# Prīmus et Secundus Annus, Lessons XXXIII–XXXVI Latin for Beginners I Pluperfect and Future Perfect Active Indicative: Perfect Active Infinitive; Review of the Active Voice; The Passive Perfects of the Indicative: The Perfect Passive and Future Active Infinitive; Review of Principal Parts: Prepositions: Yes-Or-No Questions Source: https://1732studios.com/courses/la/24. Data: https://1732studios.com/courses/la/24.json. ## Latin into English (D'Ooge XXXIII) ### The sign -erā- Mōnstrum saevum domicilia multa dēlēverat means "The savage monster had destroyed many homes." In dēlēverat, -erā- marks the pluperfect before the ending -t. The pluperfect active adds -erā- and the personal endings to the perfect stem. ### The sign -eri- Amīcī ab Andromedā discesserint means "The friends will have departed from Andromeda." In discesserint, -eri- marks the future perfect before its plural ending. The future perfect active adds -eri- and the personal endings to the perfect stem. ### The ending -isse The perfect active infinitive adds -isse to the perfect stem. The forms pair each perfect stem with -isse and its English meaning. ### The Perfect Active Infinitive **1** Quem verba ōrāculī mōverant? Populum verba ōrāculī mōverant. Whom had the words of the oracle moved? The words of the oracle had moved the people. **2** Cui Cēpheus verba ōrāculī nārrāverit? Perseō Cēpheus verba ōrāculī nārrāverit. To whom will Cepheus have told the words of the oracle? Cepheus will have told the words of the oracle to Perseus. **3** Amīcī ab Andromedā discesserint. The friends will have departed from Andromeda. **4** Mōnstrum saevum domicilia multa dēlēverat. The savage monster had destroyed many homes. **5** Ubi mōnstrum vīdistis? Id in aquā vīdimus. Where did you see the monster? We saw it in the water. **6** Quid mōnstrum faciet? Mōnstrum Andromedam interficiet. What will the monster do? The monster will kill Andromeda. ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XXXIII, §§194-195 §194. CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV amō moneō regō capiō audiō PERFECT STEMS amāv- monu- rēx- cēp- audīv- PLUPERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE TENSE SIGN -erā- SINGULAR I had loved I had advised I had ruled I had taken I had heard 1. amā´veram monu´eram rē´xeram cē´peram audī´veram 2. amā´verās monu´erās rē´xerās cē´perās audī´verās 3. amā´verat monu´erat rē´xerat cē´perat audī´verat PLURAL 1. amāverā´mus monuerā´mus rēxerā´mus cēperā´mus audīverā´mus 2. amāverā´tis monuerā´tis rēxerā´tis cēperā´tis audīverā´tis 3. amā´verant monu´erant rē´xerant cē´perant audī´verant FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE TENSE SIGN -eri- SINGULAR I shall have I shall have I shall have I shall have I shall have loved advised ruled taken heard 1. amā´verō monu´erō rē´xerō cē´perō audī´verō 2. amā´veris monu´eris rē´xeris cē´peris audī´veris 3. amā´verit monu´erit rē´xerit cē´perit audī´verit PLURAL 1. amāve´rimus monue´rimus rēxe´rimus cēpe´rimus audīve´rimus 2. amāve´ritis monue´ritis rēxe´ritis cēpe´ritis audīve´ritis 3. amā´verint monu´erint rē´xerint cē´perint audī´verint 1. Observe that these are all inflected alike and the rules for formation given in §187.2-4 hold good here. 2. In like manner inflect the pluperfect and future perfect indicative active of dō, portō, dēleō, moveō, habeō, dīcō, discēdō, faciō, veniō, mūniō. ``` ``` §195. The Perfect Active Infinitive. The perfect active infinitive is formed by adding -isse to the perfect stem. CONJ PERFECT STEM PERFECT INFINITIVE I. amāv- amāvis´se, to have loved II. monu- monuis´se, to have advised III. (a) rēx- rēxis´se, to have ruled (b) cēp- cēpis´se, to have taken IV. audīv audīvis´se, to have heard sum fu- fuis´se, to have been 1. In like manner give the perfect infinitive active of dō, portō, dēleō, moveō, habeō, dīcō, discēdō, faciō, veniō, mūniō. ``` ## Give