VIII, §§64-68 §64. We have for some time now been using adjectives and nouns together and you have noticed an agreement between them in case and in number (§54). They agree also in gender. In the phrase silva magna, we have a feminine adjective in -a agreeing with a feminine noun in -a. ``` ``` §65. RULE. Agreement of Adjectives. Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender, number, and case. ``` ``` §66. Feminine adjectives in -a are declined like feminine nouns in -a, and you should learn to decline them together as follows: NOUN ADJECTIVE domina (base domin-), bona (base bon-), f., lady good SINGULAR TERMINATIONS Nom. do´mina bona -a Gen. dominae bonae -ae Dat. dominae bonae -ae Acc. dominam bonam -am Abl. dominā bonā -ā PLURAL Nom. dominae bonae -ae Gen. dominā´rum bonā´rum -ārum Dat. dominīs bonīs -īs Acc. dominās bonās -ās Abl. dominīs bonīs -īs a. In the same way decline together puella mala, the bad girl; ancil´la parva, the little maid; fortū´na magna, great fortune. ``` ``` §67. The words dea, goddess, and fīlia, daughter, take the ending -ābus instead of -īs in the dative and ablative plural. Note the dative and ablative plural in the following declension: dea bona (bases de- bon-) SINGULAR PLURAL Nom. dea bona deae bonae Gen. deae bonae deā´rum bonā´rum Dat. deae bonae deā´bus bonīs Acc. deam bonam deās bonās Abl. deā bonā dea´bus bonīs a. In the same way decline together fīlīa parva. ``` ``` §68. Latin Word Order. The order of words in English and in Latin sentences is not the same. In English we arrange words in a fairly fixed order. Thus, in the sentence My daughter is getting dinner for the farmers, we cannot alter the order of the words without spoiling the sentence. We can, however, throw emphasis on different words by speaking them with more force. Try the effect of reading the sentence by putting special force on my, daughter, dinner, farmers. In Latin, where the office of the word in the sentence is shown by its ending (cf. §32.1), and not by its position, the order of words is more free, and position is used to secure the same effect that in English is secured by emphasis of voice. To a limited extent we can alter the order of words in English, too, for the same purpose. Compare the sentences I saw a game of football at Chicago last November (normal order) Last November I saw a game of football at Chicago At Chicago, last November, I saw a game of football 1. In a Latin sentence the most emphatic place is the first; next in importance is the last; the weakest point is the middle. Generally the subject is the most important word, and is placed first; usually the verb is the next in importance, and is placed last. The other words of the sentence stand between these two in the order of their importance. Hence the normal order of words--that is, where no unusual emphasis is expressed--is as follows: subject--modifiers of the subject--indirect object--direct object--adverb--verb Changes from the normal order are frequent, and are due to the desire for throwing emphasis upon some word or phrase. Notice the order of the Latin words when you are translating, and imitate it when you are turning English into Latin. 2. Possessive pronouns and modifying genitives normally stand after their nouns. When placed before their nouns they are emphatic, as fīlia mea, my daughter; mea fīlia, my daughter; casa Galbae, Galba’s cottage; Galbae casa, Galba’s cottage. Notice the variety of emphasis produced by writing the following sentence in different ways: Fīlia mea agricolīs cēnam parat (normal order) Mea fīlia agricolīs parat cēnam (mea and cēnam emphatic) Agricolīs fīlia mea cēnam parat (agricolīs emphatic) 3. An adjective placed before its noun is more emphatic than when it follows. When great emphasis is desired, the adjective is separated from its noun by other words. Fīlia mea casam parvam nōn amat (parvam not emphatic) Fīlia mea parvam casam nōn amat (parvam more emphatic) Parvam fīlia mea casam nōn amat (parvam very emphatic) 4. Interrogative words usually stand first, the same as in English. 