{"course":{"lang":"la","language":"Latin","title":"Prīmus et Secundus Annus","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/la","source":"Paine and Mainwaring, Prīmus Annus (Oxford, 1912) and Secundus Annus (1917); Appleton and Jones, Puer Rōmānus (1913); D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (Boston, 1911); Ritchie, Fabulae Faciles (1903). Public domain. The teaching pages, the glosses and the narration are ours."},"unit":{"number":23,"id":"la.module.do.28-32","title":"Lessons XXVIII–XXXII","stage":"Latin for Beginners I","situation":"Present, Imperfect, and Future Indicative Passive of Regō and Audiō; Present, Imperfect, and Future Indicative Passive of -Iō Verbs: Present Passive Infinitive and Imperative; Synopses in the Four Conjugations: The Ablative Denoting From; Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect of Sum; The Perfect Active Indicative of the Four Regular Conjugations","outcome":"Lessons XXVIII to XXXII of D'Ooge, read whole","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/la/23","lines":86},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/courses/la/22","next":"https://1732studios.com/courses/la/24","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/","sections":[{"title":"Give the forms (D'Ooge XXVIII)","teaching":[{"title":"The same verb in two voices","paragraphs":["Dīcēmus, \"shall say,\" is active. Dīcēmur, \"shall be said,\" is passive.","Dīcimus, \"say,\" is active. Dīcimur, \"are said,\" is passive.","Each pair keeps its tense and person. The personal ending marks the change in voice."]},{"title":"Passive endings keep the tense sign","paragraphs":["Imperfect and future forms use the same tense signs in both voices. A passive personal ending replaces the active ending.","Mūniēbaminī, \"you were being fortified,\" keeps the imperfect tense sign with a passive ending."]}],"lines":[{"number":1,"id":"la.do.L28.e1.4","source":"Dīcēmur, dīcimus, dīcēmus, dīcimur, mūniēbaminī.","translation":"We shall be said, we say, we shall say, we are said, you (pl.) were being fortified.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dīcēmur,","gloss":"dico2: say, speak, tell"},{"text":"dīcimus,","gloss":"dico2: say, speak, tell"},{"text":"dīcēmus,","gloss":"dico2: say, speak, tell"},{"text":"dīcimur,","gloss":"dico2: say, speak, tell"},{"text":"mūniēbaminī.","gloss":"fortify"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L28.e1.4.m4a"},{"number":2,"id":"la.do.L28.e1.5","source":"Dūcitur, dūciminī, reperīmur, reperiar, agitur.","translation":"He is led, you (pl.) are led, we are found, I shall be found, it is driven.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dūcitur,","gloss":"duco: lead, conduct"},{"text":"dūciminī,","gloss":"duco: lead, conduct"},{"text":"reperīmur,","gloss":"discover, learn"},{"text":"reperiar,","gloss":"discover, learn"},{"text":"agitur.","gloss":"ago: drive, lead; do, perform"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L28.e1.5.m4a"},{"number":3,"id":"la.do.L28.e1.1.hw","source":"mittō","translation":"send","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"mittō","gloss":"send"}],"audio":null},{"number":4,"id":"la.do.L28.e1.2.hw","source":"mittō","translation":"send","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"mittō","gloss":"send"}],"audio":null},{"number":5,"id":"la.do.L28.e1.3.hw","source":"mittō","translation":"send","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"mittō","gloss":"send"}],"audio":null},{"number":6,"id":"la.do.L28.e1.9","source":"Dīcitur, dīcit, mūniuntur, reperient, audientur.","translation":"It is said, he says, they are fortified, they will find, they will be heard.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dīcitur,","gloss":"dico2: say, speak, tell"},{"text":"dīcit,","gloss":"dico2: say, speak, tell"},{"text":"mūniuntur,","gloss":"munio: fortify, defend"},{"text":"reperient,","gloss":"reperio: find"},{"text":"audientur.","gloss":"audio: hear, listen to"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L28.e1.9.m4a"},{"number":7,"id":"la.do.L28.e1.6.hw","source":"agō","translation":"drive, lead; do, perform","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"agō","gloss":"drive, lead; do, perform"}],"audio":null},{"number":8,"id":"la.do.L28.e1.7.hw","source":"dūcō","translation":"lead, conduct","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"dūcō","gloss":"lead, conduct"}],"audio":null},{"number":9,"id":"la.do.L28.e1.8.hw","source":"mittō","translation":"send","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"mittō","gloss":"send"}],"audio":null}],"grammar":[{"section":169,"text":"D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XXVIII, §169\n\n§169. Review the present, imperfect, and future indicative active of regō and audiō, and learn the passive of the same tenses (§§490, 491).\n\na. Observe that the tense signs of the imperfect and future are the same as in the active voice, and that the passive personal endings (§164) are added instead of the active ones.\n\nb. Note the slight irregularity in the second person singular present of the third conjugation. There the final -e- of the stem is not changed to -i-, as it is in the active. We therefore have re´geris or re´gere, not re´giris, re´gire.\n\nc. Inflect agō, dīcō, dūcō, mūniō, reperiō, in the present, imperfect, and future indicative, active and passive."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"mūniēbaminī","gloss":"fortify"},{"word":"reperīmur","gloss":"discover, learn"},{"word":"reperiar","gloss":"discover, learn"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Perseus and Andromeda, continued (D'Ooge XXVIII)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":10,"id":"la.do.L28.s1.1","source":"Tum ōrāculum ita respondet: “Mala est fortūna tua.","translation":"Then the oracle answers thus: \"Your fortune is bad.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Tum","gloss":"then, at that time"},{"text":"ōrāculum","gloss":"oraculum: oracle"},{"text":"ita","gloss":"thus, in this way, as follows"},{"text":"respondet:","gloss":"respondeo: respond, reply"},{"text":"“Mala","gloss":"malus: bad, evil"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"fortūna","gloss":"fortuna: fortune"},{"text":"tua.","gloss":"tuus: your, yours"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L28.s1.1.m4a"},{"number":11,"id":"la.do.L28.s1.2","source":"Neptūnus, magnus aquārum deus, terrae Aethiopiae inimīcus, eās poenās mittit.","translation":"Neptune, the great god of the waters, hostile to the land of Ethiopia, sends these punishments.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Neptūnus,","gloss":"Neptunus: Neptune"},{"text":"magnus","gloss":"great, large; strong, loud"},{"text":"aquārum","gloss":"aqua: water"},{"text":"deus,","gloss":"god"},{"text":"terrae","gloss":"terra: land"},{"text":"Aethiopiae","gloss":"Aethiopia: Ethiopia"},{"text":"inimīcus,","gloss":"inimicus: hostile"},{"text":"eās","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"poenās","gloss":"poena: punishment, penalty"},{"text":"mittit.","gloss":"mitto: send"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L28.s1.2.m4a"},{"number":12,"id":"la.do.L28.s1.3","source":"Sed parā īrātō deō sacrum idōneum et mōnstrum saevum ex patriā tuā agētur.","translation":"But prepare a suitable sacrifice for the angry god, and the savage monster will be driven out of your fatherland.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Sed","gloss":"but"},{"text":"parā","gloss":"paro: prepare for, prepare; provide, procure"},{"text":"īrātō","gloss":"irascor: get/be/become angry"},{"text":"deō","gloss":"deus: god"},{"text":"sacrum","gloss":"something consecrated, sacrifice"},{"text":"idōneum","gloss":"idoneus: suitable, fit"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"mōnstrum","gloss":"monstrum: omen, prodigy; monster"},{"text":"saevum","gloss":"saevus: fierce, savage"},{"text":"ex","gloss":"out of, from"},{"text":"patriā","gloss":"patria: fatherland"},{"text":"tuā","gloss":"tuus: your, yours"},{"text":"agētur.","gloss":"ago: drive, lead; do, perform"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L28.s1.3.m4a"},{"number":13,"id":"la.do.L28.s1.4","source":"Andromeda fīlia tua est mōnstrō grāta.","translation":"Andromeda, your daughter, is pleasing to the monster.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Andromeda","gloss":"Andromeda"},{"text":"fīlia","gloss":"filia: daughter"},{"text":"tua","gloss":"tuus: your, yours"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"mōnstrō","gloss":"monstrum: omen, prodigy; monster"},{"text":"grāta.","gloss":"gratus: acceptable, pleasing"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L28.s1.4.m4a"},{"number":14,"id":"la.do.L28.s1.5","source":"Dā eam mōnstrō.","translation":"Give her to the monster.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dā","gloss":"do: give"},{"text":"eam","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"mōnstrō.","gloss":"monstro: show"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L28.s1.5.m4a"},{"number":15,"id":"la.do.L28.s1.6","source":"Servā cāram patriam et vītam populī tuī.”","translation":"Save your dear fatherland and the life of your people.\"","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Servā","gloss":"servo: watch over"},{"text":"cāram","gloss":"carus: dear"},{"text":"patriam","gloss":"patria: fatherland"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"vītam","gloss":"vita: life"},{"text":"populī","gloss":"populus: people"},{"text":"tuī.”","gloss":"tuus: your"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L28.s1.6.m4a"},{"number":16,"id":"la.do.L28.s1.7","source":"Andromeda autem erat puella pulchra.","translation":"But Andromeda was a beautiful girl.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Andromeda","gloss":"Andromeda"},{"text":"autem","gloss":"but, moreover, now"},{"text":"erat","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"puella","gloss":"girl"},{"text":"pulchra.","gloss":"pulcher: pretty, beautiful"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L28.s1.7.m4a"},{"number":17,"id":"la.do.L28.s1.8","source":"Eam amābat Cēpheus maximē.","translation":"Cepheus loved her very much.