# Prīmus et Secundus Annus, Lessons XXIII–XXVII Latin for Beginners I Present Active Indicative of Regō and Audiō; Imperfect Active Indicative of Regō and Audiō: The Dative with Special Intransitive Verbs; Future Active Indicative of Regō and Audiō; Verbs in -Iō of the Third Conjugation: The Imperative Mood; The Passive Voice: Present, Imperfect, and Future Indicative of Amō and Moneō Source: https://1732studios.com/courses/la/22. Data: https://1732studios.com/courses/la/22.json. ## Latin into English (D'Ooge XXIII) ### The changing vowel in mittunt In Quid mittunt, mittunt means they are sending. mittō follows regō in the third conjugation. Its present stem ends in short -ĕ. This vowel combines with -ō, becomes -u- in the third person plural, and becomes short -ĭ elsewhere. The forms of regō show these vowel changes before the personal endings. ### Conjugation III ### The inserted vowel in veniunt In Ad quem veniunt, veniunt means they are coming. veniō follows audiō in the fourth conjugation. Its present stem ends in long -ī. In the third person plural, inserted -u- produces audiunt and veniunt. The stem vowel becomes short before final -t. The forms of audiō show both changes. ### Conjugation IV ### The infinitive tells the conjugation agō, dīcō, dūcō, and mittō follow regō. mūniō, reperiō, and veniō follow audiō. The table pairs each verb with its present infinitive. The vowel before -re tells the conjugation. ### Indicative present infinitive present **1** Quis agit? Cūr venit? Quem mittit? Quem dūcis? Who is driving? Why is he coming? Whom is he sending? Whom are you (sing.) leading? **2** Quid mittunt? Ad quem veniunt? Cuius castra mūniunt? What are they sending? To whom are they coming? Whose camp are they fortifying? **3** Quem agunt? Venīmus. Quid puer reperit? Whom are they driving? We are coming. What does the boy find? **4** Quem mittimus? Cuius equum dūcitis? Quid dīcunt? Whom are we sending? Whose horse are you (pl.) leading? What are they saying? ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XXIII, §§147-148 §147. As we learned in §126, the present stem of the third conjugation ends in -ĕ, and of the fourth in -ī. The inflection of the Present Indicative is as follows: CONJUGATION III CONJUGATION IV re´gō, re´gere (rule) au´diō, audī´re (hear) PRES. STEM regĕ- PRES. STEM audī- SINGULAR 1. re´gō, I rule au´diō, I hear 2. re´gis, you rule au´dīs, you hear 3. re´git, he (she, it) rules au´dit, he (she, it) hears PLURAL 1. re´gimus, we rule audī´mus, we hear 2. re´gitis, you rule audī´tis, you hear 3. re´gunt, they rule au´diunt, they hear 1. The personal endings are the same as before. 2. The final short -e- of the stem regĕ- combines with the -ō in the first person, becomes -u- in the third person plural, and becomes -ĭ- elsewhere. The inflection is like that of erō, the future of sum. 3. In audiō the personal endings are added regularly to the stem audī-. In the third person plural -u- is inserted between the stem and the personal ending, as audi-u-nt. Note that the long vowel of the stem is shortened before final -t just as in amō and moneō. (Cf. §12.2.) Note that -i- is always short in the third conjugation and long in the fourth, excepting where long vowels are regularly shortened. (Cf. §12.1, 2.) ``` ``` §148. Like regō and audiō inflect the present active indicative of the following verbs: INDICATIVE PRESENT INFINITIVE PRESENT agō, I drive agere, to drive dīcō, I say dīcere, to say dūcō, I lead dūcere, to lead mittō, I send mittere, to send mūniō, I fortify mūnīre, to fortify reperiō, I find reperīre, to find veniō, I come venīre, to come ``` ## Give the forms (D'Ooge XXIII) **5** Agitis, audimus, regimus. You (pl.) drive, we hear, we rule. **6** mūniō