{"course":{"lang":"la","language":"Latin","title":"Prīmus et Secundus Annus","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/la","source":"Paine and Mainwaring, Prīmus Annus (Oxford, 1912) and Secundus Annus (1917); Appleton and Jones, Puer Rōmānus (1913); D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (Boston, 1911); Ritchie, Fabulae Faciles (1903). Public domain. The teaching pages, the glosses and the narration are ours."},"unit":{"number":24,"id":"la.module.do.33-36","title":"Lessons XXXIII–XXXVI","stage":"Latin for Beginners I","situation":"Pluperfect and Future Perfect Active Indicative: Perfect Active Infinitive; Review of the Active Voice; The Passive Perfects of the Indicative: The Perfect Passive and Future Active Infinitive; Review of Principal Parts: Prepositions: Yes-Or-No Questions","outcome":"Lessons XXXIII to XXXVI of D'Ooge, read whole","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/la/24","lines":72},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/courses/la/23","next":"https://1732studios.com/courses/la/25","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/","sections":[{"title":"Latin into English (D'Ooge XXXIII)","teaching":[{"title":"The sign -erā-","paragraphs":["Mōnstrum saevum domicilia multa dēlēverat means \"The savage monster had destroyed many homes.\"","In dēlēverat, -erā- marks the pluperfect before the ending -t.","The pluperfect active adds -erā- and the personal endings to the perfect stem."]},{"title":"The sign -eri-","paragraphs":["Amīcī ab Andromedā discesserint means \"The friends will have departed from Andromeda.\"","In discesserint, -eri- marks the future perfect before its plural ending.","The future perfect active adds -eri- and the personal endings to the perfect stem."]},{"title":"The ending -isse","paragraphs":["The perfect active infinitive adds -isse to the perfect stem.","The forms pair each perfect stem with -isse and its English meaning."]},{"title":"The Perfect Active Infinitive","paragraphs":[]}],"lines":[{"number":1,"id":"la.do.L33.e1.8","source":"Quem verba ōrāculī mōverant? Populum verba ōrāculī mōverant.","translation":"Whom had the words of the oracle moved? The words of the oracle had moved the people.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quem","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"verba","gloss":"verbum: word"},{"text":"ōrāculī","gloss":"oraculum: oracle"},{"text":"mōverant?","gloss":"moveo: move"},{"text":"Populum","gloss":"populus: people"},{"text":"verba","gloss":"verbum: word"},{"text":"ōrāculī","gloss":"oraculum: oracle"},{"text":"mōverant.","gloss":"moveo: move"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L33.e1.8.m4a"},{"number":2,"id":"la.do.L33.e1.9","source":"Cui Cēpheus verba ōrāculī nārrāverit? Perseō Cēpheus verba ōrāculī nārrāverit.","translation":"To whom will Cepheus have told the words of the oracle? Cepheus will have told the words of the oracle to Perseus.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Cui","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"Cēpheus","gloss":"Cepheus: Cepheus"},{"text":"verba","gloss":"verbum: word"},{"text":"ōrāculī","gloss":"oraculum: oracle"},{"text":"nārrāverit?","gloss":"narro: tell, relate"},{"text":"Perseō","gloss":"Perseus: Perseus"},{"text":"Cēpheus","gloss":"Cepheus: Cepheus"},{"text":"verba","gloss":"verbum: word"},{"text":"ōrāculī","gloss":"oraculum: oracle"},{"text":"nārrāverit.","gloss":"narro: tell, relate"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L33.e1.9.m4a"},{"number":3,"id":"la.do.L33.e1.10","source":"Amīcī ab Andromedā discesserint.","translation":"The friends will have departed from Andromeda.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Amīcī","gloss":"amicus: friend"},{"text":"ab","gloss":"from, by"},{"text":"Andromedā","gloss":"Andromeda: Andromeda"},{"text":"discesserint.","gloss":"discedo: depart, go away, leave"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L33.e1.10.m4a"},{"number":4,"id":"la.do.L33.e1.11","source":"Mōnstrum saevum domicilia multa dēlēverat.","translation":"The savage monster had destroyed many homes.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mōnstrum","gloss":"monstrum: omen, prodigy; monster"},{"text":"saevum","gloss":"saevus: fierce, savage"},{"text":"domicilia","gloss":"domicilium: dwelling place; abode"},{"text":"multa","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"dēlēverat.","gloss":"deleo: blot out, destroy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L33.e1.11.m4a"},{"number":5,"id":"la.do.L33.e1.12","source":"Ubi mōnstrum vīdistis? Id in aquā vīdimus.","translation":"Where did you see the monster? We saw it in the water.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ubi","gloss":"where"},{"text":"mōnstrum","gloss":"monstrum: omen, prodigy; monster"},{"text":"vīdistis?","gloss":"video: see, perceive"},{"text":"Id","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"aquā","gloss":"aqua: water"},{"text":"vīdimus.","gloss":"video: see, perceive"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L33.e1.12.m4a"},{"number":6,"id":"la.do.L33.e1.13","source":"Quid mōnstrum faciet? Mōnstrum Andromedam interficiet.","translation":"What will the monster do? The monster will kill Andromeda.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quid","gloss":"quis: what?"},{"text":"mōnstrum","gloss":"monstrum: omen, prodigy; monster"},{"text":"faciet?","gloss":"facio: make, do; cause, bring about"},{"text":"Mōnstrum","gloss":"monstrum: omen, prodigy; monster"},{"text":"Andromedam","gloss":"Andromeda: Andromeda"},{"text":"interficiet.","gloss":"interficio: kill"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L33.e1.13.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":194,"text":"D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XXXIII, §§194-195\n\n§194.              CONJ. I  CONJ. II  CONJ. III         CONJ. IV\n                  amō      moneō     regō    capiō     audiō\n  PERFECT STEMS   amāv-    monu-     rēx-    cēp-      audīv-\n\nPLUPERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE\nTENSE SIGN -erā-\n\nSINGULAR\nI had loved  I had advised  I had ruled  I had taken  I had heard\n\n1. amā´veram    monu´eram      rē´xeram     cē´peram     audī´veram\n2. amā´verās    monu´erās      rē´xerās     cē´perās     audī´verās\n3. amā´verat    monu´erat      rē´xerat     cē´perat     audī´verat\n\n   PLURAL\n1. amāverā´mus  monuerā´mus    rēxerā´mus   cēperā´mus   audīverā´mus\n2. amāverā´tis  monuerā´tis    rēxerā´tis   cēperā´tis   audīverā´tis\n3. amā´verant   monu´erant     rē´xerant    cē´perant    audī´verant\n\nFUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE\nTENSE SIGN -eri-\n\n  SINGULAR\nI shall have  I shall have  I shall have  I shall have  I shall have\n   loved         advised       ruled         taken         heard\n\n1. amā´verō     monu´erō     rē´xerō       cē´perō       audī´verō\n2. amā´veris    monu´eris    rē´xeris      cē´peris      audī´veris\n3. amā´verit    monu´erit    rē´xerit      cē´perit      audī´verit\n\n   PLURAL\n1. amāve´rimus  monue´rimus  rēxe´rimus    cēpe´rimus    audīve´rimus\n2. amāve´ritis  monue´ritis  rēxe´ritis    cēpe´ritis    audīve´ritis\n3. amā´verint   monu´erint   rē´xerint     cē´perint     audī´verint\n\n1. Observe that these are all inflected alike and the rules for formation given in §187.2-4 hold good here.\n\n2. In like manner inflect the pluperfect and future perfect indicative active of dō, portō, dēleō, moveō, habeō, dīcō, discēdō, faciō, veniō, mūniō."