# Prīmus et Secundus Annus, Lessons XVIII–XXII Latin for Beginners I Conjugation; The Four Regular Conjugations: Present Active Indicative of Amō and Moneō; Imperfect Active Indicative of Amō and Moneō; Future Active Indicative of Amō and Moneō; Review of Verbs: The Dative with Adjectives Source: https://1732studios.com/courses/la/21. Data: https://1732studios.com/courses/la/21.json. ## Dialogue: The Boys Sextus and Marcus (D'Ooge XVIII) ### One verb, three forms Ubi es, Mārce, ubi est Quīntus, ubi estis, amīcī means, Where are you, Marcus, where is Quintus, where are you, friends. Es addresses Marcus, est speaks of Quintus, and estis addresses the friends. Latin puts person and number into the verb's form. The personal endings table gives the active endings for all three persons in both numbers. ### The Persons ### The form marks the time Nūper aeger eram et nunc īnfīrmus sum means, Lately I was sick, and now I am weak. Eram is imperfect and sum is present. Nunc laetī sumus et erimus moves from present sumus to future erimus. ### The indicative presents facts Mood is the form a verb takes to present its action in a particular manner. The indicative presents something assumed as fact, whether in a statement or a question. Ubi es, Mārce and Nunc laetus es use the indicative to ask and state what is true now. ### To be is irregular The Latin verb meaning to be is irregular. Its forms depart from the regular plan followed by most verbs. Sum, eram, and erō mean I am, I was, and I shall be. Sumus, erāmus, and erimus give the same tenses in the plural. The dialogue changes among these forms to mark tense, person, and number. **1** Ubi es, Mārce? Ubi est Quīntus? Ubi estis, amīcī? Where are you, Marcus? Where is Quintus? Where are you, friends? **2** Cum Quīntō, Sexte, in silvā sum. Nōn sōlī sumus; sunt in silvā multī aliī puerī. I am in the forest with Quintus, Sextus. We are not alone; there are many other boys in the forest. **3** Nunc laetus es, sed nūper nōn laetus erās. Cūr miser erās? Now you are happy, but lately you were not happy. Why were you wretched? **4** Miser eram quia amīcī meī erant in aliō vicō et eram sōlus. Nunc sum apud sociōs meōs. Nunc laetī sumus et erimus. I was wretched because my friends were in another village and I was alone. Now I am among my companions. Now we are happy and shall be. **5** Erātisne in lūdo hodiē? Were you in school to-day? **6** Hodiē nōn erāmus in lūdō, quod magister erat aeger. To-day we were not in school, because the teacher was sick. **7** Eritisne mox in lūdō? Will you be in school soon? **8** Amīcī meī ibi erunt, sed ego nōn erō. My friends will be there, but I shall not be. **9** Cūr nōn ibi eris? Magister, saepe irātus, inopiam tuam studī dīligentiaeque nōn laudat. Why will you not be there? The teacher, often angry, does not praise your lack of zeal and diligence. **10** Nūper aeger eram et nunc īnfīrmus sum. Lately I was sick, and now I am weak. ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XVIII, §§119-123 §119. The inflection of a verb is called its conjugation (cf. §23). In English the verb has but few changes in form, the different meanings being expressed by the use of personal pronouns and auxiliaries, as, I am carried, we have carried, they shall have carried, etc. In Latin, on the other hand, instead of using personal pronouns and auxiliary verbs, the form changes with the meaning. In this way the Romans expressed differences in tense, mood, voice, person, and number. ``` ``` §120. The Tenses. The different forms of a verb referring to different times are called its tenses. The chief distinctions of time are present, past, and future: 1. The present, that is, what is happening now, or what usually happens, is expressed by THE