fortify, defend **7** mūniō fortify, defend **8** dīcō say, speak, tell ## Cornelia and her Jewels, concluded (D'Ooge XXIII) **9** Proximum domicīliō Cornēliae erat pulchrae Campānae domicilium. Next to the home of Cornelia was the home of a beautiful Campanian woman. **10** Campāna erat superba nōn sōlum fōrmā suā sed maximē ōrnāmentīs suīs. The Campanian woman was proud not only of her beauty but most of all of her ornaments. **11** Ea laudābat semper. She was always praising them. **12** “Habēsne tū ūlla ornāmenta, Cornēlia?” inquit. "Have you any ornaments, Cornelia?" she said. **13** “Ubi sunt tua ōrnāmenta?” "Where are your ornaments?" **14** Deinde Cornēlia fīliōs suōs Tiberium et Gāium vocat. Then Cornelia calls her sons Tiberius and Gaius. **15** “Puerī meī,” inquit, “sunt mea ōrnāmenta. "My boys," she says, "are my ornaments. **16** Nam bonī līberī sunt semper bonae fēminae ōrnāmenta maximē clāra.” For good children are always a good woman's most shining ornaments." | word | gloss | |---|---| | Campānae | of Campania, from Campanus | | ōrnāmentīs | ornament, jewel, from ornamentum | ## English into Latin (D'Ooge XXIII) **17** Quid reperiunt? Quem audiunt? Cūr venit? What do they find? Whom do they hear? Why does he come? **18** Cuius castra mūnīmus? Cui dīcit? Quid dīcimus? Whose camp are we fortifying? To whom does he say? What are we saying? **19** Agō, dūcis, audiunt. I am driving, you are leading, they are hearing. **20** Mittis, mittitis, dīcit, mūnīs, mūnītis. You send, he says, you fortify. **21** Veniō, reperīmus, mittunt. I am coming, we find, they send. **22** Dūcunt, agis, mūnit. They lead, you drive, he does fortify. **23** Dūcitis, reperītis, regitis. You lead, you find, you rule, (all plur.). ## Latin into English (D'Ooge XXIV) ### Resistō in the imperfect Nūper ea resistēbat et nunc resistit potentiae Lātōnae means "Lately she was resisting, and now she resists, the power of Latona." Resistēbat follows the imperfect pattern of conjugation III, shown by regēbat, "he was ruling." The forms of regēbam show that pattern for every person and number. ### Seven verbs take a dative Resistō takes potentiae Lātōnae as its dative indirect object. Crēdō means believe, faveō means favor, noceō means injure, and pāreō means obey. Persuādeō means persuade, resistō means resist, and studeō means be eager for. ### The same rule across the lines These seven intransitive verbs take an indirect object in the dative. Other intransitive verbs of like meaning follow the same rule. Crēdō takes verbīs, faveō takes cōnsiliō, and studeō takes bellō. Resistō takes disciplīnae and potentiae. Pāreō takes Cornēliae, persuādeō takes rēgīnae, and noceō takes līberīs. **24** Crēdisne verbīs sociōrum? Multī verbīs eōrum nōn crēdunt. Do you believe the words of the allies? Many do not believe their words. **25** Meī fīnitimī cōnsiliō tuō nōn favēbunt, quod bellō student. My neighbors will not favor your plan, because they are eager for war. **26** Tiberius et Gāius disciplīnae dūrae nōn resistēbant et Cornēliae pārēbant. Tiberius and Gaius did not resist the hard training and obeyed Cornelia. **27** Dea erat inimīca septem fīliābus rēgīnae. The goddess was hostile to the queen's seven daughters. **28** Dūra poena et perpetua trīstitia rēgīnae nōn persuādēbunt. Hard punishment and lasting sorrow will not persuade the queen. **29** Nūper ea resistēbat et nunc resistit potentiae Lātōnae. Lately she was resisting, and now she resists, the power of Latona. **30** Mox sagittae volābunt et līberīs miserīs nocēbunt. Soon the arrows will fly and will harm the wretched children. ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XXIV, §§151-154 §151. PARADIGMS CONJUGATION III CONJUGATION IV SINGULAR 1. regē´bam, I was ruling audiē´bam, I was hearing 2. regē´bās, you were riding audiē´bās, you were hearing 3. regē´bat, he was ruling audiē´bat, he was hearing PLURAL 1. regēbā´mus, we were ruling audiēbā´mus, we were hearing 2. regēbā´tis, you were ruling audiēbā´tis, you were hearing 3. regē´bant, they were ruling audiē´bant, they were hearing 1. The tense sign is -bā-, as in the first two conjugations. 2. Observe that the final -ĕ- of the stem is lengthened before the tense sign -bā-. This makes the imperfect of the third conjugation just like the imperfect of the second (cf. monēbam and regēbam). 3. In the fourth conjugation -ē- is inserted between the stem and the tense sign -bā- (audi-ē-ba-m). 4. In a similar manner inflect the verbs given in §148. ``` ``` §153. The Dative with Special Intransitive Verbs. We learned above (§20.a) that a verb which does not admit of a direct object is called an intransitive verb. Many such verbs, however, are of such meaning that they can govern an indirect object, which will, of course, be in the dative case (§45). Learn the following list of intransitive verbs with their meanings. In each case the dative indirect object is the person or thing to which a benefit, injury, or feeling is directed. (Cf. §43.) crēdō, crēdere, believe (give belief to) faveō, favēre, favor (show favor to) noceō, nocēre, injure (do harm to) pāreō, pārēre, obey (give obedience to) persuādeō, persuādēre, persuade (offer persuasion to) resistō, resistere, resist (offer resistance to) studeō, studēre, be eager for (give attention to) ``` ``` §154. RULE. Dative with Intransitive Verbs. The dative of the indirect object is used with the intransitive verbs crēdō, faveō, noceō, pāreō, persuādeō, resistō, studeō, and others of like meaning. ``` | word | gloss | |---|---| | Crēdisne | trust, entrust | | student | give attention to, be eager, from studeo | | nocēbunt | hurt, injure, from noceo | ## Give the forms (D'Ooge XXIV) **31** Mūniēbāmus, veniēbātis, dīcēbās. We were fortifying, you (pl.) were coming, you (sing.) were saying. **32** Mittēbās, veniēbāmus, reperiēbat. You (sing.) were sending, we were coming, he was finding. **33** Reperiēbās, veniēbās, audiēbātis. You (sing.) were finding, you (sing.) were coming, you (pl.) were hearing. **34** Agēbāmus, reperiēbātis, mūniēbat. We were driving, you (pl.) were finding, he was fortifying. **35** Agēbātis, dīcēbam, mūniēbam. You (pl.) were driving, I was saying, I was fortifying. **36** mittō send **37** mūniō fortify, defend **38** dīcō say, speak, tell | word | gloss | |---|---| | Mūniēbāmus | fortify | | reperiēbātis | discover, learn | | mūniēbam | fortify | ## English into Latin (D'Ooge XXIV) **39** Dūcēbant, agēbās, agēbātis, mūniēbat. They were leading, you were driving, he was fortifying. **40** Mittēbant, reperiēbāmus, veniēbam. They were sending, we were finding, I was coming. **41** Mittēbās, mittēbātis, mūniēbās, mūniēbātis, dīcēbat. You were sending, you were fortifying, (sing. and plur.), he was saying. **42** Audiēbant, dūcēbās, dūcēbātis, agēbam. They were hearing, you were leading, I was driving. **43** Dīcēbāmus, mittēbat, mūniēbam. We were saying, he was sending, I was fortifying. **44** Veniēbant, audiēbat, reperiēbam. They were coming, he was hearing, I was finding. **45** Regēbās, regēbātis, veniēbāmus, regēbant. You were ruling (sing. and plur.), we were coming, they were ruling. ## Give the forms (D'Ooge XXV) ### Two future patterns Dūcet, mittēs, veniet, aget means "He will lead, you will send, he will come, he will drive." Third and fourth conjugation verbs use -ā- in the first person singular future and -ē- in the other five forms. Third conjugation stems drop final -ĕ- before this sign. Fourth conjugation