# Prīmus et Secundus Annus, Lessons XIII–XVII Latin for Beginners I Second Declension, continued; The Possessive Adjective Pronouns; The Ablative Denoting With; The Nine Irregular Adjectives; The Demonstrative Is, Ea, Id Source: https://1732studios.com/courses/la/20. Data: https://1732studios.com/courses/la/20.json. ## Italia (D'Ooge XIII) ### Ager loses its e Agrī bonī agricolīs praemia dant magna means "The good fields give the farmers great rewards." Agrī is the nominative plural of ager, field. The base is agr-. The e appears only in the nominative singular ager. Every other form uses agr-. The forms of ager show this change through both numbers and all five cases. ### ### Pulcher changes like ager Pulchra est terra Italia means "Beautiful is the land of Italy." Pulchra agrees with the feminine terra. The masculine form is pulcher. Masculine adjectives in -er decline like nouns in -er. Pulcher follows ager and drops e outside its masculine nominative singular. Pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum show the same base across all three genders. ### From the book **1** Magna est Italiae fāma, patriae Rōmānōrum, et clāra est Rōma, domina orbis terrārum. Great is the fame of Italy, the fatherland of the Romans, and famous is Rome, the mistress of the world. **2** Tiberim, fluvium Rōmānum, quis nōn laudat et pulchrōs fluviō fīnitimōs agrōs? The Tiber, the Roman river, who does not praise, and the beautiful fields next to the river? **3** Altōs mūrōs, longa et dūra bella, clārās victōriās quis nōn laudat? The high walls, the long and hard wars, the famous victories, who does not praise? **4** Pulchra est terra Italia. Beautiful is the land of Italy. **5** Agrī bonī agricolīs praemia dant magna, et equī agricolārum cōpiam frūmentī ad oppida et vīcōs portant. The good fields give the farmers great rewards, and the horses of the farmers carry an abundance of grain to the towns and villages. **6** In agrīs populī Rōmānī labōrant multī servī. In the fields of the Roman people many slaves labor. **7** Viae Italiae sunt longae et lātae. The roads of Italy are long and wide. **8** Fīnitima Italiae est īnsula Sicilia. Next to Italy is the island of Sicily. ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XIII, §§91-94 §91. Declension of Nouns in -er and -ir. In early Latin all the masculine nouns of the second declension ended in -os. This -os later became -us in words like servus, and was dropped entirely in words with bases ending in -r, like puer, boy; ager, field; and vir, man. These words are therefore declined as follows: ``` ``` §92. puer, m., boy ager, m., field vir, m., man BASE puer- BASE agr- BASE vir- SINGULAR TERMINATIONS Nom. puer ager vir ---- Gen. puerī agrī virī -ī Dat. puerō agrō virō -ō Acc. puerum agrum virum -um Abl. puerō agrō virō -ō PLURAL Nom. puerī agrī virī -ī Gen. puerōrum agrōrum virōrum -ōrum Dat. puerīs agrīs virīs -īs Acc. puerōs agrōs virōs -ōs Abl. puerīs agrīs virīs -īs a. The vocative case of these words is like the nominative, following the general rule (§74.a). b. The declension differs from that of servus only in the nominative and vocative singular. c. Note that in puer the e remains all the way through, while in ager it is present only in the nominative. In puer the e belongs to the base, but in ager (base agr-) it does not, and was inserted in the nominative to make it easier to pronounce. Most words in -er are declined like ager. The genitive shows whether you are to follow puer or ager. ``` ``` §93. Masculine adjectives in -er of the second declension are declined like nouns in -er. A few of them are declined like puer, but most of them like ager. The feminine and neuter nominatives show which form to follow, thus, MASC. FEM. NEUT. līber lībera līberum (free) is like puer pulcher pulchra pulchrum (pretty) is like ager For the full declension in the three genders, see §469.b. c. ``` ``` §94. Decline together the words vir līber, terra lībera, frūmentum līberum, puer