{"course":{"lang":"la","language":"Latin","title":"Prīmus et Secundus Annus","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/la","source":"Paine and Mainwaring, Prīmus Annus (Oxford, 1912) and Secundus Annus (1917); Appleton and Jones, Puer Rōmānus (1913); D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (Boston, 1911); Ritchie, Fabulae Faciles (1903). Public domain. The teaching pages, the glosses and the narration are ours."},"unit":{"number":25,"id":"la.module.do.37-42","title":"Lessons XXXVII–XLII","stage":"Latin for Beginners I","situation":"Conjugation of Possum: The Infinitive Used As in English; The Relative Pronoun and the Interrogative Pronoun; The Third Declension: Consonant Stems; The Third Declension: Consonant Stems, continued; The Third Declension: Consonant Stems, concluded; Review Lesson","outcome":"Lessons XXXVII to XLII of D'Ooge, read whole","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/la/25","lines":118},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/courses/la/24","next":"https://1732studios.com/courses/la/26","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/","sections":[{"title":"Conjugation of Possum: The Infinitive Used As in English (D'Ooge XXXVII)","teaching":[{"title":"The subject takes the accusative","paragraphs":["Is virōs fugere iussit means he commanded the men to flee.","Virōs is the subject of fugere. Latin puts the subject of an infinitive in the accusative."]},{"title":"Possum combines two words","paragraphs":["Rōmānī Gallōs superāre possunt means the Romans can conquer the Gauls.","Possum means I can and combines potis, able, with sum, I am. Possunt is its plural form."]},{"title":"The infinitive completes the verb","paragraphs":["Bellum gerere mātūrant means they hasten to wage war.","Gerere completes mātūrant, as superāre completes possunt. Latin uses the infinitive to complete verbs such as mātūrō and possum.","In Malī puerī esse bonī nōn possunt, bonī agrees with puerī in gender, number, and case."]},{"title":"The infinitive serves as a noun","paragraphs":["Superāre est grātum means to conquer is pleasing.","Superāre is the subject of est. An infinitive used as a noun is neuter singular, so grātum is neuter singular.","In Galbam superāre inimīcōs est grātum multīs, Galbam is the accusative subject of superāre."]}],"lines":[{"number":1,"id":"la.do.L37.x.1","source":"Is virōs fugere iussit","translation":"he commanded the men to flee","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Is","gloss":"this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"virōs","gloss":"vir: man, hero"},{"text":"fugere","gloss":"fugio: flee, run; avoid, shun"},{"text":"iussit","gloss":"jubeo: order, command"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L37.x.1.m4a"},{"number":2,"id":"la.do.L37.x.2","source":"Rōmānī Gallōs superāre possunt","translation":"the Romans are able to (or can) conquer the Gauls","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Rōmānī","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"Gallōs","gloss":"Gallus: a Gaul"},{"text":"superāre","gloss":"supero: conquer, overcome"},{"text":"possunt","gloss":"possum: be able, can"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L37.x.2.m4a"},{"number":3,"id":"la.do.L37.x.3","source":"Bellum gerere mātūrant","translation":"they hasten to wage war","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Bellum","gloss":"war"},{"text":"gerere","gloss":"gero: bear, carry on; wear"},{"text":"mātūrant","gloss":"maturo: hasten"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L37.x.3.m4a"},{"number":4,"id":"la.do.L37.x.4","source":"Malī puerī esse bonī nōn possunt","translation":"bad boys are not able to (or cannot) be good","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Malī","gloss":"malus: bad, evil"},{"text":"puerī","gloss":"puer: boy"},{"text":"esse","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"bonī","gloss":"bonus: good, kind"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"possunt","gloss":"possum: be able, can"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L37.x.4.m4a"},{"number":5,"id":"la.do.L37.x.5","source":"Superāre est grātum","translation":"to conquer is pleasing","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Superāre","gloss":"supero: conquer, overcome"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"grātum","gloss":"gratus: acceptable, pleasing"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L37.x.5.m4a"},{"number":6,"id":"la.do.L37.x.6","source":"Vidēre est crēdere","translation":"to see is to believe","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Vidēre","gloss":"video: see, perceive"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"crēdere","gloss":"credo: trust, believe"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L37.x.6.m4a"},{"number":7,"id":"la.do.L37.x.7","source":"Galbam superāre inimīcōs est grātum multīs","translation":"for Galba to conquer his enemies is pleasing to many","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Galbam","gloss":"Galba: Galba"},{"text":"superāre","gloss":"supero: conquer, overcome"},{"text":"inimīcōs","gloss":"inimicus: hostile"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"grātum","gloss":"gratus: acceptable, pleasing"},{"text":"multīs","gloss":"multus: much; many"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L37.x.7.m4a"},{"number":8,"id":"la.do.L37.x.8","source":"superāre est grātum","translation":"to conquer is pleasing","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"superāre","gloss":"supero: conquer, overcome"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"grātum","gloss":"gratus: acceptable, pleasing"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L37.x.8.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":212,"text":"D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XXXVII, §§212-216\n\n§212. Learn the principal parts of possum, I am able, I can, and its inflection in the indicative and infinitive. (Cf. §495.)\n\na. Possum, I can, is a compound of potis, able, and sum, I am."},{"section":213,"text":"§213. The Infinitive with Subject Accusative. The infinitive (cf. §173) is a verbal noun. Used as a noun, it has the constructions of a noun. As a verb it can govern a case and be modified by an adverb. The uses of the infinitive are much the same in Latin as in English.\n\n1. In English certain verbs of wishing, commanding, forbidding, and the like are used with an object clause consisting of a substantive in the objective case and an infinitive, as, he commanded the men to flee. Such object clauses are called infinitive clauses, and the substantive is said to be the subject of the infinitive.\n\nSimilarly in Latin, some verbs of wishing, commanding, forbidding, and the like are used with an object clause consisting of an infinitive with a subject in the accusative case, as, Is virōs fugere iussit, he commanded the men to flee."},{"section":214,"text":"§214. RULE. Subject of the Infinitive. The subject of the infinitive is in the accusative."},{"section":215,"text":"§215. The Complementary Infinitive. In English a verb is often followed by an infinitive to complete its meaning, as, the Romans are able to conquer the Gauls. This is called the complementary infinitive, as the predicate is not complete without the added infinitive.\n\nSimilarly in Latin, verbs of incomplete predication are completed by the infinitive. Among such verbs are possum, I am able, I can; properō, mātūrō, I hasten; temptō, I attempt; as\n\nRōmānī Gallōs superāre possunt,\n  the Romans are able to (or can) conquer the Gauls\nBellum gerere mātūrant,\n  they hasten to wage war\n\na. A predicate adjective completing a complementary infinitive agrees in gender, number, and case with the subject of the main verb.\n\nMalī puerī esse bonī nōn possunt, bad boys are not able to (or cannot) be good.\n\nObserve that bonī agrees with puerī."},{"section":216,"text":"§216. The Infinitive used as a Noun. In English the infinitive is often used as a pure noun, as the subject of a sentence, or as a predicate nominative. For example, To conquer (= conquering) is pleasing; To see (= seeing) is to believe (= believing). The same use of the infinitive is found in Latin, especially with est, as\n\nSuperāre est grātum, to conquer is pleasing\nVidēre est crēdere, to see is to believe\n\na. In the construction above, the infinitive often has a subject, which must then be in the accusative case, as\n\nGalbam superāre inimīcōs est grātum multīs,\n  for Galba to conquer his enemies is pleasing to many\n\nb. An infinitive used as a noun is neuter singular. Thus, in the sentence superāre est grātum, the predicate adjective grātum is in the neuter nominative singular to agree with superāre the subject."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"mātūrant","gloss":"hasten, from maturo"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Latin into English (D'Ooge XXXVII)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":9,"id":"la.do.L37.e1.1","source":"Magister lūdī līberōs cum dīligentiā labōrāre iussit.","translation":"The master of the school ordered the children to work with diligence.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Magister","gloss":"master, commander; teacher"},{"text":"lūdī","gloss":"ludus: play; school"},{"text":"līberōs","gloss":"liberi: children"},{"text":"cum","gloss":"when; since; although"},{"text":"dīligentiā","gloss":"diligentia: diligence, industry"},{"text":"labōrāre","gloss":"laboro: labor; suffer, be hard pressed"},{"text":"iussit.","gloss":"jubeo: order, command"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L37.e1.1.m4a"},{"number":10,"id":"la.do.L37.e1.2","source":"Egēre cibō et vinō est virīs molestum.","translation":"To lack food and wine is troublesome to men.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Egēre","gloss":"egeo: lack, need, be without"},{"text":"cibō","gloss":"cibus: food"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"vinō","gloss":"vinum: wine"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"virīs","gloss":"vir: man, hero"},{"text":"molestum.","gloss":"molestus: troublesome, annoying"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L37.e1.2.m4a"},{"number":11,"id":"la.do.L37.e1.3","source":"Virī armātī vetuērunt Gallōs castra ibi pōnere.","translation":"The armed men forbade the Gauls to pitch camp there.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Virī","gloss":"vir: man, hero"},{"text":"armātī","gloss":"armatus: armed"},{"text":"vetuērunt","gloss":"veto: forbid"},{"text":"Gallōs","gloss":"Gallus: a Gaul"},{"text":"castra","gloss":"castrum: fort; camp"},{"text":"ibi","gloss":"there, in that place"},{"text":"pōnere.","gloss":"pono: place, put"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L37.e1.3.m4a"},{"number":12,"id":"la.do.L37.e1.4","source":"Estne lēgātus in castellō an in mūrō? Is est prō portā.","translation":"Is the lieutenant in the fort or on the wall? He is in front of the gate.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Estne","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"lēgātus","gloss":"legatus: lieutenant, ambassador"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"castellō","gloss":"castellum: redoubt, fort"},{"text":"an","gloss":"or; Is he a Roman or a Gaul"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"mūrō?","gloss":"murus: wall"},{"text":"Is","gloss":"this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"prō","gloss":"pro: before; in behalf of; instead of"},{"text":"portā.","gloss":"porta: gate"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L37.e1.4.m4a"},{"number":13,"id":"la.do.L37.e1.5","source":"Ubi nostrī fugere incēpērunt, lēgātus ab vestrīs captus est.","translation":"When our men began to flee, the lieutenant was captured by your men.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ubi","gloss":"where"},{"text":"nostrī","gloss":"noster: our"},{"text":"fugere","gloss":"fugio: flee, run; avoid, shun"},{"text":"incēpērunt,","gloss":"incipio: begin"},{"text":"lēgātus","gloss":"legatus: lieutenant, ambassador"},{"text":"ab","gloss":"from, by"},{"text":"vestrīs","gloss":"vester: your, yours"},{"text":"captus","gloss":"capio: take, seize, capture"},{"text":"est.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L37.e1.5.m4a"},{"number":14,"id":"la.do.L37.e1.6","source":"Gallī castellum ibi oppugnāverant ubi praesidium erat īnfīrmum.","translation":"The Gauls had attacked the fort where the garrison was weak.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Gallī","gloss":"gallus: a Gaul"},{"text":"castellum","gloss":"redoubt, fort"},{"text":"ibi","gloss":"there, in that place"},{"text":"oppugnāverant","gloss":"attack, assault, storm, besiege"},{"text":"ubi","gloss":"where"},{"text":"praesidium","gloss":"garrison, guard, protection"},{"text":"erat","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"īnfīrmum.","gloss":"infirmus: week, feeble"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L37.e1.6.m4a"},{"number":15,"id":"la.do.L37.e1.7","source":"Aliī pugnāre temptābant, aliī portās petēbant.","translation":"Some were trying to fight, others were making for the gates.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Aliī","gloss":"alius2: another, other"},{"text":"pugnāre","gloss":"pugno: fight"},{"text":"temptābant,","gloss":"tento: handle, feel"},{"text":"aliī","gloss":"alius2: another, other"},{"text":"portās","gloss":"porta: gate"},{"text":"petēbant.","gloss":"peto: aim at, assail, storm, attack; seek, ask"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L37.e1.7.m4a"},{"number":16,"id":"la.do.L37.e1.8","source":"Fēminae prō domiciliīs sedēbant neque resistere validīs Gallīs poterant.","translation":"The women were sitting in front of their homes and were not able to resist the strong Gauls.