# Prīmus et Secundus Annus, Lessons XXXVII–XLII Latin for Beginners I Conjugation of Possum: The Infinitive Used As in English; The Relative Pronoun and the Interrogative Pronoun; The Third Declension: Consonant Stems; The Third Declension: Consonant Stems, continued; The Third Declension: Consonant Stems, concluded; Review Lesson Source: https://1732studios.com/courses/la/25. Data: https://1732studios.com/courses/la/25.json. ## Conjugation of Possum: The Infinitive Used As in English (D'Ooge XXXVII) ### The subject takes the accusative Is virōs fugere iussit means he commanded the men to flee. Virōs is the subject of fugere. Latin puts the subject of an infinitive in the accusative. ### Possum combines two words Rōmānī Gallōs superāre possunt means the Romans can conquer the Gauls. Possum means I can and combines potis, able, with sum, I am. Possunt is its plural form. ### The infinitive completes the verb Bellum gerere mātūrant means they hasten to wage war. Gerere completes mātūrant, as superāre completes possunt. Latin uses the infinitive to complete verbs such as mātūrō and possum. In Malī puerī esse bonī nōn possunt, bonī agrees with puerī in gender, number, and case. ### The infinitive serves as a noun Superāre est grātum means to conquer is pleasing. Superāre is the subject of est. An infinitive used as a noun is neuter singular, so grātum is neuter singular. In Galbam superāre inimīcōs est grātum multīs, Galbam is the accusative subject of superāre. **1** Is virōs fugere iussit he commanded the men to flee **2** Rōmānī Gallōs superāre possunt the Romans are able to (or can) conquer the Gauls **3** Bellum gerere mātūrant they hasten to wage war **4** Malī puerī esse bonī nōn possunt bad boys are not able to (or cannot) be good **5** Superāre est grātum to conquer is pleasing **6** Vidēre est crēdere to see is to believe **7** Galbam superāre inimīcōs est grātum multīs for Galba to conquer his enemies is pleasing to many **8** superāre est grātum to conquer is pleasing ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XXXVII, §§212-216 §212. Learn the principal parts of possum, I am able, I can, and its inflection in the indicative and infinitive. (Cf. §495.) a. Possum, I can, is a compound of potis, able, and sum, I am. ``` ``` §213. The Infinitive with Subject Accusative. The infinitive (cf. §173) is a verbal noun. Used as a noun, it has the constructions of a noun. As a verb it can govern a case and be modified by an adverb. The uses of the infinitive are much the same in Latin as in English. 1. In English certain verbs of wishing, commanding, forbidding, and the like are used with an object clause consisting of a substantive in the objective case and an infinitive, as, he commanded the men to flee. Such object clauses are called infinitive clauses, and the substantive is said to be the subject of the infinitive. Similarly in Latin, some verbs of wishing, commanding, forbidding, and the like are used with an object clause consisting of an infinitive with a subject in the accusative case, as, Is virōs fugere iussit, he commanded the men to flee. ``` ``` §214. RULE. Subject of the Infinitive. The subject of the infinitive is in the accusative. ``` ``` §215. The Complementary Infinitive. In English a verb is often followed by an infinitive to complete its meaning, as, the Romans are able to conquer the Gauls. This is called the complementary infinitive, as the predicate is not complete without the added infinitive. Similarly in Latin, verbs of incomplete predication are completed by the infinitive. Among such verbs are possum, I am able, I can; properō, mātūrō, I hasten; temptō, I attempt; as Rōmānī Gallōs superāre possunt, the Romans are able to (or can) conquer the Gauls Bellum gerere mātūrant, they hasten to wage war a. A predicate adjective completing a complementary infinitive agrees in gender, number, and case with the subject of the main verb. Malī puerī esse bonī nōn possunt, bad boys are not able to (or cannot) be good. Observe that bonī agrees with puerī. ``` ``` §216. The Infinitive used as a Noun. In English the infinitive is often used as a pure noun, as the subject of a sentence, or as a predicate nominative. For example, To conquer (= conquering) is pleasing; To see (= seeing) is to believe (= believing). The same use of the infinitive is found in Latin, especially with est, as Superāre est grātum, to conquer is pleasing Vidēre est crēdere, to see is to believe a. In the construction above, the infinitive often has a subject, which must then be in the accusative case, as Galbam superāre inimīcōs est grātum multīs, for Galba to conquer his enemies is pleasing