},{"section":195,"text":"§195. The Perfect Active Infinitive. The perfect active infinitive is formed by adding -isse to the perfect stem.\n\nCONJ       PERFECT STEM  PERFECT INFINITIVE\n  I.       amāv-         amāvis´se, to have loved\n II.       monu-         monuis´se, to have advised\nIII. (a) rēx-          rēxis´se, to have ruled\n     (b) cēp-          cēpis´se, to have taken\n IV.       audīv        audīvis´se, to have heard\nsum        fu-           fuis´se, to have been\n\n1. In like manner give the perfect infinitive active of dō, portō, dēleō, moveō, habeō, dīcō, discēdō, faciō, veniō, mūniō."}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Give the forms (D'Ooge XXXIII)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":7,"id":"la.do.L33.e1.4","source":"Mūnīvit, dederam, mīserō.","translation":"He has fortified, I had given, I shall have sent.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mūnīvit,","gloss":"munio: fortify, defend"},{"text":"dederam,","gloss":"do: give"},{"text":"mīserō.","gloss":"mitto: send"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L33.e1.4.m4a"},{"number":8,"id":"la.do.L33.e1.5","source":"Habuerimus, dēlēvī, pāruit, fuisse.","translation":"We shall have had, I have destroyed, he has obeyed, to have been.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Habuerimus,","gloss":"habeo: have, hold; regard, consider, deem"},{"text":"dēlēvī,","gloss":"deleo: blot out, destroy"},{"text":"pāruit,","gloss":"pareo: obey"},{"text":"fuisse.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L33.e1.5.m4a"},{"number":9,"id":"la.do.L33.e1.6","source":"Dederās, mūnīveritis, vēnerātis, mīsisse.","translation":"You (sing.) had given, you (pl.) will have fortified, you (pl.) had come, to have sent.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dederās,","gloss":"do: give"},{"text":"mūnīveritis,","gloss":"fortify"},{"text":"vēnerātis,","gloss":"venio: come, go"},{"text":"mīsisse.","gloss":"mitto: send"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L33.e1.6.m4a"},{"number":10,"id":"la.do.L33.e1.7","source":"Vēnerās, fēcisse, dederātis, portāveris.","translation":"You (sing.) had come, to have made, you (pl.) had given, you (sing.) will have carried.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Vēnerās,","gloss":"venio: come, go"},{"text":"fēcisse,","gloss":"facio: make, do; cause, bring about"},{"text":"dederātis,","gloss":"do: give"},{"text":"portāveris.","gloss":"porto: bear, carry"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L33.e1.7.m4a"},{"number":11,"id":"la.do.L33.e1.1.hw","source":"habeō","translation":"have, hold; regard, consider, deem","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"habeō","gloss":"have, hold; regard, consider, deem"}],"audio":null},{"number":12,"id":"la.do.L33.e1.2.hw","source":"videō","translation":"see, perceive","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"videō","gloss":"see, perceive"}],"audio":null},{"number":13,"id":"la.do.L33.e1.3.hw","source":"mittō","translation":"send","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"mittō","gloss":"send"}],"audio":null}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"mūnīveritis","gloss":"fortify"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"English into Latin (D'Ooge XXXIII)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":14,"id":"la.do.L33.e2.1","source":"Pāruērunt, dēlēvimus, habuerō.","translation":"They have obeyed, we have destroyed, I shall have had.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Pāruērunt,","gloss":"pareo: obey"},{"text":"dēlēvimus,","gloss":""},{"text":"habuerō.","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L33.e2.1.m4a"},{"number":15,"id":"la.do.L33.e2.2","source":"Mīserimus, vēneram, mūnīvērunt.","translation":"We shall have sent, I had come, they have fortified.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mīserimus,","gloss":""},{"text":"vēneram,","gloss":""},{"text":"mūnīvērunt.","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L33.e2.2.m4a"},{"number":16,"id":"la.do.L33.e2.3","source":"Discesseram, pāruit, mīsistī, mīsistis.","translation":"I had departed, he has obeyed, you have sent.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Discesseram,","gloss":""},{"text":"pāruit,","gloss":"pareo: obey"},{"text":"mīsistī,","gloss":""},{"text":"mīsistis.","gloss":"mitto: send"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L33.e2.3.m4a"},{"number":17,"id":"la.do.L33.e2.4","source":"Dēlēvisse, vīdisse, dederit, portāvērunt.","translation":"To have destroyed, to have seen, he will have given, they have carried.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dēlēvisse,","gloss":""},{"text":"vīdisse,","gloss":"video: see, look at"},{"text":"dederit,","gloss":"do: give"},{"text":"portāvērunt.","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L33.e2.4.m4a"},{"number":18,"id":"la.do.L33.e2.5","source":"Dēlēverat, mōvit, habuistī, habuistis.","translation":"He had destroyed, he has moved, you have had (sing. and plur.).","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dēlēverat,","gloss":"deleo: blot out, destroy"},{"text":"mōvit,","gloss":"moveo: move"},{"text":"habuistī,","gloss":"habeo: have, hold; regard, consider, deem"},{"text":"habuistis.","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L33.e2.5.m4a"},{"number":19,"id":"la.do.L33.e2.6","source":"Dedī, mōverās, mōverātis, dīxerāmus.","translation":"I have given, you had moved, we had said.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dedī,","gloss":"do: give"},{"text":"mōverās,","gloss":""},{"text":"mōverātis,","gloss":""},{"text":"dīxerāmus.","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L33.e2.6.m4a"},{"number":20,"id":"la.do.L33.e2.7","source":"Fēceris, fēceritis, dūxerint, dedisse.","translation":"You will have made (sing. and plur.), they will have led, to have given.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Fēceris,","gloss":"facio: do, make"},{"text":"fēceritis,","gloss":""},{"text":"dūxerint,","gloss":""},{"text":"dedisse.","gloss":"do: give"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L33.e2.7.m4a"},{"number":21,"id":"la.do.L33.e2.8","source":"Quis mōnstrum vīderat? Andromeda id vīderat.","translation":"Who had seen the monster? Andromeda had seen it.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quis","gloss":"who?"},{"text":"mōnstrum","gloss":"monstrum: omen, prodigy; monster"},{"text":"vīderat?","gloss":"video: see, perceive"},{"text":"Andromeda","gloss":"Andromeda"},{"text":"id","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"vīderat.","gloss":"video: see, perceive"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L33.e2.8.m4a"},{"number":22,"id":"la.do.L33.e2.9","source":"Cūr virī ex oppidīs discesserant? Discesserant quia mōnstrum vēnerat.","translation":"Why had the men departed from[1] the towns? They had departed because the monster had come.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Cūr","gloss":"cur: why"},{"text":"virī","gloss":"vir: man, hero"},{"text":"ex","gloss":"out of, from"},{"text":"oppidīs","gloss":"oppidum: town"},{"text":"discesserant?","gloss":""},{"text":"Discesserant","gloss":""},{"text":"quia","gloss":"because"},{"text":"mōnstrum","gloss":"monstrum: omen, prodigy; monster"},{"text":"vēnerat.","gloss":"venio: come"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L33.e2.9.m4a"},{"number":23,"id":"la.do.L33.e2.10","source":"Pāruitne Cēpheus ōrāculō? Pāruit.","translation":"Did Cepheus obey[2] the oracle[3]? He did.