pulcher, puella pulchra, oppidum pulchrum ``` | word | gloss | |---|---| | orbis | ring, circle | ## Dialogue: Marcus and Cornelius (D'Ooge XIII) **9** Ubi est, Mārce, fīlius tuus? Estne in pulchrā terrā Italiā? Where, Marcus, is your son? Is he in the beautiful land of Italy? **10** Nōn est, Cornēlī, in Italiā. Ad fluvium Rhēnum properat cum cōpiīs Rōmānīs quia est fāma Novī bellī cum Germānīs. Līber Germāniae populus Rōmānōs Nōn amat. He is not in Italy, Cornelius. He is hastening to the river Rhine with the Roman forces, because there is a report of a new war with the Germans. The free people of Germany do not love the Romans. **11** Estne fīlius tuus copiārum Rōmānārum lēgātus? Is your son the lieutenant of the Roman forces? **12** Lēgātus nōn est, sed est apud legiōnāriōs. He is not the lieutenant, but he is among the legionaries. **13** Quae arma portat? What kind of arms does he carry? **14** Scūtum magnum et lōrīcam dūram et galeam pulchram portat. He carries a large shield and a hard coat of mail and a beautiful helmet. **15** Quae tēla portat? What kind of weapons does he carry? **16** Gladium et pīlum longum portat. He carries a sword and a long spear. **17** Amatne lēgātus fīlium tuum? Does the lieutenant love your son? **18** Amat, et saepe fīliō meō praemia pulchra et praedam multam dat. He does, and he often gives my son beautiful rewards and much booty. **19** Ubi est terra Germānōrum? Where is the land of the Germans? **20** Terra Germānōrum, Cornēlī est fīnitima Rhēnō, fluviō magnō et altō. The land of the Germans, Cornelius, is next to the Rhine, a great and deep river. | word | gloss | |---|---| | legiōnāriōs | legionary, belonging to the legion, from legionarius | ## The Possessive Adjective Pronouns (D'Ooge XIV) ### Suōs agrees with servōs Vir suōs servōs vocat means "The man calls his own slaves." A possessive agrees with the possessed noun in gender, number, and case. Suōs agrees with servōs in masculine gender, plural number, and accusative case. Suōs refers back to Vir, the subject, so it means the man's own slaves. ### The special form mī Mī fīlī means "O my son." Mī is the irregular masculine singular vocative of meus. **21** mī fīlī O my son **22** suum puerum vocat Sextus is calling his boy **23** Vir suōs servōs vocat The man calls his (own) slaves. ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XIV, §§97-98 §97. Observe the sentences This is my shield This shield is mine In the first sentence my is a possessive adjective; in the second mine is a possessive pronoun, for it takes the place of a noun, this shield is mine being equivalent to this shield is my shield. Similarly, in Latin the possessives are sometimes adjectives and sometimes pronouns. ``` ``` §98. The possessives my, mine, your, yours, etc. are declined like adjectives of the first and second declensions. SINGULAR 1st Pers. meus, mea, meum my, mine 2d Pers. tuus, tua, tuum your, yours 3d Pers. suus, sua, suum his (own), her (own), its (own) PLURAL 1st Pers. noster, nostra, nostrum our, ours 2d Pers. vester, vestra, vestrum your, yours 3d Pers. suus, sua, suum their (own), theirs NOTE. Meus has the irregular vocative singular masculine mī, as mī fīlī, O my son. a. The possessives agree with the name of the thing possessed in gender, number, and case. Compare the English and Latin in Sextus is calling his boy Sextus } suum puerum vocat Julia is calling her boy Iūlia } Observe that suum agrees with puerum, and is unaffected by the gender of Sextus or Julia. b. When your, yours, refers to one person, use tuus; when to more than one, vester; as, Lesbia, your wreaths are pretty Corōnae tuae, Lesbia, sunt pulchrae Girls, your wreaths are pretty Corōnae vestrae, puellae, sunt pulchrae c. Suus is a reflexive possessive, that is, it usually stands in the predicate and regularly refers back to the subject. Thus, Vir suōs servōs vocat means The man calls his (own) slaves. Here his (suōs) refers to man (vir), and could