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Eam","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"amābat","gloss":"amo: love, like, be fond of"},{"text":"Cēpheus","gloss":"Cepheus: Cepheus"},{"text":"maximē.","gloss":"maxime: most of all, especially"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L28.s1.8.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"English into Latin (D'Ooge XXVIII)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":18,"id":"la.do.L28.e2.1","source":"Agēbar, agēbam, dūcēbāmus, dūcēbāmur, dīcit, dīcitur.","translation":"I was being driven, I was driving, we were leading, we were being led, he says, it is said.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Agēbar,","gloss":""},{"text":"agēbam,","gloss":"ago: drive; do, act"},{"text":"dūcēbāmus,","gloss":""},{"text":"dūcēbāmur,","gloss":""},{"text":"dīcit,","gloss":"dico2: say, speak, tell"},{"text":"dīcitur.","gloss":"dico2: say, speak, tell"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L28.e2.1.m4a"},{"number":19,"id":"la.do.L28.e2.2","source":"Mittam, mittar, reperiēs, reperiēris, dūcunt, dūcuntur.","translation":"I shall send, I shall be sent, you will find, you will be found, they lead, they are led.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mittam,","gloss":"mitto: send"},{"text":"mittar,","gloss":"mitto: send"},{"text":"reperiēs,","gloss":"reperio: find"},{"text":"reperiēris,","gloss":""},{"text":"dūcunt,","gloss":"duco: lead, command"},{"text":"dūcuntur.","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L28.e2.2.m4a"},{"number":20,"id":"la.do.L28.e2.3","source":"Reperior, dūcimur, aguntur, dūcēbāris, dūcēbāminī.","translation":"I am found, we are led, they are driven, you were being led.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Reperior,","gloss":""},{"text":"dūcimur,","gloss":""},{"text":"aguntur,","gloss":"ago: drive, lead; do, perform"},{"text":"dūcēbāris,","gloss":""},{"text":"dūcēbāminī.","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L28.e2.3.m4a"},{"number":21,"id":"la.do.L28.e2.4","source":"Agēmus, agēmur, dūcit, dūcitur, venient, mūnientur.","translation":"We shall drive, we shall be driven, he leads, he is being led, they will come, they will be fortified.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Agēmus,","gloss":"ago: drive, lead; do, perform"},{"text":"agēmur,","gloss":""},{"text":"dūcit,","gloss":"duco: lead, conduct"},{"text":"dūcitur,","gloss":"duco: lead, conduct"},{"text":"venient,","gloss":"venio: come, go"},{"text":"mūnientur.","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L28.e2.4.m4a"},{"number":22,"id":"la.do.L28.e2.5","source":"Regēbant, regēbantur, mittēs, mittētis, mittēris, mittēminī, mitteris, mittiminī.","translation":"They were ruling, they were being ruled, you will send, you will be sent, you are sent, (sing. and plur.).","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Regēbant,","gloss":""},{"text":"regēbantur,","gloss":""},{"text":"mittēs,","gloss":"mitto: send"},{"text":"mittētis,","gloss":""},{"text":"mittēris,","gloss":"mitto: send"},{"text":"mittēminī,","gloss":""},{"text":"mitteris,","gloss":"mitto: send"},{"text":"mittiminī.","gloss":"send, throw, hurl, cast"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L28.e2.5.m4a"},{"number":23,"id":"la.do.L28.e2.6","source":"Dūcēbātur, veniet, dīceris, dīciminī.","translation":"He was being led, he will come, you are said.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dūcēbātur,","gloss":""},{"text":"veniet,","gloss":"venio: come, go"},{"text":"dīceris,","gloss":""},{"text":"dīciminī.","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L28.e2.6.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"mittiminī","gloss":"send, throw"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Latin into English (D'Ooge XXIX)","teaching":[{"title":"Two plural commands","paragraphs":["Vocāte puerōs et nārrāte fābulam clāram dē mōnstrō saevō means \"Call the boys and tell the famous story about the savage monster.\"","Vocāte and nārrāte are plural active imperatives. The -te ending marks commands addressed to several people."]},{"title":"The plural imperative ending","paragraphs":["The present active imperative changes with number. Its plural forms end in -te: amāte, monēte, regite, capite, audīte.","The active table sets each singular command beside its plural form."]},{"title":"Active","paragraphs":[]}],"lines":[{"number":24,"id":"la.do.L29.e1.1","source":"Tum Perseus ālīs ad terrās multās volabit.","translation":"Then Perseus will fly on wings to many lands.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Tum","gloss":"then, at that time"},{"text":"Perseus","gloss":"Perseus"},{"text":"ālīs","gloss":"ala: wing"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"terrās","gloss":"terra: land"},{"text":"multās","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"volabit.","gloss":"volo2: fly"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L29.e1.1.m4a"},{"number":25,"id":"la.do.L29.e1.2","source":"Mōnstrum saevum per aquās properat et mox agrōs nostrōs vāstābit.","translation":"The savage monster is hastening through the waters and soon will lay waste our fields.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mōnstrum","gloss":"monstrum: omen, prodigy; monster"},{"text":"saevum","gloss":"saevus: fierce, savage"},{"text":"per","gloss":"through"},{"text":"aquās","gloss":"aqua: water"},{"text":"properat","gloss":"propero: hurry, speed up"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"mox","gloss":"soon, presently"},{"text":"agrōs","gloss":"ager: field"},{"text":"nostrōs","gloss":"noster: our, ours"},{"text":"vāstābit.","gloss":"vasto: lay waste, devastate"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L29.e1.2.m4a"},{"number":26,"id":"la.do.L29.e1.3","source":"Sī autem Cēpheus ad ōrāculum properābit, ōrāculum ita respondēbit.","translation":"But if Cepheus hastens to the oracle, the oracle will answer thus.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Sī","gloss":"si: if"},{"text":"autem","gloss":"but, moreover, now"},{"text":"Cēpheus","gloss":"Cepheus: Cepheus"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"ōrāculum","gloss":"oraculum: oracle"},{"text":"properābit,","gloss":"propero: hurry, speed up"},{"text":"ōrāculum","gloss":"oraculum: oracle"},{"text":"ita","gloss":"thus, in this way, as follows"},{"text":"respondēbit.","gloss":"respondeo: respond, reply"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L29.e1.3.m4a"},{"number":27,"id":"la.do.L29.e1.4","source":"Quis tēlīs Perseī superābitur? Multa mōnstra tēlīs eius superābuntur.","translation":"Who will be overcome by the weapons of Perseus? Many monsters will be overcome by his weapons.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quis","gloss":"who?"},{"text":"tēlīs","gloss":"telum: weapon of offense, spear"},{"text":"Perseī","gloss":"Perseus: Perseus"},{"text":"superābitur?","gloss":"supero: conquer, overcome"},{"text":"Multa","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"mōnstra","gloss":"monstrum: omen, prodigy; monster"},{"text":"tēlīs","gloss":"telum: weapon of offense, spear"},{"text":"eius","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"superābuntur.","gloss":"above, on top, over"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L29.e1.4.m4a"},{"number":28,"id":"la.do.L29.e1.5","source":"Cum cūrīs magnīs et lacrimīs multīs agricolae ex domiciliīs cārīs aguntur.","translation":"With great cares and many tears the farmers are driven from their dear homes.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Cum","gloss":"when; since; although"},{"text":"cūrīs","gloss":"cura: care, trouble"},{"text":"magnīs","gloss":"magnus: great, large; strong, loud"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"lacrimīs","gloss":"lacrima: tear"},{"text":"multīs","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"agricolae","gloss":"agricola: farmer"},{"text":"ex","gloss":"out of, from"},{"text":"domiciliīs","gloss":"domicilium: dwelling place; abode"},{"text":"cārīs","gloss":"carus: dear"},{"text":"aguntur.","gloss":"ago: drive, lead; do, perform"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L29.e1.5.m4a"},{"number":29,"id":"la.do.L29.e1.6","source":"Multa loca vāstābantur et multa oppida dēlēbantur.","translation":"Many places were being laid waste and many towns were being destroyed.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Multa","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"loca","gloss":"locum: seat, rank, position"},{"text":"vāstābantur","gloss":"vasto: lay waste, devastate"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"multa","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"oppida","gloss":"oppidum: town"},{"text":"dēlēbantur.","gloss":"deleo: blot out, destroy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L29.e1.6.m4a"},{"number":30,"id":"la.do.L29.e1.7","source":"Mōnstrum est validum, tamen superābitur.","translation":"The monster is strong, yet it will be overcome.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mōnstrum","gloss":"monstrum: omen, prodigy; monster"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"validum,","gloss":"validus: strong, able, well"},{"text":"tamen","gloss":"yet, nevertheless"},{"text":"superābitur.","gloss":"supero: conquer, overcome"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L29.e1.7.m4a"},{"number":31,"id":"la.do.L29.e1.8","source":"Crēdēsne semper verbīs ōrāculī? Ego iīs non semper crēdam.","translation":"Will you always believe the words of the oracle? I shall not always believe them.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Crēdēsne","gloss":"trust, entrust"},{"text":"semper","gloss":"always"},{"text":"verbīs","gloss":"verbum: word"},{"text":"ōrāculī?","gloss":"oraculum: oracle"},{"text":"Ego","gloss":"I"},{"text":"iīs","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"non","gloss":"not"},{"text":"semper","gloss":"always"},{"text":"crēdam.","gloss":"credo: trust, believe"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L29.e1.8.m4a"},{"number":32,"id":"la.do.L29.e1.9","source":"Pārēbitne Cēpheus ōrāculō? Verba ōrāculī eī persuādēbunt.","translation":"Will Cepheus obey the oracle? The words of the oracle will persuade him.