# Prīmus et Secundus Annus, Lēctiōnēs 9–15

Prīmus Annus I

Carta Eurōpae; Hōrae; Camera; Lūdus

Source: https://1732studios.com/courses/la/2. Data: https://1732studios.com/courses/la/2.json.

## Prīma Dēclīnātiō, the first declension

### Rubra agrees with terra

Terra rubra est, sed aqua caerulea means the land is red, but the water is blue.

Rubra and caerulea agree with their nouns in gender, number, and case.

### First-declension nouns are feminine

Feminine is the gender normally assigned to first-declension nouns.

Terra, īnsula, and paenīnsula are first-declension nouns. Their adjectives therefore take feminine forms such as rubra, māgna, and longa.

**1** Hīc est terra, illīc est aqua.  
Here is land, there is water.

**2** Spectāte! hīc terram, illīc aquam vidētis.  
Look! here you see land, there water.

**3** Quālis est terra?  
What is the land like?

**4** Terra rubra est, sed aqua caerulea.  
The land is red, but the water blue.

**5** Nunc īnsulam mōnstrō; Corsica est īnsula, Britannia etiam īnsula est.  
Now I point to an island; Corsica is an island, Britain too is an island.

**6** Britannia māgna, Corsica parva īnsula est.  
Britain is a big island, Corsica a small one.

**7** Īnsulane est Ītalia?  
Is Italy an island?

**8** Minimē, Ītalia nōn īnsula sed paenīnsula est.  
No, Italy is not an island but a peninsula.

**9** Neque Ītalia neque Hispānia īnsula est; longa paenīnsula est Ītalia, Hispānia ferē quadrāta paenīnsula, Graecia acūta paenīnsula.  
Neither Italy nor Spain is an island; Italy is a long peninsula, Spain an almost square peninsula, Greece a pointed peninsula.

**10** Quālis terra est Helvētia?  
What sort of land is Switzerland?

**11** Helvētia neque īnsula neque paenīnsula est, sed terra inclūsa.  
Switzerland is neither an island nor a peninsula, but a landlocked country.

**12** Britinnia est nostra patria.  
Britain is our native land.

**13** Melita prōvincia nostra est.  
Malta is our province.

**14** Hīc Rōmam mōnstrō; Hispānia erat Rōmāna prōvincia; Gallia etiam Rōmāna prōvincia erat.  
Here I point to Rome; Spain was a Roman province; Gaul too was a Roman province.

**15** Nunc aliam prōvinciam Rōmānam mōnstrō; Sicilia etiam, māgna īnsula, prōvincia erat, sed Germānia nōn erat prōvincia.  
Now I point to another Roman province; Sicily too, a big island, was a province, but Germany was not a province.

**16** Quid est Hispānia? Sardinia? Helvētia?  
What is Spain? Sardinia? Switzerland?

**17** Quālis et quanta terra est Sicilia? et Ītalia?  
What sort of land, and how big, is Sicily? and Italy?

**18** Utra īnsula est māgna, Sardinia an Hibernia?  
Which island is big, Sardinia or Ireland?

**19** Utra paenīnsula est longa, Ītalia an Hispānia?  
Which peninsula is long, Italy or Spain?

**20** Quae īnsula Rōmāna prōvincia erat?  
Which island was a Roman province?

**21** Cūius patria est Britannia?  
Whose native land is Britain?

**22** Cūius prōvincia est Melita?  
Whose province is Malta?

**23** Quālem iānuam habēs?  
What sort of door do you have?

**24** Quālem sententiam scrībis?  
What sort of sentence are you writing?

**25** Pila est illa.  
That is a ball.

**26** Linguam tangō.  
I touch the tongue.

**27** Nigra est tabula.  
The blackboard is black.

**28** Māgna īnsula est Britannia.  
Britain is a big island.

**29** Clausam fenestram vidēmus.  
We see a shut window.

**30** Vōs sedētis.  
You are sitting.

**31** Britanniam nōn Galliam mōnstrō.  
I point to Britain, not Gaul.

**32** Mea est haec pāgina.  
This page is mine.

**33** Melita est nostra prōvincia.  
Malta is our province.

```
D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson VII, §§57-61

§57. In the preceding lessons we have now gone over all the cases, singular and plural, of nouns whose nominative singular ends in -a. All Latin nouns whose nominative singular ends in -a belong to the First Declension. It is also called the Ā-Declension because of the prominent part which the vowel a plays in the formation of the cases. We have also learned what relations are expressed by each case. These results are summarized in the following table:

CASE  NOUN         TRANSLATION                     USE AND GENERAL MEANING OF EACH CASE
                   SINGULAR
Nom.  do´min-a     the lady                        The subject
Gen.  domin-ae     of the lady, or the lady’s      The possessor of something
Dat.  domin-ae     to or for the lady              Expressing the relation to or for, especially the indirect object
Acc.  domin-am     the lady                        The direct object
Abl.  domin-ā      from, with, by, in, the lady    Separation (from), association or means (with, by), place where or time when (in, at)
                   PLURAL
Nom.  domin-ae     the ladies
Gen.  domin-ā´rum  of the ladies, or the ladies’
Dat.  domin-īs     to or for the ladies            The same as the singular
Acc.  domin-ās     the ladies
Abl.  domin-īs     from, with, by, in, the ladies
```

```
§58. The Base. That part of a word which remains unchanged in inflection and to which the terminations are added is called the base.

Thus, in the declension above, domin- is the base and -a is the termination of the nominative singular.
```

```
§59. Write the declension of the following nouns, separating the base from the termination by a hyphen. Also give them orally.

pugna, terra, lūna, ancil´la, corō´na, īn´sula, silva
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§60. Gender. In English, names of living beings are either masculine or feminine, and names of things without life are neuter. This is called natural gender. Yet in English there are some names of things to which we refer as if they were feminine; as, “Have you seen my yacht? She is a beauty.” And there are some names of living beings to which we refer as if they were neuter; as, “Is the baby here? No, the nurse has taken it home.” Some words, then, have a gender quite apart from sex or real gender, and this is called grammatical gender.

Latin, like English, has three genders. Names of males are usually masculine and of females feminine, but names of things have grammatical gender and may be either masculine, feminine, or neuter. Thus we have in Latin the three words, lapis, a stone; rūpēs, a cliff; and saxum, a rock. Lapis is masculine, rūpēs feminine, and saxum neuter. The gender can usually be determined by the ending of the word, and must always be learned, for without knowing the gender it is impossible to write correct Latin.
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§61. Gender of First-Declension Nouns. Nouns of the first declension are feminine unless they denote males. Thus silva is feminine, but nauta, sailor, and agricola, farmer, are masculine.
```

| word | gloss |
|---|---|
| terra | land |
| illīc | yonder, there |
| aqua | water |
| īnsulam | island, from insula |
| Britannia | Britain |
| Ītalia | Italy |
| paenīnsula | peninsula |
| Hispānia | Spain |
| ferē | nearly, almost |
| Graecia | Greece |
| acūta | of small radius, from acutus |
| Helvētia | of, a people of Cen, from Helvetius |
| inclūsa | shut up, imprison, from includo |
| patria | fatherland |
| Melita | Malta |
| prōvincia | province |
| Rōmam | Rome, from Roma |
| Rōmāna | Roman, from Romanus |
| Gallia | Gaul |
| aliam | another, other, from alius |
| mōnstrō | show |
| Sicilia | Sicily |
| Germānia | Germany |
| Utra | which, whichever, from uter |
| Hibernia | Ireland |

## Numerus Plūrālis, the plural

### -ae marks plural subjects

Multae prōvinciae sunt means "There are many provinces." Prōvinciae is the subject and ends in -ae.