PRESENT TENSE 2. The past, that is, what was happening, used to happen, happened, has happened, or had happened, is expressed by THE IMPERFECT, PERFECT, AND PLUPERFECT TENSES 3. The future, that is, what is going to happen, is expressed by THE FUTURE AND FUTURE PERFECT TENSES ``` ``` §121. The Moods. Verbs have inflection of mood to indicate the manner in which they express action. The moods of the Latin verb are the indicative, subjunctive, imperative, and infinitive. a. A verb is in the indicative mood when it makes a statement or asks a question about something assumed as a fact. All the verbs we have used thus far are in the present indicative. ``` ``` §122. The Persons. There are three persons, as in English. The first person is the person speaking (I sing); the second person the person spoken to (you sing); the third person the person spoken of (he sings). Instead of using personal pronouns for the different persons in the two numbers, singular and plural, the Latin verb uses the personal endings (cf. §22 a; 29). We have already learned that -t is the ending of the third person singular in the active voice and -nt of the third person plural. The complete list of personal endings of the active voice is as follows: SINGULAR PLURAL 1st Pers. I -m or -ō we -mus 2d Pers. thou or you -s you -tis 3d Pers. he, she, it -t they -nt ``` ``` §123. Most verbs form their moods and tenses after a regular plan and are called regular verbs. Verbs that depart from this plan are called irregular. The verb to be is irregular in Latin as in English. The present, imperfect, and future tenses of the indicative are inflected as follows: PRESENT INDICATIVE SINGULAR PLURAL 1st Pers. su-m, I am su-mus, we are 2d Pers. e-s, you[1] are es-tis, you[1] are 3d Pers. es-t, he, she, or it is su-nt, they are [1] Observe that in English you are, you were, etc. may be either singular or plural. In Latin the singular and plural forms are never the same. IMPERFECT INDICATIVE SINGULAR PLURAL 1st Pers. er-a-m, I was er-ā´-mus, we were 2d Pers. er-ā-s, you were er-ā´-tis, you were 3d Pers. er-a-t, he, she, or it was er-a-nt, they were FUTURE INDICATIVE SINGULAR PLURAL 1st Pers. er-ō, I shall be er´-i-mus, we shall be 2d Pers. er-i-s, you will be er´-i-tis, you will be 3d Pers. er-i-t, he will be er-u-nt, they will be a. Be careful about vowel quantity and accent in these forms, and consult §§12.2; 14; 15. ``` | word | gloss | |---|---| | dīligentiaeque | diligence | ## English into Latin (D'Ooge XVIII) **11** Es, erās, eris; estis, erātis, eritis. You are, you were, you will be,. **12** Sum, eram, erō. I am, I was, I shall be. **13** Est, erat, erit. He is, he was, he will be. **14** Sumus, erāmus, erimus. We are, we were, we shall be. **15** Sunt, erant, erunt. They are, they were, they will be. **16** Cūr hodiē in lūdō nōn erās? Aeger eram. Why were you not in school to-day? I was sick. **17** Nūper nauta erat, nunc agricola est, mox magister erit. Lately he was a sailor, now he is a farmer, soon he will be a teacher. **18** Hodiē laetus sum, sed nūper miser eram. To-day I am happy, but lately I was wretched. **19** Magistrī dīligentiā puerōrum laetī erant. The teachers were happy because of the boys’ industry. ## Give the forms (D'Ooge XIX) ### The stem vowel marks the conjugation Mātūrās, dēsīderat, vidēmus means you hasten, he longs for, the speakers see. Mātūrās and dēsīderat come from verbs of the first conjugation. Vidēmus comes from a verb of the second conjugation. The present stem is the present infinitive without -re. Amāre gives amā-, and monēre gives monē-. The four infinitives and stems show the distinguishing vowel of each conjugation. ### Distinguishing ### The conjugations share their endings Nārrāmus, movēs, vident