to many b. An infinitive used as a noun is neuter singular. Thus, in the sentence superāre est grātum, the predicate adjective grātum is in the neuter nominative singular to agree with superāre the subject. ``` | word | gloss | |---|---| | mātūrant | hasten, from maturo | ## Latin into English (D'Ooge XXXVII) **9** Magister lūdī līberōs cum dīligentiā labōrāre iussit. The master of the school ordered the children to work with diligence. **10** Egēre cibō et vinō est virīs molestum. To lack food and wine is troublesome to men. **11** Virī armātī vetuērunt Gallōs castra ibi pōnere. The armed men forbade the Gauls to pitch camp there. **12** Estne lēgātus in castellō an in mūrō? Is est prō portā. Is the lieutenant in the fort or on the wall? He is in front of the gate. **13** Ubi nostrī fugere incēpērunt, lēgātus ab vestrīs captus est. When our men began to flee, the lieutenant was captured by your men. **14** Gallī castellum ibi oppugnāverant ubi praesidium erat īnfīrmum. The Gauls had attacked the fort where the garrison was weak. **15** Aliī pugnāre temptābant, aliī portās petēbant. Some were trying to fight, others were making for the gates. **16** Fēminae prō domiciliīs sedēbant neque resistere validīs Gallīs poterant. The women were sitting in front of their homes and were not able to resist the strong Gauls. **17** Bellum est saevum, nec īnfīrmīs nec miserīs favet. War is savage, and it favors neither the weak nor the wretched. **18** Sed virī arma postulābant et studēbant Gallōs dē mūrīs agere. But the men were demanding arms and were eager to drive the Gauls from the walls. **19** Id castellum ab Gallīs occupārī Rōmānīs nōn grātum erit. For that fort to be seized by the Gauls will not be pleasing to the Romans. **20** Gallī ubi ā Rōmānīs victī sunt, esse līberī cessāvērunt. The Gauls, when they were conquered by the Romans, ceased to be free. **21** Diū sine aquā vīvere nōn potestis. You cannot live long without water. | word | gloss | |---|---| | castellō | redoubt, fort, from castellum | | oppugnāverant | attack, assault | ## The Faithless Tarpeia (D'Ooge XXXVII) **22** Sabīnī ōlim cum Rōmānīs bellum gerēbant et multās victōriās reportāverant. The Sabines were once waging war with the Romans and had won many victories. **23** Iam agrōs proximōs mūrīs vāstābant, iam oppidō adpropinquābant. Already they were laying waste the fields nearest the walls; already they were approaching the town. **24** Rōmānī autem in Capitōlium fūgerant et longē perīculō aberant. The Romans, however, had fled into the Capitol and were far from danger. **25** Mūrīs validīs et saxīs altīs crēdēbant. They trusted in their strong walls and high rocks. **26** Frūstrā Sabīnī tēla iaciēbant, frūstrā portās dūrās petēbant; castellum occupāre nōn poterant. In vain the Sabines threw their weapons; in vain they attacked the hard gates; they could not seize the fort. **27** Deinde novum cōnsilium cēpērunt. Then they made a new plan. **28** Tarpēia erat puella Rōmāna pulchra et superba. Tarpeia was a beautiful and proud Roman girl. **29** Cotīdiē aquam cōpiīs Rōmānīs in Capitōlium portābat. Daily she carried water into the Capitol to the Roman forces. **30** Eī nōn nocēbant Sabīnī, quod ea sine armīs erat neque Sabīnī bellum cum fēminīs līberīsque gerēbant. The Sabines did not harm her, because she was without arms, nor did the Sabines wage war with women and children. **31** Tarpēia autem maximē amābat ōrnāmenta aurī. But Tarpeia very much loved ornaments of gold. **32** Cotīdiē Sabīnōrum ōrnāmenta vidēbat et mox ea dēsīderāre incipiēbat. Daily she saw the ornaments of the Sabines, and soon she began to long for them. **33** Eī ūnus ex Sabīnīs dīxit, “Dūc cōpiās Sabīnās intrā portās, Tarpēia, et maxima erunt praemia tua.” One of the Sabines said to her, "Lead the Sabine forces within the gates, Tarpeia, and your rewards will be very great." | word | gloss | |---|---| | reportāverant | carry back | ## English into Latin (D'Ooge XXXVII) **34** Puella cotīdiē aquam ā fluviō ad portās portāre incēpit. The girl began daily to carry water from the river to the gates. **35** Gallī castra in locō proeliō idōneō posuerant. The Gauls had pitched their camp in a place suitable for a battle. **36** Diū castellum occupāre frūstrā temptābant. For a long time they tried in vain to seize the redoubt. **37** Neque tēla in mūrōs iacere cessāvērunt. Neither did they cease to hurl weapons against[3] the walls. **38** Sed oppidum capere nōn poterant. But they were not able to (could not) take the town. ## The Relative Pronoun and the Interrogative Pronoun (D'Ooge XXXVIII) ### Gender and number come from the antecedent Rōmānī