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Pāruitne","gloss":""},{"text":"Cēpheus","gloss":"Cepheus: Cepheus"},{"text":"ōrāculō?","gloss":"oraculum: oracle"},{"text":"Pāruit.","gloss":"pareo: obey"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L33.e2.10.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Perseus and Andromeda, concluded (D'Ooge XXXIV)","teaching":[{"title":"Two kinds of past action","paragraphs":["Perseus semper proeliō studēbat et respondit, \"Verba tua sunt maximē grāta,\" et laetus arma sua magica parāvit.","Perseus was always eager for battle, then answered and prepared his magic arms.","Studēbat is imperfect and presents an ongoing past action. Respondit and parāvit are perfect and present completed past actions."]},{"title":"How the two tenses are formed","paragraphs":["The imperfect uses the present stem plus -bam. The perfect uses the third principal part."]},{"title":"The third principal part","paragraphs":["Respondit comes from respondī, the third principal part of respondeō.","Later, interfēcit comes from interfēcī, the third principal part of interficiō.","The two tables pair each present form and infinitive with its perfect principal part."]}],"lines":[{"number":24,"id":"la.do.L34.s1.1","source":"Perseus semper proeliō studēbat et respondit, “Verba tua sunt maximē grāta,” et laetus arma sua magica parāvit.","translation":"Perseus was always eager for battle, and he answered, \"Your words are most pleasing,\" and joyfully prepared his magic arms.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Perseus","gloss":"Perseus"},{"text":"semper","gloss":"always"},{"text":"proeliō","gloss":"proelium: battle"},{"text":"studēbat","gloss":"studeo: give attention to, be eager"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"respondit,","gloss":"respondeo: respond, reply"},{"text":"“Verba","gloss":"verbum: word"},{"text":"tua","gloss":"tuus: your, yours"},{"text":"sunt","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"maximē","gloss":"maxime: most of all, especially"},{"text":"grāta,”","gloss":"gratus: acceptable, pleasing"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"laetus","gloss":"happy, glad"},{"text":"arma","gloss":"arms"},{"text":"sua","gloss":"suus: his, her, hers, its, their, theirs"},{"text":"magica","gloss":"magicus: magic"},{"text":"parāvit.","gloss":"paro: prepare for, prepare; provide, procure"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L34.s1.1.m4a"},{"number":25,"id":"la.do.L34.s1.2","source":"Subitō mōnstrum vidētur; celeriter per aquam properat et Andromedae adpropinquat.","translation":"Suddenly the monster is seen; swiftly it hastens through the water and approaches Andromeda.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Subitō","gloss":"subito: suddenly"},{"text":"mōnstrum","gloss":"monstrum: omen, prodigy; monster"},{"text":"vidētur;","gloss":"video: see, perceive"},{"text":"celeriter","gloss":"quickly"},{"text":"per","gloss":"through"},{"text":"aquam","gloss":"aqua: water"},{"text":"properat","gloss":"propero: hurry, speed up"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"Andromedae","gloss":"Andromeda: Andromeda"},{"text":"adpropinquat.","gloss":"adpropinquo: draw near, approach"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L34.s1.2.m4a"},{"number":26,"id":"la.do.L34.s1.3","source":"Eius amīcī longē absunt et misera puella est sōla.","translation":"Her friends are far away, and the wretched girl is alone.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Eius","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"amīcī","gloss":"amicus: friend"},{"text":"longē","gloss":"longus: long"},{"text":"absunt","gloss":"absum: be away, be absent, be distant"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"misera","gloss":"miser: wretched, unfortunate"},{"text":"puella","gloss":"girl"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"sōla.","gloss":"solus: alone, only"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L34.s1.3.m4a"},{"number":27,"id":"la.do.L34.s1.4","source":"Perseus autem sine morā super aquam volāvit.","translation":"But Perseus without delay flew over the water.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Perseus","gloss":"Perseus"},{"text":"autem","gloss":"but, moreover, now"},{"text":"sine","gloss":"without"},{"text":"morā","gloss":"mora: delay"},{"text":"super","gloss":"over, above"},{"text":"aquam","gloss":"aqua: water"},{"text":"volāvit.","gloss":"volo2: fly"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L34.s1.4.m4a"},{"number":28,"id":"la.do.L34.s1.5","source":"Subitō dēscendit et dūrō gladiō saevum mōnstrum graviter vulnerāvit.","translation":"Suddenly he came down and with his hard sword severely wounded the savage monster.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Subitō","gloss":"subito: suddenly"},{"text":"dēscendit","gloss":"descendo: climb down, descend"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"dūrō","gloss":"durus: hard, rough; unfeeling, cruel; severe, toilsome"},{"text":"gladiō","gloss":"gladius: sword"},{"text":"saevum","gloss":"saevus: fierce, savage"},{"text":"mōnstrum","gloss":"monstrum: omen, prodigy; monster"},{"text":"graviter","gloss":"heavily; greatly, seriously"},{"text":"vulnerāvit.","gloss":"vulnero: wound"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L34.s1.5.m4a"},{"number":29,"id":"la.do.L34.s1.6","source":"Diū pugnātur, diū proelium est dubium.","translation":"Long there is fighting, long the battle is doubtful.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Diū","gloss":"diu: for a long time, long"},{"text":"pugnātur,","gloss":"pugno: fight"},{"text":"diū","gloss":"diu: for a long time, long"},{"text":"proelium","gloss":"battle"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"dubium.","gloss":"dubius: doubtful"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L34.s1.6.m4a"},{"number":30,"id":"la.do.L34.s1.7","source":"Dēnique autem Perseus mōnstrum interfēcit et victōriam reportāvit.","translation":"At last, however, Perseus killed the monster and won the victory.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dēnique","gloss":"denique: finally"},{"text":"autem","gloss":"but, moreover, now"},{"text":"Perseus","gloss":"Perseus"},{"text":"mōnstrum","gloss":"monstrum: omen, prodigy; monster"},{"text":"interfēcit","gloss":"interficio: kill"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"victōriam","gloss":"victoria: victory"},{"text":"reportāvit.","gloss":"reporto: bring back, restore; win, gain"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L34.s1.7.m4a"},{"number":31,"id":"la.do.L34.s1.8","source":"Tum ad saxum vēnit et Andromedam līberāvit et eam ad Cēpheum dūxit.","translation":"Then he came to the rock and freed Andromeda and led her to Cepheus.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Tum","gloss":"then, at that time"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"saxum","gloss":"rock, stone"},{"text":"vēnit","gloss":"venio: come, go"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"Andromedam","gloss":"Andromeda: Andromeda"},{"text":"līberāvit","gloss":"libero: set free, release, liberate"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"eam","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"Cēpheum","gloss":"Cepheus: Cepheus"},{"text":"dūxit.","gloss":"duco: lead, conduct"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L34.s1.8.m4a"},{"number":32,"id":"la.do.L34.s1.9","source":"Is, nūper miser, nunc laetus, ita dīxit: “Tuō auxiliō, mī amīce, cāra fīlia mea est lībera; tua est Andromeda.”","translation":"He, lately wretched, now happy, spoke thus: \"By your aid, my friend, my dear daughter is free; Andromeda is yours.