means the speakers tell, you move, they see. Nārrāmus follows amō. Movēs and vident follow moneō. Both conjugations add the same personal endings to the present stem. The forms of amō and moneō show the same six endings with different stem vowels. ### ### Dō has a short stem vowel Dēlet, habētis, iubēmus, dās means he destroys, you have, the speakers order, you give. Dēlet, habētis, and iubēmus follow moneō. Dō belongs to the first conjugation, but its present stem is dă-, not dā-. Dās has long ā. **20** Mātūrās, dēsīderat, vidēmus. You (sing.) hasten, he longs for, we see. **21** Iubet, movent, necat. He orders, they move, he kills. **22** Nārrāmus, movēs, vident. We tell, you (sing.) move, they see. **23** Labōrātis, properant, portās, parant. You (pl.) labor, they hasten, you (sing.) carry, they prepare. **24** Dēlet, habētis, iubēmus, dās. He destroys, you (pl.) have, we order, you (sing.) give. **25** iubeō order, command **26** videō see, perceive **27** dō give ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XIX, §§126-130 §126. There are four conjugations of the regular verbs. These conjugations are distinguished from each other by the final vowel of the present conjugation-stem.[1] This vowel is called the distinguishing vowel, and is best seen in the present infinitive. [1] The stem is the body of a word to which the terminations are attached. It is often identical with the base (cf. §58). If, however, the stem ends in a vowel, the latter does not appear in the base, but is variously combined with the inflectional terminations. This point is further explained in §230. Below is given the present infinitive of a verb of each conjugation, the present stem, and the distinguishing vowel. DISTINGUISHING CONJUGATION PRES. INFIN. PRES. STEM VOWEL I. amā´re, to love amā- ā II. monē´re, to advise monē- ē III. re´gĕre, to rule regĕ- ĕ IV. audī´re, to hear audi- ī a. Note that the present stem of each conjugation is found by dropping -re, the ending of the present infinitive. NOTE. The present infinitive of sum is esse, and es- is the present stem. ``` ``` §127. From the present stem are formed the present, imperfect, and future tenses. ``` ``` §128. The inflection of the Present Active Indicative of the first and of the second conjugation is as follows: a´mō, amā´re (love) mo´neō, monē´re (advise) PRES. STEM amā- PRES. STEM monē- SINGULAR PLURAL PERSONAL ENDINGS 1. a´mō, I love mo´neō, I advise -ō 2. a´mās, you love mo´nēs, you advise -s 3. a´mat, he (she, it) loves mo´net, he (she, it) advises -t 1. amā´mus, we love monē´mus, we advise -mus 2. amā´tis, you love monē´tis, you advise -tis 3. a´mant, they love mo´nent, they advise -nt 1. The present tense is inflected by adding the personal endings to the present stem, and its first person uses -o and not -m. The form amō is for amā-ō, the two vowels ā-ō contracting to ō. In moneō there is no contraction. Nearly all regular verbs ending in -eo belong to the second conjugation. 2. Note that the long final vowel of the stem is shortened before another vowel (monē-ō = mo´nĕō), and before final -t (amăt, monĕt) and -nt (amănt, monĕnt). Compare §12.2. ``` ``` §129. Like amō and moneō inflect the present active indicative of the following verbs[2]: [2] The only new verbs in this list are the five of the second conjugation which are starred. Learn their meanings. INDICATIVE PRESENT INFINITIVE PRESENT a´rō, I plow arā´re, to plow cū´rō, I care for cūrā´re, to care for *dē´leō, I destroy dēlē´re, to destroy dēsī´derō, I long for dēsīderā´re, to long for dō,[3] I give da´re, to give *ha´beō, I have habē´re, to have ha´bitō, I live, I dwell habitā´re, to live, to dwell *iu´beō, I order iubē´re, to order labō´rō, I labor labōrā´re, to labor