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Pārēbitne","gloss":"Pārēbitne (a name)"},{"text":"Cēpheus","gloss":"Cepheus: Cepheus"},{"text":"ōrāculō?","gloss":"oraculum: oracle"},{"text":"Verba","gloss":"verbum: word"},{"text":"ōrāculī","gloss":"oraculum: oracle"},{"text":"eī","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"persuādēbunt.","gloss":"persuadeo: persuade, advise"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L29.e1.9.m4a"},{"number":33,"id":"la.do.L29.e1.10","source":"Si nōn fugiēmus, oppidum capiētur et oppidānī necābuntur.","translation":"If we do not flee, the town will be taken and the townsmen will be killed.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Si","gloss":"if"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"fugiēmus,","gloss":"fugio: flee, run; avoid, shun"},{"text":"oppidum","gloss":"town"},{"text":"capiētur","gloss":"capio: take, seize, capture"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"oppidānī","gloss":"oppidanus: townsman"},{"text":"necābuntur.","gloss":"neco: kill"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L29.e1.10.m4a"},{"number":34,"id":"la.do.L29.e1.11","source":"Vocāte puerōs et nārrāte fābulam clāram dē mōnstrō saevō.","translation":"Call the boys and tell the famous story about the savage monster.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Vocāte","gloss":"voco: call, summon, invite"},{"text":"puerōs","gloss":"puer: boy"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"nārrāte","gloss":"narro: tell, relate"},{"text":"fābulam","gloss":"fabula: story, tale, fable"},{"text":"clāram","gloss":"clarus: clear; famous, renowned; bright, shining"},{"text":"dē","gloss":"de: down from; concerning"},{"text":"mōnstrō","gloss":"monstrum: omen, prodigy; monster"},{"text":"saevō.","gloss":"saevus: fierce, savage"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L29.e1.11.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":172,"text":"D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XXIX, §§172-175\n\n§172. Review the active voice of capiō, present, imperfect, and future, and learn the passive of the same tenses (§492).\n\na. The present forms capior and capiuntur are like audior, audiuntur, and the rest of the tense is like regor.\n\nb. In like manner inflect the passive of iaciō and rapiō."},{"section":173,"text":"§173. The Infinitive. The infinitive mood gives the general meaning of the verb without person or number; as, amāre, to love. Infinitive means unlimited. The forms of the other moods, being limited by person and number, are called the finite, or limited, verb forms."},{"section":174,"text":"§174. The forms of the Present Infinitive, active and passive, are as follows:\n\nCONJ.  PRES.      PRES. INFINITIVE    PRES. INFINITIVE\n       STEM         ACTIVE              PASSIVE\n\n  I.   amā-       amā´re,             amā´rī,\n                    to love             to be loved\n II.   monē-      monē´re,            monē´rī,\n                    to advise           to be advised\nIII.   rege-      re´gere,            re´gī,\n                    to rule             to be ruled\n       cape-       ca´pere            ca´pī,\n                    to take             to be taken\n IV.   audī-       audī´re,           audīrī,\n                     to hear            to be heard\n\n1. Observe that to form the present active infinitive we add -re to the present stem.\n\na. The present infinitive of sum is esse. There is no passive.\n\n2. Observe that the present passive infinitive is formed from the active by changing final -e to -ī, except in the third conjugation, which changes final -ere to -ī.\n\n3. Give the active and passive present infinitives of doceō, sedeō, volō, cūrō, mittō, dūcō, mūniō, reperiō, iaciō, rapiō."},{"section":175,"text":"§175. The forms of the Present Imperative, active and passive, are as follows:\n\n       ACTIVE[1]              PASSIVE\nCONJ.  SINGULAR    PLURAL     SINGULAR             PLURAL\n   I.  a´mā        amā´te     amā´re,              amā´minī,\n                              be thou loved       be ye loved\n  II.  mo´nē       monē´te    monē´re,             monē´minī,\n                              be thou advised     be ye advised\n III.  re´ge       re´gite    re´gere,             regi´minī,\n                              be thou ruled        be ye ruled\n       ca´pe       ca´pite    ca´pere,             capi´minī,\n                              be thou taken        be ye taken\n  IV.  au´dī       audī´te    audī´re,             audī´minī,\n                              be thou heard        be ye heard\n[1] For the sake of comparison the active is repeated from §161.\n\n1. Observe that the second person singular of the present passive imperative is like the present active infinitive, and that both singular and plural are like the second person singular[2] and plural, respectively, of the present passive indicative.\n[2] That is, using the personal ending -re. A form like amāre may be either indicative, infinitive, or imperative.\n\n2. Give the present imperative, both active and passive, of the verbs in §174.3."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"superābuntur","gloss":"above, on top"},{"word":"Crēdēsne","gloss":"trust, entrust"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"English into Latin (D'Ooge XXIX)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":35,"id":"la.do.L29.e2.1","source":"Volā, cūrārī, mittiminī, dūc.","translation":"Fly thou, to be cared for, be ye sent, lead thou.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Volā,","gloss":"volo2: fly"},{"text":"cūrārī,","gloss":""},{"text":"mittiminī,","gloss":"send, throw, hurl, cast"},{"text":"dūc.","gloss":"duco: lead, conduct"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L29.e2.1.m4a"},{"number":36,"id":"la.do.L29.e2.2","source":"Dūcere, dūcī, rapiminī, mūnī.","translation":"To lead, to be led, be ye seized, fortify thou.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dūcere,","gloss":"duco: lead, conduct"},{"text":"dūcī,","gloss":"duco: lead, conduct"},{"text":"rapiminī,","gloss":""},{"text":"mūnī.","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L29.e2.2.m4a"},{"number":37,"id":"la.do.L29.e2.3","source":"Iacī, volāre, mitte, reperīrī.","translation":"To be hurled, to fly, send thou, to be found.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Iacī,","gloss":""},{"text":"volāre,","gloss":"volo2: fly"},{"text":"mitte,","gloss":""},{"text":"reperīrī.","gloss":"reperio: find"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L29.e2.3.m4a"},{"number":38,"id":"la.do.L29.e2.4","source":"Mittī, dūciminī, iacere, capī.","translation":"To be sent, be ye led, to hurl, to be taken.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mittī,","gloss":"mitto: send"},{"text":"dūciminī,","gloss":"duco: lead, conduct"},{"text":"iacere,","gloss":"jacio: throw, hurl"},{"text":"capī.","gloss":"capio: take hold, seize"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L29.e2.4.m4a"},{"number":39,"id":"la.do.L29.e2.5","source":"Reperī, audīte, regiminī, mūnīrī.","translation":"Find thou, hear ye, be ye ruled, to be fortified.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Reperī,","gloss":"reperio: find"},{"text":"audīte,","gloss":"audio: hear, listen to"},{"text":"regiminī,","gloss":""},{"text":"mūnīrī.","gloss":"munio: fortify, defend"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L29.e2.5.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Synopses in the Four Conjugations: The Ablative Denoting From (D'Ooge XXX)","teaching":[{"title":"Active beside passive","paragraphs":["Perseus monstrum necat means \"Perseus is slaying the monster.\" Mōnstrum ā Perseō necātur means \"the monster is being slain by Perseus.\"","Both lines express the same action in active and passive voice.","The table traces that contrast through the present, imperfect, and future forms of regō."]},{"title":"Indicative","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"From a place","paragraphs":["Agricolae ex agrīs veniunt means \"the farmers come from the fields.\"","Ex with the ablative agrīs marks motion out of the fields.","A place from which something moves takes the ablative with ā or ab, dē, ē or ex."]},{"title":"Two kinds of separation","paragraphs":["Perseus terram ā mōnstrīs līberat means \"Perseus frees the land from monsters.\" Actual separation uses the ablative mōnstrīs with ā.","Perseus terram trīstitiā līberat means \"Perseus frees the land from sorrow.\" Without actual motion, the ablative trīstitiā has no preposition.","Words of separation require an ablative. Actual separation generally adds ā or ab, ē or ex, or dē."]},{"title":"By a thing or a person","paragraphs":["Mōnstrum ā Perseō necātur means \"the monster is being slain by Perseus.\"","Fera sagittā necātur means \"the wild beast is killed by an arrow.\" Sagittā names a thing, so it has no preposition.","Fera ā Diānā necātur means \"the wild beast is killed by Diana.\" Diānā names a person, so ā comes before it.","The ablative of means names a thing and has no preposition. The ablative of personal agent names a person and takes ā or ab."]