The adjective multae agrees with prōvinciae and takes the same -ae ending.

### -ās marks plural direct objects

Nōnne multās etiam īnsulās vidētis asks whether the listeners see many islands too. Īnsulās is the direct object and ends in -ās.

Īnsula belongs to the first declension because its nominative singular ends in -a.

First-declension nouns use -ae as plural subjects and -ās as plural direct objects. The adjective multās agrees with īnsulās.

The forms of domina confirm -ae in the nominative plural and -ās in the accusative plural.

### Noun

### -ae also marks predicate adjectives

Nōn omnēs sunt māgnae means "Not all are big." Māgnae is a predicate adjective and agrees with the plural subject omnēs.

Multae et ferē innumerae sunt īnsulae uses -ae on both predicate adjectives and on the subject īnsulae.

**34** Multae prōvinciae sunt, ūna, duae, trēs, quattuor, quīnque, sex, septem, octō, novem, decem.  
There are many provinces: one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten.

**35** Quot īnsulae sunt?  
How many islands are there?

**36** Nōnne multās etiam īnsulās vidētis?  
Don't you see many islands too?

**37** Ecce! multās īnsulās mōnstrō, ūnam, duās, trēs, quattuor, quīnque, sex, septem, octō, novem, decem.  
Look! I point to many islands: one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten.

**38** Multae et ferē innumerae sunt īnsulae.  
The islands are many and almost countless.

**39** Quot māgnae īnsulae sunt?  
How many big islands are there?

**40** Paucae sunt māgnae īnsulae, trēs vel quattuor, Britannia, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicilia.  
The big islands are few, three or four: Britain, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily.

**41** Quantae sunt īnsulae?  
How big are the islands?

**42** Māgnaene sunt omnēs?  
Are they all big?

**43** Minimē, nōn omnēs sunt māgnae.  
No, not all are big.

**44** Hīc duās īnsulās vidētis; altera māgna, altera parva est.  
Here you see two islands; one is big, the other small.

**45** Sicilia et Melita, quantae īnsulae sunt, māgnae an parvae?  
Sicily and Malta, how big are they, big or small?

**46** Altera est māgna, altera parva.  
One is big, the other small.

**47** Illīc sex prōvinciās vidētis, Britanniam, Galliam, Hispāniam, Sardiniam, Siciliam, Graeciam.  
There you see six provinces: Britain, Gaul, Spain, Sardinia, Sicily, Greece.

**48** Māgnaene sunt annōn?  
Are they big or not?

**49** Nōn omnēs māgnae sunt, sed aliae māgnae, aliae parvae sunt.  
Not all are big, but some are big, others small.

**50** Aliae terrae Rōmānae erant, aliae barbarae erant: sed prōvincia nūlla erat barbara.  
Some lands were Roman, others were barbarian: but no province was barbarian.

**51** Quot et quae prōvinciae Rōmānae erant īnsulae?  
How many, and which, Roman provinces were islands?

**52** Quot clausās fenestrās vīdēs, et quot apertās?  
How many shut windows do you see, and how many open ones?

**53** Spectā cartam! Quot īnsulās vidēs?  
Look at the map! How many islands do you see?

**54** Omnēsne fenestrae clausae sunt annōn?  
Are all the windows shut or not?

**55** Omnēsne lītterās māgnās scrībis annōn?  
Do you write all the letters big or not?

**56** Quot lītterās scrībis, cum 'carta Eurōpae' scrībis?  
How many letters do you write when you write 'carta Eurōpae'?

**57** Scrībe contrāria: _multae, omnēs, haec, surgunt, silēte, respondēs_?  
Write the opposites: many, all, these, they stand up, be silent, you answer.

```
D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson II, §§23-30

§23. Inflection. Words may change their forms to indicate some change in sense or use, as, is, are; was, were; who, whose, whom; farmer, farmer’s; woman, women. This is called inflection. The inflection of a noun, adjective, or pronoun is called its declension, that of a verb its conjugation.
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§24. Number. Latin, like English, has two numbers, singular and plural. In English we usually form the plural by adding -s or -es to the singular. So Latin changes the singular to the plural by changing the ending of the word. Compare

Naut-a pugnat
  The sailor fights
Naut-ae pugnant
  The sailors fight
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§25. RULE. Nouns that end in -a in the singular end in -ae in the plural.
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§26. Learn the following nouns so that you can give the English for the Latin or the Latin for the English. Write the plural of each.

agri´cola, farmer (agriculture)[1]
aqua, water (aquarium)
causa, cause, reason
do´mina, lady of the house, mistress (dominate)
filia, daughter (filial)
fortū´na, fortune
fuga, flight (fugitive)
iniū´ria, wrong, injury
lūna, moon (lunar)
nauta, sailor (nautical)
puel´la, girl
silva, forest (silvan)
terra, land (terrace)
[1] The words in parentheses are English words related to the Latin. When the words are practically identical, as causa, cause, no comparison is needed.
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§27. Compare again the sentences

Nauta pugna-t
  The sailor fights
Nautae pugna-nt
  The sailors fight

In the first sentence the verb pugna-t is in the third person singular, in the second sentence pugna-nt is in the third person plural.
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§28. RULE. Agreement of Verb. A finite verb must always be in the same person and number as its subject.
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§29. RULE. In the conjugation of the Latin verb the third person singular active ends in -t, the third person plural in -nt. The endings which show the person and number of the verb are called personal endings.
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§30. Learn the following verbs and write the plural of each. The personal pronouns he, she, it, etc., which are necessary in the inflection of the English verb, are not needed in the Latin, because the personal endings take their place. Of course, if the verb’s subject is expressed we do not translate the personal ending by a pronoun; thus nauta pugnat is translated the sailor fights, not the sailor he fights.

ama-t he (she, it) loves, is loving, does love (amity, amiable) labō´ra-t “ “ “ labors, is laboring, does labor nūntia-t[2] “ “ “ announces, is announcing, does announce porta-t “ “ “ carries, is carrying, does carry (porter) pugna-t “ “ “ fights, is fighting, does fight (pugnacious)
[2] The u in nūntiō is long by exception. (Cf. §12.2.)
```

```
§57. In the preceding lessons we have now gone over all the cases, singular and plural, of nouns whose nominative singular ends in -a. All Latin nouns whose nominative singular ends in -a belong to the First Declension. It is also called the Ā-Declension because of the prominent part which the vowel a plays in the formation of the cases. We have also learned what relations are expressed by each case. These results are summarized in the following table:

CASE  NOUN         TRANSLATION                     USE AND GENERAL MEANING OF EACH CASE
                   SINGULAR
Nom.  do´min-a     the lady                        The subject
Gen.  domin-ae     of the lady, or the lady’s      The possessor of something
Dat.  domin-ae     to or for the lady              Expressing the relation to or for, especially the indirect object
Acc.  domin-am     the lady                        The direct object
Abl.  domin-ā      from, with, by, in, the lady    Separation (from), association or means (with, by), place where or time when (in, at)
                   PLURAL
Nom.  domin-ae     the ladies
Gen.  domin-ā´rum  of the ladies, or the ladies’
Dat.  domin-īs     to or for the ladies            The same as the singular
Acc.  domin-ās     the ladies
Abl.  domin-īs     from, with, by, in, the ladies
```

| word | gloss |
|---|---|
| Multae | much, from multus |
| ūna | one, from unus |
| duae | two, from duo |
| trēs | three |
| quattuor | four |
| quīnque | five |
| sex | six |
| septem | seven |
| octō | eight |
| novem | nine |
| decem | ten |
| Quot | where, to what place |
| Ecce | see! behold! there! here! |
| innumerae | innumerable, countless, from innumerus |
| Paucae | little, small in quantity, from paucus |
| vel | even, actually |
| altera | the one, the other, from alter |
| barbarae | foreign, from barbara |
| nūlla | not any, none, from nullus |
| cum | when |
| Eurōpae | Europe, from Europa |
| contrāria | opponent, adversary, from contrarium |

## Ordinālia, ordinal numbers

### Numbers for order

Sexta hōra merīdiēs vocātur means "The sixth hour is called midday."