stems retain final -ī-. Thus mittēs uses -ē-. Veniet retains -ī-, while aget shortens -ē- before -t. ### The patterns in full Regam shows the third conjugation pattern. Audiam shows the fourth conjugation pattern. Each table pairs all six future forms with their meanings. **46** Dūcet, mittēs, veniet, aget. He will lead, you (sing.) will send, he will come, he will drive. **47** Mūniet, reperiētis, agēmus. He will fortify, you (pl.) will find, we shall drive. **48** dīcō say, speak, tell **49** dīcō say, speak, tell **50** agō drive, lead; do, perform **51** Vidēbitis, sedēbō, vocābimus. You (pl.) will see, I shall sit, we shall call. **52** veniō come, go **53** veniō come, go **54** mittō send ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XXV, §§156-157 §156. In the future tense of the third and fourth conjugations we meet with a new tense sign. Instead of using -bi-, as in the first and second conjugations, we use -ā-[1] in the first person singular and -ē- in the rest of the tense. In the third conjugation the final -ĕ- of the stem is dropped before this tense sign; in the fourth conjugation the final -ī- of the stem is retained.[2] [1] The -ā- is shortened before -m final, and -ē- before -t final and before -nt. (Cf. §12.2.) [2] The -ī- is, of course, shortened, being before another vowel. (Cf. §12.1.) ``` ``` §157. PARADIGMS CONJUGATION III CONJUGATION IV SINGULAR 1. re´gam, I shall rule au´diam, I shall hear 2. re´gēs, you will rule au´diēs, you will hear 3. re´get, he will rule au´diet, he will hear PLURAL 1. regē´mus, we shall rule audiē´mus, we shall hear 2. regē´tis, you will rule audiē´tis, you will hear 3. re´gent, they will rule au´dient, they will hear 1. Observe that the future of the third conjugation is like the present of the second, excepting in the first person singular. 2. In the same manner inflect the verbs given in §148. ``` ## English into Latin (D'Ooge XXV) **55** Reperiam, audiet, venient. I shall find, he will hear, they will come. **56** Mūniam, mittet, dīcēmus. I shall fortify, he will send, we shall say. **57** Agam, dūcēs, audient. I shall drive, you will lead, they will hear. **58** Mittēs, mittētis, mūniēs, mūniētis, dīcet. You will send, you will fortify,, he will say. **59** Veniam, reperiēmus, mittent. I shall come, we shall find, they will send. **60** Quis fābulae crēdet? Ego fābulae crēdam. Who[3] will believe the story? I[4] shall believe the story. **61** Cuius amīcīs favētis? Amīcīs nostrīs favēmus. Whose friends do you favor? We favor our friends. **62** Quis tēlīs nostrīs resistet? Sextus tēlīs vestrīs resistet. Who will resist our weapons? Sextus will resist your weapons. **63** Quis eī persuādēbit? Eī persuādēbunt. Who will persuade him? They will persuade him. **64** Cūr equō meō nocēbās? Equō tuō nōn nocēbam. Why were you injuring my horse? I was not injuring your horse. **65** Cui servus bonus pāret? Servus bonus dominō suō pāret. Whom does a good slave obey? A good slave obeys his master. **66** Virī nostrī aliī pugnae studēbant. Our men were eager for another battle. ## Latin into English (D'Ooge XXVI) ### The infinitive marks the conjugation Ego tēla mea capiam means I shall take my weapons. Capiam comes from capiō, capere. Although capiō ends in -iō, the -ere ending of capere shows that it belongs to third conjugation. The infinitive audīre shows that audiō belongs to fourth conjugation. ### Capiō follows two conjugations Capiō follows the fourth conjugation where two vowels occur in succession: capiō, capiunt, and every imperfect and future form. Its other forms follow the third conjugation, as capis and capit do. The inflection of capiō shows both patterns across the present, imperfect, and future. ### From the book ### Singular and plural commands Este bonī, puerī, et audīte verba grāta magistrī means Be good, boys, and hear the pleasing words of the teacher. The present active imperative has singular and plural forms only in the second person. Volā and dā are singular imperatives. A regular plural adds -te to the singular, as audīte does. Este is the irregular plural imperative of sum. **67** Volā ad multās terrās et dā auxilium. Fly to many lands and give aid. **68** Ego tēla mea capiam et multās ferās dēlēbō. I shall take my weapons and destroy many wild beasts. **69** Quis fābulae tuae crēdet? Who will believe your story? **70** Este bonī, puerī, et audīte verba grāta magistrī. Be good, boys, and hear the pleasing words of the teacher. ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XXVI, §§159-161 §159. There are a few common verbs ending in -iō which do not belong to the fourth conjugation, as you might infer, but to the third. The fact that they belong to the third conjugation is shown by the ending of the infinitive. (Cf. §126.) Compare audiō, audī´re (hear), fourth conjugation capiō, ca´pere (take), third conjugation ``` ``` §160. The present, imperfect, and future active indicative of capiō are inflected as follows: capiō, capere, take PRES. STEM cape- PRESENT IMPERFECT FUTURE SINGULAR 1. ca´piō capiē´bam ca´piam 2. ca´pis capiē´bās ca´piēs 3. ca´pit capiē´bat ca´piet PLURAL 1. ca´pimus capiēbā´mus capiē´mus 2. ca´pitis capiēbā´tis capiē´tis 3. ca´piunt capiē´bant ca´pient 1. Observe that capiō and the other -iō verbs follow the fourth conjugation wherever in the fourth conjugation two vowels occur in succession. (Cf. capiō, audiō; capiunt, audiunt; and all the imperfect and future.) All other forms are like the third conjugation. (Cf. capis, regis; capit, regit; etc.) 2. Like capiō, inflect faciō, facere, make, do fugiō, fugere, flee iaciō, iacere, hurl rapiō, rapere, seize ``` ``` §161. The Imperative Mood. The imperative mood expresses a command; as, come! send! The present tense of the imperative is used only in the second person, singular and plural. The singular in the active voice is regularly the same in form as the present stem. The plural is formed by adding -te to the singular. CONJUGATION SINGULAR PLURAL I. amā, love thou amā´te, love ye II. monē, advise thou monē´te, advise ye III. (a) rege, rule thou re´gite, rule ye (b) cape, take thou ca´pite, take ye IV. audī, hear thou audī´te, hear ye sum (irregular) es, be thou este, be ye 1. In the third conjugation the final -ĕ- of the stem becomes -ĭ- in the plural. 2. The verbs dīcō, say; dūcō, lead; and faciō, make, have the irregular forms dīc, dūc, and fac in the singular. 3. Give the present active imperative, singular and plural, of veniō, dūcō, vocō, doceō, laudō, dīcō, sedeō, agō, faciō, mūniō, mittō, rapiō. ``` ## Give the forms (D'Ooge XXVI) **71** Dūcite, iaciam, fugiēbant. Lead (pl.), I shall throw, they were fleeing. **72** Fac, iaciēbāmus, fugimus, rapite. Make (sing.), we were throwing, we flee, seize (pl.). **73** fugiō flee, run; avoid, shun **74** fugiō flee, run; avoid, shun **75** veniō come, go **76** Favēte, resistē, pārēbitis. Favor (pl.), resist (sing.), you (pl.) will obey. **77** doceō teach **78** rapiō seize, snatch **79** noceō hurt, injure ## English into Latin (D'Ooge XXVI) **80** Dea sua arma rapiet et sua tēla iaciet. The goddess will seize her arms and will hurl her weapons. **81** Tēlīs suīs multās ferās dēlēbit. With her weapons she will destroy many beasts. **82** Īnfīrmīs auxilium dabit. She will give aid to the weak.