not refer to any one else. d. Possessives are used much less frequently than in English, being omitted whenever the meaning is clear without them. (Cf. §22.a.) This is especially true of suus, -a, -um, which, when inserted, is more or less emphatic, like our his own, her own, etc. ``` ## Latin into English (D'Ooge XIV) **24** Mārcus amīcō Sextō cōnsilium suum nūntiat Marcus announces his plan to his friend Sextus. **25** Est cōpia frūmentī in agrīs nostrīs. There is an abundance of grain in our fields. **26** Amīcī meī bonam cēnam ancillae vestrae laudant My friends praise the good dinner of your maidservant. **27** Scūta nostra et tēla, mī amīce, in castrls Rōmānīs sunt. Our shields and weapons, my friend, are in the Roman camp. **28** Suntne virī patriae tuae līberī? Sunt. Are the men of your fatherland free? They are. **29** Ubi, Cornēlī, est tua galea pulchra? Where, Cornelius, is your beautiful helmet? **30** Mea galea, Sexte, est in casā meā. My helmet, Sextus, is in my cottage. **31** Pīlum longum est tuum, sed gladius est meus. The long spear is yours, but the sword is mine. **32** Iūlia gallīnās suās pulchrās amat et gallīnae dominam suam amant. Julia loves her beautiful chickens, and the chickens love their mistress. **33** Nostra castra sunt vestra. Our camp is yours. **34** Est cōpia praedae in castrīs vestrīs. There is an abundance of booty in your camp. **35** Amīcī tuī miserīs et aegrīs cibum et pecūniam saepe dant. Your friends often give food and money to the wretched and the sick. ## Give the forms (D'Ooge XIV) **36** Tua lōrīca, mī fīlī, est dūra. Your coat of mail, my son, is hard. ## English into Latin (D'Ooge XIV) **37** Magister noster dīligentiam Mārcī laudat. Our teacher praises Mark’s industry. **38** Fīlius meus Sextus praedam suam ad castra Rōmāna portat. My son Sextus is carrying his booty to the Roman camp.[1] **39** Puellae tuae bonae aegrīs et miserīs auxilium dant. Your good girls are giving aid to the sick and wretched.[2] **40** Sunt proelia crēbra in vīcīs nostrīs. There are [3] frequent battles in our villages. **41** Ubi, mī fīlī, est cibus lēgātī? My son, where is the lieutenant’s food? **42** Castra sunt mea, sed tēla sunt tua. The camp is mine, but the weapons are yours. | word | gloss | |---|---| | dīligentiam | diligence, industry, from diligentia | ## The Ablative Denoting With (D'Ooge XV) ### Cause and means omit cum Mārcus est īnfīrmus inopiā cibī means "Mark is feeble because of want of food." The ablative inopiā gives the cause without a preposition. Diāna sagittīs suīs ferās necat means "Diana kills the beasts with her arrows." The ablative sagittīs suīs gives the means without a preposition. Cause and means never use cum. ### Accompaniment requires cum Iūlia est cum Sextō means "Julia is with Sextus." Unlike cause and means, the ablative of accompaniment requires cum. ### An adjective can replace cum Virī cōnstantiā magnā pugnant means "The men fight with great steadiness." The ablative of manner normally uses cum. The adjective magnā allows this line to omit cum. **43** Mārcus est īnfīrmus inopiā cibī Mark is feeble with (for or because of) want of food **44** Diāna sagittīs suīs ferās necat Diana kills the beasts with (or by) her arrows **45** Iūlia est cum Sextō Julia is with Sextus **46** Virī cōnstantiā magnā pugnant The men fight with great steadiness ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XV, §§100-106 §100. Of the various relations denoted by the ablative case (§50) there is none more important than that expressed in English by the preposition with. This little word is not so simple as it looks. It does not always convey the same meaning, nor is it always to be translated by cum. This will become clear from the following sentences: a. Mark is feeble with (for or because of) want of food b. Diana kills the beasts with (or by) her arrows c. Julia is with Sextus d. The men fight with great steadiness a. In sentence a, with want (of food) gives the