Sex in Māne sunt sex gives a count. Prīma, secunda, and sexta give places in that count.

Latin calls prīma, secunda, and sexta ordinal numbers. They answer which in order.

### The form matches the noun

Ordinal numbers act as adjectives and agree with their nouns in gender, number, and case.

Sexta matches hōra in feminine gender, singular number, and nominative case.

Quota hōra est asks which hour it is. Quota takes the same form as hōra.

In Nox quattuor vigiliās habet, prīmam, secundam, tertiam, quārtam, each ordinal describes one watch and takes the feminine singular accusative form.

**58** Duodecim omnīnō hōrae sunt.  
There are twelve hours in all.

**59** Māne sunt sex, prīma, secunda et cēterae; sexta hōra merīdiēs vocātur.  
In the morning there are six: the first, the second and the rest; the sixth hour is called midday.

**60** Sex etiam hōrae sunt post merīdiem.  
There are also six hours after midday.

**61** Quota hōra est, cum māne surgimus?  
What hour is it when we get up in the morning?

**62** Aut prīma aut secunda hōra est, cum māne surgimus; secunda hōra est, cum prandēmus; tertia hōra est, cum Latīnam linguam discimus; quārta hōra est, cum Gallicam linguam discimus; quīnta hōra est, cum mathēmaticam scientiam discimus; nōna ferē est, cum lūdimus, undecima, cum cēnāmus.  
It is either the first or the second hour when we get up in the morning; it is the second hour when we have breakfast; the third when we learn Latin; the fourth when we learn French; the fifth when we learn mathematics; about the ninth when we play, the eleventh when we dine.

**63** Nox quattuor vigiliās habet, prīmam, secundam, tertiam, quārtam.  
The night has four watches: the first, second, third, fourth.

**64** Aut prīma aut secunda est vigilia, cum dormīmus; deinde trēs ferē vigiliās, novem hōrās, dormīmus et māne iterum surgimus.  
It is either the first or the second watch when we fall asleep; then we sleep about three watches, nine hours, and in the morning get up again.

**65** Quot hōrae sunt māne? Quot post merīdiem? Quot omnīnō?  
How many hours are there in the morning? How many after midday? How many in all?

**66** Quota hōra nunc est? Quota est haec lēctiō?  
What hour is it now? Which lesson is this?

**67** Quota hōra est, cum Latīnam linguam discis? cum Gallicam linguam discis? cum mathēmaticam scientiam discis? cum prandēs? cum lūdis? cum cēnās? cum dormīs? cum surgis?  
What hour is it when you learn Latin? when you learn French? when you learn mathematics? when you have breakfast? when you play? when you dine? when you sleep? when you get up?

**68** Quot hōrās nox habet? Quot hōrās vigilia habet? Quot sellās habēs? Quot sententiās haec pāgina habet?  
How many hours does the night have? How many hours does a watch have? How many chairs do you have? How many sentences does this page have?

```
D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LVIII, §§327-331

§327. The Latin numeral adjectives may be classified as follows:

1. Cardinal Numerals, answering the question how many? as, ūnus, one; duo, two; etc.

2. Ordinal Numerals, derived in most cases from the cardinals and answering the question in what order? as, prīmus, first; secundus, second; etc.

3. Distributive Numerals, answering the question how many at a time? as, singulī, one at a time.
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§328. The Cardinal Numerals. The first twenty of the cardinals are as follows:

1, ūnus         6, sex        11, ūndecim          16, sēdecim
2, duo          7, septem     12, duodecim         17, septendecim
3, trēs         8, octō       13, tredecim         18, duodēvīgintī
4, quattuor     9, novem      14, quattuordecim    19, ūndēvīgintī
5, quīnque     10, decem      15, quīndecim        20, vīgintī

a. Learn also centum = 100, ducentī = 200, mīlle = 1000.
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§329. Declension of the Cardinals. Of the cardinals only ūnus, duo, trēs, the hundreds above one hundred, and mīlle used as a noun, are declinable.

a. ūnus is one of the nine irregular adjectives, and is declined like nūllus (cf. §§109, 470). The plural of ūnus is used to agree with a plural noun of a singular meaning, as, ūna castra, one camp; and with other nouns in the sense of only, as, Gallī ūnī, only the Gauls.

b. Learn the declension of duo, two; trēs, three; and mīlle, a thousand. (§479.)

c. The hundreds above one hundred are declined like the plural of bonus; as,

ducentī,    -ae,   -a
ducentōrum, -ārum, -ōrum
  etc.        etc.   etc.
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§330. We have already become familiar with sentences like the following:

Omnium avium aquila est vēlōcissima
  Of all birds the eagle is the swiftest
Hoc ōrāculum erat omnium clārissimum
  This oracle was the most famous of all

In such sentences the genitive denotes the whole, and the word it modifies denotes a part of that whole. Such a genitive, denoting the whole of which a part is taken, is called a partitive genitive.
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§331. RULE. Partitive Genitive. Words denoting a part are often used with the genitive of the whole, known as the partitive genitive.

a. Words denoting a part are especially pronouns, numerals, and other adjectives. But cardinal numbers excepting mīlle regularly take the ablative with ex or dē instead of the partitive genitive.

b. Mīlle, a thousand, in the singular is usually an indeclinable adjective (as, mīlle mīlitēs, a thousand soldiers), but in the plural it is a declinable noun and takes the partitive genitive (as, decem mīlia mīlitum, ten thousand soldiers).

EXAMPLES:

Fortissimī hōrum sunt Germānī
  The bravest of these are the Germans
Decem mīlia hostium interfecta sunt
  Ten thousand (lit. thousands) of the enemy were slain
Ūna ex captīvīs erat soror rēgis
  One of the captives was the king’s sister
```

| word | gloss |
|---|---|
| Duodecim | twelve |
| omnīnō | altogether, wholly |
| hōrae | hour, from hora |
| Māne | morning, morn |
| prīma | chiefs, nobles |
| secunda | second, from secundus |
| cēterae | the other, from ceter |
| sexta | August, from sextus |
| merīdiēs | midday |
| vocātur | call, summon, from voco |
| post | behind, after |
| Quota | how many, from quotus |
| Aut | or |
| tertia | repeat three times |
| Latīnam | Latin, from Latinus |
| quārta | fourth, from quartus |
| quīnta | fifth, from quintus |
| mathēmaticam | mathematical, from mathematicus |
| scientiam | knowledge, science, from scientia |
| nōna | Nones, abb. Non |
| lūdimus | play, mock, from ludo |
| undecima | alone, a single, from undecimus |
| cēnāmus | dine, eat dinner, from ceno |
| Nox | night |
| vigiliās | watch, vigil, from vigilia |
| prīmam | first, from primus |
| tertiam | third, from tertius |
| dormīmus | sleep, rest, from dormio |
| deinde | then, in the next place |
| iterum | again |
| lēctiō | reading |
| cēnās | dinner, from cena |

## Praepositiōnēs: Cāsus Accūsātīvus (Ubi?), prepositions with the accusative, where a thing is

### Where with the accusative

Hic cameram intrat et prope tabulam stat et ante tabulam cartam pōnit. He comes into the room, stands near the blackboard, and puts the map in front of the blackboard.