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Fēminae","gloss":"femina: woman"},{"text":"prō","gloss":"pro: before; in behalf of; instead of"},{"text":"domiciliīs","gloss":"domicilium: dwelling place; abode"},{"text":"sedēbant","gloss":"sedeo: sit"},{"text":"neque","gloss":"neither, nor, and ... not"},{"text":"resistere","gloss":"resisto: oppose, resist"},{"text":"validīs","gloss":"validus: strong, able, well"},{"text":"Gallīs","gloss":"Gallus: a Gaul"},{"text":"poterant.","gloss":"possum: be able, can"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L37.e1.8.m4a"},{"number":17,"id":"la.do.L37.e1.9","source":"Bellum est saevum, nec īnfīrmīs nec miserīs favet.","translation":"War is savage, and it favors neither the weak nor the wretched.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Bellum","gloss":"war"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"saevum,","gloss":"saevus: fierce, savage"},{"text":"nec","gloss":"neque: neither, nor, and ... not"},{"text":"īnfīrmīs","gloss":"infirmus: week, feeble"},{"text":"nec","gloss":"neque: neither, nor, and ... not"},{"text":"miserīs","gloss":"miser: wretched, unfortunate"},{"text":"favet.","gloss":"faveo: be favorable to, favor"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L37.e1.9.m4a"},{"number":18,"id":"la.do.L37.e1.10","source":"Sed virī arma postulābant et studēbant Gallōs dē mūrīs agere.","translation":"But the men were demanding arms and were eager to drive the Gauls from the walls.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Sed","gloss":"but"},{"text":"virī","gloss":"vir: man, hero"},{"text":"arma","gloss":"arms"},{"text":"postulābant","gloss":"postulo: demand"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"studēbant","gloss":"studeo: give attention to, be eager"},{"text":"Gallōs","gloss":"Gallus: a Gaul"},{"text":"dē","gloss":"de: down from; concerning"},{"text":"mūrīs","gloss":"murus: wall"},{"text":"agere.","gloss":"ago: drive, lead; do, perform"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L37.e1.10.m4a"},{"number":19,"id":"la.do.L37.e1.11","source":"Id castellum ab Gallīs occupārī Rōmānīs nōn grātum erit.","translation":"For that fort to be seized by the Gauls will not be pleasing to the Romans.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Id","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"castellum","gloss":"redoubt, fort"},{"text":"ab","gloss":"from, by"},{"text":"Gallīs","gloss":"Gallus: a Gaul"},{"text":"occupārī","gloss":"occupo: seize, take possession of"},{"text":"Rōmānīs","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"grātum","gloss":"gratus: acceptable, pleasing"},{"text":"erit.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L37.e1.11.m4a"},{"number":20,"id":"la.do.L37.e1.12","source":"Gallī ubi ā Rōmānīs victī sunt, esse līberī cessāvērunt.","translation":"The Gauls, when they were conquered by the Romans, ceased to be free.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Gallī","gloss":"gallus: a Gaul"},{"text":"ubi","gloss":"where"},{"text":"ā","gloss":"a: from, by, off"},{"text":"Rōmānīs","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"victī","gloss":"vinco: conquer"},{"text":"sunt,","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"esse","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"līberī","gloss":"liberi: children"},{"text":"cessāvērunt.","gloss":"cesso: delay, cease"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L37.e1.12.m4a"},{"number":21,"id":"la.do.L37.e1.13","source":"Diū sine aquā vīvere nōn potestis.","translation":"You cannot live long without water.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Diū","gloss":"diu: for a long time, long"},{"text":"sine","gloss":"without"},{"text":"aquā","gloss":"aqua: water"},{"text":"vīvere","gloss":"vivo: live, be alive"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"potestis.","gloss":"possum: be able, can"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L37.e1.13.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"castellō","gloss":"redoubt, fort, from castellum"},{"word":"oppugnāverant","gloss":"attack, assault"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"The Faithless Tarpeia (D'Ooge XXXVII)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":22,"id":"la.do.L37.s1.1","source":"Sabīnī ōlim cum Rōmānīs bellum gerēbant et multās victōriās reportāverant.","translation":"The Sabines were once waging war with the Romans and had won many victories.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Sabīnī","gloss":"Sabinus: Sabine"},{"text":"ōlim","gloss":"olim: formerly, once upon a time"},{"text":"cum","gloss":"when; since; although"},{"text":"Rōmānīs","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"bellum","gloss":"war"},{"text":"gerēbant","gloss":"gero: bear, carry on; wear"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"multās","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"victōriās","gloss":"victoria: victory"},{"text":"reportāverant.","gloss":"carry back"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L37.s1.1.m4a"},{"number":23,"id":"la.do.L37.s1.2","source":"Iam agrōs proximōs mūrīs vāstābant, iam oppidō adpropinquābant.","translation":"Already they were laying waste the fields nearest the walls; already they were approaching the town.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Iam","gloss":"jam: already, now"},{"text":"agrōs","gloss":"ager: field"},{"text":"proximōs","gloss":"proximus: nearest, next"},{"text":"mūrīs","gloss":"murus: wall"},{"text":"vāstābant,","gloss":"vasto: lay waste, devastate"},{"text":"iam","gloss":"jam: already, now"},{"text":"oppidō","gloss":"oppidum: town"},{"text":"adpropinquābant.","gloss":"adpropinquo: draw near, approach"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L37.s1.2.m4a"},{"number":24,"id":"la.do.L37.s1.3","source":"Rōmānī autem in Capitōlium fūgerant et longē perīculō aberant.","translation":"The Romans, however, had fled into the Capitol and were far from danger.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Rōmānī","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"autem","gloss":"but, moreover, now"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"Capitōlium","gloss":"Capitolium: the Capitol"},{"text":"fūgerant","gloss":"fugio: flee, run; avoid, shun"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"longē","gloss":"longus: long"},{"text":"perīculō","gloss":"periculum: danger, peril"},{"text":"aberant.","gloss":"absum: be away, be absent, be distant"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L37.s1.3.m4a"},{"number":25,"id":"la.do.L37.s1.4","source":"Mūrīs validīs et saxīs altīs crēdēbant.","translation":"They trusted in their strong walls and high rocks.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mūrīs","gloss":"murus: wall"},{"text":"validīs","gloss":"validus: strong, able, well"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"saxīs","gloss":"saxum: rock, stone"},{"text":"altīs","gloss":"altus: high, tall, deep"},{"text":"crēdēbant.","gloss":"credo: trust, believe"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L37.s1.4.m4a"},{"number":26,"id":"la.do.L37.s1.5","source":"Frūstrā Sabīnī tēla iaciēbant, frūstrā portās dūrās petēbant; castellum occupāre nōn poterant.","translation":"In vain the Sabines threw their weapons; in vain they attacked the hard gates; they could not seize the fort.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Frūstrā","gloss":"frustra: in vain"},{"text":"Sabīnī","gloss":"Sabinus: Sabine"},{"text":"tēla","gloss":"telum: weapon of offense, spear"},{"text":"iaciēbant,","gloss":"jacio: throw, hurl"},{"text":"frūstrā","gloss":"frustra: in vain"},{"text":"portās","gloss":"porta: gate"},{"text":"dūrās","gloss":"durus: hard, rough; unfeeling, cruel; severe, toilsome"},{"text":"petēbant;","gloss":"peto: aim at, assail, storm, attack; seek, ask"},{"text":"castellum","gloss":"redoubt, fort"},{"text":"occupāre","gloss":"occupo: seize, take possession of"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"poterant.","gloss":"possum: be able, can"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L37.s1.5.m4a"},{"number":27,"id":"la.do.L37.s1.6","source":"Deinde novum cōnsilium cēpērunt.","translation":"Then they made a new plan.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Deinde","gloss":"then, in the next place"},{"text":"novum","gloss":"novus: new"},{"text":"cōnsilium","gloss":"consilium: plan"},{"text":"cēpērunt.","gloss":"capio: take, seize, capture"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L37.s1.6.m4a"},{"number":28,"id":"la.do.L37.s1.7","source":"Tarpēia erat puella Rōmāna pulchra et superba.","translation":"Tarpeia was a beautiful and proud Roman girl.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Tarpēia","gloss":"Tarpeia: Tarpeia"},{"text":"erat","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"puella","gloss":"girl"},{"text":"Rōmāna","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"pulchra","gloss":"pulcher: pretty, beautiful"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"superba.","gloss":"superbus: proud, haughty"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L37.s1.7.m4a"},{"number":29,"id":"la.do.L37.s1.8","source":"Cotīdiē aquam cōpiīs Rōmānīs in Capitōlium portābat.","translation":"Daily she carried water into the Capitol to the Roman forces.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Cotīdiē","gloss":"cottidie: daily, every day"},{"text":"aquam","gloss":"aqua: water"},{"text":"cōpiīs","gloss":"copia: plenty, abundance; troops, forces"},{"text":"Rōmānīs","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"Capitōlium","gloss":"Capitolium: the Capitol"},{"text":"portābat.","gloss":"porto: bear, carry"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L37.s1.8.m4a"},{"number":30,"id":"la.do.L37.s1.9","source":"Eī nōn nocēbant Sabīnī, quod ea sine armīs erat neque Sabīnī bellum cum fēminīs līberīsque gerēbant.","translation":"The Sabines did not harm her, because she was without arms, nor did the Sabines wage war with women and children.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Eī","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"nocēbant","gloss":"noceo: hurt, injure"},{"text":"Sabīnī,","gloss":"Sabinus: Sabine"},{"text":"quod","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"ea","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"sine","gloss":"without"},{"text":"armīs","gloss":"arma: arms"},{"text":"erat","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"neque","gloss":"neither, nor, and ... not"},{"text":"Sabīnī","gloss":"Sabinus: Sabine"},{"text":"bellum","gloss":"war"},{"text":"cum","gloss":"when; since; although"},{"text":"fēminīs","gloss":"femina: woman"},{"text":"līberīsque","gloss":"liber: free"},{"text":"gerēbant.","gloss":"gero: bear, carry on; wear"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L37.s1.9.m4a"},{"number":31,"id":"la.do.L37.s1.10","source":"Tarpēia autem maximē amābat ōrnāmenta aurī.","translation":"But Tarpeia very much loved ornaments of gold.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Tarpēia","gloss":"Tarpeia: Tarpeia"},{"text":"autem","gloss":"but, moreover, now"},{"text":"maximē","gloss":"maxime: most of all, especially"},{"text":"amābat","gloss":"amo: love, like, be fond of"},{"text":"ōrnāmenta","gloss":"ornamentum: ornament, jewel"},{"text":"aurī.","gloss":"aurum: gold"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L37.s1.10.m4a"},{"number":32,"id":"la.do.L37.s1.11","source":"Cotīdiē Sabīnōrum ōrnāmenta vidēbat et mox ea dēsīderāre incipiēbat.","translation":"Daily she saw the ornaments of the Sabines, and soon she began to long for them.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Cotīdiē","gloss":"cottidie: daily, every day"},{"text":"Sabīnōrum","gloss":"Sabinus: Sabine"},{"text":"ōrnāmenta","gloss":"ornamentum: ornament, jewel"},{"text":"vidēbat","gloss":"video: see, perceive"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"mox","gloss":"soon, presently"},{"text":"ea","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"dēsīderāre","gloss":"desidero: long for"},{"text":"incipiēbat.","gloss":"incipio: begin"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L37.s1.11.m4a"},{"number":33,"id":"la.do.L37.s1.12","source":"Eī ūnus ex Sabīnīs dīxit, “Dūc cōpiās Sabīnās intrā portās, Tarpēia, et maxima erunt praemia tua.”","translation":"One of the Sabines said to her, \"Lead the Sabine forces within the gates, Tarpeia, and your rewards will be very great.\"","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Eī","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"ūnus","gloss":"unus: one; alone"},{"text":"ex","gloss":"out of, from"},{"text":"Sabīnīs","gloss":"Sabinus: Sabine"},{"text":"dīxit,","gloss":"dico2: say, speak, tell"},{"text":"“Dūc","gloss":"duco: lead, conduct"},{"text":"cōpiās","gloss":"copia: plenty, abundance; troops, forces"},{"text":"Sabīnās","gloss":"Sabinus: Sabine"},{"text":"intrā","gloss":"intra: within, in"},{"text":"portās,","gloss":"porta: gate"},{"text":"Tarpēia,","gloss":"Tarpeia: Tarpeia"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"maxima","gloss":"magnus: great, large; strong, loud"},{"text":"erunt","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"praemia","gloss":"praemium: reward, prize"},{"text":"tua.”","gloss":"tuus: your, yours"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L37.s1.12.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"reportāverant","gloss":"carry back"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"English into Latin (D'Ooge XXXVII)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":34,"id":"la.do.L37.e2.1","source":"Puella cotīdiē aquam ā fluviō ad portās portāre incēpit.","translation":"The girl began daily to carry water from the river to the gates.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Puella","gloss":"girl"},{"text":"cotīdiē","gloss":"cottidie: daily, every day"},{"text":"aquam","gloss":"aqua: water"},{"text":"ā","gloss":"a: from, by, off"},{"text":"fluviō","gloss":"fluvius: river"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"portās","gloss":"porta: gate"},{"text":"portāre","gloss":"porto: bear, carry"},{"text":"incēpit.","gloss":"incipio: begin"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L37.e2.1.m4a"},{"number":35,"id":"la.do.L37.e2.2","source":"Gallī castra in locō proeliō idōneō posuerant.","translation":"The Gauls had pitched their camp in a place suitable for a battle.