the forms (D'Ooge XXXIII) **7** Mūnīvit, dederam, mīserō. He has fortified, I had given, I shall have sent. **8** Habuerimus, dēlēvī, pāruit, fuisse. We shall have had, I have destroyed, he has obeyed, to have been. **9** Dederās, mūnīveritis, vēnerātis, mīsisse. You (sing.) had given, you (pl.) will have fortified, you (pl.) had come, to have sent. **10** Vēnerās, fēcisse, dederātis, portāveris. You (sing.) had come, to have made, you (pl.) had given, you (sing.) will have carried. **11** habeō have, hold; regard, consider, deem **12** videō see, perceive **13** mittō send | word | gloss | |---|---| | mūnīveritis | fortify | ## English into Latin (D'Ooge XXXIII) **14** Pāruērunt, dēlēvimus, habuerō. They have obeyed, we have destroyed, I shall have had. **15** Mīserimus, vēneram, mūnīvērunt. We shall have sent, I had come, they have fortified. **16** Discesseram, pāruit, mīsistī, mīsistis. I had departed, he has obeyed, you have sent. **17** Dēlēvisse, vīdisse, dederit, portāvērunt. To have destroyed, to have seen, he will have given, they have carried. **18** Dēlēverat, mōvit, habuistī, habuistis. He had destroyed, he has moved, you have had (sing. and plur.). **19** Dedī, mōverās, mōverātis, dīxerāmus. I have given, you had moved, we had said. **20** Fēceris, fēceritis, dūxerint, dedisse. You will have made (sing. and plur.), they will have led, to have given. **21** Quis mōnstrum vīderat? Andromeda id vīderat. Who had seen the monster? Andromeda had seen it. **22** Cūr virī ex oppidīs discesserant? Discesserant quia mōnstrum vēnerat. Why had the men departed from[1] the towns? They had departed because the monster had come. **23** Pāruitne Cēpheus ōrāculō? Pāruit. Did Cepheus obey[2] the oracle[3]? He did. ## Perseus and Andromeda, concluded (D'Ooge XXXIV) ### Two kinds of past action Perseus semper proeliō studēbat et respondit, "Verba tua sunt maximē grāta," et laetus arma sua magica parāvit. Perseus was always eager for battle, then answered and prepared his magic arms. Studēbat is imperfect and presents an ongoing past action. Respondit and parāvit are perfect and present completed past actions. ### How the two tenses are formed The imperfect uses the present stem plus -bam. The perfect uses the third principal part. ### The third principal part Respondit comes from respondī, the third principal part of respondeō. Later, interfēcit comes from interfēcī, the third principal part of interficiō. The two tables pair each present form and infinitive with its perfect principal part. **24** Perseus semper proeliō studēbat et respondit, “Verba tua sunt maximē grāta,” et laetus arma sua magica parāvit. Perseus was always eager for battle, and he answered, "Your words are most pleasing," and joyfully prepared his magic arms. **25** Subitō mōnstrum vidētur; celeriter per aquam properat et Andromedae adpropinquat. Suddenly the monster is seen; swiftly it hastens through the water and approaches Andromeda. **26** Eius amīcī longē absunt et misera puella est sōla. Her friends are far away, and the wretched girl is alone. **27** Perseus autem sine morā super aquam volāvit. But Perseus without delay flew over the water. **28** Subitō dēscendit et dūrō gladiō saevum mōnstrum graviter vulnerāvit. Suddenly he came down and with his hard sword severely wounded the savage monster. **29** Diū pugnātur, diū proelium est dubium. Long there is fighting, long the battle is doubtful. **30** Dēnique autem Perseus mōnstrum interfēcit et victōriam reportāvit. At last, however, Perseus killed the monster and won the victory. **31** Tum ad saxum vēnit et Andromedam līberāvit et eam ad Cēpheum dūxit. Then he came to the rock and freed Andromeda and led her to Cepheus. **32** Is, nūper miser, nunc laetus, ita dīxit: “Tuō auxiliō, mī amīce, cāra fīlia mea est lībera; tua est Andromeda.” He, lately wretched, now happy, spoke thus: "By your aid, my friend, my dear daughter is free; Andromeda is yours." **33** Diū Perseus cum Andromedā ibi habitābat et magnopere ā tōtō populō amābātur. Long Perseus lived there with Andromeda, and he was greatly loved by the whole people. ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XXXIV, §§197-199 §197. A review of the tenses of the indicative active shows the following formation: { PRESENT = First of the principal parts TENSES { IMPERFECT = Present stem + -ba-m OF THE { FUTURE = Present stem + -bō, Conj. I and II INDICATIVE { -a-m, Conj. III and IV { PERFECT = Third of the principal parts { PLUPERFECT = Perfect stem + -era-m { FUTURE PERFECT = Perfect stem + -erō ``` ``` §198. The synopsis of the active voice of amō, as far as we have learned the conjugation, is as follows: PRINCIPAL PARTS amō, amāre, amāvī PRES. STEM amā- { Pres. amō INDIC. { Imperf. amābam { Fut. amābō PRES. IMV. amā PRES. INFIN. amāre PERF. STEM amāv- { Perf. amāvī INDIC. { Pluperf. amāveram { Fut. perf. amāverō PERF. INFIN. amāvisse 1. Learn to write in the same form and to give rapidly the principal parts and synopsis of parō, dō, laudō, dēleō, habeō, moveō, pāreō, videō, dīcō, discēdō, dūcō, mittō, capiō, muniō, veniō.[1] [1] Learn to give synopses rapidly, and not only in the first person singular but in any person of either number. ``` ``` §199. Learn the following principal parts:[2] [2] These are all verbs that you have had before, and the perfect is the only new form to be learned. PRES. INDIC. PRES. INFIN. PERF. INDIC. IRREGULAR VERBS sum esse fuī be ab´sum abes´se ā´fuī be away dō dare dedī give CONJUGATION II contineō continēre continuī hold in, keep doceō docēre docuī teach egeō egēre eguī need faveō favēre fāvī favor iubeō iubēre iussī order noceō nocēre nocuī injure persuādeō persuādēre persuāsī persuade respondeō respondēre respondī reply sedeō sedēre sēdī sit studeō studēre studuī be eager CONJUGATION III agō agere ēgī drive crēdō crēdere crēdidī believe fugiō fugere fūgī flee iaciō iacere iēcī hurl interficiō interficere interfēcī kill rapiō rapere rapuī seize resis´tō resis´tere re´stitī resist CONJUGATION IV repe´riō reperī´re rep´perī find ``` ## The Passive Perfects of the Indicative: The Perfect Passive and Future Active Infinitive (D'Ooge XXXV) ### The fourth form gives amātus Amātus sum means I have been loved or I was loved. Amātus is the fourth principal part of amō. This fourth form gives the participial stem used in every passive perfect. The table gives that form for five regular verbs. ### Perf. pass. part. ### The form of sum sets the tense Latin joins the perfect passive participle to the present, imperfect, or future of sum. Amātus sum means I have been loved or I was loved. Amātus eram means I had been loved. Amātus erō means I shall have been loved. The form of sum distinguishes perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect. ### The participle agrees with the subject Vir laudātus est means the man was praised or has been praised. Laudātus agrees with Vir in gender, number, and case. The form changes with the subject: Puella laudāta est and Cōnsilium laudātum est. The plural forms are Virī laudātī sunt, Puellae laudātae sunt, and Cōnsilia laudāta sunt. **34** amātus sum I have been or was loved **35** amātus eram I had been loved **36** amātus erō I shall have been loved **37** Vir laudātus est the man was praised, or has been praised **38** Puella laudāta est the girl was praised, or has been praised **39** Cōnsilium laudātum est the plan was praised, or has been praised **40** Virī laudātī sunt the men were praised, or have been praised **41** Puellae laudātae sunt the girls were praised, or have been praised **42** Cōnsilia laudāta sunt the plans were praised, or have been praised ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XXXV, §§201-206 §201. The fourth and last of the principal parts (§183) is the perfect passive participle. From it we get the participial stem on which are formed the future active infinitive and all the passive perfects. 