lau´dō, I praise laudā´re, to praise mātū´rō, I hasten mātūrā´re, to hasten *mo´veō, I move movē´re, to move nār´rō, I tell nārrā´re, to tell ne´cō, I kill necā´re, to kill nūn´tiō, I announce nūntiā´re, to announce pa´rō, I prepare parā´re, to prepare por´tō, I carry portā´re, to carry pro´perō, I hasten properā´re, to hasten pug´nō, I fight pugnā´re, to fight *vi´deō, I see vidē´re, to see vo´cō, I call vocā´re, to call [3] Observe that in dō, dăre, the a is short, and that the present stem is dă- and not dā-. The only forms of dō that have a long are dās (pres. indic.), dā (pres. imv.), and dāns (pres. part.). ``` ``` §130. The Translation of the Present. In English there are three ways of expressing present action. We may say, for example, I live, I am living, or I do live. In Latin the one expression habitō covers all three of these expressions. ``` | word | gloss | |---|---| | iubeō | order, command | ## English into Latin (D'Ooge XIX) **28** Arāmus. We plow, we are plowing, we do plow. **29** Cūrant. They care for, they are caring for, they do care for. **30** Dās, habēs, habēs. You give, you are having, you do have (sing.). **31** Dēlēmus, dēsīderō, habitant. We destroy, I do long for, they are living. **32** Vocat, vident, nārrāmus. He calls, they see, we are telling. **33** Pugnāmus, iubēmus, movet, parat. We do fight, we order, he is moving, he prepares. **34** Labōrant, necāmus, nūntiās. They are laboring, we kill, you announce. ## Give the forms (D'Ooge XX) ### Past action in progress Iubēbant, properābātis, portābāmus describes ongoing ordering, hastening, and carrying in past time. The imperfect also describes a past situation or condition. ### The imperfect has -bā- In Iubēbant, the tense sign -bā- carries the force of were. Latin adds this sign to the verb stem instead of using a separate word. ### Stem, sign, ending Form the imperfect with the present stem, -bā-, and the personal ending. amābam contains amā-, ba-, and -m. The ā becomes short before -nt, and before final m and t. This gives Iubēbant, movēbam, and necābat. The amābam and monēbam tables show this pattern in the two conjugations used here. **35** Iubēbant, properābātis, portābāmus. They were ordering, you (pl.) were hastening, we were carrying. **36** Dabās, nārrābant, labōrābātis. You (sing.) were giving, they were telling, you (pl.) were laboring. **37** Vidēbant, movēbās, nūntiābāmus. They were seeing, you (sing.) were moving, we were announcing. **38** Necābat, movēbam, habēbat, parābātis. He was killing, I was moving, he was having, you (pl.) were preparing. **39** videō see, perceive **40** dō give **41** laudō praise ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XX, §§132-134 §132. Tense Signs. Instead of using auxiliary verbs to express differences in tense, like was, shall, will, etc., Latin adds to the verb stem certain elements that have the force of auxiliary verbs. These are called tense signs. ``` ``` §133. Formation and Inflection of the Imperfect. The tense sign of the imperfect is -bā-, which is added to the present stem. The imperfect consists, therefore, of three parts: PRESENT STEM TENSE SIGN PERSONAL ENDING amā- ba- m loving was I The inflection is as follows: CONJUGATION I CONJUGATION II PERSONAL SINGULAR ENDINGS 1. amā´bam, I was loving monē´bam, I was advising -m 2. amā´bās, you were loving monē´bās, you were advising -s 3. amā´bat, he was loving monē´bat, he was advising -t PLURAL 1. amābā´mus, we were loving monēbā´mus, we were advising -mus 2. amābā´tis, you were loving monēbā´tis, you were advising -tis 3. amā´bant, they were loving monē´bant, they wereadvising -nt a. Note that the ā of the tense sign -bā- is shortened before -nt, and before m and t when final. (Cf. §12.2.) In