Prope tabulam and ante tabulam answer where. Both prepositions take the accusative tabulam.

### Two cases after a preposition

A preposition requires its noun to take the accusative or ablative.

The ablative is the other case that a preposition can require. Each preposition determines which case its noun takes.

### Eight prepositions take the accusative

Ītalia igitur inter terrās Germāniam et Siciliam iacet. Italy lies between the lands Germany and Sicily.

Inter takes the accusative here: terrās, Germāniam, and Siciliam.

Intrā, extrā, prope, ante, post, suprā, īnfrā, and inter take the accusative, even when their phrases answer where.

**69** Discipulī intrā cameram sedent; magister extrā cameram est.  
The pupils sit inside the room; the master is outside the room.

**70** Hic cameram intrat et prope tabulam stat et ante tabulam cartam pōnit.  
He comes into the room and stands near the blackboard and puts the map in front of the blackboard.

**71** Nēmō nunc tabulam videt, nam post cartam tabula est, sed omnēs cartam spectant.  
No one sees the blackboard now, for the blackboard is behind the map, but everyone looks at the map.

**72** Magister interrogat: 'Ubi est Germānia, suprā an īnfrā Ītaliam?  
The master asks: 'Where is Germany, above or below Italy?

**73** Nōnne intellegitis?  
Don't you understand?

**74** Spectāte, dum hoc mōnstrō.  
Watch while I point this out.

**75** Suprā Ītaliam est Germānia et Ītalia est īnfrā Germāniam.  
Germany is above Italy and Italy is below Germany.

**76** Quae īnsula īnfrā Ītaliam est?' Discipulus respondet: 'Sicilia īnsula īnfrā Ītaliam est.' Magister dīcit: 'Bene respondēs; Ītalia igitur inter terrās Germāniam et Siciliam iacet.  
Which island is below Italy?' A pupil answers: 'The island of Sicily is below Italy.' The master says: 'You answer well; Italy, then, lies between the lands Germany and Sicily.

**77** Ītalia etiam est inter paenīnsulās Hispāniam et Graeciam.'  
Italy is also between the peninsulas Spain and Greece.'

**78** Sicilia īnfrā Ītaliam et suprā Āfricam est: inter terrās igitur Ītaliam et Āfricam iacet.  
Sicily is below Italy and above Africa: it lies, then, between the lands Italy and Africa.

**79** Helvētia inter Germāniam et Ītaliam iacet, Gallia inter Hispāniam et Germāniam, vel inter Ītaliam et Britanniam.  
Switzerland lies between Germany and Italy, Gaul between Spain and Germany, or between Italy and Britain.

**80** Spectāte nunc īnsulās: multās vidētis.  
Now look at the islands: you see many.

**81** Corsica est prope Sardiniam, Sardinia prope Corsicam.  
Corsica is near Sardinia, Sardinia near Corsica.

**82** Circum īnsulās aquam vidētis, sed circum Helvētiam terrās.  
Around the islands you see water, but around Switzerland lands.