cause of Mark’s feebleness. This idea is expressed in Latin by the ablative without a preposition, and the construction is called the ablative of cause: Mārcus est īnfīrmus inopiā cibī b. In sentence b, with (or by) her arrows tells by means of what Diana kills the beasts. This idea is expressed in Latin by the ablative without a preposition, and the construction is called the ablative of means: Diāna sagittīs suīs ferās necat c. In sentence c we are told that Julia is not alone, but in company with Sextus. This idea is expressed in Latin by the ablative with the preposition cum, and the construction is called the ablative of accompaniment: Iūlia est cum Sextō d. In sentence d we are told how the men fight. The idea is one of manner. This is expressed in Latin by the ablative with cum, unless there is a modifying adjective present, in which case cum may be omitted. This construction is called the ablative of manner: Virī (cum) cōnstantiā magnā pugnant ``` ``` §101. You are now able to form four important rules for the ablative denoting with: ``` ``` §102. RULE. Ablative of Cause. Cause is denoted by the ablative without a preposition. This answers the question Because of what? ``` ``` §103. RULE. Ablative of Means. Means is denoted by the ablative without a preposition. This answers the question By means of what? With what? N.B. Cum must never be used with the ablative expressing cause or means. ``` ``` §104. RULE. Ablative of Accompaniment. Accompaniment is denoted by the ablative with cum. This answers the question With whom? ``` ``` §105. RULE. Ablative of Manner. The ablative with cum is used to denote the manner of an action. Cum may be omitted, if an adjective is used with the ablative. This answers the question How? In what manner? ``` ``` §106. What uses of the ablative do you discover in the following passage, and what question does each answer? The soldiers marched to the fort with great speed and broke down the gate with blows of their muskets. The inhabitants, terrified by the din, attempted to cross the river with their wives and children, but the stream was swollen with (or by) the rain. Because of this many were swept away by the waters and only a few, almost overcome with fatigue, with great difficulty succeeded in gaining the farther shore. ``` ## Latin into English (D'Ooge XV) **47** Rōmānī, clārus Italiae populus, bellum parant. The Romans, the famous people of Italy, are preparing for war. **48** Ex agrīs suīs, vicīs, oppidīsque magnō studiō virī validī ad arma properant. From their fields, villages, and towns the sturdy men hasten to arms with great eagerness. **49** Iam lēgatī cum legiōnariīs ex Italiā ad Rhēnum, fluvium Germāniae altum et lātum, properant, et servī equīs et carrīs cibum frūmentumque ad castra Rōmāna portant. Already the lieutenants with the legionaries are hastening from Italy to the Rhine, the deep and wide river of Germany, and slaves are carrying food and grain with horses and wagons to the Roman camp. **50** Inopiā bonōrum tēlōrum īnfirmī sunt Germānī, sed Rōmānī armāti galeīs, lōrīcīs, scūtīs, gladiīs, pīlīsque sunt validī. For want of good weapons the Germans are weak, but the Romans, armed with helmets, coats of mail, shields, swords, and spears, are strong. | word | gloss | |---|---| | carrīs | cart, wagon, from carrus | ## English into Latin (D'Ooge XV) **51** Agricolae validī Italiae in agrīs magnā cum dīligentiā labōrant. The sturdy farmers of Italy labor in the fields with great diligence. **52** Sextus lēgātus et fīlius Mārcus cum Germānīs pugnant. Sextus, the lieutenant, and (his) son Mark are fighting with the Germans. **53** Legiōnāriī Rōmānī pīlīs longīs armātī sunt. The Roman legionaries are armed with long spears. **54** Ubi, Sexte, est Lesbia, ancilla tua? Lesbia cum amīcīs meīs in casā Galbae est. Where is Lesbia, your maid, Sextus? Lesbia is with my friends in Galba’s cottage. **55** Multī aquā malā et inopiā cibī aegrī sunt. Many are sick because of