}],"lines":[{"number":40,"id":"la.do.L30.x.1","source":"Agricolae ex agrīs veniunt","translation":"the farmers come from the fields","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Agricolae","gloss":"agricola: farmer"},{"text":"ex","gloss":"out of, from"},{"text":"agrīs","gloss":"ager: field"},{"text":"veniunt","gloss":"venio: come, go"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L30.x.1.m4a"},{"number":41,"id":"la.do.L30.x.2","source":"Perseus terram ā mōnstrīs līberat","translation":"Perseus frees the land from monsters","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Perseus","gloss":"Perseus"},{"text":"terram","gloss":"terra: land"},{"text":"ā","gloss":"a: from, by, off"},{"text":"mōnstrīs","gloss":"monstrum: omen, prodigy; monster"},{"text":"līberat","gloss":"libero: set free, release, liberate"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L30.x.2.m4a"},{"number":42,"id":"la.do.L30.x.3","source":"Perseus terram trīstitiā līberat","translation":"Perseus frees the land from sorrow","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Perseus","gloss":"Perseus"},{"text":"terram","gloss":"terra: land"},{"text":"trīstitiā","gloss":"tristitia: sadness, sorrow"},{"text":"līberat","gloss":"libero: set free, release, liberate"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L30.x.3.m4a"},{"number":43,"id":"la.do.L30.x.4","source":"Mōnstrum ā Perseō necātur","translation":"the monster is being slain by (lit. from) Perseus","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mōnstrum","gloss":"monstrum: omen, prodigy; monster"},{"text":"ā","gloss":"a: from, by, off"},{"text":"Perseō","gloss":"Perseus: Perseus"},{"text":"necātur","gloss":"neco: kill"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L30.x.4.m4a"},{"number":44,"id":"la.do.L30.x.5","source":"Perseus monstrum necat","translation":"Perseus is slaying the monster","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Perseus","gloss":"Perseus"},{"text":"monstrum","gloss":"omen, prodigy; monster"},{"text":"necat","gloss":"neco: kill"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L30.x.5.m4a"},{"number":45,"id":"la.do.L30.x.6","source":"Fera sagittā necātur","translation":"the wild beast is killed by an arrow","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Fera","gloss":"a wild beast"},{"text":"sagittā","gloss":"sagitta: arrow"},{"text":"necātur","gloss":"neco: kill"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L30.x.6.m4a"},{"number":46,"id":"la.do.L30.x.7","source":"Fera ā Diānā necātur","translation":"the wild beast is killed by Diana","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Fera","gloss":"a wild beast"},{"text":"ā","gloss":"a: from, by, off"},{"text":"Diānā","gloss":"Diana: Diana"},{"text":"necātur","gloss":"neco: kill"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L30.x.7.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":177,"text":"D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XXX, §§177-181\n\n§177. You should learn to give rapidly synopses of the verbs you have had, as follows:[1]\n[1] Synopses should be given not only in the first person, but in other persons as well, particularly in the third singular and plural.\n\n          CONJUGATION I       CONJUGATION II\n                     INDICATIVE\n          ACTIVE   PASSIVE    ACTIVE    PASSIVE\nPres.     a´mō     a´mor      mo´neō    mo´neor\nImperf. amā´bam  amā´bar    monē´bam  monē´bar\nFut.      amā´bo   amā´bor    monē´bo   monē´bor\n\n          CONJUGATION I          CONJUGATION II\n                        IMPERATIVE\n          ACTIVE    PASSIVE     ACTIVE     PASSIVE\nPres.     a´mā      amā´re      mo´nē      monē´re\n\n                       INFINITIVE\nPres.     amā´re    amā´rī      monē´re    monē´rī\n\n          CONJUGATION III        CONJUGATION III (-iō verbs)\n                       INDICATIVE\n          ACTIVE    PASSIVE     ACTIVE     PASSIVE\nPres.     re´gō     re´gor      ca´piō     ca´pior\nImperf. regē´bam  regē´bar    capiē´bam  capiē´bar\nFut.      re´gam    re´gar      ca´piam    ca´piar\n\n                       IMPERATIVE\nPres.     re´ge     re´gere     ca´pe       ca´pere\n\n                       INFINITIVE\nPres.     re´gere   re´gī       ca´pere     ca´pī\n\n          CONJUGATION IV\n            INDICATIVE\n          ACTIVE     PASSIVE\nPres.     au´diō     au´dior\nImperf. audiē´bam  audiē´bar\nFut.      au´diam    au´diar\n\n            IMPERATIVE\nPres.     au´dī      audī´re\n\n            INFINITIVE\nPres.     audī´re    audī´rī\n\n1. Give the synopsis of rapiō, mūniō, reperiō, doceō, videō, dīcō, agō, laudō, portō, and vary the person and number."},{"section":178,"text":"§178. We learned in §50 that one of the three relations covered by the ablative case is expressed in English by the preposition from. This is sometimes called the separative ablative, and it has a number of special uses. You have already grown familiar with the first mentioned below."},{"section":179,"text":"§179. RULE. Ablative of the Place From. The place from which is expressed by the ablative with the prepositions ā or ab, dē, ē or ex.\n\nAgricolae ex agrīs veniunt, the farmers come from the fields\n\na. ā or ab denotes from near a place; ē or ex, out from it; and dē, down from it. This may be represented graphically as follows:\n\n               _________\n              |         |\n  ā or ab |         | ē or ex\n/_____________|    ___________________\\\n\\             |  Place  |             /\n              |_________|\n                   |\n                   | dē\n                   |\n                   V"},{"section":180,"text":"§180. RULE. Ablative of Separation. Words expressing separation or deprivation require an ablative to complete their meaning.\n\na. If the separation is actual and literal of one material thing from another, the preposition ā or ab, ē or ex, or dē is generally used. If no actual motion takes place of one thing from another, no preposition is necessary.\n\n(a) Perseus terram ā mōnstrīs līberat\n  Perseus frees the land from monsters\n    (literal separation--actual motion is expressed)\n(b) Perseus terram trīstitiā līberat\n  Perseus frees the land from sorrow\n    (figurative separation--no actual motion is expressed)"},{"section":181,"text":"§181. RULE. Ablative of the Personal Agent. The word expressing the person from whom an action starts, when not the subject, is put in the ablative with the preposition ā or ab.\n\na. In this construction the English translation of ā, ab is by rather than from. This ablative is regularly used with passive verbs to indicate the person by whom the act was performed.\n\nMōnstrum ā Perseō necātur, the monster is being slain by (lit. from) Perseus\n\nb. Note that the active form of the above sentence would be Perseus monstrum necat, Perseus is slaying the monster. In the passive the object of the active verb becomes the subject, and the subject of the active verb becomes the ablative of the personal agent, with ā or ab.\n\nc. Distinguish carefully between the ablative of means and the ablative of the personal agent. Both are often translated into English by the preposition by. (Cf. §100. b.) Means is a thing; the agent or actor is a person. The ablative of means has no preposition. The ablative of the personal agent has ā or ab. Compare\n\nFera sagittā necātur, the wild beast is killed by an arrow Fera ā Diānā necātur, the wild beast is killed by Diana\n\nSagittā, in the first sentence, is the ablative of means; ā Diānā, in the second, is the ablative of the personal agent."}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Latin into English (D'Ooge XXX)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":47,"id":"la.do.L30.e1.1","source":"Viri inopiā cibī dēfessī ab eō locō discēdent.","translation":"The men, worn out for want of food, will depart from that place.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Viri","gloss":"vir: man, hero"},{"text":"inopiā","gloss":"inopia: want, lack"},{"text":"cibī","gloss":"cibus: food"},{"text":"dēfessī","gloss":"defetiscor: become exhausted/suffer exhaustion, grow weary/faint/tired/weak"},{"text":"ab","gloss":"from, by"},{"text":"eō","gloss":"is: he, she, it; that"},{"text":"locō","gloss":"locus: place, spot"},{"text":"discēdent.","gloss":"discedo: depart, go away, leave"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L30.e1.1.m4a"},{"number":48,"id":"la.do.L30.e1.2","source":"Germānī castrīs Rōmānīs adpropinquābant, tamen lēgātus cōpiās ā proeliō continēbat.","translation":"The Germans were approaching the Roman camp, yet the lieutenant was keeping the forces from battle.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Germānī","gloss":"Germanus: German"},{"text":"castrīs","gloss":"castrum: fort; camp"},{"text":"Rōmānīs","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"adpropinquābant,","gloss":"adpropinquo: draw near, approach"},{"text":"tamen","gloss":"yet, nevertheless"},{"text":"lēgātus","gloss":"legatus: lieutenant, ambassador"},{"text":"cōpiās","gloss":"copia: plenty, abundance; troops, forces"},{"text":"ā","gloss":"a: from, by, off"},{"text":"proeliō","gloss":"proelium: battle"},{"text":"continēbat.","gloss":"contineo: hold together, hem in, keep"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L30.e1.2.m4a"},{"number":49,"id":"la.do.L30.e1.3","source":"Multa Gallōrum oppida ab Rōmanīs capientur.","translation":"Many towns of the Gauls will be taken by the Romans.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Multa","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"Gallōrum","gloss":"Gallus: a Gaul"},{"text":"oppida","gloss":"oppidum: town"},{"text":"ab","gloss":"from, by"},{"text":"Rōmanīs","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"capientur.","gloss":"capio: take, seize, capture"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L30.e1.3.m4a"},{"number":50,"id":"la.do.L30.e1.4","source":"Tum Rōmānī tōtum populum eōrum oppidōrum gladiīs pīlīsque interficient.","translation":"Then the Romans will kill the whole people of those towns with swords and spears.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Tum","gloss":"then, at that time"},{"text":"Rōmānī","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"tōtum","gloss":"totus: all, the whole, entire"},{"text":"populum","gloss":"populus: people"},{"text":"eōrum","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"oppidōrum","gloss":"oppidum: town"},{"text":"gladiīs","gloss":"gladius: sword"},{"text":"pīlīsque","gloss":"pilum: spear"},{"text":"interficient.","gloss":"interficio: kill"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L30.e1.4.m4a"},{"number":51,"id":"la.do.L30.e1.5","source":"Oppidānī Rōmānīs resistent, sed defessī longō proelīo fugient.","translation":"The townsmen will resist the Romans, but, worn out by the long battle, they will flee.