[1] **83** Ad multās terrās volābit et ferae fugient. She will fly to many lands and the beasts will flee. **84** Nārrāte, Rōmānī, līberīs vestrīs fābulam clāram. Romans, tell[2] the famous story to your children. | word | gloss | |---|---| | volābit | fly, from volo2 | ## Give the forms (D'Ooge XXVII) ### The passive ending changes the voice Parābātur, parābat, cūrās, cūrāris or cūrāre means "it was being prepared, he was preparing, you care for, you are cared for." The ending changes while person and tense remain the same: parābātur is passive, but parābat is active. In the other pair, cūrāris or cūrāre is passive, but cūrās is active. The passive endings table matches -tur, -ris, and -re with the other passive endings. ### Passive Personal Endings ### The tense sign stays in place Movēberis or movēbere, movēbis, dabantur, dabant means "you will be moved, you will move, they were being given, they were giving." Movēberis or movēbere and movēbis keep the future sign -be-. Dabantur and dabant keep the imperfect sign -bā-. To change active to passive, keep the person, number, and tense, then use the corresponding passive ending. **85** Parābātur, parābat, cūrās, cūrāris or cūrāre. It was being prepared, he was preparing, you (sing.) care for, you (sing.) are cared for. **86** Portābantur, portābant, vidēbimur, vidēbimus. They were being carried, they were carrying, we shall be seen, we shall see. **87** Iubēris or iubēre, iubēs, laudābāris or laudābāre, laudābās. You (sing.) are ordered, you (sing.) order, you (sing.) were being praised, you (sing.) were praising. **88** Movēberis or movēbere, movēbis, dabantur, dabant. You (sing.) will be moved, you (sing.) will move, they were being given, they were giving. **89** Dēlentur, dēlent, parābāmur, parābāmus. They are destroyed, they destroy, we were being prepared, we were preparing. **90** laudō praise **91** videō see, perceive **92** vocō call, summon, invite ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XXVII, §§163-166 §163. The Voices. Thus far the verb forms have been in the active voice; that is, they have represented the subject as performing an action; as, The lion ---> killed ---> the hunter A verb is said to be in the passive voice when it represents its subject as receiving an action; as, The lion <--- was killed <--- by the hunter Note the direction of the arrows. ``` ``` §164. Passive Personal Endings. In the passive voice we use a different set of personal endings. They are as follows: SINGULAR PLURAL 1. -r, I 1. -mur, we 2. -ris, -re, you 2. -minī, you 3. -tur, he, she, it 3. -ntur, they a. Observe that the letter -r appears somewhere in all but one of the endings. This is sometimes called the passive sign. ``` ``` §165. PARADIGMS amō, amāre monēo, monēre PRES. STEM amā- PRES. STEM monē- PRESENT INDICATIVE PERSONAL ENDINGS SINGULAR a´mor, I am loved mo´neor, I am advised -or[1] amā´ris or amā´re, monē´ris or monē´re. -ris or -re you are loved you are advised amā´tur, he is loved monē´tur, he is advised -tur [1] In the present the personal ending of the first person singular is -or. PLURAL amā´mur, we are loved monē´mur, we are advised -mur amā´minī, you are loved monē´minī, you are advised -mini aman´tur, they are loved monen´tur, they are advised -ntur IMPERFECT INDICATIVE (TENSE SIGN -bā-) SINGULAR amā´bar, monē´bar, -r I was being loved I was being advised amābā´ris or amābā´re, monēbā´ris or monēbā´re -ris or -re you were being loved you were being advised amābā´tur, monēbā´tur, -tur he was being loved he was being advised PLURAL amābā´mur, monēbā´mur, -mur we were being loved we were being advised amābā´minī, monēbā´minī, -minī you were being loved you were being advised amāban´tur, monēban´tur, -ntur they were being loved they were being advised FUTURE (TENSE SIGN -bi-) SINGULAR amā´bor, monē´bor, -r I shall be loved I shall be advised amā´beris, or amā´bere monē´beris or monē´bere, -ris or -re you will be loved you will be advised amā´bitur, monē´bitur, -tur he will be loved he will be advised PLURAL amā´bimur, monē´bimur, -mur we shall be loved we shall be advised amābi´minī, monēbi´minī, -minī you will be loved you will be advised amābun´tur, monēbun´tur, -ntur they will be loved they will be advised 1. The tense sign and the personal endings are added as in the active. 