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Gallī","gloss":"gallus: a Gaul"},{"text":"castra","gloss":"castrum: fort; camp"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"locō","gloss":"locus: place, spot"},{"text":"proeliō","gloss":"proelium: battle"},{"text":"idōneō","gloss":""},{"text":"posuerant.","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L37.e2.2.m4a"},{"number":36,"id":"la.do.L37.e2.3","source":"Diū castellum occupāre frūstrā temptābant.","translation":"For a long time they tried in vain to seize the redoubt.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Diū","gloss":"diu: for a long time, long"},{"text":"castellum","gloss":"redoubt, fort"},{"text":"occupāre","gloss":"occupo: seize, take possession of"},{"text":"frūstrā","gloss":"frustra: in vain"},{"text":"temptābant.","gloss":"tento: handle, feel"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L37.e2.3.m4a"},{"number":37,"id":"la.do.L37.e2.4","source":"Neque tēla in mūrōs iacere cessāvērunt.","translation":"Neither did they cease to hurl weapons against[3] the walls.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Neque","gloss":"neither, nor, and ... not"},{"text":"tēla","gloss":"telum: weapon of offense, spear"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"mūrōs","gloss":"murus: wall"},{"text":"iacere","gloss":"jacio: throw, hurl"},{"text":"cessāvērunt.","gloss":"cesso: delay, cease"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L37.e2.4.m4a"},{"number":38,"id":"la.do.L37.e2.5","source":"Sed oppidum capere nōn poterant.","translation":"But they were not able to (could not) take the town.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Sed","gloss":"but"},{"text":"oppidum","gloss":"town"},{"text":"capere","gloss":"capio: take, seize, capture"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"poterant.","gloss":"possum: be able, can"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L37.e2.5.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"The Relative Pronoun and the Interrogative Pronoun (D'Ooge XXXVIII)","teaching":[{"title":"Gender and number come from the antecedent","paragraphs":["Rōmānī interfēcērunt fēminam quae capta est means \"The Romans killed the woman who was taken.\"","Here quae refers to fēminam. Both are feminine singular.","In Rōmānī interfēcērunt virōs quī captī sunt, quī refers to virōs. Both are masculine plural.","The forms of quī place quae under feminine singular and quī under masculine plural."]},{"title":"The forms of quī","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"Case comes from its own clause","paragraphs":["fēminam and virōs are accusative in the main clauses. The relatives quae and quī are nominative in their own clauses.","Each relative is the subject of capta est or captī sunt.","A relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in gender and number. Its use in its own clause determines its case."]},{"title":"Two forms ask different questions","paragraphs":["Quis est vir means \"Who is the man\". Quis is the interrogative pronoun.","Quī vir eōs dūcit means \"What man is leading them\". Quī is the interrogative adjective with vir.","Latin uses quis, quid as pronouns and quī, quae, quod as adjectives."]}],"lines":[{"number":39,"id":"la.do.L38.x.1","source":"Rōmānī interfēcērunt virōs quī captī sunt","translation":"The Romans killed the woman who was taken","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Rōmānī","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"interfēcērunt","gloss":"interficio: kill"},{"text":"virōs","gloss":"vir: man, hero"},{"text":"quī","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"captī","gloss":"capio: take, seize, capture"},{"text":"sunt","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L38.x.1.m4a"},{"number":40,"id":"la.do.L38.x.2","source":"Rōmānī interfēcērunt fēminam quae capta est","translation":"The Romans killed the woman who was taken","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Rōmānī","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"interfēcērunt","gloss":"interficio: kill"},{"text":"fēminam","gloss":"femina: woman"},{"text":"quae","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"capta","gloss":"capio: take, seize, capture"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L38.x.2.m4a"},{"number":41,"id":"la.do.L38.x.3","source":"Quis est vir?","translation":"Who is the man?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quis","gloss":"who?"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"vir?","gloss":"man, hero"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L38.x.3.m4a"},{"number":42,"id":"la.do.L38.x.4","source":"Quī vir eōs dūcit?","translation":"What man is leading them?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quī","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"vir","gloss":"man, hero"},{"text":"eōs","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"dūcit?","gloss":"duco: lead, conduct"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L38.x.4.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":219,"text":"D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XXXVIII, §§219-227\n\n§219. Sentences are simple, compound, or complex.\n\na. A simple sentence is a sentence containing but one statement, that is, one subject and one predicate: The Romans approached the town.\n\nb. A compound sentence is a sentence containing two or more\nindependent statements:\n  The Romans approached the town | and | the enemy fled.\n\nNOTE. An independent statement is one that can stand alone; it does not depend upon another statement.\n\nc. A complex sentence is a sentence containing one independent\nstatement and one or more dependent statements:\n  When the Romans approached the town | the enemy fled.\n\nNOTE. A dependent or subordinate statement is one that depends on or qualifies another statement; thus the enemy fled is independent, and when the Romans approached the town is dependent or subordinate.\n\nd. The separate statements in a compound or complex sentence are called clauses. In a complex sentence the independent statement is called the main clause and the dependent statement the subordinate clause."},{"section":220,"text":"§220. Examine the complex sentence\n\nThe Romans killed the men who were taken\n\nHere are two clauses:\n\na. The main clause, The Romans killed the men\n\nb. The subordinate clause, who were taken\n\nThe word who is a pronoun, for it takes the place of the noun men. It also connects the subordinate clause who were taken with the noun men. Hence the clause is an adjective clause. A pronoun that connects an adjective clause with a substantive is called a relative pronoun, and the substantive for which the relative pronoun stands is called its antecedent. The relative pronouns in English are who, whose, whom, which, what, that."},{"section":221,"text":"§221. The relative pronoun in Latin is quī, quae, quod, and it is declined as follows:\n\n        SINGULAR                     PLURAL\n        MASC.    FEM.     NEUT.      MASC.     FEM.      NEUT.\nNom.    quī      quae     quod       quī       quae      quae\nGen.    cuius    cuius    cuius      quōrum    quārum    quōrum\nDat.    cui      cui      cui        quibus    quibus    quibus\nAcc.    quem     quam     quod       quōs      quās      quae\nAbl.    quō      quā      quō        quibus    quibus    quibus\n\n1. Review the declension of is, §114, and note the similarity in the endings. The forms quī, quae, and quibus are the only forms showing new endings.\n\nNOTE. The genitive cuius and the dative cui are pronounced co͝oi´yo͝os (two syllables) and co͝oi (one syllable)."},{"section":222,"text":"§222. The Relative Pronoun is translated as follows:[1]\n[1] This table of meanings need not be memorized. It is inserted for reference when translating.\n\n         MASC. AND FEM.         NEUT.\nNom.    who, that              which, what, that\nGen.    of whom, whose         of which, of what, whose\nDat.    to or for whom       to or for which, to or for what\nAcc.    whom, that             which, what, that\nAbl.    from, etc., whom     from, etc., which or what\n\na. We see from the table above that quī, when it refers to a person, is translated by some form of who or by that; and that when it refers to anything else it is translated by which, what, or that."},{"section":223,"text":"§223. Note the following sentences:\n\nThe Romans killed the men who were taken\nThe Romans killed the woman who was taken\nRōmānī interfēcērunt virōs quī captī sunt\nRōmānī interfēcērunt fēminam quae capta est\n\nIn the first sentence who (quī) refers to the antecedent men (virōs), and is masculine plural. In the second, who (quae) refers to woman (fēminam), and feminine singular. From this we learn that the relative must agree with its antecedent in gender and number. In neither of the sentences are the antecedents and relatives in the same case. Virōs and fēminam are accusatives, and quī and quae are nominatives, being the subjects of the subordinate clauses. Hence"},{"section":224,"text":"§224. RULE. Agreement of the Relative. A relative pronoun must agree with its antecedent in gender and number; but its case is determined by the way it is used in its own clause."},{"section":225,"text":"§225. Interrogative Pronouns. An interrogative pronoun is a pronoun that asks a question. In English the interrogatives are who? which? what? In Latin they are quis? quid? (pronoun) and quī? quae? quod? (adjective)."},{"section":226,"text":"§226. Examine the sentences\n\na. Who is the man? Quis est vir?\nb. What man is leading them? Quī vir eōs dūcit?\n\nIn a, who is an interrogative pronoun. In b, what is an interrogative adjective. Observe that in Latin quis, quid is the pronoun and quī, quae, quod is the adjective."},{"section":227,"text":"§227. 1. The interrogative adjective quī, quae, quod is declined just like the relative pronoun. (See §221.)\n\n2. The interrogative pronoun quis, quid is declined like quī, quae, quod in the plural. In the singular it is declined as follows:\n\n        MASC. AND FEM.                NEUT.\nNom.    quis, who?                  quid, what? which?\nGen.    cuius, whose?               cuius, whose?\nDat.    cui, to or for whom?      cui, to or for\n                                        what or which?\nAcc.    quem, whom?                 quid, what? which?\nAbl.    quō, from, etc., whom?    quō, from, etc.,\n                                        which or what?\n\nNOTE. Observe that the masculine and feminine are alike and that all the forms are like the corresponding forms of the relative, excepting quis and quid."}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Latin into English (D'Ooge XXXVIII)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":43,"id":"la.do.L38.e1.1","source":"Quis est aeger? Servus quem amō est aeger.","translation":"Who is sick? The slave whom I love is sick.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quis","gloss":"who?"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"aeger?","gloss":"sick"},{"text":"Servus","gloss":"slave, servant"},{"text":"quem","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"amō","gloss":"amo: love, like, be fond of"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"aeger.","gloss":"sick"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L38.e1.1.m4a"},{"number":44,"id":"la.do.L38.e1.2","source":"Cuius scūtum habēs? Scūtum habeō quod lēgātus ad castellum mīsit.","translation":"Whose shield do you have? I have the shield which the lieutenant sent to the fort.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Cuius","gloss":"qui: whose?"},{"text":"scūtum","gloss":"scutum: shield"},{"text":"habēs?","gloss":"habeo: have, hold; regard, consider, deem"},{"text":"Scūtum","gloss":"scutum: shield"},{"text":"habeō","gloss":"habeo: have, hold; regard, consider, deem"},{"text":"quod","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"lēgātus","gloss":"legatus: lieutenant, ambassador"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"castellum","gloss":"redoubt, fort"},{"text":"mīsit.","gloss":"mitto: send"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L38.e1.2.m4a"},{"number":45,"id":"la.do.L38.e1.3","source":"Cui lēgātus suum scūtum dabit? Fīliō meō scūtum dabit.","translation":"To whom will the lieutenant give his shield? He will give the shield to my son.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Cui","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"lēgātus","gloss":"legatus: lieutenant, ambassador"},{"text":"suum","gloss":"suus: his, her, hers, its, their, theirs"},{"text":"scūtum","gloss":"scutum: shield"},{"text":"dabit?","gloss":"do: give"},{"text":"Fīliō","gloss":"filius: son"},{"text":"meō","gloss":"meus: my, mine"},{"text":"scūtum","gloss":"scutum: shield"},{"text":"dabit.","gloss":"do: give"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L38.e1.3.m4a"},{"number":46,"id":"la.do.L38.e1.4","source":"Ubi Germānī antīquī vīvēbant? In terrā quae est proxima Rhēnō Germānī vīvēbant.","translation":"Where did the ancient Germans live? The Germans lived in the land which is nearest the Rhine.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ubi","gloss":"where"},{"text":"Germānī","gloss":"Germanus: German"},{"text":"antīquī","gloss":"antiquus: old, ancient"},{"text":"vīvēbant?","gloss":"vivo: live, be alive"},{"text":"In","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"terrā","gloss":"terra: land"},{"text":"quae","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"proxima","gloss":"proximus: nearest, next"},{"text":"Rhēnō","gloss":"Rhenus: the Rhine"},{"text":"Germānī","gloss":"Germanus: German"},{"text":"vīvēbant.","gloss":"vivo: live, be alive"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L38.e1.4.m4a"},{"number":47,"id":"la.do.L38.e1.5","source":"Quibuscum Germānī bellum gerēbant? Cum Rōmānīs, qui eōs superāre studēbant, Germānī bellum gerēbant.","translation":"With whom were the Germans waging war? The Germans were waging war with the Romans, who were eager to overcome them.