5. The copula (as est, sunt) is of so little importance that it frequently does not stand last, but may be placed wherever it sounds well. ``` ## Latin into English (D'Ooge VIII) **36** Longae nōn sunt tuae viae. Your roads are not long. **37** Suntne tubae novae in meā casā? Nōn sunt. Are the new trumpets in my cottage? They are not. **38** Quis lātā in silvā habitat? Diāna, lūnae clārae pulchra dea, lātā in silvā habitat. Who lives in the wide forest? Diana, the beautiful goddess of the bright moon, lives in the wide forest. **39** Nautae altās et lātās amant aquās. Sailors love deep and wide waters. **40** Quid ancilla tua portat? Ancilla mea tubam novam portat. What is your maidservant carrying? My maidservant is carrying a new trumpet. **41** Ubi sunt Lesbia et Iūlia? In tuā casa est Lesbia et Iūlia est in meā. Where are Lesbia and Julia? Lesbia is in your cottage, and Julia is in mine. **42** Estne Italia lāta terra? Longa est Italia, nōn lāta. Is Italy a wide land? Italy is long, not wide. **43** Cui Galba agricola fābulam novam nārrat? Fīliābus dominae clārae fābulam novam nārrat. To whom does Galba the farmer tell a new story? He tells a new story to the daughters of the famous lady. **44** Clāra est īnsula Sicilia. The island of Sicily is famous. **45** Quem laudat Lātōna? Lātōna laudat fīliam. Whom does Latona praise? Latona praises her daughter. ## The Second or O-Declension (D'Ooge IX) ### Two predicates after est Lesbia est bona means "Lesbia is good." Bona is a predicate adjective. Lesbia est ancilla means "Lesbia is a maidservant." Ancilla is a predicate noun. ### Subject and predicate share a case A predicate noun agrees in case with the subject of the verb. In Lesbia est ancilla, Lesbia is nominative. The predicate noun ancilla is nominative too. **46** Lesbia est bona Lesbia is good **47** Lesbia est ancilla Lesbia is a maidservant ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson IX, §§70-76 §70. Latin nouns are divided into five declensions. The declension to which a noun belongs is shown by the ending of the genitive singular. This should always be learned along with the nominative and the gender. ``` ``` §71. The nominative singular of nouns of the Second or O-Declension ends in -us, -er, -ir, or -um. The genitive singular ends in -ī. ``` ``` §72. Gender. Nouns in -um are neuter. The others are regularly masculine. ``` ``` §73. Declension of nouns in -us and -um. Masculines in -us and neuters in -um are declined as follows: dominus (base domin-), pīlum (base pīl-), m., master n., spear TERMINATIONS TERMINATIONS SINGULAR Nom. do´minus[1] -us pīlum -um Gen. dominī -ī pīlī -ī Dat. dominō -ō pīlō -ō Acc. dominum -um pīlum -um Abl. dominō -ō pīlō -ō Voc. domine -e pīlum -um [1] Compare the declension of domina and of dominus. PLURAL Nom. dominī -ī pīla -a Gen. dominō´rum -ōrum pīlō´rum -ōrum Dat. dominīs -īs pīlīs -īs Acc. dominōs -ōs pīla -a Abl. dominīs -īs pīlīs -īs a. Observe that the masculines and the neuters have the same terminations excepting in the nominative singular and the nominative and accusative plural. b. The vocative singular of words of the second declension in -us ends in -ĕ, as domine, O master; serve, O slave. This is the most important exception to the rule in §56.a. ``` ``` §74. Write side by side the declension of domina, dominus, and pīlum. A comparison of the forms will lead to the following rules, which are of great importance because they apply to all five declensions: a. The vocative, with a single exception (see §73.b), is like the nominative. That is, the vocative singular is like the nominative singular, and the