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Oppidānī","gloss":"oppidanus: townsman"},{"text":"Rōmānīs","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"resistent,","gloss":"resisto: oppose, resist"},{"text":"sed","gloss":"but"},{"text":"defessī","gloss":"defetiscor: become exhausted/suffer exhaustion, grow weary/faint/tired/weak"},{"text":"longō","gloss":"longus: long"},{"text":"proelīo","gloss":"proelium: battle"},{"text":"fugient.","gloss":"fugio: flee, run; avoid, shun"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L30.e1.5.m4a"},{"number":52,"id":"la.do.L30.e1.6","source":"Multī ex Galliā fugiēbant et in Germānōrum vicīs habitābant.","translation":"Many were fleeing from Gaul and living in the villages of the Germans.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Multī","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"ex","gloss":"out of, from"},{"text":"Galliā","gloss":"Gallia: Gaul"},{"text":"fugiēbant","gloss":"fugio: flee, run; avoid, shun"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"Germānōrum","gloss":"Germanus: German"},{"text":"vicīs","gloss":"vicis: turn, change, succession"},{"text":"habitābant.","gloss":"habito: dwell, abide, inhabit"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L30.e1.6.m4a"},{"number":53,"id":"la.do.L30.e1.7","source":"Miserī nautae vulnerantur ab inimīcīs saevīs et cibō egent.","translation":"The wretched sailors are wounded by savage enemies and lack food.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Miserī","gloss":"miser: wretched, unfortunate"},{"text":"nautae","gloss":"nauta: sailor"},{"text":"vulnerantur","gloss":"vulnero: wound"},{"text":"ab","gloss":"from, by"},{"text":"inimīcīs","gloss":"inimicus: hostile"},{"text":"saevīs","gloss":"saevus: fierce, savage"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"cibō","gloss":"cibus: food"},{"text":"egent.","gloss":"egeo: lack, need, be without"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L30.e1.7.m4a"},{"number":54,"id":"la.do.L30.e1.8","source":"Discēdite et date virīs frūmentum et cōpiam vīnī.","translation":"Depart, and give the men grain and plenty of wine.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Discēdite","gloss":"discedo: depart, go away, leave"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"date","gloss":"do: give"},{"text":"virīs","gloss":"vir: man, hero"},{"text":"frūmentum","gloss":"frumentum: grain"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"cōpiam","gloss":"copia: plenty, abundance; troops, forces"},{"text":"vīnī.","gloss":"vinum: wine"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L30.e1.8.m4a"},{"number":55,"id":"la.do.L30.e1.9","source":"Cōpiae nostrae ā proeliō continēbantur ab Sextō lēgatō.","translation":"Our forces were being kept from battle by Sextus the lieutenant.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Cōpiae","gloss":"copia: plenty, abundance; troops, forces"},{"text":"nostrae","gloss":"noster: our, ours"},{"text":"ā","gloss":"a: from, by, off"},{"text":"proeliō","gloss":"proelium: battle"},{"text":"continēbantur","gloss":"contineo: hold together, hem in, keep"},{"text":"ab","gloss":"from, by"},{"text":"Sextō","gloss":"sextus: Sextus"},{"text":"lēgatō.","gloss":"legatus: lieutenant, ambassador"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L30.e1.9.m4a"},{"number":56,"id":"la.do.L30.e1.10","source":"Id oppidum ab prōvinciā Rōmānā longē aberat.","translation":"That town was far away from the Roman province.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Id","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"oppidum","gloss":"town"},{"text":"ab","gloss":"from, by"},{"text":"prōvinciā","gloss":"provincia: province"},{"text":"Rōmānā","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"longē","gloss":"longus: long"},{"text":"aberat.","gloss":"absum: be away, be absent, be distant"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L30.e1.10.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"adpropinquābant","gloss":"draw near, approach, from adpropinquo"},{"word":"egent","gloss":"lack, need, from egeo"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"English into Latin (D'Ooge XXX)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":57,"id":"la.do.L30.e2.1","source":"Nautae dēfessī locō deae Diānae cārō adpropinquābant.","translation":"The weary sailors were approaching a place dear to the goddess Diana.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nautae","gloss":"nauta: sailor"},{"text":"dēfessī","gloss":"defetiscor: become exhausted/suffer exhaustion, grow weary/faint/tired/weak"},{"text":"locō","gloss":"locus: place, spot"},{"text":"deae","gloss":"dea: goddess"},{"text":"Diānae","gloss":"Diana: Diana"},{"text":"cārō","gloss":""},{"text":"adpropinquābant.","gloss":"adpropinquo: draw near, approach"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L30.e2.1.m4a"},{"number":58,"id":"la.do.L30.e2.2","source":"Cibō et vīnō egēbant.","translation":"They were without food and without wine.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Cibō","gloss":"cibus: food"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"vīnō","gloss":"vinum: wine"},{"text":"egēbant.","gloss":"egeo: lack, need, be without"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L30.e2.2.m4a"},{"number":59,"id":"la.do.L30.e2.3","source":"Tum Galba et septem aliī virī ad īnsulam antīquam ā Sextō mittuntur.","translation":"Then Galba and seven other men are sent to the ancient island by Sextus.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Tum","gloss":"then, at that time"},{"text":"Galba","gloss":"Galba"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"septem","gloss":"seven"},{"text":"aliī","gloss":"alius2: another, other"},{"text":"virī","gloss":"vir: man, hero"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"īnsulam","gloss":"insula: island"},{"text":"antīquam","gloss":""},{"text":"ā","gloss":"a: from, by, off"},{"text":"Sextō","gloss":"sextus: Sextus"},{"text":"mittuntur.","gloss":"mitto: send"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L30.e2.3.m4a"},{"number":60,"id":"la.do.L30.e2.4","source":"Iam nōn longē ā terrā absunt et virōs armātōs in locō altō vident.","translation":"Already they are not far away from the land, and they see armed men on a high place.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Iam","gloss":"jam: already, now"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"longē","gloss":"longus: long"},{"text":"ā","gloss":"a: from, by, off"},{"text":"terrā","gloss":"terra: land"},{"text":"absunt","gloss":"absum: be away, be absent, be distant"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"virōs","gloss":"vir: man, hero"},{"text":"armātōs","gloss":"armatus: armed man (usu. pl.), soldier"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"locō","gloss":"locus: place, spot"},{"text":"altō","gloss":"altus: high, tall, deep"},{"text":"vident.","gloss":"video: see, perceive"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L30.e2.4.m4a"},{"number":61,"id":"la.do.L30.e2.5","source":"Ā virīs pīlīs et sagittīs ā terrā prohibentur.","translation":"They are kept from the land by the men with spears and arrows.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ā","gloss":"a: from, by, off"},{"text":"virīs","gloss":"vir: man, hero"},{"text":"pīlīs","gloss":"pilum: spear"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"sagittīs","gloss":"sagitta: arrow"},{"text":"ā","gloss":"a: from, by, off"},{"text":"terrā","gloss":"terra: land"},{"text":"prohibentur.","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L30.e2.5.m4a"},{"number":62,"id":"la.do.L30.e2.6","source":"Virī magnō cum studiō tēla sua dē locō altō iaciēbant.","translation":"The men kept hurling their weapons down from the high place with great eagerness.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Virī","gloss":"vir: man, hero"},{"text":"magnō","gloss":"magnus: great, large; strong, loud"},{"text":"cum","gloss":"when; since; although"},{"text":"studiō","gloss":"studium: zeal, eagerness"},{"text":"tēla","gloss":"telum: weapon of offense, spear"},{"text":"sua","gloss":"suus: his, her, hers, its, their, theirs"},{"text":"dē","gloss":"de: down from; concerning"},{"text":"locō","gloss":"locus: place, spot"},{"text":"altō","gloss":"altus: high, tall, deep"},{"text":"iaciēbant.","gloss":"jacio: throw, hurl"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L30.e2.6.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Dialogue: The Boys Titus, Marcus, and Quintus (D'Ooge XXXI)","teaching":[{"title":"Fuistis addresses two boys","paragraphs":["Ubi fuistis, Tite et Quīnte asks where Titus and Quintus have been.","The perfect form fuistis has -istis for second person plural, matching the two boys addressed."]},{"title":"The perfect stem fu-","paragraphs":["Fuī is the third principal part of sum. Removing -ī gives the perfect stem fu-.","Fuistis, fuimus, fuit, and fuērunt are perfect forms based on fu-. Fuerint is future perfect and uses the same stem."]},{"title":"The endings identify each perfect form","paragraphs":["The perfect active indicative adds endings unlike those of any other tense.","In this dialogue, fuistis has -istis, fuimus has -imus, fuit has -it, and fuērunt has -ērunt.","The table gives all six perfect endings with their person, number, and English meaning."]},{"title":"The Endings of the Perfect","paragraphs":[]}],"lines":[{"number":63,"id":"la.do.L31.d1.1","source":"Ubi fuistis, Tite et Quīnte?","translation":"Where have you been, Titus and Quintus?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ubi","gloss":"where"},{"text":"fuistis,","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"Tite","gloss":"Titus: Titus"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"Quīnte?","gloss":"Quintus: fifth"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L31.d1.1.m4a"},{"number":64,"id":"la.do.L31.d1.2","source":"Ego in meō lūdō fuī et Quīntus in suō lūdō fuit. Bonī puerī fuimus. Fuitne Sextus in vīcō hodiē?","translation":"I have been in my school, and Quintus has been in his school. We have been good boys. Has Sextus been in the village to-day?