\"","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Is,","gloss":"this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"nūper","gloss":"nuper: lately, recently"},{"text":"miser,","gloss":"wretched, unfortunate"},{"text":"nunc","gloss":"now, the present moment"},{"text":"laetus,","gloss":"happy, glad"},{"text":"ita","gloss":"thus, in this way, as follows"},{"text":"dīxit:","gloss":"dico2: say, speak, tell"},{"text":"“Tuō","gloss":"tuus: your, yours"},{"text":"auxiliō,","gloss":"auxilium: help, aid"},{"text":"mī","gloss":"meus: my"},{"text":"amīce,","gloss":"amicus: friend"},{"text":"cāra","gloss":"carus: dear"},{"text":"fīlia","gloss":"filia: daughter"},{"text":"mea","gloss":"meus: my, mine"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"lībera;","gloss":"liber: free"},{"text":"tua","gloss":"tuus: your, yours"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"Andromeda.”","gloss":"Andromeda"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L34.s1.9.m4a"},{"number":33,"id":"la.do.L34.s1.10","source":"Diū Perseus cum Andromedā ibi habitābat et magnopere ā tōtō populō amābātur.","translation":"Long Perseus lived there with Andromeda, and he was greatly loved by the whole people.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Diū","gloss":"diu: for a long time, long"},{"text":"Perseus","gloss":"Perseus"},{"text":"cum","gloss":"when; since; although"},{"text":"Andromedā","gloss":"Andromeda: Andromeda"},{"text":"ibi","gloss":"there, in that place"},{"text":"habitābat","gloss":"habito: dwell, abide, inhabit"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"magnopere","gloss":"greatly, exceedingly"},{"text":"ā","gloss":"a: from, by, off"},{"text":"tōtō","gloss":"totus: all, the whole, entire"},{"text":"populō","gloss":"populus: people"},{"text":"amābātur.","gloss":"amo: love, like, be fond of"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L34.s1.10.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":197,"text":"D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XXXIV, §§197-199\n\n§197. A review of the tenses of the indicative active shows the following formation:\n\n           { PRESENT        = First of the principal parts\nTENSES     { IMPERFECT      = Present stem + -ba-m\nOF THE     { FUTURE         = Present stem + -bō, Conj. I and II\nINDICATIVE {                                 -a-m, Conj. III and IV\n           { PERFECT        = Third of the principal parts\n           { PLUPERFECT     = Perfect stem + -era-m\n           { FUTURE PERFECT = Perfect stem + -erō"},{"section":198,"text":"§198. The synopsis of the active voice of amō, as far as we have learned the conjugation, is as follows:\n\nPRINCIPAL PARTS amō, amāre, amāvī\n\nPRES. STEM amā-\n\n       { Pres.        amō\nINDIC. { Imperf.      amābam\n       { Fut.         amābō\nPRES. IMV.            amā\nPRES. INFIN.          amāre\n\nPERF. STEM amāv-\n\n       { Perf.        amāvī\nINDIC. { Pluperf.     amāveram\n       { Fut. perf. amāverō\nPERF. INFIN.          amāvisse\n\n1. Learn to write in the same form and to give rapidly the principal parts and synopsis of parō, dō, laudō, dēleō, habeō, moveō, pāreō, videō, dīcō, discēdō, dūcō, mittō, capiō, muniō, veniō.[1]\n[1] Learn to give synopses rapidly, and not only in the first person singular but in any person of either number."},{"section":199,"text":"§199. Learn the following principal parts:[2]\n[2] These are all verbs that you have had before, and the perfect is the only new form to be learned.\n\nPRES. INDIC.   PRES. INFIN.  PERF. INDIC.\n\nIRREGULAR VERBS\n  sum           esse           fuī           be\n  ab´sum        abes´se        ā´fuī         be away\n  dō            dare           dedī          give\n\nCONJUGATION II\n  contineō      continēre      continuī      hold in, keep\n  doceō         docēre         docuī         teach\n  egeō          egēre          eguī          need\n  faveō         favēre         fāvī          favor\n  iubeō         iubēre         iussī         order\n  noceō         nocēre         nocuī         injure\n  persuādeō     persuādēre     persuāsī      persuade\n  respondeō     respondēre     respondī      reply\n  sedeō         sedēre         sēdī          sit\n  studeō        studēre        studuī        be eager\n\nCONJUGATION III\n  agō           agere          ēgī           drive\n  crēdō         crēdere        crēdidī       believe\n  fugiō         fugere         fūgī          flee\n  iaciō         iacere         iēcī          hurl\n  interficiō    interficere    interfēcī     kill\n  rapiō         rapere         rapuī         seize\n  resis´tō      resis´tere     re´stitī      resist\n\nCONJUGATION IV\n  repe´riō      reperī´re      rep´perī      find"}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"The Passive Perfects of the Indicative: The Perfect Passive and Future Active Infinitive (D'Ooge XXXV)","teaching":[{"title":"The fourth form gives amātus","paragraphs":["Amātus sum means I have been loved or I was loved. Amātus is the fourth principal part of amō.","This fourth form gives the participial stem used in every passive perfect. The table gives that form for five regular verbs."]},{"title":"Perf. pass. part.","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"The form of sum sets the tense","paragraphs":["Latin joins the perfect passive participle to the present, imperfect, or future of sum.","Amātus sum means I have been loved or I was loved. Amātus eram means I had been loved.","Amātus erō means I shall have been loved. The form of sum distinguishes perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect."]},{"title":"The participle agrees with the subject","paragraphs":["Vir laudātus est means the man was praised or has been praised. Laudātus agrees with Vir in gender, number, and case.","The form changes with the subject: Puella laudāta est and Cōnsilium laudātum est.","The plural forms are Virī laudātī sunt, Puellae laudātae sunt, and Cōnsilia laudāta sunt."]}],"lines":[{"number":34,"id":"la.do.L35.x.1","source":"amātus sum","translation":"I have been or was loved","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"amātus","gloss":"amo: love, like, be fond of"},{"text":"sum","gloss":"be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L35.x.1.m4a"},{"number":35,"id":"la.do.L35.x.2","source":"amātus eram","translation":"I had been loved","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"amātus","gloss":"amo: love, like, be fond of"},{"text":"eram","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L35.x.2.m4a"},{"number":36,"id":"la.do.L35.x.3","source":"amātus erō","translation":"I shall have been loved","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"amātus","gloss":"amo: love, like, be fond of"},{"text":"erō","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L35.x.3.m4a"},{"number":37,"id":"la.do.L35.x.4","source":"Vir laudātus est","translation":"the man was praised, or has been praised","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Vir","gloss":"man, hero"},{"text":"laudātus","gloss":"laudo: praise"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L35.x.4.m4a"},{"number":38,"id":"la.do.L35.x.5","source":"Puella laudāta est","translation":"the girl was praised, or has been praised","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Puella","gloss":"girl"},{"text":"laudāta","gloss":"laudo: praise"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L35.x.5.m4a"},{"number":39,"id":"la.do.L35.x.6","source":"Cōnsilium laudātum est","translation":"the plan was praised, or has been