1. Learn the following principal parts, which are for the first time given in full: CONJ. PRES. INDIC. PRES. INFIN. PERF. INDIC. PERF. PASS. PART. I. amō amā´-re amā´v-ī amā´t-us This is the model for all regular verbs of the first conjugation. II. mo´neō monē´-re mo´nu-ī mo´nit-us III. regō re´ge-re rēx-ī rēct-us ca´piō ca´pe-re cēp-ī capt-us IV. au´diō audī´-re audī´v-ī audī´t-us 2. The base of the participial stem is found by dropping -us from the perfect passive participle. ``` ``` §202. In English the perfect, past perfect, and future perfect tenses of the indicative passive are made up of forms of the auxiliary verb to be and the past participle; as, I have been loved, I had been loved, I shall have been loved. Very similarly, in Latin, the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect passive tenses use respectively the present, imperfect, and future of sum as an auxiliary verb with the perfect passive participle, as Perfect passive, amā´tus sum, I have been or was loved Pluperfect passive, amā´tus eram, I had been loved Future perfect passive, amā´tus erō, I shall have been loved 1. In the same way give the synopsis of the corresponding tenses of moneō, regō, capiō, and audiō, and give the English meanings. ``` ``` §203. Nature of the Participle. A participle is partly verb and partly adjective. As a verb it possesses tense and voice. As an adjective it is declined and agrees with the word it modifies in gender, number, and case. ``` ``` §204. The perfect passive participle is declined like bonus, bona, bonum, and in the compound tenses (§202) it agrees as a predicate adjective with the subject of the verb. EXAMPLES IN SINGULAR Vir laudātus est, the man was praised, or has been praised Puella laudāta est, the girl was praised, or has been praised Cōnsilium laudātum est, the plan was praised, or has been praised EXAMPLES IN PLURAL Virī laudātī sunt, the men were praised, or have been praised Puellae laudātae sunt, the girls were praised, or have been praised Cōnsilia laudāta sunt, the plans were praised, or have been praised 1. Inflect the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect indicative passive of amō, moneō, regō, capiō, and audiō (§§488-492). ``` ``` §205. The perfect passive infinitive is formed by adding esse, the present infinitive of sum, to the perfect passive participle; as, amā´t-us (-a, -um) esse, to have been loved; mo´nit-us (-a, -um) esse, to have been advised. 1. Form the perfect passive infinitive of regō, capiō, audiō, and give the English meanings. ``` ``` §206. The future active infinitive is formed by adding esse, the present infinitive of sum, to the future active participle. This participle is made by adding -ūrus, -a, -um to the base of the participial stem. Thus the future active infinitive of amō is amat-ū´rus (-a, -um) esse, to be about to love. a. Note that in forming the three tenses of the active infinitive we use all three conjugation stems: Present, amāre (present stem), to love Perfect, amāvisse (perfect stem), to have loved Future, amātūrus esse (participial stem), to be about to love 1. Give the three tenses of the active infinitive of laudō, moneō, regō, capiō, audiō, with the English meanings. ``` ## Latin into English (D'Ooge XXXV) **43** Fābula Andromedae nārrāta est. The story of Andromeda has been told. **44** Multae fābulae ā magistrō nārrātae sunt. Many stories have been told by the teacher. **45** Ager ab agricolā validō arātus erat. The field had been plowed by the sturdy farmer. **46** Agrī ab agricolīs validīs arātī erant. The fields had been plowed by the sturdy farmers. **47** Aurum ā servō perfidō ad domicilium suum portātum erit. The gold