a similar manner inflect the verbs given in §129. ``` ``` §134. Meaning of the Imperfect. The Latin imperfect describes an act as going on or progressing in past time, like the English past-progressive tense (as, I was walking). It is the regular tense used to describe a past situation or condition of affairs. ``` | word | gloss | |---|---| | properābātis | quick, speedy | | nūntiābāmus | female messenger | ## Niobe and her Children (D'Ooge XX) **42** Niobē, rēgina Thēbānōrum, erat pulchra fēmina sed superba. Niobe, queen of the Thebans, was a beautiful woman but proud. **43** Erat superba nōn sōlum fōrmā suā marītīque potentiā sed etiam magnō līberōrum numerō. She was proud not only of her beauty and her husband's power but also of her great number of children. **44** Nam habēbat septem fīliōs et septem fīliās. For she had seven sons and seven daughters. **45** Sed ea superbia erat rēgīnae causa magnae trīstitiae et līberīs causa dūrae poenae. But that pride was for the queen the cause of great sorrow and for the children the cause of hard punishment. | word | gloss | |---|---| | rēgina | queen | | Thēbānōrum | Thebans, from Thebani | | marītīque | wife | | potentiā | power | | superbia | pride, arrogance | | trīstitiae | sadness, sorrow, from tristitia | ## English into Latin (D'Ooge XX) **46** Habēbās, habēbātis, necābāmus, labōrābant. You were having, we were killing, they were laboring. **47** Movēbat, iubēbāmus, pugnābāmus. He was moving, we were ordering, we were fighting. **48** Nārrābāmus, vidēbant, vocābat. We were telling, they were seeing, he was calling. **49** Habitābant, dēsīderābam, dēlēbāmus. They were living, I was longing for, we were destroying. **50** Dabās, dabātis, movēbās, movēbātis, nūntiābās, nūntiābātis. You were giving, you were moving, you were announcing, (sing. and plur.). **51** Cūrābant, arābat, laudābāmus. They were caring for, he was plowing, we were praising. ## Give the forms (D'Ooge XXI) ### The -bi- sign marks the future Habēbit means "he will have." In first and second conjugation verbs, -bi- marks the future before the personal ending. The same sign appears in monēbis, "you will advise," and parābit, "he will prepare." Amā-, bi-, and s form amābis, "you will love." The table separates the stem, future sign, and ending. ### From the book ### The sign changes in two forms Nūntiābō means "I shall announce." In the first person singular, -bi-ō contracts to -bō. Movēbunt means "they will move." In the third person plural, -bi- becomes -bu-. The other future forms keep -bi- and use the personal endings from the present. The amābō and monēbō tables show the complete pattern. ### Conjugation I ### Conjugation II **52** Habēbit, movēbunt, necābit. He will have, they will move, he will kill. **53** Nārrābimus, monēbis, vidēbunt. We shall tell, you (sing.) will advise, they will see. **54** Labōrābitis, cūrābunt, dabis. You (pl.) will labor, they will care for, you (sing.) will give. **55** Habitābimus, properābitis, iubēbunt, parābit. We shall live, you (pl.) will hasten, they will order, he will prepare. **56** Nūntiābō, portābimus, iubēbō. I shall announce, we shall carry, I shall order. **57** laudō praise **58** dō give **59** dēsīderō long for ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XXI, §§137-138 §137. The tense sign of the Future Indicative in the first and second conjugations is -bi-. This is joined to the present stem of the verb and followed by the personal ending, as follows: PRESENT STEM TENSE SIGN PERSONAL ENDING amā- bi- s love will you ``` ``` §138. The Future Active Indicative is inflected as follows. CONJUGATION I CONJUGATION II SINGULAR 1. amā´bō, I shall love monē´bō, I shall advise 2. amā´bis, you will love monē´bis, you will