vocative plural is like the nominative plural. b. The nominative, accusative, and vocative of neuter nouns are alike, and in the plural end in -a. c. The accusative singular of masculines and feminines ends in -m and the accusative plural in -s. d. The dative and ablative plural are always alike. e. Final -i and -o are always long; final -a is short, except in the ablative singular of the first declension. ``` ``` §75. Observe the sentences Lesbia est bona, Lesbia is good Lesbia est ancilla, Lesbia is a maidservant We have learned (§55) that bona, when used, as here, in the predicate to describe the subject, is called a predicate adjective. Similarly a noun, as ancilla, used in the predicate to define the subject is called a predicate noun. ``` ``` §76. RULE. Predicate Noun. A predicate noun agrees in case with the subject of the verb. ``` ## Dialogue: Galba and Marcus (D'Ooge IX) **48** Quis, Mārce, est lēgātus cum pīlō et tubā? Who, Marcus, is the lieutenant with the spear and trumpet? **49** Lēgātus, Galba, est Sextus. The lieutenant, Galba, is Sextus. **50** Ubi Sextus habitat? Where does Sextus live? **51** In oppidō Sextus cum fīliābus habitat. Sextus lives in the town with his daughters. **52** Amantne oppidānī Sextum? Do the townsmen love Sextus? **53** Amant oppidānī Sextum et laudant, quod magnā cum cōnstantiā pugnat. The townsmen love Sextus and praise him, because he fights with great firmness. **54** Ubi, Mārce, est ancilla tua? Cūr nōn cēnam parat? Where, Marcus, is your maidservant? Why is she not preparing dinner? **55** Ancilla mea, Galba, equō lēgātī aquam et frūmentum dat. My maidservant, Galba, is giving water and grain to the lieutenant's horse. **56** Cūr nōn servus Sextī equum dominī cūrat? Why does not Sextus's slave care for his master's horse? **57** Sextus et servus ad mūrum oppidī properant. Oppidānī bellum parant. Sextus and the slave are hastening to the wall of the town. The townsmen are preparing for war. | word | gloss | |---|---| | lēgātus | lieutenant, ambassador | | pīlō | spear, from pilum | | cōnstantiā | firmness, constancy | ## Conversation (D'Ooge IX) **58** Ubi fīliae Sextī habitant? Where do the daughters of Sextus live? **59** Quem oppidānī amant et laudant? Whom do the townsmen love and praise? **60** Quid ancilla equō lēgātī dat? What does the maidservant give to the lieutenant's horse? **61** Cuius equum ancilla cūrat? Whose horse does the maidservant care for? **62** Quis ad mūrum cum Sextō properat? Who is hastening to the wall with Sextus? **63** Quid oppidānī parant? What are the townsmen preparing for? ## Second Declension, continued (D'Ooge X) ### Bona agrees with Lesbia Lesbia ancilla est bona means "Lesbia, the maidservant, is good." Bona is feminine because Lesbia is feminine. Its nominative singular ending agrees with Lesbia. ### Masculine forms agree A masculine adjective of this class agrees with its noun in case and number. Dominus bonus shows the noun and adjective through every case in singular and plural. ### Masculine noun and adjective ### Apposition keeps the same case An appositive agrees in case with the noun it explains. Lesbia ancilla is nominative. Lesbiae ancillae is genitive. Lesbiam ancillam is accusative. Each form of ancilla keeps the case of Lesbia. **64** Lesbia ancilla est bona Lesbia, the maidservant, is good **65** Fīlia Lesbiae ancillae est bona the daughter of Lesbia, the maidservant, is good **66** Servus Lesbiam ancillam amat the slave loves Lesbia, the maidservant ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson X, §§79-81 §79. We have been freely using feminine adjectives, like bona, in agreement with feminine nouns of the first declension and declined like them. Masculine adjectives of this class are declined like dominus, and neuters like pīlum. The adjective and noun, masculine and neuter, are therefore