will have been carried by the treacherous slave to his home. **48** Nostra arma ā lēgātō laudāta sunt. Quis vestra arma laudāvit? Our arms have been praised by the lieutenant. Who has praised your arms? **49** Ab ancillā tuā ad cēnam vocātae sumus. We have been called to dinner by your maidservant. **50** Andromeda mōnstrō nōn data est, quia mōnstrum ā Perseō necātum erat. Andromeda was not given to the monster, because the monster had been killed by Perseus. ## English into Latin (D'Ooge XXXV) **51** Prōvinciae vāstātae sunt, ager vāstātus erat, oppida vāstāta erunt. The provinces were laid waste, the field had been laid waste, the towns will have been laid waste. **52** Ōrācula audīta sunt, ōrāculum audītum est, ōrācula audīta erant. The oracles were heard, the oracle was heard, the oracles had been heard. **53** Ōrāculum audītum erit, prōvincia capta erat, nāvigia capta sunt. The oracle will have been heard, the province had been captured, the boats have been captured. **54** Agrī vāstātī sunt, vir monitus est, puellae monitae erunt. The fields were laid waste, the man was advised, the girls will have been advised. **55** Oppida rēcta erant, captī erimus, audītus eris. The towns had been ruled, we shall have been captured, you will have been heard. | word | gloss | |---|---| | audītum | hearing, from auditus | ## Review of Principal Parts: Prepositions: Yes-Or-No Questions (D'Ooge XXXVI) ### Two questions, two expected answers Nōnne venit means "is he not coming". Nōnne signals that the expected answer is yes. Num venit means "he is not coming, is he". Num signals that the expected answer is no. ### Six prepositions take the ablative Latin uses the ablative with ā or ab, cum, dē, ē or ex, prō, and sine. The table pairs each preposition with its English meanings. ### Prepositions **56** Nōnne venit? is he not coming? **57** Num venit? he isn´t coming, is he? ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XXXVI, §§208-210 §208. The following list shows the principal parts of all the verbs you have had excepting those used in the paradigms. The parts you have had before are given for review, and the perfect participle is the only new form for you to learn. Sometimes one or more of the principal parts are lacking, which means that the verb has no forms based on that stem. A few verbs lack the perfect passive participle but have the future active participle in -ūrus, which appears in the principal parts instead. IRREGULAR VERBS sum esse fuī futūrus be absum abesse āfuī āfutūrus be away dō[1] dare dedī datus give [1] dō is best classed with the irregular verbs because of the short a in the present and participial stems. CONJUGATION I portō portāre portāvī portātus carry So for all verbs of this conjugation thus far used. CONJUGATION II contineō continēre continuī contentus hold in, keep dēleō dēlēre dēlēvī dēlētus destroy doceō docēre docuī doctus teach egeō egēre eguī ---- lack faveō favēre fāvī fautūrus favor iubeō iubēre iussī iussus order moveō movēre mōvī mōtus move noceō nocēre nocuī nocitūrus injure pāreō pārēre pāruī ---- obey persuādeō persuādēre persuāsī persuāsus persuade (from) prohibeō prohibēre prohibuī prohibitus restrain, keep respondeō respondēre respondī respōnsus reply sedeō sedēre sēdī -sessus sit studeō studēre studuī ---- be eager videō vidēre vīdī vīsus see CONJUGATION III agō agere ēgī āctus drive crēdō crēdere crēdidī crēditus believe dīcō dīcere dīxī dictus say discēdō discēdere discessī discessus depart dūcō dūcere dūxī ductus lead faciō[2] facere fēcī factus make fugiō fugere fūgī fugitūrus flee iaciō iacere iēcī iactus hurl interficiō interficere interfēcī interfectus kill mittō mittere mīsī missus send rapiō rapere rapuī raptus seize resistō resistere restitī ---- resist [2] faciō has an irregular passive which will be presented later. CONJUGATION IV mūniō mūnīre mūnīvī mūnītus fortify reperiō reperīre rep´perī repertus find veniō venīre vēnī ventus come ``` ``` §209. Prepositions. 