**83** Ubi discipulī sedent? (intrā.)  
Where do the pupils sit? (inside.)

**84** Ubi magister stat? (extrā.)  
Where does the master stand? (outside.)

**85** Ubi est tabula? (post.)  
Where is the blackboard? (behind.)

**86** Ubi cartam vidēs? (ante.)  
Where do you see the map? (in front of.)

**87** Ubi est Ītalia? (īnfrā.)  
Where is Italy? (below.)

**88** Ubi Sicilia iacet? (suprā.)  
Where does Sicily lie? (above.)

**89** Ubi iacet Gallia? (inter.)  
Where does Gaul lie? (between.)

**90** Ubi Britannia est? (prope.)  
Where is Britain? (near.)

**91** Ubi est aqua? (circum.)  
Where is the water? (around.)

**92** Ubi discipulus stat? (tabula.)  
Where does the pupil stand? (blackboard.)

**93** Ubi est Melita? (Sicilia.)  
Where is Malta? (Sicily.)

**94** Ubi est Āfrica? (Eurōpa.)  
Where is Africa? (Europe.)

**95** Inter quās paenīnsulās est Italia?  
Between which peninsulas is Italy?

**96** Prope quam īnsulam Corsica iacet?  
Near which island does Corsica lie?

**97** Quās terrās circum Helvētiam vidētis?  
Which lands do you see around Switzerland?

```
D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson VI, §§48-56

§48. The Ablative Case. Another case, lacking in English but found in the fuller Latin declension, is the ab´la-tive.
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§49. When the nominative singular ends in -a, the ablative singular ends in -ā and the ablative plural in -īs.

a. Observe that the final -ă of the nominative is short, while the final -ā of the ablative is long, as,

Nom. fīliă
Abl. fīliā

b. Observe that the ablative plural is like the dative plural.

c. Form the ablative singular and plural of the following nouns: fuga, causa, fortūna, terra, aqua, puella, agricola, nauta, domina.
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§50. The Ablative Relation. The ablative case is used to express the relations conveyed in English by the prepositions from, with, by, at, in. It denotes

1. That from which something is separated, from which it starts, or of which it is deprived--generally translated by from.

2. That with which something is associated or by means of which it is done--translated by with or by.

3. The place where or the time when something happens--translated by in or at.

a. What ablative relations do you discover in the following?

In our class there are twenty boys and girls. Daily at eight o’clock they come from home with their books, and while they are at school they read with ease the books written by the Romans. By patience and perseverance all things in this world can be overcome.
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§51. Prepositions. While, as stated above (§41), many relations expressed in English by prepositions are in Latin expressed by case forms, still prepositions are of frequent occurrence, but only with the accusative or ablative.
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§52. RULE. Object of a Preposition. A noun governed by a preposition must be in the Accusative or Ablative case.
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§53. Prepositions denoting the ablative relations from, with, in, on, are naturally followed by the ablative case. Among these are

ā[1] or ab, from, away from
dē, from, down from
ē[1] or ex, from, out from, out of
cum, with
in, in, on
[1] ā and ē are used only before words beginning with a consonant; ab and ex are used before either vowels or consonants.

1. Translate into Latin, using prepositions. In the water, on the land, down from the forest, with the fortune, out of the forests, from the victory, out of the waters, with the sailors, down from the moon.
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§54. Adjectives. Examine the sentence

Puella parva bonam deam amat,
  the little girl loves the good goddess

In this sentence parva (little) and bonam (good) are not nouns, but are descriptive words expressing quality. Such words are called adjectives,[2] and they are said to belong to the noun which they describe.
[2] Pick out the adjectives in the following: “When I was a little boy, I remember that one cold winter’s morning I was accosted by a smiling man with an ax on his shoulder. ‘My pretty boy,’ said he, ‘has your father a grindstone?’ ‘Yes, sir,’ said I. ‘You are a fine little fellow,’ said he. ‘Will you let me grind my ax on it?’”

You can tell by its ending to which noun an adjective belongs. The ending of parva shows that it belongs to puella, and the ending of bonam that it belongs to deam. Words that belong together are said to agree, and the belonging-together is called agreement. Observe that the adjective and its noun agree in number and case.
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§55. Examine the sentences

Puella est parva,
  the girl is little
Puella parva bonam deam amat,
  the little girl loves the good goddess

In the first sentence the adjective parva is separated from its noun by the verb and stands in the predicate. It is therefore called a predicate adjective. In the second sentence the adjectives parva and bonam are closely attached to the nouns puella and deam respectively, and are called attributive adjectives.

a. Pick out the attributive and the predicate adjectives in the following:

Do you think Latin is hard? Hard studies make strong brains. Lazy students dislike hard studies. We are not lazy.

a. When a person is called or addressed, the case used is called the voc´ative (Latin vocāre, “to call”). In form the vocative is regularly like the nominative. In English the name of the person addressed usually stands first in the sentence. The Latin vocative rarely stands first. Point out five examples of the vocative in this dialogue.

b. Observe that questions answered by yes or no in English are answered in Latin by repeating the verb. Thus, if you wished to answer in Latin the question Is the sailor fighting? Pugnatne nauta? you would say Pugnat, he is fighting, or Nōn pugnat, he is not fighting.
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§262. We have become thoroughly familiar with expressions like the following:

Galba ad (or in) oppidum properat
Galba ab (dē or ex) oppidō properat
Galba in oppidō habitat

From these expressions we may deduce the following rules:
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§263. RULE. Accusative of the Place to. The place to which is expressed by ad or in with the accusative. This answers the question Whither?
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§264. RULE. Ablative of the Place from. The place from which is expressed by ā or ab, dē, ē or ex, with the separative ablative. This answers the question Whence? (Cf. Rule, §179.)
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§265. RULE. Ablative of the Place at or in. The place at or in which is expressed by the ablative with in. This answers the question Where?

a. The ablative denoting the place where is called the locative ablative (cf. locus, place).
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§266. Exceptions. Names of towns, small islands,[1] domus, home, rūs, country, and a few other words in common use omit the prepositions in expressions of place, as,
[1] Small islands are classed with towns because they generally have but one town, and the name of the town is the same as the name of the island.

Galba Athēnās properat, Galba hastens to Athens Galba Athēnīs properat, Galba hastens from Athens Galba Athēnīs habitat, Galba lives at (or in) Athens Galba domum properat, Galba hastens home Galba rūs properat, Galba hastens to the country Galba domō properat, Galba hastens from home Galba rūre properat, Galba hastens from the country Galba rūrī (less commonly rūre) habitat, Galba lives in the country

a. Names of countries, like Germānia, Italia, etc., do not come under these exceptions. With them prepositions must not be omitted.
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§267. The Locative Case. We saw above that the place-relation expressed by at or in is regularly covered by the locative ablative. However, Latin originally expressed this relation by a separate form known as the locative case. This case has been everywhere merged in the ablative excepting in the singular number of the first and second declensions. The form of the locative in these declensions is like the genitive singular, and its use is limited to names of towns and small islands, domī, at home, and a few other words.
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§268. RULE. Locative and Locative Ablative. To express the place in which with names of towns and small islands, if they are singular and of the first or second declension, use the locative; otherwise use the locative ablative without a preposition; as,

Galba Rōmae habitat, Galba lives at Rome
Galba Corinthī habitat, Galba lives at Corinth
Galba domī habitat, Galba lives at home

Here Rōmae, Corinthī, and domī are locatives, being singular and of the first and second declensions respectively. But in

Galba Athēnīs habitat, Galba lives at Athens,
Galba Pompēiīs habitat, Galba lives at Pompeii

Athēnīs and Pompēiīs are locative ablatives. These words can have no locative case, as the nominatives Athēnae and Pompēiī are plural and there is no plural locative case form.
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§269. The word domus, home, house, has forms of both the second and the fourth declension. Learn its declension (§468).
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§338. A number of verbs are passive in form but active in meaning; as, hortor, I encourage; vereor, I fear. Such verbs are called deponent because they have laid aside (dē-pōnere, to lay aside) the active forms.

a. Besides having all the forms of the passive, deponent verbs have also the future active infinitive and a few other active forms which will be noted later. (Sec§§375, 403.b.)
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§339. The principal parts of deponents are of course passive in form, as,

Conj. I         hortor, hortārī, hortātus sum, encourage
Conj. II        vereor, verērī, veritus sum, fear
Conj. III (a) sequor, sequī, secūtus sum, follow
          (b) patior, patī, passus sum, suffer, allow
Conj. IV        partior, partīrī, partītus sum, share, divide

Learn the synopses of these verbs. (See §493.) Patior is conjugated like the passive of capiō (§492).
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§340. PREPOSITIONS WITH THE ACCUSATIVE

The prepositions with the accusative that occur most frequently are

ante, before
apud, among
circum, around
contrā, against, contrary to
extrā, outside of
in, into, in, against, upon
inter, between, among
intrā, within
ob, on account of (quam ob rem, wherefore, therefore)
per, through, by means of
post, after, behind
propter, on account of, because of
trāns, across, over

a. Most of these you have had before. Review the old ones and learn the new ones. Review the list of prepositions governing the ablative, §209.
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| word | gloss |
|---|---|
| intrā | within, in |
| extrā | beyond, outside of |
| intrat | enter, from intro |
| prope | nearly |
| ante | before |
| nam | for |
| Ubi | where |
| suprā | on top |
| īnfrā | below, on the under side |
| dum | while, as long as |
| Bene | well |
| igitur | therefore, then |
| inter | between, among |
| iacet | lie, from jaceo |
| Āfricam | African, from Africanus |
| Circum | around, about, from circos |
| quam | than |

## Give the forms: mōnstrō, iaceō

**98** mōnstrō  
show

**99** iaceō  
lie

| word | gloss |
|---|---|
| iaceō | lie |

## Give the forms: iaceō, cēnō

**100** iaceō  
lie

**101** cēnō  
dine

## Give the forms: prandeō, lūdō

**102** prandeō  
lunch

**103** lūdō  
play

| word | gloss |
|---|---|
| prandeō | lunch |

## Give the forms: lūdō, dormiō

**104** lūdō  
play

**105** dormiō  
sleep

## Praepositiōnēs: Cāsus Accūsātīvus (Quō?) et Vocātīvus, prepositions with the accusative, where it goes, and the vocative

### Into the room, toward the table

In cameram venit, ad mēnsam it means "he comes into the room, then goes to the table."

With movement, in marks entry into a place. Ad marks movement toward a place.

Both destinations take the accusative: cameram after in and mēnsam after ad.

### Where the movement goes

Quō intrat asks where Marcus goes in. The answer is in cameram.

Quō it asks where Marcus goes. The answer is ad sellam.

Latin expresses a destination with ad or in and the accusative.

**106** Magister intrā cameram sedet; Mārcus autem extrā cameram stat.  
The master sits inside the room; Marcus, however, stands outside the room.

**107** Hic iānuam pulsat, ille clāmat: 'Hūc intrā!' Mārcus iānuam aperit, in cameram venit, ad mēnsam it, ante mēnsam stat; tum, 'Salvē,' inquit, 'ō magister.' Ille respondet: 'Et tū salvē, Mārce; claude iānuam, ad sellam ī, cōnsīde!' Mārcus iānuam claudit, circum cameram ambulat, ad sellam it, cōnsīdit.  
He knocks at the door, the master calls out: 'Come in!' Marcus opens the door, comes into the room, goes to the table, stands in front of the table; then, 'Good morning, master,' he says. The master answers: 'Good morning to you too, Marcus; shut the door, go to your chair, sit down!' Marcus shuts the door, walks around the room, goes to his chair, sits down.

**108** Magister nunc, 'Quīnte et Tite,' inquit, 'īte ad fenestrās!' Illī surgunt et ad fenetrās eunt et prope fenestrās stant.  
Now the master says, 'Quintus and Titus, go to the windows!' They stand up and go to the windows and stand near the windows.

**109** Magister ita exclāmat: 'Aperīte fenestrās!' Fenestrās aperiunt et ad sellās redeunt.  
The master calls out: 'Open the windows!' They open the windows and go back to their chairs.

**110** Ubi Mārcus est? (camera.)  
Where is Marcus? (room.)

**111** Quō intrat? (camera.)  
Where does he go in? (room.)

**112** Ubi stat? (mēnsa.)  
Where does he stand? (table.)

**113** Ubi ambulat? (camera.)  
Where does he walk? (room.)

**114** Quō it? (sella.)  
Where does he go? (chair.)

**115** Quō Quīntus et Titus eunt? (fenestrae.)  
Where do Quintus and Titus go? (windows.)

**116** Ubi stant? (fenestrae.)  
Where do they stand? (windows.)

**117** Quō redeunt? (sellae.)  
Where do they go back to? (chairs.)

**118** Quō Britannī eunt? (Gallia.)  
Where do the Britons go? (Gaul.)

**119** Intrā cameram discipulī sedent.  
The pupils sit inside the room.

**120** In cameram magister venit.  
The master comes into the room.

**121** Prope mēnsam est mea sella.  
My chair is near the table.

**122** Inter cartam et tabulam discipulus stat.  
The pupil stands between the map and the blackboard.

**123** Ad fenestrās discipulī eunt.  
The pupils go to the windows.

**124** Ad sellās redeunt.  
They go back to their chairs.