declined as follows: MASCULINE NOUN AND ADJECTIVE NEUTER NOUN AND ADJECTIVE dominus bonus, the good master pīlum bonum, the good spear BASES domin- bon- BASES pīl- bon- TERMINATIONS TERMINATIONS SINGULAR Nom. do´minus bonus -us pīlum bonum -um Gen. dominī bonī -ī pīlī bonī -ī Dat. dominō bonō -ō pīlō bonō -ō Acc. dominum bonum -um pīlum bonum -um Abl. dominō bonō -ō pīlō bonō -ō Voc. domine bone -e pīlum bonum -um PLURAL Nom. dominī bonī -ī pīla bona -a Gen. dominō´rum bonō´rum -ōrum īlō´rum bonō´rum -ōrum Dat. dominīs bonīs -is īlīs bonīs -īs Acc. dominōs bonōs -ōs pīla bona -a Abl. dominīs bonīs -īs īlīs bonīs -īs Decline together bellum longum, equus parvus, servus malus, mūrus altus, frūmentum novum. ``` ``` §80. Observe the sentences Lesbia ancilla est bona, Lesbia, the maidservant, is good Fīlia Lesbiae ancillae est bona, the daughter of Lesbia, the maidservant, is good Servus Lesbiam ancillam amat, the slave loves Lesbia, the maidservant In these sentences ancilla, ancillae, and ancillam denote the class of persons to which Lesbia belongs and explain who she is. Nouns so related that the second is only another name for the first and explains it are said to be in apposition, and are always in the same case. ``` ``` §81. RULE. Apposition. An appositive agrees in case with the noun which it explains. ``` ## Latin into English (D'Ooge X) **67** Patria servī bonī, vīcus servōrum bonōrum, bone popule. The fatherland of the good slave, the village of the good slaves, O good people. **68** Populus oppidī magnī, in oppidō magnō, in oppidīs magnīs. The people of the large town, in the large town, in the large towns. **69** Cum pīlīs longīs, ad pīla longa, ad mūrōs lātōs. With long spears, to the long spears, to the wide walls. **70** Lēgāte male, amīcī legātī malī, cēna grāta dominō bonō. Bad lieutenant, the friends of the bad lieutenant, a dinner pleasing to the good master. **71** Frūmentum equōrum parvōrum, domine bone, ad lēgātōs clārōs. The grain of the small horses, good master, to the famous lieutenants. **72** Rhēnus est in Germāniā, patriā meā. The Rhine is in Germany, my fatherland. **73** Sextus lēgātus pīlum longum portat. Sextus the lieutenant carries a long spear. **74** Oppidānī bonī Sextō lēgātō clārā pecūniam dant. The good townsmen give money to Sextus, the famous lieutenant. **75** Malī servī equum bonum Mārcī dominī necant. The bad slaves kill the good horse of Marcus, their master. **76** Galba agricola et Iūlia fīlia bona labōrant. Galba the farmer and Julia, his good daughter, are laboring. **77** Mārcus nauta in īnsulā Siciliā habitat. Marcus the sailor lives on the island of Sicily. | word | gloss | |---|---| | Rhēnus | the Rhine | ## English into Latin (D'Ooge X) **78** Male serve, quis est amīcus tuus? Cūr Galbam, dominum tuum, nōn laudat? Wicked slave, who is your friend? Why does he not praise Galba, your master? **79** Amīcus meus ex vīcō Germāniae, patriae meae, est. My friend is from (ex) a village of Germany, my fatherland. **80** Amīcus meus populum Italiae nōn amat. My friend does not love the people of Italy. **81** Quis equum bonum Galbae agricolae cūrat? Who is caring for[1] the good horse of Galba, the farmer? **82** Ubi, Mārce, est Lesbia ancilla? Mark, where is Lesbia, the maidservant? **83** Ad casam parvam Iūliae, fīliae agricolae, properat. She is hastening[1] to the little cottage[2] of Julia, the farmer’s daughter. ## Latin into English (D'Ooge XI) ### One agreement, different endings Est in vīcō nauta bonus means there is a good sailor in the village. Nauta is masculine and belongs to the first declension. Bonus takes masculine forms of the second declension. The adjective agrees with its noun in gender, number, and case, even when their endings differ. ### The pair changes together Sextus est amīcus nautae bonī means Sextus is the friend of the