1. We learned in §§52, 53 that only the accusative and the ablative are used with prepositions, and that prepositions expressing ablative relations govern the ablative case. Those we have had are here summarized. The table following should be learned. ā or ab, from, by cum, with dē, down from, concerning ē or ex, out from, out of prō, before, in front of; for, in behalf of sine, without 2. Prepositions not expressing ablative relations must govern the accusative (§52). Of these we have had the following: ad, to; apud, among; per, through There are many others which you will meet as we proceed. 3. The preposition in when meaning in or on governs the ablative; when meaning to, into, against (relations foreign to the ablative) in governs the accusative. ``` ``` §210. Yes-or-No Questions. Questions not introduced by some interrogative word like who, why, when, etc., but expecting the answer yes or no, may take one of three forms: 1. Is he coming? (Asking for information. Implying nothing as to the answer expected.) 2. Is he not coming? (Expecting the answer yes.) 3. He isn´t coming, is he? (Expecting the answer no.) These three forms are rendered in Latin as follows: 1. Venitne? is he coming? 2. Nōnne venit? is he not coming? 3. Num venit? he isn´t coming, is he? a. -ne, the question sign, is usually added to the verb, which then stands first. b. We learned in §56.b that yes-or-no questions are usually answered by repeating the verb, with or without a negative. Instead of this, ita, vērō, certē, etc. (so, truly, certainly, etc.) may be used for yes, and nōn, minimē, etc. for no if the denial is emphatic, as, by no means, not at all. ``` ## Latin into English (D'Ooge XXXVI) **58** Nōnne habēbat Cornēlia ōrnāmenta aurī? Habēbat. Did not Cornelia have ornaments of gold? She did. **59** Num Sextus lēgātus scūtum in dextrō bracchiō gerēbat? Nōn in dextrō, sed sinistrō in bracchiō Sextus scūtum gerēbat. Sextus the lieutenant did not carry his shield on his right arm, did he? Not on the right, but on the left arm Sextus carried his shield. **60** Frūstrā bella multa ab Gallīs gesta erant. Many wars had been waged in vain by the Gauls. **61** Ubi oppidum ā perfidō Sextō occupātum est, oppidānī miserī gladiō interfectī sunt. When the town was seized by the treacherous Sextus, the wretched townsmen were killed with the sword. **62** Id oppidum erat plēnum frūmentī. That town was full of grain. **63** Nōnne Sextus ab oppidānīs frūmentum postulāvit? Vērō, sed iī recūsāvērunt frūmentum dare. Did not Sextus demand grain from the townsmen? Yes, but they refused to give the grain. **64** Cūr oppidum ab Sextō dēlētum est? Quia frūmentum recūsātum est. Why was the town destroyed by Sextus? Because the grain was refused. **65** Ea victōria nōn dubia erat. That victory was not doubtful. **66** Oppidānī erant dēfessī et armīs egēbant. The townsmen were worn out and lacked arms. **67** Num fugam temptāvērunt? Minimē. They did not attempt flight, did they? By no means. ## English into Latin (D'Ooge XXXVI) **68** Ubi Iūlia stābat? Ubi iusserās stābat. Where was Julia standing? She was standing where you had ordered. **69** Gerēbatne Iūlia ūlla ōrnāmenta? Multa ōrnāmenta aurī habēbat. Was Julia wearing any ornaments? She had many ornaments of gold. **70** Nōnne fugam temptāvit ubi perīculum vīdit? Temptāvit. Did she not attempt flight when she saw the danger? She did. **71** Quis eam cēpit? Galba eam sine morā cēpit et bracchiō sinistrō tenuit. Who captured her? Galba captured her without delay and held her by the left arm. **72** Num aurum dominae habēbat? Minimē; aurum ab ancillā perfidā captum erat et reportātum est. She didn´t have the lady’s gold, did she? No, the gold had been taken by a faithless maid and has been brought back.