bad water and for lack of food. **56** Germānī cum fīliīs et fīliābus equīs et carrīs properant. The Germans, with (their) sons and daughters, are hastening with horses and wagons. ## The Nine Irregular Adjectives (D'Ooge XVI) ### A pair or any number Alterum oppidum est magnum, alterum parvum means "the one town is large, the other small." Alterum ... alterum sets one member of a pair against the other. Aliud ... aliud does not limit the group to two. Aliī gladiōs, aliī scūta portant means "some carry swords, others shields." The repeated plural aliī divides a group into some and others. ### Aliud ends in d Aliud oppidum est validum, aliud īnfīrmum means "one town is strong, another weak." Aliud is the neuter singular form of alius. Its -d ending distinguishes it from alia and alius. ### Nine adjectives share two endings Alter and alius belong to a group of nine irregular adjectives. In every gender, their genitive singular ends in -īus and their dative singular ends in -ī. The masculine, feminine, and neuter columns show the same ending for each case. **57** Alterum oppidum est magnum, alterum parvum the one town is large, the other small (of two towns) **58** Aliud oppidum est validum, aliud īnfīrmum one town is strong, another weak **59** Aliī gladiōs, aliī scūta portant some carry swords, others shields ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XVI, §§108-110 §108. There are nine irregular adjectives of the first and second declensions which have a peculiar termination in the genitive and dative singular of all genders: MASC. FEM. NEUT. Gen. -īus -īus -īus Dat. -ī -ī -ī Otherwise they are declined like bonus, -a, -um. Learn the list and the meaning of each: alius, alia, aliud, other, another (of several) alter, altera, alterum, the one, the other (of two) ūnus, -a, -um, one, alone; (in the plural) only ūllus, -a, -um, any nūllus, -a, -um, none, no sōlus, -a, -um, alone tōtus, -a, -um, all, whole, entire uter, utra, utrum, which? (of two) neuter, neutra, neutrum, neither (of two) ``` ``` §109. PARADIGMS SINGULAR MASC. FEM. NEUT. Nom. nūllus nūlla nūllum Gen. nūllī´us nūllī´us nūllī´us Dat. nūllī nūllī nūllī Acc. nūllum nūllam nūllum Abl. nūllō nūllā nūllō MASC. FEM. NEUT. Nom. alius alia aliud Gen. alī´us alī´us alī´us Dat. aliī aliī aliī Acc. alium aliam aliud Abl. aliō aliā aliō THE PLURAL IS REGULAR a. Note the peculiar neuter singular ending in -d of alius. The genitive alīus is rare. Instead of it use alterīus, the genitive of alter. b. These peculiar case endings are found also in the declension of pronouns (see §114). For this reason these adjectives are sometimes called the pronominal adjectives. ``` ``` §110. Learn the following idioms: alter, -era, -erum ... alter, -era, -erum, the one ... the other (of two) alius, -a, -ud ... alius, -a, -ud, one ... another (of any number) aliī, -ae, -a ... aliī, -ae, -a, some ... others EXAMPLES 1. Alterum oppidum est magnum, alterum parvum, the one town is large, the other small (of two towns). 2. Aliud oppidum est validum, aliud īnfīrmum, one town is strong, another weak (of towns in general). 3. Aliī gladiōs, aliī scūta portant, some carry swords, others shields. ``` ## Latin into English (D'Ooge XVI) **60** In utrā casā est Iūlia? Iūlia est in neutrā casā. In which cottage (of the two) is Julia? Julia is in neither cottage. **61** Nūllī malō puerō praemium dat magister. The teacher gives a reward to no bad boy. **62** Alter puer est nauta, alter agricola. The one boy is a sailor, the other a farmer. **63** Aliī virī aquam, aliī terram amant. Some men love the water, others the land. **64** Galba ūnus (or sōlus) cum studiō labōrat. Galba alone labors with eagerness. **65** Estne ūllus carrus in agrō meō? Is there any wagon in my field? **66** Lesbia est ancilla alterīus dominī, Tullia alterīus. Lesbia is the maidservant of the one master, Tullia of the other. **67** Lesbia sōla cēnam parat. Lesbia alone prepares dinner. **68** Cēna nūllīus alterīus