interfēcērunt fēminam quae capta est means "The Romans killed the woman who was taken." Here quae refers to fēminam. Both are feminine singular. In Rōmānī interfēcērunt virōs quī captī sunt, quī refers to virōs. Both are masculine plural. The forms of quī place quae under feminine singular and quī under masculine plural. ### The forms of quī ### Case comes from its own clause fēminam and virōs are accusative in the main clauses. The relatives quae and quī are nominative in their own clauses. Each relative is the subject of capta est or captī sunt. A relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in gender and number. Its use in its own clause determines its case. ### Two forms ask different questions Quis est vir means "Who is the man". Quis is the interrogative pronoun. Quī vir eōs dūcit means "What man is leading them". Quī is the interrogative adjective with vir. Latin uses quis, quid as pronouns and quī, quae, quod as adjectives. **39** Rōmānī interfēcērunt virōs quī captī sunt The Romans killed the woman who was taken **40** Rōmānī interfēcērunt fēminam quae capta est The Romans killed the woman who was taken **41** Quis est vir? Who is the man? **42** Quī vir eōs dūcit? What man is leading them? ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XXXVIII, §§219-227 §219. Sentences are simple, compound, or complex. a. A simple sentence is a sentence containing but one statement, that is, one subject and one predicate: The Romans approached the town. b. A compound sentence is a sentence containing two or more independent statements: The Romans approached the town | and | the enemy fled. NOTE. An independent statement is one that can stand alone; it does not depend upon another statement. c. A complex sentence is a sentence containing one independent statement and one or more dependent statements: When the Romans approached the town | the enemy fled. NOTE. A dependent or subordinate statement is one that depends on or qualifies another statement; thus the enemy fled is independent, and when the Romans approached the town is dependent or subordinate. d. The separate statements in a compound or complex sentence are called clauses. In a complex sentence the independent statement is called the main clause and the dependent statement the subordinate clause. ``` ``` §220. Examine the complex sentence The Romans killed the men who were taken Here are two clauses: a. The main clause, The Romans killed the men b. The subordinate clause, who were taken The word who is a pronoun, for it takes the place of the noun men. It also connects the subordinate clause who were taken with the noun men. Hence the clause is an adjective clause. A pronoun that connects an adjective clause with a substantive is called a relative pronoun, and the substantive for which the relative pronoun stands is called its antecedent. The relative pronouns in English are who, whose, whom, which, what, that. ``` ``` §221. The relative pronoun in Latin is quī, quae, quod, and it is declined as follows: SINGULAR PLURAL MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT. Nom. quī quae quod quī quae quae Gen. cuius cuius cuius quōrum quārum quōrum Dat. cui cui cui quibus quibus quibus Acc. quem quam quod quōs quās quae Abl. quō quā quō quibus quibus quibus 1. Review the declension of is, §114, and note the similarity in the endings. The forms quī, quae, and quibus are the only forms showing new endings. NOTE. The genitive cuius and the dative cui are pronounced co͝oi´yo͝os (two syllables) and co͝oi (one syllable). ``` ``` §222. The Relative Pronoun is translated as follows:[1] [1] This table of meanings need not be memorized. It is inserted for reference when translating. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. Nom. who, that which, what, that Gen. of whom, whose of which, of what, whose Dat. to or for whom to or for which, to or for what Acc. whom, that which, what, that Abl. from, etc., whom from, etc., which or what a. We see from the table above that quī, when it refers to a person, is translated by some form of who or by that; and that when it refers to anything else it is translated by which, what, or that. ``` ``` §223. Note the following sentences: The Romans killed the men who were taken The Romans killed the woman who was taken Rōmānī interfēcērunt virōs quī captī sunt Rōmānī interfēcērunt fēminam quae capta est In the first sentence who (quī) refers to the antecedent men (virōs), and is masculine plural. In the second, who (quae) refers to woman (fēminam), and feminine singular. From this we learn that the relative must agree with its antecedent in gender and number. In neither of the