praised","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Cōnsilium","gloss":"consilium: plan"},{"text":"laudātum","gloss":"laudo: praise"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L35.x.6.m4a"},{"number":40,"id":"la.do.L35.x.7","source":"Virī laudātī sunt","translation":"the men were praised, or have been praised","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Virī","gloss":"vir: man, hero"},{"text":"laudātī","gloss":"laudo: praise"},{"text":"sunt","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L35.x.7.m4a"},{"number":41,"id":"la.do.L35.x.8","source":"Puellae laudātae sunt","translation":"the girls were praised, or have been praised","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Puellae","gloss":"puella: girl"},{"text":"laudātae","gloss":"laudo: praise"},{"text":"sunt","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L35.x.8.m4a"},{"number":42,"id":"la.do.L35.x.9","source":"Cōnsilia laudāta sunt","translation":"the plans were praised, or have been praised","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Cōnsilia","gloss":"consilium: plan"},{"text":"laudāta","gloss":"laudo: praise"},{"text":"sunt","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L35.x.9.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":201,"text":"D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XXXV, §§201-206\n\n§201. The fourth and last of the principal parts (§183) is the perfect passive participle. From it we get the participial stem on which are formed the future active infinitive and all the passive perfects.\n\n1. Learn the following principal parts, which are for the first time given in full:\n\nCONJ.  PRES. INDIC.  PRES. INFIN.  PERF. INDIC.  PERF. PASS. PART.\n   I.  amō           amā´-re       amā´v-ī       amā´t-us\n   This is the model for all regular verbs of the first conjugation.\n  II.  mo´neō        monē´-re      mo´nu-ī       mo´nit-us\n III.  regō          re´ge-re      rēx-ī         rēct-us\n       ca´piō        ca´pe-re      cēp-ī         capt-us\n  IV.  au´diō        audī´-re      audī´v-ī      audī´t-us\n\n2. The base of the participial stem is found by dropping -us from the perfect passive participle."},{"section":202,"text":"§202. In English the perfect, past perfect, and future perfect tenses of the indicative passive are made up of forms of the auxiliary verb to be and the past participle; as, I have been loved, I had been loved, I shall have been loved.\n\nVery similarly, in Latin, the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect passive tenses use respectively the present, imperfect, and future of sum as an auxiliary verb with the perfect passive participle, as\n\nPerfect passive, amā´tus sum, I have been or was loved Pluperfect passive, amā´tus eram, I had been loved Future perfect passive, amā´tus erō, I shall have been loved\n\n1. In the same way give the synopsis of the corresponding tenses of moneō, regō, capiō, and audiō, and give the English meanings."},{"section":203,"text":"§203. Nature of the Participle. A participle is partly verb and partly adjective. As a verb it possesses tense and voice. As an adjective it is declined and agrees with the word it modifies in gender, number, and case."},{"section":204,"text":"§204. The perfect passive participle is declined like bonus, bona, bonum, and in the compound tenses (§202) it agrees as a predicate adjective with the subject of the verb.\n\nEXAMPLES IN SINGULAR Vir laudātus est, the man was praised, or has been praised Puella laudāta est, the girl was praised, or has been praised Cōnsilium laudātum est, the plan was praised, or has been praised\n\nEXAMPLES IN PLURAL Virī laudātī sunt, the men were praised, or have been praised Puellae laudātae sunt, the girls were praised, or have been praised Cōnsilia laudāta sunt, the plans were praised, or have been praised\n\n1. Inflect the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect indicative passive of amō, moneō, regō, capiō, and audiō (§§488-492)."},{"section":205,"text":"§205. The perfect passive infinitive is formed by adding esse, the present infinitive of sum, to the perfect passive participle; as, amā´t-us (-a, -um) esse, to have been loved; mo´nit-us (-a, -um) esse, to have been advised.\n\n1. Form the perfect passive infinitive of regō, capiō, audiō, and give the English meanings."},{"section":206,"text":"§206. The future active infinitive is formed by adding esse, the present infinitive of sum, to the future active participle. This participle is made by adding -ūrus, -a, -um to the base of the participial stem. Thus the future active infinitive of amō is amat-ū´rus (-a, -um) esse, to be about to love.\n\na. Note that in forming the three tenses of the active infinitive we use all three conjugation stems:\n\nPresent, amāre (present stem), to love\nPerfect, amāvisse (perfect stem), to have loved\nFuture, amātūrus esse (participial stem), to be about to love\n\n1. Give the three tenses of the active infinitive of laudō, moneō, regō, capiō, audiō, with the English meanings."}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Latin into English (D'Ooge XXXV)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":43,"id":"la.do.L35.e1.1","source":"Fābula Andromedae nārrāta est.","translation":"The story of Andromeda has been told.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Fābula","gloss":"fabula: story, tale, fable"},{"text":"Andromedae","gloss":"Andromeda: Andromeda"},{"text":"nārrāta","gloss":"narro: tell, relate"},{"text":"est.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L35.e1.1.m4a"},{"number":44,"id":"la.do.L35.e1.2","source":"Multae fābulae ā magistrō nārrātae sunt.","translation":"Many stories have been told by the teacher.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Multae","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"fābulae","gloss":"fabula: story, tale, fable"},{"text":"ā","gloss":"a: from, by, off"},{"text":"magistrō","gloss":"magister: master, commander; teacher"},{"text":"nārrātae","gloss":"narro: tell, relate"},{"text":"sunt.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L35.e1.2.m4a"},{"number":45,"id":"la.do.L35.e1.3","source":"Ager ab agricolā validō arātus erat.","translation":"The field had been plowed by the sturdy farmer.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ager","gloss":"field"},{"text":"ab","gloss":"from, by"},{"text":"agricolā","gloss":"agricola: farmer"},{"text":"validō","gloss":"validus: strong, able, well"},{"text":"arātus","gloss":"aro: plow, till"},{"text":"erat.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L35.e1.3.m4a"},{"number":46,"id":"la.do.L35.e1.4","source":"Agrī ab agricolīs validīs arātī erant.","translation":"The fields had been plowed by the sturdy farmers.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Agrī","gloss":"ager: field"},{"text":"ab","gloss":"from, by"},{"text":"agricolīs","gloss":"agricola: farmer"},{"text":"validīs","gloss":"validus: strong, able, well"},{"text":"arātī","gloss":"aro: plow, till"},{"text":"erant.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L35.e1.4.m4a"},{"number":47,"id":"la.do.L35.e1.5","source":"Aurum ā servō perfidō ad domicilium suum portātum erit.","translation":"The gold will have been carried by the treacherous slave to his home.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Aurum","gloss":"gold"},{"text":"ā","gloss":"a: from, by, off"},{"text":"servō","gloss":"servus2: slave"},{"text":"perfidō","gloss":"perfidus: faithless, treacherous, false"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"domicilium","gloss":"dwelling place; abode"},{"text":"suum","gloss":"suus: his, her, hers, its, their, theirs"},{"text":"portātum","gloss":"porto: bear, carry"},{"text":"erit.