ancillae est bona. The dinner of no other maidservant is good. **69** Lesbia nūllī aliī virō cēnam dat. Lesbia gives dinner to no other man. ## English into Latin (D'Ooge XVI) **70** Virī tōtīus Germāniae bellum parant. The men of all Germany are preparing for war. **71** Alia oppida sunt magna, alia parva. Some towns are great and others are small. **72** Alius puer gallīnās amat, alius equōs. One boy likes chickens, another horses. **73** Iam praeda ūnīus oppidī in castrō nostrō est. Already the booty of one town is in our fort. **74** Tōtus vīcus noster inopiā cibī īnfīrmus est. Our whole village is suffering for (i.e. weak because of) lack of food. **75** Populus iam ad alterum oppidum properat. The people are already hastening to the other town. **76** Apud Rōmānōs nūlla inopia frūmentī est. Among the Romans (there) is no lack of grain. ## The Demonstrative Is, Ea, Id (D'Ooge XVII) ### The subject owns suum Galba suum fīlium vocat means Galba calls his own son. Galba eius fīlium vocat means Galba calls another person's son. suum refers to the subject, Galba. eius refers to a different owner. ### The forms for other owners eius and eōrum are forms of is, ea, id. The genitive row has eius for one owner of any gender. It has eōrum for masculine or neuter owners in the plural. ### The forms of is ### Another owner takes eius When his, her, or its does not refer to the subject, Latin uses eius. For several masculine or neuter owners, Latin uses eōrum. In virī suōs puerōs laudant, suōs refers to virī. In virī eōrum puerōs laudant, eōrum refers to other owners. **77** Galba suum fīlium vocat Galba calls his (own) son **78** Galba eius fīlium vocat Galba calls his son (not his own, but another's) **79** Iūlia suōs līberōs vocat Julia calls her (own) children **80** Iūlia eius līberōs vocat Julia calls her children (not her own, but another's) **81** virī suōs puerōs laudant The men praise their (own) boys **82** virī eōrum puerōs laudant The men praise their boys (not their own, but others') ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XVII, §§112-116 §112. A demonstrative is a word that points out an object definitely, as this, that, these, those. Sometimes these words are pronouns, as, Do you hear these? and sometimes adjectives, as, Do you hear these men? In the former case they are called demonstrative pronouns, in the latter demonstrative adjectives. ``` ``` §113. Demonstratives are similarly used in Latin both as pronouns and as adjectives. The one used most is is, masculine; ea, feminine; id, neuter SINGULAR: this, that; PLURAL: these, those ``` ``` §114. Is is declined as follows. Compare its declension with that of alius, §109. BASE e- SINGULAR PLURAL MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT. Nom. is ea id eī eae ea (or iī) Gen. eius eius eius eōrum eārum eōrum Dat. eī eī eī eīs eīs eīs (or iīs iīs iīs) Acc. eum eam id eōs eās ea Abl. eō eā eō eīs eīs eīs (or iīs iīs iīs) Note that the base e- changes to i- in a few cases. The genitive singular eius is pronounced eh´yus. In the plural the forms with two i’s are preferred and the two i’s are pronounced as one. Hence, pronounce iī as ī and iīs as īs. ``` ``` §115. Besides being used as demonstrative pronouns and adjectives the Latin demonstratives are regularly used for the personal pronoun he, she, it. As a personal pronoun, then, is would have the following meanings: SINGULAR Nom. is, he; ea, she; id, it Gen. eius, of him or his; eius, of her, her, or hers; eius, of it or its Dat. eī, to or for him; eī, to or for her; eī, to or for it Acc. eum, him; eam, her; id, it Abl. eō, with, from, etc., him; eā, with, from, etc., her; eō, with, from, etc., it PLURAL Nom. eī or iī, eae, ea, they Gen. eōrum, eārum, eōrum, of them, their Dat. eīs or iīs, eīs or iīs, eīs or iīs, to or for them Acc. eōs, eās, ea, them Abl. eīs or iīs, eīs or iīs, eīs or iīs, with, from, etc., them ``` ``` §116. Comparison between suus and is. We learned above (§98.c) that