good sailor. Nautae and bonī are genitive singular. Each word has the ending required by its own declension. The forms of nauta bonus show how both words change while gender, number, and case remain in agreement. ### **84** Est in vīcō nauta bonus. There is a good sailor in the village. **85** Sextus est amīcus nautae bonī. Sextus is the friend of the good sailor. **86** Sextus nautae bonō galeam dat. Sextus gives the good sailor a helmet. **87** Populus Rōmānus nautam bonum laudat. The Roman people praise the good sailor. **88** Sextus cum nautā bonō praedam portat. Sextus is carrying the booty with the good sailor. **89** Ubi, nauta bone, sunt arma et tēla lēgātī Rōmānī? Where, good sailor, are the arms and weapons of the Roman lieutenant? **90** Nautae bonī ad bellum properant. The good sailors are hastening to the war. **91** Fāma nautārum bonōrum est clāra. The fame of the good sailors is bright. **92** Pugnae sunt grātae nautīs bonīs. Battles are pleasing to good sailors. **93** Oppidānī nautās bonōs cūrant. The townsmen care for the good sailors. **94** Cūr, nautae bonī, malī agricolae ad Rhēnum properant? Why, good sailors, are the bad farmers hastening to the Rhine? **95** Malī agricolae cum bonīs nautīs pugnant. The bad farmers are fighting with the good sailors. ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XI, §§83-85 §83. Adjectives of the first and second declensions are declined in the three genders as follows: MASCULINE FEMININE NEUTER SINGULAR Nom. bonus bona bonum Gen. bonī bonae bonī Dat. bonō bonae bonō Acc. bonum bonam bonum Abl. bonō bonā bonō Voc. bone bona bonum PLURAL Nom. bonī bonae bona Gen. bonōrum bonārum bonōrum Dat. bonīs bonīs bonīs Acc. bonōs bonās bona Abl. bonīs bonīs bonīs a. Write the declension and give it orally across the page, thus giving the three genders for each case. b. Decline grātus, -a, -um; malus, -a, -um; altus, -a, -um; parvus, -a, -um. ``` ``` §84. Thus far the adjectives have had the same terminations as the nouns. However, the agreement between the adjective and its noun does not mean that they must have the same termination. If the adjective and the noun belong to different declensions, the terminations will, in many cases, not be the same. For example, nauta, sailor, is masculine and belongs to the first declension. The masculine form of the adjective bonus is of the second declension. Consequently, a good sailor is nauta bonus. So, the wicked farmer is agricola malus. Learn the following declensions: ``` ``` §85. nauta bonus (bases naut- bon-), m., the good sailor SINGULAR Nom. nauta bonus Gen. nautae bonī Dat. nautae bonō Acc. nautam bonum Abl. nautā bonō Voc. nauta bone PLURAL Nom. nautae bonī Gen. nautārum bonōrum Dat. nautīs bonīs Acc. nautās bonōs Abl. nautīs bonīs Voc. nautae bonī ``` ## English into Latin (D'Ooge XI) **96** Agricola malus cum praedā ad vīcum properat. The wicked farmer is hastening to the village with (his) booty. **97** Fāma agricolae malī nōn est bona. The reputation of the wicked farmer is not good. **98** Cūr fīlia Galbae agricolae malō arma et tēla dat? Why does Galba’s daughter give arms and weapons to the wicked farmer? **99** Lesbia nautam bonum ad cēnam vocat. Lesbia invites the good sailor to dinner. **100** Cūr Lesbia cum nautā bonō ā casā properat? Why is Lesbia with the good sailor hastening from the cottage? **101** Ubi, Sexte, est galea mea? Sextus, where is my helmet? **102** Nautae bonī ad pugnam dūram properant. The good sailors are hastening to the toilsome battle. **103** Equī agricolārum malōrum sunt parvī. The horses of the wicked farmers are small. **104** Populus Rōmānus nautīs bonīs pecūniam dat. The Roman people give money to the good sailors. **105** Amīcī nautās bonōs cūrant. Friends care for the good sailors. **106** Cuius amīcī cum agricolīs malīs pugnant? Whose friends are