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quibuscum","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"Germānī","gloss":"Germanus: German"},{"text":"bellum","gloss":"war"},{"text":"gerēbant?","gloss":"gero: bear, carry on; wear"},{"text":"Cum","gloss":"when; since; although"},{"text":"Rōmānīs,","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"qui","gloss":"who, which, what, that"},{"text":"eōs","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"superāre","gloss":"supero: conquer, overcome"},{"text":"studēbant,","gloss":"studeo: give attention to, be eager"},{"text":"Germānī","gloss":"Germanus: German"},{"text":"bellum","gloss":"war"},{"text":"gerēbant.","gloss":"gero: bear, carry on; wear"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L38.e1.5.m4a"},{"number":48,"id":"la.do.L38.e1.6","source":"Quī virī castra pōnunt? Iī sunt virī quōrum armīs Germānī victī sunt.","translation":"What men are pitching camp? They are the men by whose arms the Germans were conquered.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quī","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"virī","gloss":"vir: man, hero"},{"text":"castra","gloss":"castrum: fort; camp"},{"text":"pōnunt?","gloss":"pono: place, put"},{"text":"Iī","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"sunt","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"virī","gloss":"vir: man, hero"},{"text":"quōrum","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"armīs","gloss":"arma: arms"},{"text":"Germānī","gloss":"Germanus: German"},{"text":"victī","gloss":"vinco: conquer"},{"text":"sunt.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L38.e1.6.m4a"},{"number":49,"id":"la.do.L38.e1.7","source":"Quibus tēlīs cōpiae nostrae eguērunt? Gladiīs et telīs nostrae cōpiae eguērunt.","translation":"What weapons did our forces lack? Our forces lacked swords and weapons.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quibus","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"tēlīs","gloss":"telum: weapon of offense, spear"},{"text":"cōpiae","gloss":"copia: plenty, abundance; troops, forces"},{"text":"nostrae","gloss":"noster: our, ours"},{"text":"eguērunt?","gloss":"egeo: lack, need, be without"},{"text":"Gladiīs","gloss":"gladius: sword"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"telīs","gloss":"telum: weapon of offense, spear"},{"text":"nostrae","gloss":"noster: our, ours"},{"text":"cōpiae","gloss":"copia: plenty, abundance; troops, forces"},{"text":"eguērunt.","gloss":"egeo: lack, need, be without"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L38.e1.7.m4a"},{"number":50,"id":"la.do.L38.e1.8","source":"Ā quibus porta sinistra tenēbātur? Ā sociīs porta sinistra tenēbātur.","translation":"By whom was the left gate held? The left gate was held by the allies.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ā","gloss":"a: from, by, off"},{"text":"quibus","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"porta","gloss":"gate"},{"text":"sinistra","gloss":"sinister: left"},{"text":"tenēbātur?","gloss":"teneo: keep, hold"},{"text":"Ā","gloss":"a: from, by, off"},{"text":"sociīs","gloss":"socius: companion, ally"},{"text":"porta","gloss":"gate"},{"text":"sinistra","gloss":"sinister: left"},{"text":"tenēbātur.","gloss":"teneo: keep, hold"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L38.e1.8.m4a"},{"number":51,"id":"la.do.L38.e1.9","source":"Quae prōvinciae ā Rōmānīs occupātae sunt? Multae prōvinciae ā Rōmānīs occupātae sunt.","translation":"What provinces were seized by the Romans? Many provinces were seized by the Romans.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quae","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"prōvinciae","gloss":"provincia: province"},{"text":"ā","gloss":"a: from, by, off"},{"text":"Rōmānīs","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"occupātae","gloss":"occupo: seize, take possession of"},{"text":"sunt?","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"Multae","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"prōvinciae","gloss":"provincia: province"},{"text":"ā","gloss":"a: from, by, off"},{"text":"Rōmānīs","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"occupātae","gloss":"occupo: seize, take possession of"},{"text":"sunt.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L38.e1.9.m4a"},{"number":52,"id":"la.do.L38.e1.10","source":"Quibus virīs deī favēbunt? Bonīs virīs deī favēbunt.","translation":"What men will the gods favor? The gods will favor good men.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quibus","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"virīs","gloss":"vir: man, hero"},{"text":"deī","gloss":"deus: god"},{"text":"favēbunt?","gloss":"faveo: be favorable to, favor"},{"text":"Bonīs","gloss":"bonus: good, kind"},{"text":"virīs","gloss":"vir: man, hero"},{"text":"deī","gloss":"deus: god"},{"text":"favēbunt.","gloss":"faveo: be favorable to, favor"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L38.e1.10.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"The Faithless Tarpeia, concluded (D'Ooge XXXVIII)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":53,"id":"la.do.L38.s1.1","source":"Tarpēia, commōta ōrnamentīs Sabīnōrum pulchrīs, diū resistere nōn potuit et respondit: “Date mihi ōrnāmenta quae in sinistrīs bracchīs geritis, et celeriter cōpiās vestrās in Capitōlium dūcam.”","translation":"Tarpeia, moved by the beautiful ornaments of the Sabines, could not resist long, and answered: \"Give me the ornaments which you wear on your left arms, and I will quickly lead your forces into the Capitol.\"","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Tarpēia,","gloss":"Tarpeia: Tarpeia"},{"text":"commōta","gloss":"commoveo: shake/stir up, agitate"},{"text":"ōrnamentīs","gloss":"ornamentum: ornament, jewel"},{"text":"Sabīnōrum","gloss":"Sabinus: Sabine"},{"text":"pulchrīs,","gloss":"pulcher: pretty, beautiful"},{"text":"diū","gloss":"diu: for a long time, long"},{"text":"resistere","gloss":"resisto: oppose, resist"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"potuit","gloss":"possum: be able, can"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"respondit:","gloss":"respondeo: respond, reply"},{"text":"“Date","gloss":"do: give"},{"text":"mihi","gloss":"ego: I"},{"text":"ōrnāmenta","gloss":"ornamentum: ornament, jewel"},{"text":"quae","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"sinistrīs","gloss":"sinister: left"},{"text":"bracchīs","gloss":"bracchium: arm (printed bracchīs for bracchiīs)"},{"text":"geritis,","gloss":"gero: bear, carry on; wear"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"celeriter","gloss":"quickly"},{"text":"cōpiās","gloss":"copia: plenty, abundance; troops, forces"},{"text":"vestrās","gloss":"vester: your, yours"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"Capitōlium","gloss":"Capitolium: the Capitol"},{"text":"dūcam.”","gloss":"duco: lead, conduct"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L38.s1.1.m4a"},{"number":54,"id":"la.do.L38.s1.2","source":"Nec Sabīnī recūsāvērunt, sed per dūrās magnāsque castellī portās properāvērunt quō Tarpēia dūxit et mox intrā validōs et altōs mūrōs stābant.","translation":"Nor did the Sabines refuse, but they hastened through the hard and great gates of the fort to the place where Tarpeia led, and soon they were standing within the strong and high walls.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nec","gloss":"neque: neither, nor, and ... not"},{"text":"Sabīnī","gloss":"Sabinus: Sabine"},{"text":"recūsāvērunt,","gloss":"recuso: refuse"},{"text":"sed","gloss":"but"},{"text":"per","gloss":"through"},{"text":"dūrās","gloss":"durus: hard, rough; unfeeling, cruel; severe, toilsome"},{"text":"magnāsque","gloss":"magnus: great, large; strong, loud"},{"text":"castellī","gloss":"castellum: redoubt, fort"},{"text":"portās","gloss":"porta: gate"},{"text":"properāvērunt","gloss":"propero: hurry, speed up"},{"text":"quō","gloss":"quo: whither, where; in order to, that"},{"text":"Tarpēia","gloss":"Tarpeia: Tarpeia"},{"text":"dūxit","gloss":"duco: lead, conduct"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"mox","gloss":"soon, presently"},{"text":"intrā","gloss":"intra: within, in"},{"text":"validōs","gloss":"validus: strong, able, well"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"altōs","gloss":"altus: high, tall, deep"},{"text":"mūrōs","gloss":"murus: wall"},{"text":"stābant.","gloss":"sto: stand"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L38.s1.2.m4a"},{"number":55,"id":"la.do.L38.s1.3","source":"Tum sine morā in Tarpēiam scūta graviter iēcērunt; nam scūta quoque in sinistrīs bracchiīs gerēbant.","translation":"Then without delay they threw their shields heavily upon Tarpeia; for they carried their shields too on their left arms.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Tum","gloss":"then, at that time"},{"text":"sine","gloss":"without"},{"text":"morā","gloss":"mora: delay"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"Tarpēiam","gloss":"Tarpeia: Tarpeia"},{"text":"scūta","gloss":"scutum: shield"},{"text":"graviter","gloss":"heavily; greatly, seriously"},{"text":"iēcērunt;","gloss":"jacio: throw, hurl"},{"text":"nam","gloss":"for"},{"text":"scūta","gloss":"scutum: shield"},{"text":"quoque","gloss":"also; after"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"sinistrīs","gloss":"sinister: left"},{"text":"bracchiīs","gloss":"bracchium: forearm, arm"},{"text":"gerēbant.","gloss":"gero: bear, carry on; wear"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L38.s1.3.m4a"},{"number":56,"id":"la.do.L38.s1.4","source":"Ita perfida puella Tarpēia interfecta est; ita Sabīnī Capitōlium occupāvērunt.","translation":"So the treacherous girl Tarpeia was killed; so the Sabines seized the Capitol.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ita","gloss":"thus, in this way, as follows"},{"text":"perfida","gloss":"perfidus: faithless, treacherous, false"},{"text":"puella","gloss":"girl"},{"text":"Tarpēia","gloss":"Tarpeia: Tarpeia"},{"text":"interfecta","gloss":"interficio: kill"},{"text":"est;","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"ita","gloss":"thus, in this way, as follows"},{"text":"Sabīnī","gloss":"Sabinus: Sabine"},{"text":"Capitōlium","gloss":"Capitolium: the Capitol"},{"text":"occupāvērunt.","gloss":"occupo: seize, take possession of"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L38.s1.4.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"English into Latin (D'Ooge XXXVIII)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":57,"id":"la.do.L38.e2.1","source":"Quam victōriam nūntiābis?","translation":"What victory will you announce?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quam","gloss":"than"},{"text":"victōriam","gloss":"victoria: victory"},{"text":"nūntiābis?","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L38.e2.1.m4a"},{"number":58,"id":"la.do.L38.e2.2","source":"Populō victōriam quam nautae reportāvērunt nūntiābō.","translation":"I will announce to the people the victory which the sailors have won.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Populō","gloss":"populo: ravage, devastate, lay waste"},{"text":"victōriam","gloss":"victoria: victory"},{"text":"quam","gloss":"than"},{"text":"nautae","gloss":"nauta: sailor"},{"text":"reportāvērunt","gloss":"reporto: bring back, restore; win, gain"},{"text":"nūntiābō.","gloss":"nuntio: report, announce"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L38.e2.2.m4a"},{"number":59,"id":"la.do.L38.e2.3","source":"Virī quī castra pōnēbant proeliō studēbant.","translation":"The men who were pitching camp were eager for battle.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Virī","gloss":"vir: man, hero"},{"text":"quī","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"castra","gloss":"castrum: fort; camp"},{"text":"pōnēbant","gloss":""},{"text":"proeliō","gloss":"proelium: battle"},{"text":"studēbant.","gloss":"studeo: give attention to, be eager"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L38.e2.3.m4a"},{"number":60,"id":"la.do.L38.e2.4","source":"Tamen mox ā cōpiīs quās Sextus mīserat victī sunt.","translation":"Nevertheless they were soon conquered by the troops which Sextus had sent.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Tamen","gloss":"yet, nevertheless"},{"text":"mox","gloss":"soon, presently"},{"text":"ā","gloss":"a: from, by, off"},{"text":"cōpiīs","gloss":"copia: plenty, abundance; troops, forces"},{"text":"quās","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"Sextus","gloss":"Sextus"},{"text":"mīserat","gloss":"mitto: send, throw, hurl, cast"},{"text":"victī","gloss":"vinco: conquer"},{"text":"sunt.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L38.e2.4.m4a"},{"number":61,"id":"la.do.L38.e2.5","source":"Cōpiīs nostrīs resistere nōn poterant, sed sine morā ex eō locō fūgērunt.","translation":"They could not resist our forces, but fled from that place without delay.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Cōpiīs","gloss":"copia: plenty, abundance; troops, forces"},{"text":"nostrīs","gloss":"noster: our, ours"},{"text":"resistere","gloss":"resisto: oppose, resist"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"poterant,","gloss":"possum: be able, can"},{"text":"sed","gloss":"but"},{"text":"sine","gloss":"without"},{"text":"morā","gloss":"mora: delay"},{"text":"ex","gloss":"out of, from"},{"text":"eō","gloss":"is: he, she, it; that"},{"text":"locō","gloss":"locus: place, spot"},{"text":"fūgērunt.","gloss":"fugio: flee, run; avoid, shun"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L38.e2.5.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Latin into English (D'Ooge XXXIX)","teaching":[{"title":"Two nouns change their form","paragraphs":["Pedes mīlitum lapidibus quī dē mūrō iaciēbantur saepe vulnerābantur. It means \"The feet of the soldiers were often wounded by the stones which were thrown from the wall.