suus is a reflexive possessive. When his, her (poss.), its, their, do not refer to the subject of the sentence, we express his, her, its by eius, the genitive singular of is, ea, id; and their by the genitive plural, using eōrum to refer to a masculine or neuter antecedent noun and eārum to refer to a feminine one. EXAMPLES Galba calls his (own) son, Galba suum fīlium vocat Galba calls his son (not his own, but another’s), Galba eius fīlium vocat Julia calls her (own) children, Iūlia suōs līberōs vocat Julia calls her children (not her own, but another’s), Iūlia eius līberōs vocat The men praise their (own) boys, virī suōs puerōs laudant The men praise their boys (not their own, but others’), virī eōrum puerōs laudant ``` ## Dialogue: Cornelius and Marcus (D'Ooge XVII) **83** Quis est vir, Cornēlī, cum puerō parvō? Estne Rōmānus et līber? Who is the man, Cornelius, with the little boy? Is he a Roman and free? **84** Rōmānus nōn est, Mārce. Is vir est servus et eius domicilium est in silvīs Galliae. He is not a Roman, Marcus. That man is a slave, and his home is in the forests of Gaul. **85** Estne puer fīlius eius servī an alterīus? Is the boy the son of that slave or of another? **86** Neutrīus fīlius est puer. Is est fīlius lēgātī Sextī. The boy is the son of neither. He is the son of Sextus the lieutenant. **87** Quō puer cum eō servō properat? Where is the boy hastening with that slave? **88** Is cum servō properat ad lātōs Sextī agrōs. Tōtum frūmentum est iam mātūrum et magnus servōrum numerus in Italiae agrīs labōrat. He is hastening with the slave to the wide fields of Sextus. All the grain is now ripe, and a great number of slaves are laboring in the fields of Italy. **89** Agricolaene sunt Gallī et patriae suae agrōs arant? Are the Gauls farmers, and do they plow the fields of their fatherland? **90** Nōn agricolae sunt. Bellum amant Gallī, nōn agrī cultūram. Apud eōs virī pugnant et fēminae auxiliō līberōrum agrōs arant parantque cibum. They are not farmers. The Gauls love war, not agriculture. Among them the men fight, and the women with the help of the children plow the fields and prepare the food. **91** Magister noster puerīs puellīsque grātās Gallōrum fābulās saepe nārrat et laudat eōs saepe. Our teacher often tells the boys and girls pleasing stories of the Gauls, and he often praises them. **92** Mala est fortūna eōrum et saepe miserī servī multīs cum lacrimīs patriam suam dēsīderant. Their fortune is bad, and often the wretched slaves with many tears long for their fatherland. | word | gloss | |---|---| | domicilium | dwelling place | | mātūrum | ripe, mature, from maturus | | cultūram | culture, cultivation, from cultura | | puellīsque | girl, child | | dēsīderant | long for, from desidero | ## English into Latin (D'Ooge XVII) **93** Eam, eum, id, eōs laudat. He praises her, him, it, them. **94** Is carrus, ea fāma, eī magistrī, eae fēminae, id domicilium, ea domicilia. This cart, that report, these teachers, those women, that abode, these abodes. **95** Id praesidium validum, apud eās fēminās īnfīrmās et aegrās, ea inopia cōnstantiae, ea cōnsilia crēbra. That strong garrison, among those weak and sick women, that want of firmness, those frequent plans. **96** Altera fēmina suās gallīnās vocat. The other woman is calling her chickens. **97** Alia fēmina eius gallīnās vocat. Another woman is calling her chickens (not her own). **98** Gallus sua arma laudat. The Gaul praises his arms. **99** Gallus eius arma laudat. The Gaul praises his arms (not his own). **100** Is agricola eōrum agrōs saepe arat. This farmer often plows their fields. **101** Eī servī miserī suum dominum dēsīderant. Those wretched slaves long for their master (their own). **102** Eī servī miserī eōrum dominum dēsīderant. Those wretched slaves long for their master (not their own). **103** Virī līberī suam patriam amant. Free men love their own fatherland. **104** Eius vīcōs et oppida amant. They love its villages and towns.