fighting with the wicked farmers? ## Nouns in -Ius and -Ium (D'Ooge XII) ### One ī in the genitive fluvius longus means "the long river." fluvius ends in -ius. Nouns of the second declension in -ius or -ium form the genitive singular in -ī, not -iī. The genitive of fluvius is fluvī. ### The same form for two cases The genitive singular of fīlius is fīlī. The vocative singular is also fīlī, "O son." Proper names of persons in -ius follow the same vocative rule. ### Where the base i is lost proelium clārum means "the famous battle." It follows the same genitive rule as fluvius. The base i is lost only in the genitive singular and in the vocative of words like fīlius. The forms of praesidium and fīlius show where the base i remains and where it is lost. ### The forms of praesidium **107** fluvius longus the long river **108** proelium clārum the famous battle ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XII, §§87-89 §87. Nouns of the second declension in -ius and -ium end in -ī in the genitive singular, not in -iī, and the accent rests on the penult; as, fīlī from fīlius (son), praesi´dī from praesi´dium (garrison). ``` ``` §88. Proper names of persons in -ius, and fīlius, end in -ī in the vocative singular, not in -ĕ, and the accent rests on the penult; as, Vergi´lī, O Vergil; fīlī, O son. a. Observe that in these words the vocative and the genitive are alike. ``` ``` §89. praesidium (base praesidi-), fīlius (base fīli-), n., garrison m., son SINGULAR Nom. praesidium fīlius Gen. praesi´dī fīlī Dat. praesidiō fīliō Acc. praesidium fīlium Abl. praesidiō fīliō Voc. praesidium fīlī The plural is regular. Note that the -i- of the base is lost only in the genitive singular, and in the vocative of words like fīlius. Decline together praesidium parvum; fīlius bonus; fluvius longus, the long river; proelium clārum, the famous battle. ``` ## Latin into English (D'Ooge XII) **109** Frūmentum bonae terrae, gladī malī, bellī longī. The grain of the good land, of the bad sword, of the long war. **110** Male serve, Ō clārum oppidum, male fīlī, fīliī malī, fīlī malī. Bad slave, O famous town, bad son, the bad sons, of the bad son. **111** Fluvī longī, fluviī longī, fluviōrum longōrum, fāma praesidī magnī. Of the long river, the long rivers, of the long rivers, the fame of the large garrison. **112** Cum gladiīs parvīs, cum deābus clārīs, ad nautās clārōs. With small swords, with the famous goddesses, to the famous sailors. **113** Multōrum proeliōrum, praedae magnae, ad proelia dūra. Of many battles, of great booty, to the hard battles. | word | gloss | |---|---| | Fluvī | river, stream | | praesidī | garrison, guard, from praesidium | ## Give the forms (D'Ooge XII) **114** Cōnstantia magna, praesidia magna, clāre Vergilī. Great firmness, large garrisons, famous Vergil. ## Germānia (D'Ooge XII) **115** Germānia, patria Germānōrum, est clāra terra. Germany, the fatherland of the Germans, is a famous land. **116** In Germāniā sunt fluviī multī. In Germany there are many rivers. **117** Rhēnus magnus et lātus fluvius Germāniae est. The Rhine is the great and wide river of Germany. **118** In silvīs lātīs Germāniae sunt ferae multae. In the wide forests of Germany there are many wild beasts. **119** Multi Germāni in oppidīs magnis et in vīcīs parvīs habitant et multī sunt agricolae bonī. Many Germans live in large towns and in small villages, and many are good farmers. **120** Bella Germānōrum sunt magna et clāra. The wars of the Germans are great and famous. **121** Populus Germāniae bellum et proelia amat et saepe cum finitimīs pugnat. The people of Germany love war and battles and often fight with their neighbors. **122** Fluvius Rhēnus est fīnitimus oppidīs multīs et clārīs. The river Rhine is next to many famous towns. | word | gloss | |---|---| | finitimīs | bordering upon, neighboring, from finitimus |