```
D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XLVII, §§262-269

§262. We have become thoroughly familiar with expressions like the following:

Galba ad (or in) oppidum properat
Galba ab (dē or ex) oppidō properat
Galba in oppidō habitat

From these expressions we may deduce the following rules:
```

| word | gloss |
|---|---|
| autem | but, moreover |
| pulsat | beat, from pulso |
| clāmat | proclaim, declare, from clamo |
| Hūc | here, to this place |
| in | in, on |
| ad | to |
| it | go, from eo |
| tum | then, at that time |
| Salvē | hail, greetings |
| inquit | say, from inquam |
| claude | limping, lame, from claudus |
| ambulat | walk, take a walk, from ambulo |
| exclāmat | exclaim, shout, from exclamo |
| Quō | whither, where |
| Britannī | Britain |

## II Dēclīnātiō, the second declension

### One object ends in -um, several in -ōs

Hic vīgintī ferē discipulōs docet means "This master teaches about twenty pupils." The -ōs in discipulōs marks accusative plural.

Quālem tabellam, lūdum, stilum, campum habēs uses -um for each masculine accusative singular noun.

Masculine second-declension nouns use -um for singular objects and -ōs for plural objects.

### Several subjects end in -ī

Puerī discunt et magistrī docent means "Boys learn and masters teach." The -ī in puerī and magistrī marks nominative plural.

Masculine second-declension nouns use -ī for plural subjects.

The forms of dominus show the three endings together: accusative singular -um, nominative plural -ī, and accusative plural -ōs.

### 

### Nouns in -er keep the endings

Puer and liber end in -er instead of -us in the nominative singular.

Their other forms keep the second-declension endings: puerī has plural -ī, and librōs has accusative plural -ōs.

Their masculine singular objects end in -um.

**125** Lūdus est locus, ubi cottīdiē puerī discunt et magistrī docent: lūdus multās camerās habet, ubi discipulī magistrīque labōrant.  
A school is a place where every day boys learn and masters teach: a school has many rooms, where pupils and masters work.

**126** Hic vīgintī ferē discipulōs docet et cottīdiē multās sententiās corrigit; illī audiunt, recitant, scrībunt; loculōs, tabellās, stilōs habent; multōs etiam librōs habent, Anglicōs, Gallicōs, Latīnōs: aliī librī caeruleī sunt, aliī rubrī.  
This master teaches about twenty pupils and every day corrects many sentences; they listen, recite, write; they have desks, tablets, pens; they also have many books, English, French, Latin: some books are blue, others red.

**127** Circum cameram sunt quattuor mūrī; hic mūrus iānuam habet, illa fenestrās, tertius tabulam nigram, quārtus pīctūrās.  
Around the room are four walls; this wall has the door, that one the windows, the third the blackboard, the fourth pictures.

**128** Extrā lūdum campus lātus iacet; campum per fenestram vidētis; locus est, ubi puerī lūdunt et inter sē currunt.  
Outside the school lies a wide field; you see the field through the window; it is the place where the boys play and run races with one another.

**129** Lūdus autem est locus, ubi nōn lūdunt sed labōrant.  
But a school is a place where they do not play but work.

**130** Circum campum est altus mūrus.  
Around the field is a high wall.

**131** Quālis est stilus, lūdus, liber, mūrus, aqua, campus?  
What are the pen, the school, the book, the wall, the water, the field like?

**132** Quālēs sunt discipulī, loculī, puerī, magistrī, pāginae, pīctūrae?  
What are the pupils, the desks, the boys, the masters, the pages, the pictures like?

**133** Quālem tabellam, lūdum, stilum, campum habēs?  
What sort of tablet, school, pen, field do you have?

**134** Quālēs librōs, mūrōs, sellās habētis?  
What sort of books, walls, chairs do you have?

**135** Quot magistrī cottīdiē tē docent?  
How many masters teach you every day?

**136** Quot mūrōs camera tua habet?  
How many walls does your room have?

**137** Quot stilōs, librōs, campōs, tabellās habēs?  
How many pens, books, fields, tablets do you have?

**138** Quot puerōs circum tē vidēs?  
How many boys do you see around you?

**139** Quis prope tē labōrat? Quem prope tē habēs?  
Who works near you? Whom do you have near you?

**140** Ubi sunt mūrī?  
Where are the walls?

**141** Quid facit discipulus?  
What does a pupil do?

**142** Quōmodo vocātur locus ubi labōrās? locus ubi sedēs? locus ubi lūdis?  
What is the place called where you work? the place where you sit? the place where you play?

```
D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson IX, §§70-76

§70. Latin nouns are divided into five declensions.