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ego","gloss":"I"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"meō","gloss":"meus: my, mine"},{"text":"lūdō","gloss":"ludo: play"},{"text":"fuī","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"Quīntus","gloss":"Quintus: fifth"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"suō","gloss":"suus: his, her, hers, its, their, theirs"},{"text":"lūdō","gloss":"ludo: play"},{"text":"fuit.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"Bonī","gloss":"bonus: good, kind"},{"text":"puerī","gloss":"puer: boy"},{"text":"fuimus.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"Fuitne","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"Sextus","gloss":"Sextus"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"vīcō","gloss":"vicus: village"},{"text":"hodiē?","gloss":"hodie: to-day"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L31.d1.2.m4a"},{"number":65,"id":"la.do.L31.d1.3","source":"Fuit. Nūper per agrōs proximōs fluviō properābat. Ibi is et Cornēlius habent nāvigium.","translation":"He has. Lately he was hastening through the fields next to the river. There he and Cornelius have a boat.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Fuit.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"Nūper","gloss":"nuper: lately, recently"},{"text":"per","gloss":"through"},{"text":"agrōs","gloss":"ager: field"},{"text":"proximōs","gloss":"proximus: nearest, next"},{"text":"fluviō","gloss":"fluvius: river"},{"text":"properābat.","gloss":"propero: hurry, speed up"},{"text":"Ibi","gloss":"there, in that place"},{"text":"is","gloss":"this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"Cornēlius","gloss":"Cornelius: Cornelius"},{"text":"habent","gloss":"habeo: have, hold; regard, consider, deem"},{"text":"nāvigium.","gloss":"navigium: boat, ship"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L31.d1.3.m4a"},{"number":66,"id":"la.do.L31.d1.4","source":"Nāvigium dīcis? Aliī nārrā eam fābulam!","translation":"A boat, you say? Tell that story to someone else!","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nāvigium","gloss":"navigium: boat, ship"},{"text":"dīcis?","gloss":"dico2: say, speak, tell"},{"text":"Aliī","gloss":"alius2: another, other"},{"text":"nārrā","gloss":"narro: tell, relate"},{"text":"eam","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"fābulam!","gloss":"fabula: story, tale, fable"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L31.d1.4.m4a"},{"number":67,"id":"la.do.L31.d1.5","source":"Vērō, pulchrum et novum nāvigium!","translation":"Yes, truly, a beautiful and new boat!","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Vērō,","gloss":"vero: truly, indeed, in fact; but, however"},{"text":"pulchrum","gloss":"pulcher: pretty, beautiful"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"novum","gloss":"novus: new"},{"text":"nāvigium!","gloss":"navigium: boat, ship"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L31.d1.5.m4a"},{"number":68,"id":"la.do.L31.d1.6","source":"Cuius pecūniā Sextus et Cornēlius id nāvigium parant? Quis iīs pecūniam dat?","translation":"With whose money are Sextus and Cornelius getting that boat? Who gives them money?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Cuius","gloss":"qui: whose?"},{"text":"pecūniā","gloss":"pecunia: money"},{"text":"Sextus","gloss":"Sextus"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"Cornēlius","gloss":"Cornelius: Cornelius"},{"text":"id","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"nāvigium","gloss":"navigium: boat, ship"},{"text":"parant?","gloss":"paro: prepare for, prepare; provide, procure"},{"text":"Quis","gloss":"who?"},{"text":"iīs","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"pecūniam","gloss":"pecunia: money"},{"text":"dat?","gloss":"do: give"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L31.d1.6.m4a"},{"number":69,"id":"la.do.L31.d1.7","source":"Amīcī Cornēlī multum habent aurum et puer pecūniā nōn eget.","translation":"The friends of Cornelius have much gold, and the boy does not lack money.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Amīcī","gloss":"amicus: friend"},{"text":"Cornēlī","gloss":"Cornelius: Cornelius"},{"text":"multum","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"habent","gloss":"habeo: have, hold; regard, consider, deem"},{"text":"aurum","gloss":"gold"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"puer","gloss":"boy"},{"text":"pecūniā","gloss":"pecunia: money"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"eget.","gloss":"egeo: lack, need, be without"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L31.d1.7.m4a"},{"number":70,"id":"la.do.L31.d1.8","source":"Quō puerī nāvigābunt? Nāvigābuntne longē ā terrā?","translation":"Where will the boys sail? Will they sail far from land?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quō","gloss":"quo: whither, where; in order to, that"},{"text":"puerī","gloss":"puer: boy"},{"text":"nāvigābunt?","gloss":"navigo: sail"},{"text":"Nāvigābuntne","gloss":"navigo: sail"},{"text":"longē","gloss":"longus: long"},{"text":"ā","gloss":"a: from, by, off"},{"text":"terrā?","gloss":"terra: land"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L31.d1.8.m4a"},{"number":71,"id":"la.do.L31.d1.9","source":"Dubia sunt cōnsilia eōrum. Sed hodiē, crēdō, sī ventus erit idōneus, ad maximam īnsulam nāvigābunt. Iam anteā ibi fuērunt. Tum autem ventus erat perfidus et puerī magnō in perīculō erant.","translation":"Their plans are uncertain. But to-day, I believe, if the wind is suitable, they will sail to the largest island. They have already been there before. But then the wind was treacherous, and the boys were in great danger.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dubia","gloss":"dubius: doubtful"},{"text":"sunt","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"cōnsilia","gloss":"consilium: plan"},{"text":"eōrum.","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"Sed","gloss":"but"},{"text":"hodiē,","gloss":"hodie: to-day"},{"text":"crēdō,","gloss":"credo: trust, believe"},{"text":"sī","gloss":"si: if"},{"text":"ventus","gloss":"wind"},{"text":"erit","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"idōneus,","gloss":"idoneus: suitable, fit"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"maximam","gloss":"magnus: great, large; strong, loud"},{"text":"īnsulam","gloss":"insula: island"},{"text":"nāvigābunt.","gloss":"navigo: sail"},{"text":"Iam","gloss":"jam: already, now"},{"text":"anteā","gloss":"antea: before, previously"},{"text":"ibi","gloss":"there, in that place"},{"text":"fuērunt.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"Tum","gloss":"then, at that time"},{"text":"autem","gloss":"but, moreover, now"},{"text":"ventus","gloss":"wind"},{"text":"erat","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"perfidus","gloss":"faithless, treacherous, false"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"puerī","gloss":"puer: boy"},{"text":"magnō","gloss":"magnus: great, large; strong, loud"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"perīculō","gloss":"periculum: danger, peril"},{"text":"erant.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L31.d1.9.m4a"},{"number":72,"id":"la.do.L31.d1.10","source":"Aqua ventō commōta est inimīca nautīs semper, et saepe perfidus ventus nāvigia rapit, agit, dēletque. Iī puerī, sī nōn fuerint maximē attentī, īrātā aquā et validō ventō superābuntur et ita interficientur.","translation":"Water stirred by the wind is always unfriendly to sailors, and often a treacherous wind seizes, drives, and destroys boats. Those boys, if they are not most careful, will be overcome by the angry water and the strong wind and so will be killed.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Aqua","gloss":"water"},{"text":"ventō","gloss":"ventus: wind"},{"text":"commōta","gloss":"commoveo: shake/stir up, agitate"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"inimīca","gloss":"inimicus: hostile"},{"text":"nautīs","gloss":"nauta: sailor"},{"text":"semper,","gloss":"always"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"saepe","gloss":"often"},{"text":"perfidus","gloss":"faithless, treacherous, false"},{"text":"ventus","gloss":"wind"},{"text":"nāvigia","gloss":"navigium: boat, ship"},{"text":"rapit,","gloss":"rapio: seize, snatch"},{"text":"agit,","gloss":"ago: drive, lead; do, perform"},{"text":"dēletque.","gloss":"deleo: blot out, destroy"},{"text":"Iī","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"puerī,","gloss":"puer: boy"},{"text":"sī","gloss":"si: if"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"fuerint","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"maximē","gloss":"maxime: most of all, especially"},{"text":"attentī,","gloss":"attendo: turn/stretch towards"},{"text":"īrātā","gloss":"irascor: get/be/become angry"},{"text":"aquā","gloss":"aqua: water"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"validō","gloss":"validus: strong, able, well"},{"text":"ventō","gloss":"ventus: wind"},{"text":"superābuntur","gloss":"above, on top, over"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ita","gloss":"thus, in this way, as follows"},{"text":"interficientur.","gloss":"kill"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L31.d1.10.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":183,"text":"D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XXXI, §§183-187\n\n§183. Principal Parts. There are certain parts of the verb that are of so much consequence in tense formation that we call them the principal parts.\n\nThe principal parts of the Latin verb are the present, the past, and the past participle; as go, went, gone; see, saw, seen, etc.