\"","mīlitum is a form of mīles, soldier. lapidibus is a form of lapis, stone. Their stems are mīlit- and lapid-."]},{"title":"The nominative drops a consonant","paragraphs":["The genitive singular gives each stem. Remove -is from mīlitis to get mīlit-. Remove -is from lapidis to get lapid-.","Before nominative -s, final -t or -d disappears. This produces mīles from mīlit- and lapis from lapid-.","In the line, -um makes mīlitum genitive plural. The ending -ibus makes lapidibus ablative plural.","The mīlit- and lapid- tables show both changes across the cases."]},{"title":"mīlit-","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"lapid-","paragraphs":[]}],"lines":[{"number":62,"id":"la.do.L39.e1.1","source":"Neque peditēs neque equitēs occupāre castellum Rōmānum poterant.","translation":"Neither the foot soldiers nor the horsemen were able to seize the Roman fort.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Neque","gloss":"neither, nor, and ... not"},{"text":"peditēs","gloss":"pedes: foot soldier"},{"text":"neque","gloss":"neither, nor, and ... not"},{"text":"equitēs","gloss":"eques: horseman, cavalryman"},{"text":"occupāre","gloss":"occupo: seize, take possession of"},{"text":"castellum","gloss":"redoubt, fort"},{"text":"Rōmānum","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"poterant.","gloss":"possum: be able, can"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L39.e1.1.m4a"},{"number":63,"id":"la.do.L39.e1.2","source":"Summā virtūte mūrōs altōs cotīdiē oppugnābant.","translation":"With the greatest courage they attacked the high walls daily.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Summā","gloss":"summus: highest, greatest"},{"text":"virtūte","gloss":"virtus: manliness, courage"},{"text":"mūrōs","gloss":"murus: wall"},{"text":"altōs","gloss":"altus: high, tall, deep"},{"text":"cotīdiē","gloss":"cottidie: daily, every day"},{"text":"oppugnābant.","gloss":"oppugno: storm, assail"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L39.e1.2.m4a"},{"number":64,"id":"la.do.L39.e1.3","source":"Pedes mīlitum lapidibus quī dē mūrō iaciēbantur saepe vulnerābantur.","translation":"The feet of the soldiers were often wounded by the stones which were thrown from the wall.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Pedes","gloss":"foot soldier"},{"text":"mīlitum","gloss":"miles: soldier"},{"text":"lapidibus","gloss":"lapis: stone"},{"text":"quī","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"dē","gloss":"de: down from; concerning"},{"text":"mūrō","gloss":"murus: wall"},{"text":"iaciēbantur","gloss":"jacio: throw, hurl"},{"text":"saepe","gloss":"often"},{"text":"vulnerābantur.","gloss":"vulnero: wound"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L39.e1.3.m4a"},{"number":65,"id":"la.do.L39.e1.4","source":"Quod novum cōnsilium dux cēpit?","translation":"What new plan did the leader adopt?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quod","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"novum","gloss":"novus: new"},{"text":"cōnsilium","gloss":"consilium: plan"},{"text":"dux","gloss":"leader"},{"text":"cēpit?","gloss":"capio: take, seize, capture"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L39.e1.4.m4a"},{"number":66,"id":"la.do.L39.e1.5","source":"Is perfidam puellam pulchrīs ōrnāmentīs temptāvit.","translation":"He tempted the treacherous girl with beautiful ornaments.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Is","gloss":"this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"perfidam","gloss":"perfidus: faithless, treacherous, false"},{"text":"puellam","gloss":"puella: girl"},{"text":"pulchrīs","gloss":"pulcher: pretty, beautiful"},{"text":"ōrnāmentīs","gloss":"ornamentum: ornament, jewel"},{"text":"temptāvit.","gloss":"tento: handle, feel"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L39.e1.5.m4a"},{"number":67,"id":"la.do.L39.e1.6","source":"Quid puella fēcit?","translation":"What did the girl do?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quid","gloss":"quis: what?"},{"text":"puella","gloss":"girl"},{"text":"fēcit?","gloss":"facio: make, do; cause, bring about"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L39.e1.6.m4a"},{"number":68,"id":"la.do.L39.e1.7","source":"Puella commōta aurō mīlitēs per portās dūxit.","translation":"The girl, moved by the gold, led the soldiers through the gates.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Puella","gloss":"girl"},{"text":"commōta","gloss":"commoveo: shake/stir up, agitate"},{"text":"aurō","gloss":"aurum: gold"},{"text":"mīlitēs","gloss":"miles: soldier"},{"text":"per","gloss":"through"},{"text":"portās","gloss":"porta: gate"},{"text":"dūxit.","gloss":"duco: lead, conduct"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L39.e1.7.m4a"},{"number":69,"id":"la.do.L39.e1.8","source":"Tamen praemia quae summō studiō petīverat nōn reportāvit.","translation":"Yet she did not win the rewards which she had sought with the greatest eagerness.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Tamen","gloss":"yet, nevertheless"},{"text":"praemia","gloss":"praemium: reward, prize"},{"text":"quae","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"summō","gloss":"summus: highest, greatest"},{"text":"studiō","gloss":"studium: zeal, eagerness"},{"text":"petīverat","gloss":"peto: aim at, assail, storm, attack; seek, ask"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"reportāvit.","gloss":"reporto: bring back, restore; win, gain"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L39.e1.8.m4a"},{"number":70,"id":"la.do.L39.e1.9","source":"Apud Rōmānōs antīquōs Tarpēia nōn est laudāta.","translation":"Among the ancient Romans Tarpeia was not praised.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Apud","gloss":"among"},{"text":"Rōmānōs","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"antīquōs","gloss":"antiquus: old, ancient"},{"text":"Tarpēia","gloss":"Tarpeia: Tarpeia"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"laudāta.","gloss":"laudo: praise"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L39.e1.9.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":230,"text":"D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XXXIX, §§230-233\n\n§230. Bases and Stems. In learning the first and second declensions we saw that the different cases were formed by adding the case terminations to the part of the word that did not change, which we called the base. If to the base we add -ā in the first declension, and -o in the second, we get what is called the stem. Thus porta has the base port- and the stem portā-; servus has the base serv- and the stem servo-.\n\nThese stem vowels, -ā- and -o-, play so important a part in the formation of the case terminations that these declensions are named from them respectively the Ā- and O-Declensions."},{"section":231,"text":"§231. Nouns of the Third Declension. The third declension is called the Consonant or I-Declension, and its nouns are classified according to the way the stem ends. If the last letter of the stem is a consonant, the word is said to have a consonant stem; if the stem ends in -i-, the word is said to have an i-stem. In consonant stems the stem is the same as the base. In i-stems the stem is formed by adding -i- to the base. The presence of the i makes a difference in certain of the cases, so the distinction is a very important one."},{"section":232,"text":"§232. Consonant stems are divided into two classes:\n\nI. Stems that add -s to the base to form the nominative singular. II. Stems that add no termination in the nominative singular.\n\nCLASS I"},{"section":233,"text":"§233. Stems that add -s to the base in the nominative singular are either masculine or feminine and are declined as follows:\n\n          prīnceps,   mīles, m.,  lapis,\n          m., chief     soldier       m., stone\nBASES OR\nSTEMS     prīncip-      mīlit-        lapid-\n\n          SINGULAR                               TERMINATIONS\n                                                 M. AND F.\nNom.      prīnceps      mīles         lapis      -s\nGen.      prīn´cipis    mīlitis       lapidis    -is\nDat.      prīn´cipī     mīlitī        lapidī     -ī\nAcc.      prīn´cipem    mīlitem       lapidem    -em\nAbl.      prīn´cipe     mīlite        lapide     -e\n\n          PLURAL\nNom.      prīn´cipēs    mīlitēs       lapidēs    -ēs\nGen.      prīn´cipum    mīlitum       lapidum    -um\nDat.      prīnci´pibus  mīlitibus     lapidibus  -ibus\nAcc.      prīn´cipēs    mīlitēs       lapidēs    -ēs\nAbl.      prīnci´pibus  mīlitibus     lapidibus  -ibus\n\n          rēx,      iūdex,     virtūs, f.,\n          m., king    m.,judge     manliness\nBASES OR\nSTEMS     rēg-        iūdic-       virtūt-\n\n          SINGULAR                              TERMINATIONS\n          M. AND F.\nNom.      rēx         iūdex        virtūs       -s\nGen.      rēgis       iūdicis      virtū´tis    -is\nDat.      rēgī        iūdicī       virtū´tī     -ī\nAcc.      rēgem       iūdicem      virtū´tem    -em\nAbl.      rēge        iūdice       virtū´te     -e\n\n          PLURAL\nNom.      rēgēs       iūdicēs      virtū´tēs    -ēs\nGen.      rēgum       iūdicum      virtū´tum    -um\nDat.      rēgibus     iūdicibus    virtū´tibus  -ibus\nAcc.      rēgēs       iūdicēs      virtū´tēs    -ēs\nAbl.      rēgibus     iūdicibus    virtū´tibus  -ibus\n\n1. The base or stem is found by dropping -is in the genitive singular.\n\n2. Most nouns of two syllables, like prīnceps (prīncip-), mīles (mīlit-), iūdex (iūdic-), have i in the base, but e in the nominative.\n\na. lapis is an exception to this rule.\n\n3. Observe the consonant changes of the base or stem in the nominative:\n\na. A final -t or -d is dropped before -s; thus mīles for mīlets, lapis for lapids, virtūs for virtūts.\n\nb. A final -c or -g unites with -s and forms -x; thus iūdec + s = iūdex, rēg + s = rēx.\n\n4. Review §74 and apply the rules to this declension.\n\nIn like manner decline dux, ducis, m., leader; eques, equitis, m., horseman; pedes, peditis, m., foot soldier; pēs, pedis, m.,foot."}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"English into Latin (D'Ooge XXXIX)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":71,"id":"la.do.L39.e2.1","source":"Quod nāvigium est id quod videō? Illud nāvigium est Victōria. Nunc ventō idōneō nāvigat et mox Italiae adpropinquābit.","translation":"What ship is that which I see? That (illud) ship is the Victory. It is sailing now with a favorable wind and will soon approach Italy.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quod","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"nāvigium","gloss":"navigium: boat, ship"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"id","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"quod","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"videō?","gloss":"video: see, perceive"},{"text":"Illud","gloss":"ille: that; he, she, it"},{"text":"nāvigium","gloss":"navigium: boat, ship"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"Victōria.","gloss":"victoria: victory"},{"text":"Nunc","gloss":"now, the present moment"},{"text":"ventō","gloss":"ventus: wind"},{"text":"idōneō","gloss":""},{"text":"nāvigat","gloss":""},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"mox","gloss":"soon, presently"},{"text":"Italiae","gloss":"Italia: Italy"},{"text":"adpropinquābit.","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L39.e2.1.m4a"},{"number":72,"id":"la.do.L39.e2.2","source":"Iūdicēs barbarōs capī et interficī iussērunt.","translation":"The judges commanded the savages to be seized and to be killed.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Iūdicēs","gloss":"judex: judge"},{"text":"barbarōs","gloss":"barbarus: strange, foreign, barbarous"},{"text":"capī","gloss":"capio: take hold, seize"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"interficī","gloss":"interficio: kill"},{"text":"iussērunt.","gloss":"jubeo: order, command"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L39.e2.2.m4a"},{"number":73,"id":"la.do.L39.e2.3","source":"Prīncipēs barbarōrum subitō fugere incēpērunt, sed celeriter ab equitibus captī sunt.","translation":"The chiefs of the savages suddenly began to flee, but were quickly captured by the horsemen.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Prīncipēs","gloss":"princeps: chief"},{"text":"barbarōrum","gloss":"barbarus: strange, foreign, barbarous"},{"text":"subitō","gloss":"subito: suddenly"},{"text":"fugere","gloss":"fugio: flee, run; avoid, shun"},{"text":"incēpērunt,","gloss":"incipio: begin"},{"text":"sed","gloss":"but"},{"text":"celeriter","gloss":"quickly"},{"text":"ab","gloss":"from, by"},{"text":"equitibus","gloss":"eques: horseman, cavalryman"},{"text":"captī","gloss":"capio: take, seize, capture"},{"text":"sunt.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L39.e2.3.m4a"},{"number":74,"id":"la.do.L39.e2.4","source":"Rēx peditēs ad mūrum dūxit dē quō oppidānī lapidēs summō studiō iaciēbant.","translation":"The king led the foot soldiers to the wall from which the townsmen were hurling stones with the greatest zeal.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Rēx","gloss":"rex: king"},{"text":"peditēs","gloss":"pedes: foot soldier"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"mūrum","gloss":"murus: wall"},{"text":"dūxit","gloss":"duco: lead, conduct"},{"text":"dē","gloss":"de: down from; concerning"},{"text":"quō","gloss":"qui2: who"},{"text":"oppidānī","gloss":"oppidanus: townsman"},{"text":"lapidēs","gloss":"lapis: stone"},{"text":"summō","gloss":"summus: highest, greatest"},{"text":"studiō","gloss":"studium: zeal, eagerness"},{"text":"iaciēbant.","gloss":"jacio: throw, hurl"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L39.e2.4.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Latin into English (D'Ooge XL)","teaching":[{"title":"One form, two cases","paragraphs":["Eae legiōnēs nūper ex Galliā vēnērunt means \"Those legions lately came from Gaul.\"","legiōnēs is nominative plural as the subject of vēnērunt. In Quās legiōnēs vidēmus, the same form is accusative plural as the direct object."]