The declension to which a noun belongs is shown by the ending of the genitive singular. This should always be learned along with the nominative and the gender.
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§71. The nominative singular of nouns of the Second or O-Declension ends in -us, -er, -ir, or -um. The genitive singular ends in -ī.
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§72. Gender. Nouns in -um are neuter. The others are regularly masculine.
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§73. Declension of nouns in -us and -um. Masculines in -us and neuters in -um are declined as follows:

dominus (base domin-),    pīlum (base pīl-),
   m., master                  n., spear

               TERMINATIONS       TERMINATIONS
        SINGULAR
Nom.    do´minus[1]  -us       pīlum     -um
Gen.    dominī       -ī        pīlī      -ī
Dat.    dominō       -ō        pīlō      -ō
Acc.    dominum      -um       pīlum     -um
Abl.    dominō       -ō        pīlō      -ō
Voc.    domine       -e        pīlum     -um
[1] Compare the declension of domina and of dominus.

        PLURAL
Nom.    dominī       -ī        pīla      -a
Gen.    dominō´rum   -ōrum     pīlō´rum  -ōrum
Dat.    dominīs      -īs       pīlīs     -īs
Acc.    dominōs      -ōs       pīla      -a
Abl.    dominīs      -īs       pīlīs     -īs

a. Observe that the masculines and the neuters have the same terminations excepting in the nominative singular and the nominative and accusative plural.

b. The vocative singular of words of the second declension in -us ends in -ĕ, as domine, O master; serve, O slave. This is the most important exception to the rule in §56.a.
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§74. Write side by side the declension of domina, dominus, and pīlum. A comparison of the forms will lead to the following rules, which are of great importance because they apply to all five declensions:

a. The vocative, with a single exception (see §73.b), is like the nominative. That is, the vocative singular is like the nominative singular, and the vocative plural is like the nominative plural.

b. The nominative, accusative, and vocative of neuter nouns are alike, and in the plural end in -a.

c. The accusative singular of masculines and feminines ends in -m and the accusative plural in -s.

d. The dative and ablative plural are always alike.

e. Final -i and -o are always long; final -a is short, except in the ablative singular of the first declension.
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§75. Observe the sentences

Lesbia est bona,
  Lesbia is good
Lesbia est ancilla,
  Lesbia is a maidservant

We have learned (§55) that bona, when used, as here, in the predicate to describe the subject, is called a predicate adjective. Similarly a noun, as ancilla, used in the predicate to define the subject is called a predicate noun.
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§76. RULE. Predicate Noun. A predicate noun agrees in case with the subject of the verb.
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§91. Declension of Nouns in -er and -ir. In early Latin all the masculine nouns of the second declension ended in -os. This -os later became -us in words like servus, and was dropped entirely in words with bases ending in -r, like puer, boy; ager, field; and vir, man. These words are therefore declined as follows:
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§92. puer, m., boy    ager, m., field    vir, m., man
         BASE puer-         BASE agr-            BASE vir-

        SINGULAR                                    TERMINATIONS
Nom.    puer               ager                 vir      ----
Gen.    puerī              agrī                 virī     -ī
Dat.    puerō              agrō                 virō     -ō
Acc.    puerum             agrum                virum    -um
Abl.    puerō              agrō                 virō     -ō

        PLURAL
Nom.    puerī              agrī                 virī     -ī
Gen.    puerōrum           agrōrum              virōrum  -ōrum
Dat.    puerīs             agrīs                virīs    -īs
Acc.    puerōs             agrōs                virōs    -ōs
Abl.    puerīs             agrīs                virīs    -īs

a. The vocative case of these words is like the nominative, following the general rule (§74.a).

b. The declension differs from that of servus only in the nominative and vocative singular.

c. Note that in puer the e remains all the way through, while in ager it is present only in the nominative. In puer the e belongs to the base, but in ager (base agr-) it does not, and was inserted in the nominative to make it easier to pronounce. Most words in -er are declined like ager. The genitive shows whether you are to follow puer or ager.
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§93. Masculine adjectives in -er of the second declension are declined like nouns in -er. A few of them are declined like puer, but most of them like ager. The feminine and neuter nominatives show which form to follow, thus,

MASC.    FEM.     NEUT.
līber    lībera   līberum   (free)
   is like puer
pulcher  pulchra  pulchrum  (pretty)
   is like ager

For the full declension in the three genders, see §469.b. c.
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§94. Decline together the words vir līber, terra lībera, frūmentum līberum, puer pulcher, puella pulchra, oppidum pulchrum
```

| word | gloss |
|---|---|
| Lūdus | game, play |
| locus | place, spot |
| cottīdiē | daily, every day |
| puerī | boy, from puer |
| labōrant | labor, from laboro |
| vīgintī | twenty |
| corrigit | correct, set right, from corrigo |
| loculōs | spot, little, from loculus |
| tabellās | small board, from tabella |
| stilōs | iron pencil, style, from stilus |
| librōs | free, from liber |
| Latīnōs | Latin, from Latini |
| mūrī | wall, from murus |
| pīctūrās | painting, picture, from pictura |
| campus | field, plain |
| per | through |
| sē | of himself, from sui |
| currunt | run, from curro |
| altus | high, deep |
| Quōmodo | how, in what way |

## Give the forms: intrō, habeō

**143** intrō  
enter

**144** habeō  
have

## Give the forms: habeō, corrigō

**145** habeō  
have

**146** corrigō  
correct

## Give the forms: eō, labōrō

**147** eō  
go

**148** labōrō  
work

## Give the forms: labōrō, currō

**149** labōrō  
work

**150** currō  
run

## Give the forms: clāmō

**151** clāmō  
shout

## Praepositiōnēs: Cāsus Ablātīvus (Unde?), prepositions with the ablative, where it comes from

### From near a place

Mārcus ā sellā ad tabulam it means "Marcus goes from his chair to the blackboard."

In ā sellā, ā marks movement from near the chair, and sellā is ablative.

### Out of a place

Sextus ex camerā exit means "Sextus goes out of the room."

Latin uses ā or ab with the ablative for movement from near a place, but ē or ex for movement out of it.

**152** Tertia hōra est: discipulī cameram intrant, ad sellās eunt, cōnsīdunt.  
It is the third hour: the pupils come into the room, go to their chairs, sit down.

**153** Nunc magister etiam intrat et omnēs ex sellīs surgunt et exclāmant: 'Salvē, ō magister!' Ille crētam ā mēnsā sūmit et sententiās scrībit.  
Now the master comes in too, and everyone rises from their chairs and calls out: 'Good morning, master!' He takes chalk from the table and writes sentences.

**154** Tum cōnsīdit et 'Recitate,' inquit, 'omnēs.' Discipulī ex tabulā recitant.  
Then he sits down and says, 'Recite, all of you.' The pupils recite from the blackboard.

**155** Deinde magister 'Tū, Mārce!' inquit, 'ad tabulam ī et eam extergē!' Mārcus ā sellā ad tabulam it, prope tabulam stat, tabulam exterget; tum ā tabulā ad sellam redit.  
Then the master says, 'You, Marcus! go to the blackboard and wipe it!' Marcus goes from his chair to the blackboard, stands near the blackboard, wipes the blackboard; then goes back from the blackboard to his chair.

**156** Quīntus et Titus ā sellīs ad fenestrās eunt, fenestrās aperiunt, ā fenestrīs ad sellas redeunt.  
Quintus and Titus go from their chairs to the windows, open the windows, go back from the windows to their chairs.

**157** Magister, 'Aperīte,' inquit, 'librōs!  
The master says, 'Open your books!

**158** Tu, Sextus, ex librō recitā.' Sextus antem respondet: 'Nūllum librum hīc habeō: extrā enim cameram est.' Magister, 'Ī igitur,' inquit, 'ex camerā et librum tuum pete!' Sextus ex camerā exit, librum petit, in cameram redit, ex librō recitat.  
You, Sextus, recite from the book.' But Sextus answers: 'I have no book here: it is outside the room.' The master says, 'Then go out of the room and fetch your book!' Sextus goes out of the room, fetches the book, comes back into the room, recites from the book.

**159** Omnēs nunc ex librīs recitant.  
Now everyone recites from their books.

**160** Ūnus autem ex discipulīs Gallus est; ex Galliā venit neque Anglicam linguam intellegit: sed Latīnās sententiās bene recitāre potest.  
One of the pupils, however, is a Gaul; he comes from Gaul and does not understand English: but he can recite the Latin sentences well.

**161** Post lūdum magister ā mēnsā abit et ex camerā exit.  
After school the master goes away from the table and out of the room.

**162** Tum discipulī ā sellīs abeunt, ē lūdō exeunt, per campum currunt, domum redeunt.  
Then the pupils leave their chairs, go out of the school, run across the field, return home.

**163** Unde surgitis? (sellae.)  
From where do you rise? (chairs.)

**164** Unde magister crētam sumit? (mēnsa.)  
From where does the master take the chalk? (table.)

**165** Unde discipulī recitant? (tabula.)  
From where do the pupils recite? (blackboard.)

**166** Quō Mārcus it? (tabula.)  
Where does Marcus go? (blackboard.)

**167** Quō Quīntus et Titus eunt? (fenestrae.)  
Where do Quintus and Titus go? (windows.)

**168** Unde abeunt? (fenestrae.)  
From where do they go away? (windows.)

**169** Unde Sextus recitat? (liber.)  
From where does Sextus recite? (book.)

**170** Unde Gallus venit? Germānus? Hispānus? Ītalus?  
Where does a Gaul come from? a German? a Spaniard? an Italian?

**171** Quō īs, cum tertia hōra est? (lūdus.)  
Where do you go when it is the third hour? (school.)

**172** Unde post lūdum puerī exeunt? (campus.)  
From where do the boys go out after school? (field.)

**173** Quō redeunt?  
Where do they return to?