\n\nThe principal parts of the Latin verb are the first person singular of the present indicative, the present infinitive, the first person singular of the perfect indicative, and the perfect passive participle."},{"section":184,"text":"§184. Conjugation Stems. From the principal parts we get three conjugation stems, from which are formed the entire conjugation. We have already learned about the present stem, which is found from the present infinitive (cf. §126.a). The other two stems are the perfect stem and the participial stem."},{"section":185,"text":"§185. The Perfect Stem. The perfect stem of the verb is formed in various ways, but may always be found by dropping -ī from the first person singular of the perfect, the third of the principal parts. From the perfect stem are formed the following tenses:\n\nTHE PERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE\nTHE PLUPERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE (ENGLISH PAST PERFECT)\nTHE FUTURE PERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE\n\nAll these tenses express completed action in present, past, or future time respectively."},{"section":186,"text":"§186. The Endings of the Perfect. The perfect active indicative is inflected by adding the endings of the perfect to the perfect stem. These endings are different from those found in any other tense, and are as follows:\n\n   SINGULAR               PLURAL\n1. -ī, I               1. -imus, we\n2. -istī, you          2. -istis, you\n3. -it, he, she, it    3. -ērunt or -ēre, they"},{"section":187,"text":"§187. Inflection of sum in the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect indicative:\n\n             PRES. INDIC.  PRES. INFIN.  PERF. INDIC.\nPRIN. PARTS  sum           esse          fuī\n\nPERFECT STEM fu-\n\n  PERFECT\nSINGULAR                     PLURAL\nfu´ī, I have been, I was       fu´imus, we have been, we were\nfuis´tī,                       fuis´tis, you have been, you were\n  you have been, you were\nfu´it, he has been, he was     fuē´runt or fuē´re,\n                                 they have been, they were\n\n  PLUPERFECT (TENSE SIGN -erā-)\nfu´eram, I had been            fuerā´mus, we had been\nfu´erās, you had been          fuerā´tis, you had been\nfu´erat, he had been           fu´erant, they had been\n\n  FUTURE PERFECT (TENSE SIGN -eri-)\nfu´erō, I shall have been      fue´rimus, we shall have been\nfu´eris, you will have been    fue´ritis, you will have been\nfu´erit, he will have been     fu´erint, they will have been\n\n1. Note carefully the changing accent in the perfect.\n\n2. Observe that the pluperfect may be formed by adding eram, the imperfect of sum, to the perfect stem. The tense sign is -erā-.\n\n3. Observe that the future perfect may be formed by adding erō, the future of sum, to the perfect stem. But the third person plural ends in -erint, not in -erunt. The tense sign is -eri-.\n\n4. All active perfects, pluperfects, and future perfects are formed on the perfect stem and inflected in the same way."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"nāvigium","gloss":"boat, ship"},{"word":"interficientur","gloss":"kill"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"English into Latin (D'Ooge XXXI)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":73,"id":"la.do.L31.e2.1","source":"Ubi puerī anteā fuerant? In lūdō fuerant.","translation":"Where had the boys been before? They had been in school.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ubi","gloss":"where"},{"text":"puerī","gloss":"puer: boy"},{"text":"anteā","gloss":"antea: before, previously"},{"text":"fuerant?","gloss":""},{"text":"In","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"lūdō","gloss":"ludo: play"},{"text":"fuerant.","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L31.e2.1.m4a"},{"number":74,"id":"la.do.L31.e2.2","source":"Ubi Sextus fuerat? In agrō fluviō proximō fuerat.","translation":"Where had Sextus been? He had been in a field next to the river.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ubi","gloss":"where"},{"text":"Sextus","gloss":"Sextus"},{"text":"fuerat?","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"In","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"agrō","gloss":"ager: field"},{"text":"fluviō","gloss":"fluvius: river"},{"text":"proximō","gloss":"proximus: nearest, next"},{"text":"fuerat.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L31.e2.2.m4a"},{"number":75,"id":"la.do.L31.e2.3","source":"Quis hodiē cum Sextō fuit? Cornēlius cum eō fuit.","translation":"Who has been with Sextus to-day? Cornelius has been with him.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quis","gloss":"who?"},{"text":"hodiē","gloss":"hodie: to-day"},{"text":"cum","gloss":"when; since; although"},{"text":"Sextō","gloss":"sextus: Sextus"},{"text":"fuit?","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"Cornēlius","gloss":"Cornelius: Cornelius"},{"text":"cum","gloss":"when; since; although"},{"text":"eō","gloss":"is: he, she, it; that"},{"text":"fuit.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L31.e2.3.m4a"},{"number":76,"id":"la.do.L31.e2.4","source":"Quis ita dīcit? Mārcus.","translation":"Who says so? Marcus.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quis","gloss":"who?"},{"text":"ita","gloss":"thus, in this way, as follows"},{"text":"dīcit?","gloss":"dico2: say, speak, tell"},{"text":"Mārcus.","gloss":"Marcus: Marcus, Mark"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L31.e2.4.m4a"},{"number":77,"id":"la.do.L31.e2.5","source":"Sī ventus idōneus fuit, puerī in nāvigiō fuērunt.","translation":"If the wind has been suitable, the boys have been in the boat.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Sī","gloss":"si: if"},{"text":"ventus","gloss":"wind"},{"text":"idōneus","gloss":"idoneus: suitable, fit"},{"text":"fuit,","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"puerī","gloss":"puer: boy"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"nāvigiō","gloss":""},{"text":"fuērunt.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L31.e2.5.m4a"},{"number":78,"id":"la.do.L31.e2.6","source":"Mox cum puerīs nāvigābimus.","translation":"Soon we shall sail with the boys.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mox","gloss":"soon, presently"},{"text":"cum","gloss":"when; since; although"},{"text":"puerīs","gloss":"puer: boy"},{"text":"nāvigābimus.","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L31.e2.6.m4a"},{"number":79,"id":"la.do.L31.e2.7","source":"Erit nūllum perīculum, sī attentī fuerimus.","translation":"There[3] will be no danger, if we are (shall have been) careful.[4]","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Erit","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"nūllum","gloss":"nullus: not any, none, no"},{"text":"perīculum,","gloss":"periculum: danger, peril"},{"text":"sī","gloss":"si: if"},{"text":"attentī","gloss":"attendo: turn/stretch towards"},{"text":"fuerimus.","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L31.e2.7.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Perseus and Andromeda, continued (D'Ooge XXXII)","teaching":[{"title":"Steps and circumstances","paragraphs":["Vīdit populum, Andromedam, lacrimās, et, magnopere attonitus, ad terram dēscendit. He saw the people, Andromeda, and the tears. Greatly astonished, he came down to the ground.","The perfect vīdit and dēscendit mark successive steps in the story. The imperfect volābat describes the circumstance in which they occur."]},{"title":"The perfect endings","paragraphs":["Cēpheus discessit. Later, amīcī puellae miserae longē discessērunt.","Discessit and discessērunt are perfect forms of discēdō. Their endings distinguish the singular Cēpheus from the plural amīcī.","Latin adds the same six perfect endings to perfect stems in all four conjugations. The forms show each ending with its person and number."]},{"title":"Inflection of the Perfect","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"The perfect principal part","paragraphs":["Vīdit, dīxit, discessit, and dūxit use the perfect stems from vīdī, dīxī, discessī, and dūxī.","The third principal part gives the first person perfect. From this form comes the perfect stem. The forms connect each present and infinitive with that principal part."]},{"title":"From the book","paragraphs":[]}],"lines":[{"number":80,"id":"la.do.L32.s1.1","source":"Cēpheus, adversā fortūnā maximē commōtus, discessit et multīs cum lacrimīs populō Aethiopiae verba ōrāculī nārrāvit.","translation":"Cepheus, greatly moved by his adverse fortune, departed and with many tears told the people of Ethiopia the words of the oracle.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Cēpheus,","gloss":"Cepheus: Cepheus"},{"text":"adversā","gloss":"adversa: enemy/adversary/opponent (female)"},{"text":"fortūnā","gloss":"fortuna: fortune"},{"text":"maximē","gloss":"maxime: most of all, especially"},{"text":"commōtus,","gloss":"commotus2: moved, excited"},{"text":"discessit","gloss":"discedo: depart, go away, leave"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"multīs","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"cum","gloss":"when; since; although"},{"text":"lacrimīs","gloss":"lacrima: tear"},{"text":"populō","gloss":"populus: people"},{"text":"Aethiopiae","gloss":"Aethiopia: Ethiopia"},{"text":"verba","gloss":"verbum: word"},{"text":"ōrāculī","gloss":"oraculum: oracle"},{"text":"nārrāvit.","gloss":"narro: tell, relate"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L32.s1.1.m4a"},{"number":81,"id":"la.do.L32.s1.2","source":"Fāta Andromedae, puellae pulchrae, ā tōtō populō dēplōrābantur, tamen nūllum erat auxilium.","translation":"The fate of Andromeda, the beautiful girl, was lamented by the whole people, yet there was no help.