2. In the future the tense sign -bi- appears as -bo- in the first person, -be- in the second, singular number, and as -bu- in the third person plural. 3. Inflect laudō, necō, portō, moveō, dēleō, iubeō, in the present, imperfect, and future indicative, active and passive. ``` ``` §166. Intransitive verbs, such as mātūrō, I hasten; habitō, I dwell, do not have a passive voice with a personal subject. ``` | word | gloss | |---|---| | laudābāris | recommend | | laudābāre | recommend | ## Perseus and Andromeda (D'Ooge XXVII) **93** Perseus fīlius erat Iovis, maximī deōrum. Perseus was the son of Jupiter, the greatest of the gods. **94** Dē eō multās fabulās nārrant poētae. About him the poets tell many stories. **95** Eī favent deī, eī magica arma et ālās dant. The gods favor him; they give him magic arms and wings. **96** Eīs tēlīs armātus et ālīs frētus ad multās terrās volābat et mōnstra saeva dēlēbat et miserīs īnfīrmīsque auxilium dabat. Armed with these weapons and relying on the wings, he flew to many lands and destroyed savage monsters and gave aid to the wretched and the weak. **97** Aethiopia est terra Āfricae. Ethiopia is a land of Africa. **98** Eam terram Cēpheus regēbat. Cepheus ruled that land. **99** Eī Neptūnus, maximus aquārum deus, erat īrātus et mittit mōnstrum saevum ad Aethiopiam. Neptune, the greatest god of the waters, was angry with him and sends a savage monster to Ethiopia. **100** Ibi mōnstrum nōn sōlum lātīs pulchrīsque Aethiopiae agrīs nocēbat sed etiam domicilia agricolārum dēlēbat, et multōs virōs, fēminās, līberōsque necābat. There the monster not only harmed the wide and beautiful fields of Ethiopia but also destroyed the homes of the farmers, and killed many men, women, and children. **101** Populus ex agrīs fugiēbat et oppida mūrīs validīs mūniēbat. The people fled from the fields and fortified the towns with strong walls. **102** Tum Cēpheus magnā trīstitiā commōtus ad Iovis ōrāculum properat et ita dīcit: “Amīcī meī necantur; agrī meī vāstantur. Then Cepheus, moved by great sorrow, hastens to the oracle of Jupiter and speaks thus: "My friends are being killed; my fields are being laid waste. **103** Audī verba mea, Iuppiter. Hear my words, Jupiter. **104** Dā miserīs auxilium. Give aid to the wretched. **105** Age mōnstrum saevum ex patriā.” Drive the savage monster out of my fatherland." | word | gloss | |---|---| | frētus | supported, trusting | | Aethiopia | Ethiopia | | Neptūnus | Neptune | | maximus | greatest | | vāstantur | lay waste, devastate, from vasto | ## English into Latin (D'Ooge XXVII) **106** Parāmus, parāmur, vocābor, vocābō, portābās, portābāris. We prepare, we are prepared, I shall be called, I shall call, you were carrying, you were being carried. **107** Videō, videor, nūntiābātur, nūntiābat, iubēbunt, iubēbuntur. I see, I am seen, it was being announced, he was announcing, they will order, they will be ordered. **108** Necāberis, necābis, movēs, movēris, laudāmus, laudāmur. You will be killed, you will kill, you move, you are moved, we are praising, we are being praised. **109** Vocor, vocō, habēbis, cūrāris. I am called, I call, you will have, you are cared for. **110** Videntur, vident, docēbāmus, docēbāmur, movēbunt, movēbuntur. They are seen, they see, we were teaching, we were being taught, they will move, they will be moved.