```
D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XXX, §§177-181

§177. You should learn to give rapidly synopses of the verbs you have had, as follows:[1]
[1] Synopses should be given not only in the first person, but in other persons as well, particularly in the third singular and plural.

          CONJUGATION I       CONJUGATION II
                     INDICATIVE
          ACTIVE   PASSIVE    ACTIVE    PASSIVE
Pres.     a´mō     a´mor      mo´neō    mo´neor
Imperf. amā´bam  amā´bar    monē´bam  monē´bar
Fut.      amā´bo   amā´bor    monē´bo   monē´bor

          CONJUGATION I          CONJUGATION II
                        IMPERATIVE
          ACTIVE    PASSIVE     ACTIVE     PASSIVE
Pres.     a´mā      amā´re      mo´nē      monē´re

                       INFINITIVE
Pres.     amā´re    amā´rī      monē´re    monē´rī

          CONJUGATION III        CONJUGATION III (-iō verbs)
                       INDICATIVE
          ACTIVE    PASSIVE     ACTIVE     PASSIVE
Pres.     re´gō     re´gor      ca´piō     ca´pior
Imperf. regē´bam  regē´bar    capiē´bam  capiē´bar
Fut.      re´gam    re´gar      ca´piam    ca´piar

                       IMPERATIVE
Pres.     re´ge     re´gere     ca´pe       ca´pere

                       INFINITIVE
Pres.     re´gere   re´gī       ca´pere     ca´pī

          CONJUGATION IV
            INDICATIVE
          ACTIVE     PASSIVE
Pres.     au´diō     au´dior
Imperf. audiē´bam  audiē´bar
Fut.      au´diam    au´diar

            IMPERATIVE
Pres.     au´dī      audī´re

            INFINITIVE
Pres.     audī´re    audī´rī

1. Give the synopsis of rapiō, mūniō, reperiō, doceō, videō, dīcō, agō, laudō, portō, and vary the person and number.
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```
§178. We learned in §50 that one of the three relations covered by the ablative case is expressed in English by the preposition from. This is sometimes called the separative ablative, and it has a number of special uses. You have already grown familiar with the first mentioned below.
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§179. RULE. Ablative of the Place From. The place from which is expressed by the ablative with the prepositions ā or ab, dē, ē or ex.

Agricolae ex agrīs veniunt, the farmers come from the fields

a. ā or ab denotes from near a place; ē or ex, out from it; and dē, down from it. This may be represented graphically as follows:

               _________
              |         |
  ā or ab |         | ē or ex
/_____________|    ___________________\
\             |  Place  |             /
              |_________|
                   |
                   | dē
                   |
                   V
```

```
§180. RULE. Ablative of Separation. Words expressing separation or deprivation require an ablative to complete their meaning.

a. If the separation is actual and literal of one material thing from another, the preposition ā or ab, ē or ex, or dē is generally used. If no actual motion takes place of one thing from another, no preposition is necessary.

(a) Perseus terram ā mōnstrīs līberat
  Perseus frees the land from monsters
    (literal separation--actual motion is expressed)
(b) Perseus terram trīstitiā līberat
  Perseus frees the land from sorrow
    (figurative separation--no actual motion is expressed)
```

```
§181. RULE. Ablative of the Personal Agent. The word expressing the person from whom an action starts, when not the subject, is put in the ablative with the preposition ā or ab.

a. In this construction the English translation of ā, ab is by rather than from. This ablative is regularly used with passive verbs to indicate the person by whom the act was performed.

Mōnstrum ā Perseō necātur, the monster is being slain by (lit. from) Perseus

b. Note that the active form of the above sentence would be Perseus monstrum necat, Perseus is slaying the monster. In the passive the object of the active verb becomes the subject, and the subject of the active verb becomes the ablative of the personal agent, with ā or ab.

c. Distinguish carefully between the ablative of means and the ablative of the personal agent. Both are often translated into English by the preposition by. (Cf. §100. b.) Means is a thing; the agent or actor is a person. The ablative of means has no preposition. The ablative of the personal agent has ā or ab. Compare

Fera sagittā necātur, the wild beast is killed by an arrow Fera ā Diānā necātur, the wild beast is killed by Diana

Sagittā, in the first sentence, is the ablative of means; ā Diānā, in the second, is the ablative of the personal agent.
```

| word | gloss |
|---|---|
| ex | out of, from |
| ā | from, by |
| eam | this, that, from is |
| extergē | wipe, from extergo |
| redit | return, go back, from redeo |
| enim | for, in fact |
| pete | aim at, assail, from peto |
| exit | come, leave, from exeo |
| discipulīs | female pupil, from discipula |
| Gallus | a Gaul |
| Anglicam | old, aged, from Anglicus |
| Latīnās | Latin, from Latinae |
| potest | be able, can, from possum |
| abit | depart, go away, from abeo |
| domum | house, home, from domus |
| Unde | from where |
| Germānus | German |
| Hispānus | Spanish, of Spain |
| Ītalus | Italian |

## Give the forms: camera, sella

**174** camera  
room

**175** sella  
seat

## Give the forms: sella, discipulus

**176** sella  
seat

**177** discipulus  
pupil

## Give the forms: stilus

**178** stilus  
pen