advise 3. amā´bit, he will love monē´bit, he will advise PLURAL 1. amā´bimus, we shall love monē´bimus, we shall advise 2. amā´bitis you will love monē´bitis, you will advise 3. amā´bunt, they will love monē´bunt, they will advise a. The personal endings are as in the present. The ending -bō in the first person singular is contracted from -bi-ō. The -bi- appears as -bu- in the third person plural. Note that the inflection is like that of erō, the future of sum. Pay especial attention to the accent. In a similar manner inflect the verbs given in §129. ``` ## Niobe and her Children, concluded (D'Ooge XXI) **60** Apollō et Diāna erant līberī Lātōnae. Apollo and Diana were the children of Latona. **61** Iīs Thēbānī sacra crēbra parābant. For them the Thebans used to prepare frequent sacrifices. **62** Oppidānī amābant Lātōnam et līberōs eius. The townsmen loved Latona and her children. **63** Id superbae rēgīnae erat molestum. This was troublesome to the proud queen. **64** “Cūr,” inquit, “Lātōnae et līberīs sacra parātis? "Why," she said, "do you prepare sacrifices for Latona and her children? **65** Duōs līberōs habet Lātōna; quattuordecim habeō ego. Latona has two children; I have fourteen. **66** Ubi sunt mea sacra?” Where are my sacrifices?" **67** Lātōna iīs verbīs īrāta līberōs suōs vocat. Latona, angered by these words, calls her children. **68** Ad eam volant Apollō Diānaque et sagittīs suīs miserōs līberōs rēgīnae superbae dēlent. To her fly Apollo and Diana, and with their arrows they destroy the wretched children of the proud queen. **69** Niobē, nūper laeta, nunc misera, sedet apud līberōs interfectōs et cum perpetuīs lacrimīs eōs dēsīderat. Niobe, lately happy, now wretched, sits among her slain children and with unceasing tears longs for them. | word | gloss | |---|---| | perpetuīs | perpetual, continuous, from perpetuus | ## English into Latin (D'Ooge XXI) **70** Nūntiābimus, vidēbimus, properābō. We shall announce, we shall see, I shall hasten. **71** Portābō, arābit, cūrābunt. I shall carry, he will plow, they will care for. **72** Nūntiābis, nūntiābitis, movēbis, movēbitis, dabis, dabitis. You will announce, you will move, you will give,. **73** Pugnābimus, dēlēbimus, dēsīderābō. We shall fight, we shall destroy, I shall long for. **74** Vocābit, vidēbunt, nārrābitis. He will call, they will see, you will tell (plur.). **75** Habitābunt, iubēbimus, laudābit. They will dwell, we shall order, he will praise. **76** Labōrābunt, necābimus, habēbis, habēbitis, dēlēbit. They will labor, we shall kill, you will have, he will destroy. | word | gloss | |---|---| | movēbitis | Movēbitis | ## Latin into English (D'Ooge XXII) ### Pleasing to the armed men Cibus noster, Mārce, erit armātīs virīs grātus means "Our food, Marcus, will be pleasing to the armed men." With grātus, the dative armātīs virīs names those toward whom the quality is directed. Adjectives meaning fit, friendly, pleasing, near, and their opposites can take the dative in this use. ### Hostile, next, and nearest Gallī cōpiīs Rōmānīs inimīcī erant means "The Gauls were hostile to the Roman forces." Here inimīcī takes the dative cōpiīs Rōmānīs. In the same use, fīnitimī takes fluviō Rhēnō, and proximam takes oppidō. **77** Rōmānī terram idōneam agrī cultūrae habent. The Romans have land suitable for agriculture. **78** Gallī cōpiīs Rōmānīs inimīcī erant. The Gauls were hostile to the Roman forces. **79** Cui dea Lātōna amīca non erat? To whom was the goddess Latona not friendly? **80** Dea Lātōna superbae rēgīnae amīca nōn erat. The goddess Latona was not friendly to the proud queen. **81** Cibus noster, Mārce, erit armātīs virīs grātus. Our food, Marcus, will be pleasing to the armed men. **82** Quid erat molestum populīs