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L35.e1.5.m4a"},{"number":48,"id":"la.do.L35.e1.6","source":"Nostra arma ā lēgātō laudāta sunt. Quis vestra arma laudāvit?","translation":"Our arms have been praised by the lieutenant. Who has praised your arms?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nostra","gloss":"noster: our, ours"},{"text":"arma","gloss":"arms"},{"text":"ā","gloss":"a: from, by, off"},{"text":"lēgātō","gloss":"legatus: lieutenant, ambassador"},{"text":"laudāta","gloss":"laudo: praise"},{"text":"sunt.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"Quis","gloss":"who?"},{"text":"vestra","gloss":"vester: your, yours"},{"text":"arma","gloss":"arms"},{"text":"laudāvit?","gloss":"laudo: praise"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L35.e1.6.m4a"},{"number":49,"id":"la.do.L35.e1.7","source":"Ab ancillā tuā ad cēnam vocātae sumus.","translation":"We have been called to dinner by your maidservant.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ab","gloss":"from, by"},{"text":"ancillā","gloss":"ancilla: maidservant"},{"text":"tuā","gloss":"tuus: your, yours"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"cēnam","gloss":"cena: dinner"},{"text":"vocātae","gloss":"voco: call, summon, invite"},{"text":"sumus.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L35.e1.7.m4a"},{"number":50,"id":"la.do.L35.e1.8","source":"Andromeda mōnstrō nōn data est, quia mōnstrum ā Perseō necātum erat.","translation":"Andromeda was not given to the monster, because the monster had been killed by Perseus.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Andromeda","gloss":"Andromeda"},{"text":"mōnstrō","gloss":"monstrum: omen, prodigy; monster"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"data","gloss":"do: give"},{"text":"est,","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"quia","gloss":"because"},{"text":"mōnstrum","gloss":"monstrum: omen, prodigy; monster"},{"text":"ā","gloss":"a: from, by, off"},{"text":"Perseō","gloss":"Perseus: Perseus"},{"text":"necātum","gloss":"neco: kill"},{"text":"erat.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L35.e1.8.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"English into Latin (D'Ooge XXXV)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":51,"id":"la.do.L35.e2.1","source":"Prōvinciae vāstātae sunt, ager vāstātus erat, oppida vāstāta erunt.","translation":"The provinces were laid waste, the field had been laid waste, the towns will have been laid waste.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Prōvinciae","gloss":"provincia: province"},{"text":"vāstātae","gloss":""},{"text":"sunt,","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"ager","gloss":"field"},{"text":"vāstātus","gloss":""},{"text":"erat,","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"oppida","gloss":"oppidum: town"},{"text":"vāstāta","gloss":""},{"text":"erunt.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L35.e2.1.m4a"},{"number":52,"id":"la.do.L35.e2.2","source":"Ōrācula audīta sunt, ōrāculum audītum est, ōrācula audīta erant.","translation":"The oracles were heard, the oracle was heard, the oracles had been heard.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ōrācula","gloss":"oraculum: oracle (place/agency/mouthpiece)"},{"text":"audīta","gloss":""},{"text":"sunt,","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"ōrāculum","gloss":"oraculum: oracle"},{"text":"audītum","gloss":"auditus2: hearing"},{"text":"est,","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"ōrācula","gloss":"oraculum: oracle (place/agency/mouthpiece)"},{"text":"audīta","gloss":""},{"text":"erant.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L35.e2.2.m4a"},{"number":53,"id":"la.do.L35.e2.3","source":"Ōrāculum audītum erit, prōvincia capta erat, nāvigia capta sunt.","translation":"The oracle will have been heard, the province had been captured, the boats have been captured.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ōrāculum","gloss":"oraculum: oracle"},{"text":"audītum","gloss":"auditus2: hearing"},{"text":"erit,","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"prōvincia","gloss":"provincia: province"},{"text":"capta","gloss":"capio: take, seize, capture"},{"text":"erat,","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"nāvigia","gloss":"navigium: boat, ship"},{"text":"capta","gloss":"capio: take, seize, capture"},{"text":"sunt.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L35.e2.3.m4a"},{"number":54,"id":"la.do.L35.e2.4","source":"Agrī vāstātī sunt, vir monitus est, puellae monitae erunt.","translation":"The fields were laid waste, the man was advised, the girls will have been advised.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Agrī","gloss":"ager: field"},{"text":"vāstātī","gloss":""},{"text":"sunt,","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"vir","gloss":"man, hero"},{"text":"monitus","gloss":""},{"text":"est,","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"puellae","gloss":"puella: girl"},{"text":"monitae","gloss":""},{"text":"erunt.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L35.e2.4.m4a"},{"number":55,"id":"la.do.L35.e2.5","source":"Oppida rēcta erant, captī erimus, audītus eris.","translation":"The towns had been ruled, we shall have been captured, you will have been heard.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Oppida","gloss":"oppidum: town"},{"text":"rēcta","gloss":"rectum: virtue"},{"text":"erant,","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"captī","gloss":"capio: take, seize, capture"},{"text":"erimus,","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"audītus","gloss":"auditus2: hearing"},{"text":"eris.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L35.e2.5.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"audītum","gloss":"hearing, from auditus"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Review of Principal Parts: Prepositions: Yes-Or-No Questions (D'Ooge XXXVI)","teaching":[{"title":"Two questions, two expected answers","paragraphs":["Nōnne venit means \"is he not coming\". Nōnne signals that the expected answer is yes.","Num venit means \"he is not coming, is he\". Num signals that the expected answer is no."]},{"title":"Six prepositions take the ablative","paragraphs":["Latin uses the ablative with ā or ab, cum, dē, ē or ex, prō, and sine.","The table pairs each preposition with its English meanings."]},{"title":"Prepositions","paragraphs":[]}],"lines":[{"number":56,"id":"la.do.L36.x.1","source":"Nōnne venit?","translation":"is he not coming?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nōnne","gloss":"nonne: not?"},{"text":"venit?","gloss":"venio: come, go"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L36.x.1.m4a"},{"number":57,"id":"la.do.L36.x.2","source":"Num venit?","translation":"he isn´t coming, is he?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Num","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"venit?","gloss":"venio: come, go"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L36.x.2.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":208,"text":"D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XXXVI, §§208-210\n\n§208. The following list shows the principal parts of all the verbs you have had excepting those used in the paradigms. The parts you have had before are given for review, and the perfect participle is the only new form for you to learn. Sometimes one or more of the principal parts are lacking, which means that the verb has no forms based on that stem. A few verbs lack the perfect passive participle but have the future active participle in -ūrus, which appears in the principal parts instead.