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Fāta","gloss":"Fata: utterance, oracle"},{"text":"Andromedae,","gloss":"Andromeda: Andromeda"},{"text":"puellae","gloss":"puella: girl"},{"text":"pulchrae,","gloss":"pulcher: pretty, beautiful"},{"text":"ā","gloss":"a: from, by, off"},{"text":"tōtō","gloss":"totus: all, the whole, entire"},{"text":"populō","gloss":"populus: people"},{"text":"dēplōrābantur,","gloss":"weep/lament/mourn for/cry over"},{"text":"tamen","gloss":"yet, nevertheless"},{"text":"nūllum","gloss":"nullus: not any, none, no"},{"text":"erat","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"auxilium.","gloss":"help, aid"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L32.s1.2.m4a"},{"number":82,"id":"la.do.L32.s1.3","source":"Deinde Cēpheus cum plēnō trīstitiae animō cāram suam fīliam ex oppidī portā ad aquam dūxit et bracchia eius ad saxa dūra revīnxit.","translation":"Then Cepheus with a heart full of sorrow led his dear daughter out of the gate of the town to the water and bound her arms to the hard rocks.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Deinde","gloss":"then, in the next place"},{"text":"Cēpheus","gloss":"Cepheus: Cepheus"},{"text":"cum","gloss":"when; since; although"},{"text":"plēnō","gloss":"plenus: full"},{"text":"trīstitiae","gloss":"tristitia: sadness, sorrow"},{"text":"animō","gloss":"animus: mind, heart; spirit, feeling"},{"text":"cāram","gloss":"carus: dear"},{"text":"suam","gloss":"suus: his, her, hers, its, their, theirs"},{"text":"fīliam","gloss":"filia: daughter"},{"text":"ex","gloss":"out of, from"},{"text":"oppidī","gloss":"oppidum: town"},{"text":"portā","gloss":"porta: gate"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"aquam","gloss":"aqua: water"},{"text":"dūxit","gloss":"duco: lead, conduct"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"bracchia","gloss":"bracchium: forearm, arm"},{"text":"eius","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"saxa","gloss":"saxum: rock, stone"},{"text":"dūra","gloss":"durus: hard, rough; unfeeling, cruel; severe, toilsome"},{"text":"revīnxit.","gloss":"revincio: fasten"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L32.s1.3.m4a"},{"number":83,"id":"la.do.L32.s1.4","source":"Tum amīcī puellae miserae longē discessērunt et diū mōnstrum saevum exspectāvērunt.","translation":"Then the friends of the wretched girl went far away and long awaited the savage monster.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Tum","gloss":"then, at that time"},{"text":"amīcī","gloss":"amicus: friend"},{"text":"puellae","gloss":"puella: girl"},{"text":"miserae","gloss":"miser: wretched, unfortunate"},{"text":"longē","gloss":"longus: long"},{"text":"discessērunt","gloss":"discedo: depart, go away, leave"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"diū","gloss":"diu: for a long time, long"},{"text":"mōnstrum","gloss":"monstrum: omen, prodigy; monster"},{"text":"saevum","gloss":"saevus: fierce, savage"},{"text":"exspectāvērunt.","gloss":"exspecto: expect, wait"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L32.s1.4.m4a"},{"number":84,"id":"la.do.L32.s1.5","source":"Tum forte Perseus, ālīs frētus, super Aethiopiam volābat.","translation":"Then by chance Perseus, relying on his wings, was flying over Ethiopia.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Tum","gloss":"then, at that time"},{"text":"forte","gloss":"fors: chance"},{"text":"Perseus,","gloss":"Perseus"},{"text":"ālīs","gloss":"ala: wing"},{"text":"frētus,","gloss":"fretus: supported, trusting"},{"text":"super","gloss":"over, above"},{"text":"Aethiopiam","gloss":"Aethiopia: Ethiopia"},{"text":"volābat.","gloss":"volo2: fly"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L32.s1.5.m4a"},{"number":85,"id":"la.do.L32.s1.6","source":"Vīdit populum, Andromedam, lacrimās, et, magnopere attonitus, ad terram dēscendit.","translation":"He saw the people, Andromeda, the tears, and, greatly astonished, came down to the ground.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Vīdit","gloss":"video: see, perceive"},{"text":"populum,","gloss":"populus: people"},{"text":"Andromedam,","gloss":"Andromeda: Andromeda"},{"text":"lacrimās,","gloss":"lacrima: tear"},{"text":"et,","gloss":"and"},{"text":"magnopere","gloss":"greatly, exceedingly"},{"text":"attonitus,","gloss":"attono: strike with lightning, blast"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"terram","gloss":"terra: land"},{"text":"dēscendit.","gloss":"descendo: climb down, descend"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L32.s1.6.m4a"},{"number":86,"id":"la.do.L32.s1.7","source":"Tum Cēpheus eī tōtās cūrās nārrāvit et ita dīxit: “Pārēbō verbīs ōrāculī, et prō patriā fīliam meam dabō; sed sī id mōnstrum interficiēs et Andromedam servābis, tibi eam dabō.”","translation":"Then Cepheus told him all his troubles and spoke thus: \"I shall obey the words of the oracle, and for my fatherland I shall give my daughter; but if you kill that monster and save Andromeda, I shall give her to you.\"","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Tum","gloss":"then, at that time"},{"text":"Cēpheus","gloss":"Cepheus: Cepheus"},{"text":"eī","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"tōtās","gloss":"totus: all, the whole, entire"},{"text":"cūrās","gloss":"cura: care, trouble"},{"text":"nārrāvit","gloss":"narro: tell, relate"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ita","gloss":"thus, in this way, as follows"},{"text":"dīxit:","gloss":"dico2: say, speak, tell"},{"text":"“Pārēbō","gloss":"pareo: obey"},{"text":"verbīs","gloss":"verbum: word"},{"text":"ōrāculī,","gloss":"oraculum: oracle"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"prō","gloss":"pro: before; in behalf of; instead of"},{"text":"patriā","gloss":"patria: fatherland"},{"text":"fīliam","gloss":"filia: daughter"},{"text":"meam","gloss":"meus: my, mine"},{"text":"dabō;","gloss":"do: give"},{"text":"sed","gloss":"but"},{"text":"sī","gloss":"si: if"},{"text":"id","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"mōnstrum","gloss":"monstrum: omen, prodigy; monster"},{"text":"interficiēs","gloss":"interficio: kill"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"Andromedam","gloss":"Andromeda: Andromeda"},{"text":"servābis,","gloss":"servo: save, preserve"},{"text":"tibi","gloss":"tu: thou, you"},{"text":"eam","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"dabō.”","gloss":"do: give"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L32.s1.7.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":190,"text":"D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XXXII, §§190-192\n\n§190. Meanings of the Perfect. The perfect tense has two distinct meanings. The first of these is equivalent to the English present perfect, or perfect with have, and denotes that the action of the verb is complete at the time of speaking; as, I have finished my work. As this denotes completed action at a definite time, it is called the perfect definite.\n\nThe perfect is also used to denote an action that happened sometime in the past; as, I finished my work. As no definite time is specified, this is called the perfect indefinite. It corresponds to the ordinary use of the English past tense.\n\na. Note carefully the difference between the following tenses:\n\nI {was finishing } my work (imperfect, §134)\n   {used to finish}\nI finished my work           (perfect indefinite)\nI have finished my work      (perfect definite)\n\nWhen telling a story the Latin uses the perfect indefinite to mark the different forward steps of the narrative, and the imperfect to describe situations and circumstances that attend these steps. If the following sentences were Latin, what tenses would be used?\n\n“Last week I went to Boston. I was trying to find an old friend of mine, but he was out of the city. Yesterday I returned home.”"},{"section":191,"text":"§191. Inflection of the Perfect. We learned in §186 that any perfect is inflected by adding the endings of the perfect to the perfect stem. The inflection in the four regular conjugations is then as follows:\n\nCONJ. I   amāvī    I have loved, I loved or did love\nCONJ. II  monuī    I have advised, I advised or did advise\nCONJ. III rēxī     I have ruled, I ruled or did rule\n          cēpī     I have taken, I took or did take\nCONJ. IV  audīvī I have heard, I heard or did hear\n\nPERFECT STEMS\namāv-       monu-          rēx-          cēp-          audīv-\n\n   SINGULAR\n1. amā´vī      mo´nuī         rē´xī          cē´pī         audī´vī\n2. amāvis´tī   monuis´tī      rēxis´tī       cēpis´tī      audīvis´tī\n3. amā´vit     mo´nuit        rē´xit         cē´pit        audī´vit\n\n   PLURAL\n1. amā´vimus   monu´imus      rē´ximus       cē´pimus     audī´vimus\n2. amāvis´tis  monuis´tis     rēxis´tis      cēpis´tis    audīvis´tis\n3. amāvē´runt  monuē´runt     rēxē´runt      cēpē´runt    audīvē´runt\n     or          or             or             or           or\n     amāvē´re    monuē´re       rēxē´re        cēpē´re      audīvē´re\n\n1. The first person of the perfect is always given as the third of the principal parts. From this we get the perfect stem. This shows the absolute necessity of learning the principal parts thoroughly.\n\n2. Nearly all perfects of the first conjugation are formed by adding -vī to the present stem. Like amāvī inflect parāvī, vocāvī, cūrāvī, laudāvī.\n\n3. Note carefully the changing accent in the perfect. Drill on it."},{"section":192,"text":"§192. Learn the principal parts and inflect the perfects:\n\nPRES. INDIC.  PRES. INFIN.  PERF. INDIC.\ndō            dăre          dedī          give\ndēleō         dēlēre        dēlēvī        destroy\nhabeō         habēre        habuī         have\nmoveō         movēre        mōvī          move\npāreō         pārēre        pāruī         obey\nprohibeō      prohibēre     prohibuī      restrain, keep from\nvideō         vidēre        vīdī          see\ndīcō          dīcere        dīxī          say\ndiscēdō       discēdere     discessī      depart\ndūcō          dūcere        dūxī          lead\nfaciō         facere        fēcī          make, do\nmittō         mittere       mīsī          send\nmūniō         mūnīre        mūnīvī        fortify\nveniō         venīre        vēnī          come"}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"Fāta","gloss":"utterance, oracle"},{"word":"dēplōrābantur","gloss":"weep"},{"word":"attonitus","gloss":"strike with lightning, blast, from attono"}],"paradigms":[]}]}