Italiae? What was troublesome to the peoples of Italy? **83** Bella longa cum Gallīs erant molesta populīs Italiae. The long wars with the Gauls were troublesome to the peoples of Italy. **84** Agrī Germānōrum fluviō Rhēnō fīnitimī erant. The fields of the Germans were next to the river Rhine. **85** Rōmānī ad silvam oppidō proximam castra movēbant. The Romans were moving their camp to the forest nearest the town. **86** Nōn sōlum fōrma sed etiam superbia rēgīnae erat magna. Not only the beauty but also the pride of the queen was great. **87** Mox rēgīna pulchra erit aegra trīstitiā. Soon the beautiful queen will be sick with sorrow. **88** Cūr erat Niobē, rēgīna Thēbānōrum, laeta? Laeta erat Niobē multīs fīliīs et fīliābus. Why was Niobe, queen of the Thebans, happy? Niobe was happy because of her many sons and daughters. ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XXII, §§141-144 §141. Review the present, imperfect, and future active indicative, both orally and in writing, of sum and the verbs in §129. ``` ``` §142. We learned in §43 for what sort of expressions we may expect the dative, and in §44 that one of its commonest uses is with verbs to express the indirect object. It is also very common with adjectives to express the object toward which the quality denoted by the adjective is directed. We have already had a number of cases where grātus, agreeable to, was so followed by a dative; and in the last lesson we had molestus, annoying to, followed by that case. The usage may be more explicitly stated by the following rule: ``` ``` §143. RULE. Dative with Adjectives. The dative is used with adjectives to denote the object toward which the given quality is directed. Such are, especially, those meaning near, also fit, friendly, pleasing, like, and their opposites. ``` ``` §144. Among such adjectives memorize the following: idōneus, -a, -um, fit, suitable (for) amīcus, -a, -um, friendly (to) inimīcus, -a, -um, hostile (to) grātus, -a, -um, pleasing (to), agreeable (to) molestus, -a, -um, annoying (to), troublesome (to) fīnitimus, -a, -um, neighboring (to) proximus, -a, -um, nearest, next (to) ``` ## Cornelia and her Jewels (D'Ooge XXII) **89** Apud antīquās dominās, Cornēlia, Āfricānī fīlia, erat maximē clāra. Among the ladies of old, Cornelia, the daughter of Africanus, was most famous. **90** Fīliī eius erant Tiberius Gracchus et Gāius Gracchus. Her sons were Tiberius Gracchus and Gaius Gracchus. **91** Iī puerī cum Cornēliā in oppidō Rōmā, clārō Italiae oppidō, habitābant. These boys lived with Cornelia in the town of Rome, the famous town of Italy. **92** Ibi eōs cūrābat Cornēlia et ibi magnō cum studiō eōs docēbat. There Cornelia cared for them, and there with great zeal she taught them. **93** Bona fēmina erat Cornēlia et bonam disciplīnam maximē amābat. Cornelia was a good woman, and she loved good discipline very much. | word | gloss | |---|---| | maximē | most of all, especially | | disciplīnam | training, culture, from disciplina | ## English into Latin (D'Ooge XXII) **94** Sacra populī rēgīnae superbae molesta erunt. The sacrifices of the people will be annoying to the haughty queen. **95** Sacra erant grāta nōn sōlum Lātōnae sed etiam Diānae. The sacrifices were pleasing not only to Latona but also to Diana. **96** Diāna eōs Lātōnae inimīcōs dēlēbit. Diana will destroy those hostile to Latona. **97** Poena rēgīnae superbae deae Diānae grāta erat. The punishment of the haughty queen was pleasing to the goddess Diana. **98** Rōmānī cōpiās suās ad agrum magnum castrīs idōneum movēbunt. The Romans will move their forces to a large field[1] suitable for a camp. **99** Aliī sociī Rōmānīs amīcī erant, aliī Gallīs. Some of the allies were friendly to the Romans, others to the Gauls.