\n\nIRREGULAR VERBS\n\nsum       esse       fuī      futūrus      be\nabsum     abesse     āfuī     āfutūrus     be away\ndō[1]   dare       dedī     datus        give\n[1] dō is best classed with the irregular verbs because of the short a in the present and participial stems.\n\nCONJUGATION I\n\nportō     portāre     portāvī     portātus     carry\n\nSo for all verbs of this conjugation thus far used.\n\nCONJUGATION II\n\ncontineō     continēre     continuī    contentus     hold in, keep\ndēleō        dēlēre        dēlēvī      dēlētus       destroy\ndoceō        docēre        docuī       doctus        teach\negeō         egēre         eguī         ----         lack\nfaveō        favēre        fāvī        fautūrus      favor\niubeō        iubēre        iussī       iussus        order\nmoveō        movēre        mōvī        mōtus         move\nnoceō        nocēre        nocuī       nocitūrus     injure\npāreō        pārēre        pāruī        ----         obey\npersuādeō    persuādēre    persuāsī    persuāsus     persuade (from)\nprohibeō     prohibēre     prohibuī    prohibitus    restrain, keep\nrespondeō    respondēre    respondī    respōnsus     reply\nsedeō        sedēre        sēdī        -sessus       sit\nstudeō       studēre       studuī        ----        be eager\nvideō        vidēre        vīdī        vīsus         see\n\nCONJUGATION III\n\nagō           agere          ēgī          āctus          drive\ncrēdō         crēdere        crēdidī      crēditus       believe\ndīcō          dīcere         dīxī         dictus         say\ndiscēdō       discēdere      discessī     discessus      depart\ndūcō          dūcere         dūxī         ductus         lead\nfaciō[2]    facere         fēcī         factus         make\nfugiō         fugere         fūgī         fugitūrus      flee\niaciō         iacere         iēcī         iactus         hurl\ninterficiō    interficere    interfēcī    interfectus    kill\nmittō         mittere        mīsī         missus         send\nrapiō         rapere         rapuī        raptus         seize\nresistō       resistere      restitī       ----          resist\n[2] faciō has an irregular passive which will be presented later.\n\nCONJUGATION IV\n\nmūniō       mūnīre       mūnīvī       mūnītus      fortify\nreperiō     reperīre     rep´perī     repertus     find\nveniō       venīre       vēnī         ventus       come"},{"section":209,"text":"§209. Prepositions. 1. We learned in §§52, 53 that only the accusative and the ablative are used with prepositions, and that prepositions expressing ablative relations govern the ablative case. Those we have had are here summarized. The table following should be learned.\n\nā or ab,  from, by\ncum,        with\ndē,         down from, concerning\nē or ex,  out from, out of\nprō,        before, in front of; for, in behalf of\nsine,       without\n\n2. Prepositions not expressing ablative relations must govern the accusative (§52). Of these we have had the following:\n\nad,    to;\napud,  among;\nper,   through\n\nThere are many others which you will meet as we proceed.\n\n3. The preposition in when meaning in or on governs the ablative; when meaning to, into, against (relations foreign to the ablative) in governs the accusative."},{"section":210,"text":"§210. Yes-or-No Questions. Questions not introduced by some interrogative word like who, why, when, etc., but expecting the answer yes or no, may take one of three forms:\n\n1. Is he coming? (Asking for information. Implying nothing as to the answer expected.) 2. Is he not coming? (Expecting the answer yes.) 3. He isn´t coming, is he? (Expecting the answer no.)\n\nThese three forms are rendered in Latin as follows:\n\n1. Venitne? is he coming?\n2. Nōnne venit? is he not coming?\n3. Num venit? he isn´t coming, is he?\n\na. -ne, the question sign, is usually added to the verb, which then stands first.\n\nb. We learned in §56.b that yes-or-no questions are usually answered by repeating the verb, with or without a negative. Instead of this, ita, vērō, certē, etc. (so, truly, certainly, etc.) may be used for yes, and nōn, minimē, etc. for no if the denial is emphatic, as, by no means, not at all."}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Latin into English (D'Ooge XXXVI)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":58,"id":"la.do.L36.e1.1","source":"Nōnne habēbat Cornēlia ōrnāmenta aurī? Habēbat.","translation":"Did not Cornelia have ornaments of gold? She did.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nōnne","gloss":"nonne: not?"},{"text":"habēbat","gloss":"habeo: have, hold; regard, consider, deem"},{"text":"Cornēlia","gloss":"Cornelia: Cornelia"},{"text":"ōrnāmenta","gloss":"ornamentum: ornament, jewel"},{"text":"aurī?","gloss":"aurum: gold"},{"text":"Habēbat.","gloss":"habeo: have, hold; regard, consider, deem"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L36.e1.1.m4a"},{"number":59,"id":"la.do.L36.e1.2","source":"Num Sextus lēgātus scūtum in dextrō bracchiō gerēbat? Nōn in dextrō, sed sinistrō in bracchiō Sextus scūtum gerēbat.","translation":"Sextus the lieutenant did not carry his shield on his right arm, did he? Not on the right, but on the left arm Sextus carried his shield.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Num","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"Sextus","gloss":"Sextus"},{"text":"lēgātus","gloss":"legatus: lieutenant, ambassador"},{"text":"scūtum","gloss":"scutum: shield"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"dextrō","gloss":"dexter: right"},{"text":"bracchiō","gloss":"bracchium: forearm, arm"},{"text":"gerēbat?","gloss":"gero: bear, carry on; wear"},{"text":"Nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"dextrō,","gloss":"dexter: right"},{"text":"sed","gloss":"but"},{"text":"sinistrō","gloss":"sinister: left"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"bracchiō","gloss":"bracchium: forearm, arm"},{"text":"Sextus","gloss":"Sextus"},{"text":"scūtum","gloss":"scutum: shield"},{"text":"gerēbat.","gloss":"gero: bear, carry on; wear"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L36.e1.2.m4a"},{"number":60,"id":"la.do.L36.e1.3","source":"Frūstrā bella multa ab Gallīs gesta erant.","translation":"Many wars had been waged in vain by the Gauls.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Frūstrā","gloss":"frustra: in vain"},{"text":"bella","gloss":"bellum: war"},{"text":"multa","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"ab","gloss":"from, by"},{"text":"Gallīs","gloss":"Gallus: a Gaul"},{"text":"gesta","gloss":"gero: bear, carry on; wear"},{"text":"erant.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L36.e1.3.m4a"},{"number":61,"id":"la.do.L36.e1.4","source":"Ubi oppidum ā perfidō Sextō occupātum est, oppidānī miserī gladiō interfectī sunt.","translation":"When the town was seized by the treacherous Sextus, the wretched townsmen were killed with the sword.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ubi","gloss":"where"},{"text":"oppidum","gloss":"town"},{"text":"ā","gloss":"a: from, by, off"},{"text":"perfidō","gloss":"perfidus: faithless, treacherous, false"},{"text":"Sextō","gloss":"sextus: Sextus"},{"text":"occupātum","gloss":"occupo: seize, take possession of"},{"text":"est,","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"oppidānī","gloss":"oppidanus: townsman"},{"text":"miserī","gloss":"miser: wretched, unfortunate"},{"text":"gladiō","gloss":"gladius: sword"},{"text":"interfectī","gloss":"interficio: kill"},{"text":"sunt.