},{"title":"No nominative termination","paragraphs":["The consonant stem legiōn- adds no termination in the nominative.","In every other case, it takes the same terminations as consonant stems that add -s."]},{"title":"The nominative drops n","paragraphs":["The genitive legiōnis reveals the stem legiōn-.","Feminine stems in -ōn- drop n and end in -ō in the nominative.","The legiō table shows this change and the identical nominative and accusative plural forms."]},{"title":"","paragraphs":[]}],"lines":[{"number":75,"id":"la.do.L40.e1.1","source":"Audīsne tubās, Mārce? Nōn sōlum tubās audiō sed etiam ōrdinēs militum et carrōs impedīmentōrum plēnōs vidēre possum.","translation":"Do you hear the trumpets, Marcus? I not only hear the trumpets but can also see the ranks of the soldiers and the wagons full of baggage.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Audīsne","gloss":"audio: hear, listen to"},{"text":"tubās,","gloss":"tuba: trumpet"},{"text":"Mārce?","gloss":"Marcus: Marcus, Mark"},{"text":"Nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"sōlum","gloss":"alone, only"},{"text":"tubās","gloss":"tuba: trumpet"},{"text":"audiō","gloss":"audio: hear, listen to"},{"text":"sed","gloss":"but"},{"text":"etiam","gloss":"yet, still; also, besides"},{"text":"ōrdinēs","gloss":"ordo: row, rank"},{"text":"militum","gloss":"miles: soldier"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"carrōs","gloss":"carrus: cart, wagon"},{"text":"impedīmentōrum","gloss":"impedimentum: hindrance"},{"text":"plēnōs","gloss":"plenus: full"},{"text":"vidēre","gloss":"video: see, perceive"},{"text":"possum.","gloss":"be able, can"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L40.e1.1.m4a"},{"number":76,"id":"la.do.L40.e1.2","source":"Quās legiōnēs vidēmus? Eae legiōnēs nūper ex Galliā vēnērunt.","translation":"What legions do we see? Those legions lately came from Gaul.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quās","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"legiōnēs","gloss":"legio: legion"},{"text":"vidēmus?","gloss":"video: see, perceive"},{"text":"Eae","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"legiōnēs","gloss":"legio: legion"},{"text":"nūper","gloss":"nuper: lately, recently"},{"text":"ex","gloss":"out of, from"},{"text":"Galliā","gloss":"Gallia: Gaul"},{"text":"vēnērunt.","gloss":"venio: come, go"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L40.e1.2.m4a"},{"number":77,"id":"la.do.L40.e1.3","source":"Quid ibi fēcērunt? Studēbantne pugnāre an sine virtūte erant?","translation":"What did they do there? Were they eager to fight, or were they without courage?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quid","gloss":"quis: what?"},{"text":"ibi","gloss":"there, in that place"},{"text":"fēcērunt?","gloss":"facio: make, do; cause, bring about"},{"text":"Studēbantne","gloss":"studeo: give attention to, be eager"},{"text":"pugnāre","gloss":"pugno: fight"},{"text":"an","gloss":"or; Is he a Roman or a Gaul"},{"text":"sine","gloss":"without"},{"text":"virtūte","gloss":"virtus: manliness, courage"},{"text":"erant?","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L40.e1.3.m4a"},{"number":78,"id":"la.do.L40.e1.4","source":"Multa proelia fēcērunt et magnās victōriās et multōs captīvōs reportāvērunt.","translation":"They fought many battles and won great victories and many captives.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Multa","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"proelia","gloss":"proelium: battle"},{"text":"fēcērunt","gloss":"facio: make, do; cause, bring about"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"magnās","gloss":"magnus: great, large; strong, loud"},{"text":"victōriās","gloss":"victoria: victory"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"multōs","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"captīvōs","gloss":"captivus: captive, prisoner"},{"text":"reportāvērunt.","gloss":"reporto: bring back, restore; win, gain"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L40.e1.4.m4a"},{"number":79,"id":"la.do.L40.e1.5","source":"Quis est imperātor eārum legiōnum? Caesar, summus Rōmānōrum imperātor.","translation":"Who is the commander of those legions? Caesar, the greatest commander of the Romans.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quis","gloss":"who?"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"imperātor","gloss":"imperator: commander in chief, general"},{"text":"eārum","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"legiōnum?","gloss":"legio: legion"},{"text":"Caesar,","gloss":"Cæsar"},{"text":"summus","gloss":"highest, greatest"},{"text":"Rōmānōrum","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"imperātor.","gloss":"imperator: commander in chief, general"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L40.e1.5.m4a"},{"number":80,"id":"la.do.L40.e1.6","source":"Quis est eques quī pulchram corōnam gerit? Is eques est frāter meus. Eī corōna ā cōnsule data est quia summā virtūte pugnāverat et ā barbarīs patriam servāverat.","translation":"Who is the horseman who wears the beautiful wreath? That horseman is my brother. The wreath was given him by the consul because he had fought with the greatest courage and had saved his fatherland from the barbarians.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quis","gloss":"who?"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"eques","gloss":"horseman, cavalryman"},{"text":"quī","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"pulchram","gloss":"pulcher: pretty, beautiful"},{"text":"corōnam","gloss":"corona: wreath, garland, crown"},{"text":"gerit?","gloss":"gero: bear, carry on; wear"},{"text":"Is","gloss":"this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"eques","gloss":"horseman, cavalryman"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"frāter","gloss":"frater: brother"},{"text":"meus.","gloss":"my, mine"},{"text":"Eī","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"corōna","gloss":"corona: wreath, garland, crown"},{"text":"ā","gloss":"a: from, by, off"},{"text":"cōnsule","gloss":"consul: consul"},{"text":"data","gloss":"do: give"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"quia","gloss":"because"},{"text":"summā","gloss":"summus: highest, greatest"},{"text":"virtūte","gloss":"virtus: manliness, courage"},{"text":"pugnāverat","gloss":"pugno: fight"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ā","gloss":"a: from, by, off"},{"text":"barbarīs","gloss":"barbarus: strange, foreign, barbarous"},{"text":"patriam","gloss":"patria: fatherland"},{"text":"servāverat.","gloss":"servo: save, preserve"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L40.e1.6.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":235,"text":"D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XL, §§235-236\n\n§235. Consonant stems that add no termination in the nominative are declined in the other cases exactly like those that add -s. They may be masculine, feminine, or neuter."},{"section":236,"text":"§236. PARADIGMS\n\nMASCULINES AND FEMININES\n\n          cōnsul,     legiō, f.,  ōrdō,    pater, m.,\n          m., consul    legion        m., row    father\nBASES OR\nSTEMS     cōnsul-       legiōn-       ōrdin-     patr-\n\n          SINGULAR                                       TERMINATIONS\n                                                         M. AND F.\nNom.      cōnsul        legiō         ōrdō       pater     --\nGen.      cōnsulis      legiōnis      ōrdinis    patris    -is\nDat.      cōnsulī       legiōnī       ōrdinī     patrī     -ī\nAcc.      cōnsulem      legiōnem      ōrdinem    patrem    -em\nAbl.      cōnsule       legiōne       ōrdine     patre     -e\n\n          PLURAL\nNom.      cōnsulēs      legiōnēs      ōrdinēs    patrēs    -ēs\nGen.      cōnsulum      legiōnum      ōrdinum    patrum    -um\nDat.      cōnsulibus    legiōnibus    ōrdinibus  patribus  -ibus\nAcc.      cōnsulēs      legiōnēs      ōrdinēs    patrēs    -ēs\nAbl.      cōnsulibus    legiōnibus    ōrdinibus  patribus  -ibus\n\n1. With the exception of the nominative, the terminations are exactly the same as in Class I, and the base or stem is found in the same way.\n\n2. Masculines and feminines with bases or stems in -in- and -ōn- drop -n- and end in -ō in the nominative, as legiō (base or stem legiōn-), ōrdō (base or stem ōrdin-).\n\n3. Bases or stems in -tr- have -ter in the nominative, as pater (base or stem patr-).\n\n4. Note how the genitive singular gives the clue to the whole declension. Always learn this with the nominative."}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"English into Latin (D'Ooge XL)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":81,"id":"la.do.L40.e2.1","source":"Quis patrem meum hodiē vīdit?","translation":"Who has seen my father to-day?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quis","gloss":"who?"},{"text":"patrem","gloss":"pater: father"},{"text":"meum","gloss":"meus: my, mine"},{"text":"hodiē","gloss":"hodie: to-day"},{"text":"vīdit?","gloss":"video: see, perceive"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L40.e2.1.m4a"},{"number":82,"id":"la.do.L40.e2.2","source":"Eum nūper vīdī. Ad domicilium tuum cum mātre et sorōre tuā properābat.","translation":"I saw him just now (nūper). He was hastening to your dwelling with your mother and sister.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Eum","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"nūper","gloss":"nuper: lately, recently"},{"text":"vīdī.","gloss":"video: see, perceive"},{"text":"Ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"domicilium","gloss":"dwelling place; abode"},{"text":"tuum","gloss":"tuus: your, yours"},{"text":"cum","gloss":"when; since; although"},{"text":"mātre","gloss":"mater: mother"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"sorōre","gloss":""},{"text":"tuā","gloss":"tuus: your, yours"},{"text":"properābat.","gloss":"propero: hurry, speed up"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L40.e2.2.m4a"},{"number":83,"id":"la.do.L40.e2.3","source":"Ubi hominēs longē ā patriā absunt et cibō egent, iniūriā continērī nōn possunt.","translation":"When men are far from the fatherland and lack food, they cannot be restrained[2] from wrong[3].","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ubi","gloss":"where"},{"text":"hominēs","gloss":"homo: man, human being"},{"text":"longē","gloss":"longus: long"},{"text":"ā","gloss":"a: from, by, off"},{"text":"patriā","gloss":"patria: fatherland"},{"text":"absunt","gloss":"absum: be away, be absent, be distant"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"cibō","gloss":"cibus: food"},{"text":"egent,","gloss":"egeo: lack, need, be without"},{"text":"iniūriā","gloss":"injuria: injury"},{"text":"continērī","gloss":"contineo: hold together, hem in, keep"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"possunt.","gloss":"possum: be able, can"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L40.e2.3.m4a"},{"number":84,"id":"la.do.L40.e2.4","source":"Salūs mīlitum Caesarī imperātōrī cāra est.","translation":"The safety of the soldiers is dear to Cæsar, the general.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Salūs","gloss":"salus: safety"},{"text":"mīlitum","gloss":"miles: soldier"},{"text":"Caesarī","gloss":"Caesar: Cæsar"},{"text":"imperātōrī","gloss":"imperator: commander in chief, general"},{"text":"cāra","gloss":"carus: dear"},{"text":"est.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L40.e2.4.m4a"},{"number":85,"id":"la.do.L40.e2.5","source":"Prīncipēs oppidum frūmentī plēnum quod ā cōnsule tenēbātur oppugnāre studēbant.","translation":"The chiefs were eager to storm a town full of grain which was held by the consul.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Prīncipēs","gloss":"princeps: chief"},{"text":"oppidum","gloss":"town"},{"text":"frūmentī","gloss":"frumentum: grain"},{"text":"plēnum","gloss":"plenus: full"},{"text":"quod","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"ā","gloss":"a: from, by, off"},{"text":"cōnsule","gloss":"consul: consul"},{"text":"tenēbātur","gloss":"teneo: keep, hold"},{"text":"oppugnāre","gloss":"oppugno: storm, assail"},{"text":"studēbant.","gloss":"studeo: give attention to, be eager"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L40.e2.5.m4a"},{"number":86,"id":"la.do.L40.e2.6","source":"Rēx impedīmenta captīvōrum dēlērī vetuit.","translation":"The king forbade the baggage of the captives to be destroyed.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Rēx","gloss":"rex: king"},{"text":"impedīmenta","gloss":"impedimentum: hindrance"},{"text":"captīvōrum","gloss":"captivus: captive, prisoner"},{"text":"dēlērī","gloss":""},{"text":"vetuit.","gloss":"veto: forbid"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L40.e2.6.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Latin into English (D'Ooge XLI)","teaching":[{"title":"The plural form in -a","paragraphs":["Barbarī ubi Rōmam cēpērunt, maxima rēgum opera dēlēvērunt.","It means \"When the barbarians took Rome, they destroyed the greatest works of the kings.\"","Opera is accusative plural after dēlēvērunt. Its -a ending belongs to neuter consonant stems."]},{"title":"The same form for two cases","paragraphs":["Neuter consonant stems add no ending in the nominative and accusative singular. Opus serves both cases.","Both plural cases add -a to oper-, which gives opera.","The forms of opus set this shared pattern beside the other case endings."]},{"title":"oper-","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"The stem in other cases","paragraphs":["In rīpīs fiūminis magnī means \"on the banks of a great river.\" Fiūminis uses flūmin- with -is.","In sagittā in capite means \"in the head by an arrow.\" Capite uses capit- with -e.","The forms of flūmen and caput give both stems with every case ending."]},{"title":"flūmin-","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"capit-","paragraphs":[]}],"lines":[{"number":87,"id":"la.do.L41.e1.1","source":"Barbarī ubi Rōmam cēpērunt, maxima rēgum opera dēlēvērunt.","translation":"When the barbarians took Rome, they destroyed the greatest works of the kings.