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L36.e1.4.m4a"},{"number":62,"id":"la.do.L36.e1.5","source":"Id oppidum erat plēnum frūmentī.","translation":"That town was full of grain.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Id","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"oppidum","gloss":"town"},{"text":"erat","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"plēnum","gloss":"plenus: full"},{"text":"frūmentī.","gloss":"frumentum: grain"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L36.e1.5.m4a"},{"number":63,"id":"la.do.L36.e1.6","source":"Nōnne Sextus ab oppidānīs frūmentum postulāvit? Vērō, sed iī recūsāvērunt frūmentum dare.","translation":"Did not Sextus demand grain from the townsmen? Yes, but they refused to give the grain.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nōnne","gloss":"nonne: not?"},{"text":"Sextus","gloss":"Sextus"},{"text":"ab","gloss":"from, by"},{"text":"oppidānīs","gloss":"oppidanus: townsman"},{"text":"frūmentum","gloss":"frumentum: grain"},{"text":"postulāvit?","gloss":"postulo: demand"},{"text":"Vērō,","gloss":"vero: truly, indeed, in fact; but, however"},{"text":"sed","gloss":"but"},{"text":"iī","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"recūsāvērunt","gloss":"recuso: refuse"},{"text":"frūmentum","gloss":"frumentum: grain"},{"text":"dare.","gloss":"do: give"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L36.e1.6.m4a"},{"number":64,"id":"la.do.L36.e1.7","source":"Cūr oppidum ab Sextō dēlētum est? Quia frūmentum recūsātum est.","translation":"Why was the town destroyed by Sextus? Because the grain was refused.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Cūr","gloss":"cur: why"},{"text":"oppidum","gloss":"town"},{"text":"ab","gloss":"from, by"},{"text":"Sextō","gloss":"sextus: Sextus"},{"text":"dēlētum","gloss":"deleo: blot out, destroy"},{"text":"est?","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"Quia","gloss":"because"},{"text":"frūmentum","gloss":"frumentum: grain"},{"text":"recūsātum","gloss":"recuso: refuse"},{"text":"est.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L36.e1.7.m4a"},{"number":65,"id":"la.do.L36.e1.8","source":"Ea victōria nōn dubia erat.","translation":"That victory was not doubtful.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ea","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"victōria","gloss":"victoria: victory"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"dubia","gloss":"dubius: doubtful"},{"text":"erat.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L36.e1.8.m4a"},{"number":66,"id":"la.do.L36.e1.9","source":"Oppidānī erant dēfessī et armīs egēbant.","translation":"The townsmen were worn out and lacked arms.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Oppidānī","gloss":"oppidanus: townsman"},{"text":"erant","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"dēfessī","gloss":"defetiscor: become exhausted/suffer exhaustion, grow weary/faint/tired/weak"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"armīs","gloss":"arma: arms"},{"text":"egēbant.","gloss":"egeo: lack, need, be without"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L36.e1.9.m4a"},{"number":67,"id":"la.do.L36.e1.10","source":"Num fugam temptāvērunt? Minimē.","translation":"They did not attempt flight, did they? By no means.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Num","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"fugam","gloss":"fuga: flight"},{"text":"temptāvērunt?","gloss":"tento: handle, feel"},{"text":"Minimē.","gloss":"minime: least, very little; by no means"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L36.e1.10.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"English into Latin (D'Ooge XXXVI)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":68,"id":"la.do.L36.e2.1","source":"Ubi Iūlia stābat? Ubi iusserās stābat.","translation":"Where was Julia standing? She was standing where you had ordered.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ubi","gloss":"where"},{"text":"Iūlia","gloss":"Julia: Julia"},{"text":"stābat?","gloss":"sto: stand"},{"text":"Ubi","gloss":"where"},{"text":"iusserās","gloss":""},{"text":"stābat.","gloss":"sto: stand"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L36.e2.1.m4a"},{"number":69,"id":"la.do.L36.e2.2","source":"Gerēbatne Iūlia ūlla ōrnāmenta? Multa ōrnāmenta aurī habēbat.","translation":"Was Julia wearing any ornaments? She had many ornaments of gold.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Gerēbatne","gloss":""},{"text":"Iūlia","gloss":"Julia: Julia"},{"text":"ūlla","gloss":"ullus: any"},{"text":"ōrnāmenta?","gloss":"ornamentum: ornament, jewel"},{"text":"Multa","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"ōrnāmenta","gloss":"ornamentum: ornament, jewel"},{"text":"aurī","gloss":"aurum: gold"},{"text":"habēbat.","gloss":"habeo: have, hold; regard, consider, deem"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L36.e2.2.m4a"},{"number":70,"id":"la.do.L36.e2.3","source":"Nōnne fugam temptāvit ubi perīculum vīdit? Temptāvit.","translation":"Did she not attempt flight when she saw the danger? She did.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nōnne","gloss":"nonne: not?"},{"text":"fugam","gloss":"fuga: flight"},{"text":"temptāvit","gloss":"tento: handle, feel"},{"text":"ubi","gloss":"where"},{"text":"perīculum","gloss":"periculum: danger, peril"},{"text":"vīdit?","gloss":"video: see, perceive"},{"text":"Temptāvit.","gloss":"tento: handle, feel"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L36.e2.3.m4a"},{"number":71,"id":"la.do.L36.e2.4","source":"Quis eam cēpit? Galba eam sine morā cēpit et bracchiō sinistrō tenuit.","translation":"Who captured her? Galba captured her without delay and held her by the left arm.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quis","gloss":"who?"},{"text":"eam","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"cēpit?","gloss":"capio: take, seize, capture"},{"text":"Galba","gloss":"Galba"},{"text":"eam","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"sine","gloss":"without"},{"text":"morā","gloss":"mora: delay"},{"text":"cēpit","gloss":"capio: take, seize, capture"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"bracchiō","gloss":"bracchium: forearm, arm"},{"text":"sinistrō","gloss":"sinister: left"},{"text":"tenuit.","gloss":"teneo: keep, hold"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L36.e2.4.m4a"},{"number":72,"id":"la.do.L36.e2.5","source":"Num aurum dominae habēbat? Minimē; aurum ab ancillā perfidā captum erat et reportātum est.","translation":"She didn´t have the lady’s gold, did she? No, the gold had been taken by a faithless maid and has been brought back.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Num","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"aurum","gloss":"gold"},{"text":"dominae","gloss":"domina: lady of the house, mistress"},{"text":"habēbat?","gloss":"habeo: have, hold; regard, consider, deem"},{"text":"Minimē;","gloss":"minime: least, very little; by no means"},{"text":"aurum","gloss":"gold"},{"text":"ab","gloss":"from, by"},{"text":"ancillā","gloss":"ancilla: maidservant"},{"text":"perfidā","gloss":""},{"text":"captum","gloss":"capio: take, seize, capture"},{"text":"erat","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"reportātum","gloss":""},{"text":"est.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L36.e2.5.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]}]}