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Barbarī","gloss":"barbarus: strange, foreign, barbarous"},{"text":"ubi","gloss":"where"},{"text":"Rōmam","gloss":"Roma: Rome"},{"text":"cēpērunt,","gloss":"capio: take, seize, capture"},{"text":"maxima","gloss":"magnus: great, large; strong, loud"},{"text":"rēgum","gloss":"rex: king"},{"text":"opera","gloss":"opus: work, task"},{"text":"dēlēvērunt.","gloss":"deleo: blot out, destroy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L41.e1.1.m4a"},{"number":88,"id":"la.do.L41.e1.2","source":"Rōmānī multās calamitātēs ā barbarīs accēpērunt.","translation":"The Romans received many disasters from the barbarians.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Rōmānī","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"multās","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"calamitātēs","gloss":"calamitas: loss, disaster, defeat"},{"text":"ā","gloss":"a: from, by, off"},{"text":"barbarīs","gloss":"barbarus: strange, foreign, barbarous"},{"text":"accēpērunt.","gloss":"accipio: receive, accept"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L41.e1.2.m4a"},{"number":89,"id":"la.do.L41.e1.3","source":"Ubi erat summus terror apud oppidānōs, animī dubiī eōrum ab ōrātōre clarō cōnfīrmāti sunt.","translation":"When there was the greatest terror among the townsmen, their wavering spirits were strengthened by the famous orator.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ubi","gloss":"where"},{"text":"erat","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"summus","gloss":"highest, greatest"},{"text":"terror","gloss":"terror, fear"},{"text":"apud","gloss":"among"},{"text":"oppidānōs,","gloss":"oppidanus: townsman"},{"text":"animī","gloss":"animus: mind, heart; spirit, feeling"},{"text":"dubiī","gloss":"dubius: doubtful"},{"text":"eōrum","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"ab","gloss":"from, by"},{"text":"ōrātōre","gloss":"orator: orator"},{"text":"clarō","gloss":"Claros: beetle infesting beehives"},{"text":"cōnfīrmāti","gloss":"confirmo: strengthen, establish, encourage"},{"text":"sunt.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L41.e1.3.m4a"},{"number":90,"id":"la.do.L41.e1.4","source":"Rōma est in rīpīs fiūminis magnī.","translation":"Rome is on the banks of a great river.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Rōma","gloss":"Roma: Rome"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"rīpīs","gloss":"ripa: bank"},{"text":"fiūminis","gloss":"flūmen: river (printed fiūminis for flūminis)"},{"text":"magnī.","gloss":"magnus: great, large; strong, loud"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L41.e1.4.m4a"},{"number":91,"id":"la.do.L41.e1.5","source":"Ubi Caesar imperātor mīlitēs suōs arma capere iussit, iī ā proeliō continērī nōn potuērunt.","translation":"When Caesar the commander ordered his soldiers to take arms, they could not be kept from battle.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ubi","gloss":"where"},{"text":"Caesar","gloss":"Cæsar"},{"text":"imperātor","gloss":"imperator: commander in chief, general"},{"text":"mīlitēs","gloss":"miles: soldier"},{"text":"suōs","gloss":"suus: his, her, hers, its, their, theirs"},{"text":"arma","gloss":"arms"},{"text":"capere","gloss":"capio: take, seize, capture"},{"text":"iussit,","gloss":"jubeo: order, command"},{"text":"iī","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"ā","gloss":"a: from, by, off"},{"text":"proeliō","gloss":"proelium: battle"},{"text":"continērī","gloss":"contineo: hold together, hem in, keep"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"potuērunt.","gloss":"possum: be able, can"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L41.e1.5.m4a"},{"number":92,"id":"la.do.L41.e1.6","source":"Ubi proelium factum est, imperātor reperīrī nōn potuit.","translation":"When the battle was fought, the commander could not be found.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ubi","gloss":"where"},{"text":"proelium","gloss":"battle"},{"text":"factum","gloss":"facio: make, do; cause, bring about"},{"text":"est,","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"imperātor","gloss":"imperator: commander in chief, general"},{"text":"reperīrī","gloss":"reperio: find"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"potuit.","gloss":"possum: be able, can"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L41.e1.6.m4a"},{"number":93,"id":"la.do.L41.e1.7","source":"Imperātor sagittā in capite vulnerātus erat et stāre nōn poterat.","translation":"The commander had been wounded in the head by an arrow and could not stand.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Imperātor","gloss":"imperator: commander in chief, general"},{"text":"sagittā","gloss":"sagitta: arrow"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"capite","gloss":"caput: head"},{"text":"vulnerātus","gloss":"vulnero: wound"},{"text":"erat","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"stāre","gloss":"sto: stand"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"poterat.","gloss":"possum: be able, can"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L41.e1.7.m4a"},{"number":94,"id":"la.do.L41.e1.8","source":"Eum magnō labōre pedes ex proeliō portāvit.","translation":"A foot soldier carried him out of the battle with great labor.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Eum","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"magnō","gloss":"magnus: great, large; strong, loud"},{"text":"labōre","gloss":"labor2: labor, toil"},{"text":"pedes","gloss":"foot soldier"},{"text":"ex","gloss":"out of, from"},{"text":"proeliō","gloss":"proelium: battle"},{"text":"portāvit.","gloss":"porto: bear, carry"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L41.e1.8.m4a"},{"number":95,"id":"la.do.L41.e1.9","source":"Is bracchiīs suīs imperātōrem tenuit et eum ex perīculīs summīs servāvit.","translation":"He held the commander in his arms and saved him from the greatest dangers.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Is","gloss":"this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"bracchiīs","gloss":"bracchium: forearm, arm"},{"text":"suīs","gloss":"suus: his, her, hers, its, their, theirs"},{"text":"imperātōrem","gloss":"imperator: commander in chief, general"},{"text":"tenuit","gloss":"teneo: keep, hold"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"eum","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"ex","gloss":"out of, from"},{"text":"perīculīs","gloss":"periculum: danger, peril"},{"text":"summīs","gloss":"summus: highest, greatest"},{"text":"servāvit.","gloss":"servo: save, preserve"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L41.e1.9.m4a"},{"number":96,"id":"la.do.L41.e1.10","source":"Virtūte suā bonus mīles ab imperātōre corōnam accēpit.","translation":"By his courage the good soldier received a wreath from the commander.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Virtūte","gloss":"virtus: manliness, courage"},{"text":"suā","gloss":"suus: his, her, hers, its, their, theirs"},{"text":"bonus","gloss":"good, kind"},{"text":"mīles","gloss":"miles: soldier"},{"text":"ab","gloss":"from, by"},{"text":"imperātōre","gloss":"imperator: commander in chief, general"},{"text":"corōnam","gloss":"corona: wreath, garland, crown"},{"text":"accēpit.","gloss":"accipio: receive, accept"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L41.e1.10.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":238,"text":"D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XLI, §238\n\n§238. Neuter consonant stems add no termination in the nominative and are declined as follows:\n\n          flūmen,    tempus,   opus,     caput,\n          n., river    n., time    n., work    n., head\nBASES OR\nSTEMS     flūmin-      tempor-     oper-       capit-\n\n          SINGULAR                                     TERMINATIONS\nNom.      flūmen       tempus      opus        caput       --\nGen.      flūminis     temporis    operis      capitis    -is\nDat.      flūminī      temporī     operī       capitī     -ī\nAcc.      flūmen       tempus      opus        caput       --\nAbl.      flūmine      tempore     opere       capite     -e\n\n           PLURAL\nNom.       flūmina      tempora     opera      capita     -a\nGen.       flūminum     temporum    operum     capitum    -um\nDat.       flūminibus   temporibus  operibus   capitibus  -ibus\nAcc.       flūmina      tempora     opera      capita     -a\nAbl.       flūminibus   temporibus  operibus   capitibus  -ibus\n\n1. Review §74 and apply the rules to this declension.\n\n2. Bases or stems in -in- have -e- instead of -i- in the nominative, as flūmen, base or stem flūmin-.\n\n3. Most bases or stems in -er- and -or- have -us in the nominative, as opus, base or stem oper-; tempus, base or stem tempor-."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"clarō","gloss":"beetle infesting beehives, from Claros"},{"word":"cōnfīrmāti","gloss":"strengthen, establish, from confirmo"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"English into Latin (D'Ooge XLI)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":97,"id":"la.do.L41.e2.1","source":"Cōnsul corōnam in capite victōris posuit.","translation":"The consul placed a crown on the head of the victor.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Cōnsul","gloss":"consul: consul"},{"text":"corōnam","gloss":"corona: wreath, garland, crown"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"capite","gloss":"caput: head"},{"text":"victōris","gloss":""},{"text":"posuit.","gloss":"pono: place, put"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L41.e2.1.m4a"},{"number":98,"id":"la.do.L41.e2.2","source":"Prō portīs ab oppidānīs acceptus est.","translation":"Before the gates he was received by the townsmen.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Prō","gloss":"pro: before; in behalf of; instead of"},{"text":"portīs","gloss":"porta: gate"},{"text":"ab","gloss":"from, by"},{"text":"oppidānīs","gloss":"oppidanus: townsman"},{"text":"acceptus","gloss":"accipio: receive, accept"},{"text":"est.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L41.e2.2.m4a"},{"number":99,"id":"la.do.L41.e2.3","source":"Ōrātor clārus eum laudāvit et dīxit: “Labōribus tuīs patriam calamitāte servāvistī.”","translation":"A famous orator praised him and said, “By your labors you have saved the fatherland from disaster.”","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ōrātor","gloss":"orator: orator"},{"text":"clārus","gloss":"clarus: clear; famous, renowned; bright, shining"},{"text":"eum","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"laudāvit","gloss":"laudo: praise"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"dīxit:","gloss":"dico2: say, speak, tell"},{"text":"“Labōribus","gloss":"labor2: labor, toil"},{"text":"tuīs","gloss":"tuus: your, yours"},{"text":"patriam","gloss":"patria: fatherland"},{"text":"calamitāte","gloss":"calamitas: loss, disaster, defeat"},{"text":"servāvistī.”","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L41.e2.3.m4a"},{"number":100,"id":"la.do.L41.e2.4","source":"Verba ōrātōris victōrī grāta erant.","translation":"The words of the orator were pleasing to the victor.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Verba","gloss":"verbum: word"},{"text":"ōrātōris","gloss":""},{"text":"victōrī","gloss":""},{"text":"grāta","gloss":"gratus: acceptable, pleasing"},{"text":"erant.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L41.e2.4.m4a"},{"number":101,"id":"la.do.L41.e2.5","source":"Patriam servāre erat magnum opus.","translation":"To save the fatherland was a great task.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Patriam","gloss":"patria: fatherland"},{"text":"servāre","gloss":"servo: watch over"},{"text":"erat","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"magnum","gloss":"magnus: great, large; strong, loud"},{"text":"opus.","gloss":"work, task"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L41.e2.5.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Terror Cimbricus (D'Ooge XLII)","teaching":[{"title":"The conquerors are nominative","paragraphs":["Cimbrī et Teutonēs cōpiās Rōmānās maximō proeliō vīcerant means \"The Cimbri and Teutons had conquered the Roman forces in a very great battle.\"","Cimbrī et Teutonēs is nominative and the subject of the active vīcerant. Cōpiās Rōmānās is accusative and its direct object."]},{"title":"The captured towns are nominative","paragraphs":["Oppida nostra ā Cimbrīs Teutonibusque capiuntur means \"Our towns are being taken by the Cimbri and Teutons.\"","Oppida is nominative and the subject of the passive capiuntur. Ā with the ablative Cimbrīs Teutonibusque names the conquerors."]}],"lines":[{"number":102,"id":"la.do.L42.s1.1","source":"Ōlim Cimbrī et Teutonēs, populī Germāniae, cum fēminīs līberīsque Italiae adpropinquāverant et cōpiās Rōmānās maximō proeliō vīcerant.","translation":"Once the Cimbri and Teutons, peoples of Germany, with their women and children had approached Italy and had conquered the Roman forces in a very great battle.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ōlim","gloss":"olim: formerly, once upon a time"},{"text":"Cimbrī","gloss":"Cimbri: the Cimbri"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"Teutonēs,","gloss":"Teutones: the Teutons"},{"text":"populī","gloss":"populus: people"},{"text":"Germāniae,","gloss":"Germania: Germany"},{"text":"cum","gloss":"when; since; although"},{"text":"fēminīs","gloss":"femina: woman"},{"text":"līberīsque","gloss":"liber: free"},{"text":"Italiae","gloss":"Italia: Italy"},{"text":"adpropinquāverant","gloss":"approach (w/DAT or ad+ACC)"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"cōpiās","gloss":"copia: plenty, abundance; troops, forces"},{"text":"Rōmānās","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"maximō","gloss":"magnus: great, large; strong, loud"},{"text":"proeliō","gloss":"proelium: battle"},{"text":"vīcerant.","gloss":"vinco: conquer"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L42.s1.1.m4a"},{"number":103,"id":"la.do.L42.s1.2","source":"Ubi fuga legiōnum nūntiāta est, summus erat terror tōtīus Rōmae, et Rōmānī, graviter commōtī, sacra crēbra deīs faciēbant et salūtem petēbant.","translation":"When the flight of the legions was announced, there was the greatest terror throughout Rome, and the Romans, deeply moved, kept making frequent sacrifices to the gods and seeking safety.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ubi","gloss":"where"},{"text":"fuga","gloss":"flight"},{"text":"legiōnum","gloss":"legio: legion"},{"text":"nūntiāta","gloss":"nuntio: report, announce"},{"text":"est,","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"summus","gloss":"highest, greatest"},{"text":"erat","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"terror","gloss":"terror, fear"},{"text":"tōtīus","gloss":"totus: all, the whole, entire"},{"text":"Rōmae,","gloss":"Roma: Rome"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"Rōmānī,","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"graviter","gloss":"heavily; greatly, seriously"},{"text":"commōtī,","gloss":"commoveo: shake/stir up, agitate"},{"text":"sacra","gloss":"sacrum: something consecrated, sacrifice"},{"text":"crēbra","gloss":"creber: frequent"},{"text":"deīs","gloss":"deus: god"},{"text":"faciēbant","gloss":"facio: make, do; cause, bring about"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"salūtem","gloss":"salus: safety"},{"text":"petēbant.","gloss":"peto: aim at, assail, storm, attack; seek, ask"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L42.s1.2.m4a"},{"number":104,"id":"la.do.L42.s1.3","source":"Tum Mānlius ōrātor animōs populī ita cōnfīrmāvit:—“Magnam calamitātem accēpimus.","translation":"Then Manlius the orator strengthened the spirits of the people thus: \"We have suffered a great disaster.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Tum","gloss":"then, at that time"},{"text":"Mānlius","gloss":"Manlius: Manlius"},{"text":"ōrātor","gloss":"orator: orator"},{"text":"animōs","gloss":"animus: mind, heart; spirit, feeling"},{"text":"populī","gloss":"populus: people"},{"text":"ita","gloss":"thus, in this way, as follows"},{"text":"cōnfīrmāvit:—“Magnam","gloss":"confirmo: strengthen, establish, encourage; magnus: great, large; strong, loud"},{"text":"calamitātem","gloss":"calamitas: loss, disaster, defeat"},{"text":"accēpimus.","gloss":"accipio: receive, accept"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L42.s1.3.m4a"},{"number":105,"id":"la.do.L42.s1.4","source":"Oppida nostra ā Cimbrīs Teutonibusque capiuntur, agricolae interficiuntur, agrī vāstantur, cōpiae barbarōrum Rōmae adpropinquant.","translation":"Our towns are being taken by the Cimbri and Teutons, the farmers are being killed, the fields are being laid waste, the forces of the barbarians are approaching Rome.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Oppida","gloss":"oppidum: town"},{"text":"nostra","gloss":"noster: our, ours"},{"text":"ā","gloss":"a: from, by, off"},{"text":"Cimbrīs","gloss":"Cimbri: the Cimbri"},{"text":"Teutonibusque","gloss":"Teutoni, German tribe from Baltic, migrated w/Cimbri, smashed by Marius 102 BC"},{"text":"capiuntur,","gloss":"capio: take, seize, capture"},{"text":"agricolae","gloss":"agricola: farmer"},{"text":"interficiuntur,","gloss":"interficio: kill"},{"text":"agrī","gloss":"ager: field"},{"text":"vāstantur,","gloss":"vasto: lay waste, devastate"},{"text":"cōpiae","gloss":"copia: plenty, abundance; troops, forces"},{"text":"barbarōrum","gloss":"barbarus: strange, foreign, barbarous"},{"text":"Rōmae","gloss":"Roma: Rome"},{"text":"adpropinquant.","gloss":"adpropinquo: draw near, approach"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L42.s1.4.m4a"},{"number":106,"id":"la.do.L42.s1.5","source":"Itaque, nisi novīs animīs proelium novum faciēmus et Germānōs ex patriā nostrā sine morā agēmus, erit nūlla salūs fēminīs nostrīs līberīsque.","translation":"And so, unless with new spirit we fight a new battle and drive the Germans out of our fatherland without delay, there will be no safety for our women and children.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Itaque,","gloss":"and so, therefore, accordingly"},{"text":"nisi","gloss":"unless, if ... not"},{"text":"novīs","gloss":"novus: new"},{"text":"animīs","gloss":"animus: mind, heart; spirit, feeling"},{"text":"proelium","gloss":"battle"},{"text":"novum","gloss":"novus: new"},{"text":"faciēmus","gloss":"facio: make, do; cause, bring about"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"Germānōs","gloss":"Germanus: German"},{"text":"ex","gloss":"out of, from"},{"text":"patriā","gloss":"patria: fatherland"},{"text":"nostrā","gloss":"noster: our, ours"},{"text":"sine","gloss":"without"},{"text":"morā","gloss":"mora: delay"},{"text":"agēmus,","gloss":"ago: drive, lead; do, perform"},{"text":"erit","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"nūlla","gloss":"nullus: not any, none, no"},{"text":"salūs","gloss":"salus: safety"},{"text":"fēminīs","gloss":"femina: woman"},{"text":"nostrīs","gloss":"noster: our, ours"},{"text":"līberīsque.","gloss":"liber: free"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L42.s1.5.m4a"},{"number":107,"id":"la.do.L42.s1.6","source":"Servāte līberōs!","translation":"Save your children!","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Servāte","gloss":"servo: save, preserve"},{"text":"līberōs!","gloss":"liber: free"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L42.s1.6.m4a"},{"number":108,"id":"la.do.L42.s1.7","source":"Servāte patriam!","translation":"Save your fatherland!","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Servāte","gloss":"servo: save, preserve"},{"text":"patriam!","gloss":"patria: fatherland"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L42.s1.7.m4a"},{"number":109,"id":"la.do.L42.s1.8","source":"Anteā superātī sumus quia imperātōrēs nostrī fuērunt īnfīrmī.","translation":"Before, we were overcome because our commanders were weak.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Anteā","gloss":"antea: before, previously"},{"text":"superātī","gloss":"supero: conquer, overcome"},{"text":"sumus","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"quia","gloss":"because"},{"text":"imperātōrēs","gloss":"imperator: commander in chief, general"},{"text":"nostrī","gloss":"noster: our"},{"text":"fuērunt","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"īnfīrmī.","gloss":"infirmus: week, feeble"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L42.s1.8.m4a"},{"number":110,"id":"la.do.L42.s1.9","source":"Nunc Marius, clārus imperātor, quī iam multās aliās victōriās reportāvit, legiōnēs dūcet et animōs nostrōs terrōre Cimbricō līberāre mātūrābit.”","translation":"Now Marius, a famous commander, who has already won many other victories, will lead the legions and will hasten to free our minds from the Cimbrian terror.\"","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nunc","gloss":"now, the present moment"},{"text":"Marius,","gloss":"Marius"},{"text":"clārus","gloss":"clarus: clear; famous, renowned; bright, shining"},{"text":"imperātor,","gloss":"imperator: commander in chief, general"},{"text":"quī","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"iam","gloss":"jam: already, now"},{"text":"multās","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"aliās","gloss":"alius2: another, other"},{"text":"victōriās","gloss":"victoria: victory"},{"text":"reportāvit,","gloss":"reporto: bring back, restore; win, gain"},{"text":"legiōnēs","gloss":"legio: legion"},{"text":"dūcet","gloss":"duco: lead, conduct"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"animōs","gloss":"animus: mind, heart; spirit, feeling"},{"text":"nostrōs","gloss":"noster: our, ours"},{"text":"terrōre","gloss":"terror: terror, fear"},{"text":"Cimbricō","gloss":"Cimbricus: Cimbrian"},{"text":"līberāre","gloss":"libero: set free, release, liberate"},{"text":"mātūrābit.”","gloss":"maturo: hasten"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L42.s1.9.m4a"},{"number":111,"id":"la.do.L42.s1.10","source":"Marius tum in Āfricā bellum gerēbat.","translation":"Marius at that time was waging war in Africa.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Marius","gloss":"Marius"},{"text":"tum","gloss":"then, at that time"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"Āfricā","gloss":"Africa: Africa"},{"text":"bellum","gloss":"war"},{"text":"gerēbat.","gloss":"gero: bear, carry on; wear"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L42.s1.10.m4a"},{"number":112,"id":"la.do.L42.s1.11","source":"Sine morā ex Āfricā in Italiam vocātus est.","translation":"Without delay he was called from Africa into Italy.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Sine","gloss":"without"},{"text":"morā","gloss":"mora: delay"},{"text":"ex","gloss":"out of, from"},{"text":"Āfricā","gloss":"Africa: Africa"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"Italiam","gloss":"Italia: Italy"},{"text":"vocātus","gloss":"voco: call, summon, invite"},{"text":"est.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L42.s1.11.m4a"},{"number":113,"id":"la.do.L42.s1.12","source":"Cōpiās novās nōn sōlum tōtī Italiae sed etiam prōvinciīs sociōrum imperāvit.","translation":"He made a levy of new forces not only upon all Italy but also upon the provinces of the allies.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Cōpiās","gloss":"copia: plenty, abundance; troops, forces"},{"text":"novās","gloss":"novus: new"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"sōlum","gloss":"alone, only"},{"text":"tōtī","gloss":"totus: all, the whole, entire"},{"text":"Italiae","gloss":"Italia: Italy"},{"text":"sed","gloss":"but"},{"text":"etiam","gloss":"yet, still; also, besides"},{"text":"prōvinciīs","gloss":"provincia: province"},{"text":"sociōrum","gloss":"socius: companion, ally"},{"text":"imperāvit.","gloss":"impero: command, order"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L42.s1.12.m4a"},{"number":114,"id":"la.do.L42.s1.13","source":"Disciplīnā autem dūrā labōribusque perpetuīs mīlitēs exercuit.","translation":"With hard discipline and unceasing labors, moreover, he trained the soldiers.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Disciplīnā","gloss":"disciplina: training, culture, discipline"},{"text":"autem","gloss":"but, moreover, now"},{"text":"dūrā","gloss":"durus: hard, rough; unfeeling, cruel; severe, toilsome"},{"text":"labōribusque","gloss":"labor2: labor, toil"},{"text":"perpetuīs","gloss":"perpetuus: perpetual, continuous"},{"text":"mīlitēs","gloss":"miles: soldier"},{"text":"exercuit.","gloss":"exerceo: practice, drill, train"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L42.s1.13.m4a"},{"number":115,"id":"la.do.L42.s1.14","source":"Tum cum peditibus equitibusque, quī iam proeliō studēbant, ad Germānōrum castra celeriter properāvit.","translation":"Then with the foot soldiers and horsemen, who were now eager for battle, he hastened quickly to the camp of the Germans.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Tum","gloss":"then, at that time"},{"text":"cum","gloss":"when; since; although"},{"text":"peditibus","gloss":"pedes: foot soldier"},{"text":"equitibusque,","gloss":"eques: horseman, cavalryman"},{"text":"quī","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"iam","gloss":"jam: already, now"},{"text":"proeliō","gloss":"proelium: battle"},{"text":"studēbant,","gloss":"studeo: give attention to, be eager"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"Germānōrum","gloss":"Germanus: German"},{"text":"castra","gloss":"castrum: fort; camp"},{"text":"celeriter","gloss":"quickly"},{"text":"properāvit.","gloss":"propero: hurry, speed up"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L42.s1.14.m4a"},{"number":116,"id":"la.do.L42.s1.15","source":"Diū et ācriter pugnātum est.","translation":"Long and fiercely was the fighting.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Diū","gloss":"diu: for a long time, long"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ācriter","gloss":"acriter: sharply, fiercely"},{"text":"pugnātum","gloss":"pugno: fight"},{"text":"est.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L42.s1.15.m4a"},{"number":117,"id":"la.do.L42.s1.16","source":"Dēnique barbarī fūgērunt et multī in fugā ab equitibus sunt interfectī.","translation":"At last the barbarians fled, and many in their flight were killed by the horsemen.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dēnique","gloss":"denique: finally"},{"text":"barbarī","gloss":"barbarus: strange, foreign, barbarous"},{"text":"fūgērunt","gloss":"fugio: flee, run; avoid, shun"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"multī","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"fugā","gloss":"fuga: flight"},{"text":"ab","gloss":"from, by"},{"text":"equitibus","gloss":"eques: horseman, cavalryman"},{"text":"sunt","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"interfectī.","gloss":"interficio: kill"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L42.s1.16.m4a"},{"number":118,"id":"la.do.L42.s1.17","source":"Marius pater patriae vocātus est.","translation":"Marius was called the father of his country.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Marius","gloss":"Marius"},{"text":"pater","gloss":"father"},{"text":"patriae","gloss":"patria: fatherland"},{"text":"vocātus","gloss":"voco: call, summon, invite"},{"text":"est.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L42.s1.17.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":240,"text":"D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XLII, §240\n\n§240. Review the paradigms in §§233, 236, 238; and decline all nouns of the third declension in this selection."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"Cimbrī","gloss":"the Cimbri"},{"word":"Teutonēs","gloss":"the Teutons"},{"word":"adpropinquāverant","gloss":"approach"},{"word":"Teutonibusque","gloss":"Teutoni, German tribe from Baltic"},{"word":"Cimbricō","gloss":"Cimbrian, from Cimbricus"}],"paradigms":[]}]}