sentences are the antecedents and relatives in the same case. Virōs and fēminam are accusatives, and quī and quae are nominatives, being the subjects of the subordinate clauses. Hence ``` ``` §224. RULE. Agreement of the Relative. A relative pronoun must agree with its antecedent in gender and number; but its case is determined by the way it is used in its own clause. ``` ``` §225. Interrogative Pronouns. An interrogative pronoun is a pronoun that asks a question. In English the interrogatives are who? which? what? In Latin they are quis? quid? (pronoun) and quī? quae? quod? (adjective). ``` ``` §226. Examine the sentences a. Who is the man? Quis est vir? b. What man is leading them? Quī vir eōs dūcit? In a, who is an interrogative pronoun. In b, what is an interrogative adjective. Observe that in Latin quis, quid is the pronoun and quī, quae, quod is the adjective. ``` ``` §227. 1. The interrogative adjective quī, quae, quod is declined just like the relative pronoun. (See §221.) 2. The interrogative pronoun quis, quid is declined like quī, quae, quod in the plural. In the singular it is declined as follows: MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. Nom. quis, who? quid, what? which? Gen. cuius, whose? cuius, whose? Dat. cui, to or for whom? cui, to or for what or which? Acc. quem, whom? quid, what? which? Abl. quō, from, etc., whom? quō, from, etc., which or what? NOTE. Observe that the masculine and feminine are alike and that all the forms are like the corresponding forms of the relative, excepting quis and quid. ``` ## Latin into English (D'Ooge XXXVIII) **43** Quis est aeger? Servus quem amō est aeger. Who is sick? The slave whom I love is sick. **44** Cuius scūtum habēs? Scūtum habeō quod lēgātus ad castellum mīsit. Whose shield do you have? I have the shield which the lieutenant sent to the fort. **45** Cui lēgātus suum scūtum dabit? Fīliō meō scūtum dabit. To whom will the lieutenant give his shield? He will give the shield to my son. **46** Ubi Germānī antīquī vīvēbant? In terrā quae est proxima Rhēnō Germānī vīvēbant. Where did the ancient Germans live? The Germans lived in the land which is nearest the Rhine. **47** Quibuscum Germānī bellum gerēbant? Cum Rōmānīs, qui eōs superāre studēbant, Germānī bellum gerēbant. With whom were the Germans waging war? The Germans were waging war with the Romans, who were eager to overcome them. **48** Quī virī castra pōnunt? Iī sunt virī quōrum armīs Germānī victī sunt. What men are pitching camp? They are the men by whose arms the Germans were conquered. **49** Quibus tēlīs cōpiae nostrae eguērunt? Gladiīs et telīs nostrae cōpiae eguērunt. What weapons did our forces lack? Our forces lacked swords and weapons. **50** Ā quibus porta sinistra tenēbātur? Ā sociīs porta sinistra tenēbātur. By whom was the left gate held? The left gate was held by the allies. **51** Quae prōvinciae ā Rōmānīs occupātae sunt? Multae prōvinciae ā Rōmānīs occupātae sunt. What provinces were seized by the Romans? Many provinces were seized by the Romans. **52** Quibus virīs deī favēbunt? Bonīs virīs deī favēbunt. What men will the gods favor? The gods will favor good men. ## The Faithless Tarpeia, concluded (D'Ooge XXXVIII) **53** Tarpēia, commōta ōrnamentīs Sabīnōrum pulchrīs, diū resistere nōn potuit et respondit: “Date mihi ōrnāmenta quae in sinistrīs bracchīs geritis, et celeriter cōpiās vestrās in Capitōlium dūcam.” Tarpeia, moved by the beautiful ornaments of the Sabines, could not resist long, and answered: "Give me the ornaments which you wear on your left arms, and I will quickly lead your forces into the Capitol." **54** Nec Sabīnī recūsāvērunt, sed per dūrās magnāsque castellī portās properāvērunt quō Tarpēia dūxit et mox intrā validōs et altōs mūrōs stābant. Nor did the Sabines refuse, but they hastened through the hard and great gates of the fort to the place where Tarpeia led, and soon they were standing within the strong and high walls. **55** Tum sine morā in Tarpēiam scūta graviter iēcērunt; nam scūta quoque in sinistrīs bracchiīs gerēbant. Then without delay they threw their shields heavily upon Tarpeia; for they carried their shields too on their left arms. **56** Ita perfida puella Tarpēia interfecta est; ita Sabīnī Capitōlium occupāvērunt. So the treacherous girl Tarpeia was killed; so the Sabines seized the Capitol. ## English into Latin (D'Ooge XXXVIII) **57** Quam victōriam nūntiābis? What victory will you announce? **58** Populō victōriam quam nautae reportāvērunt nūntiābō. I will announce to the people the victory which the sailors have won. **59** Virī quī castra pōnēbant proeliō studēbant. The men who were pitching camp were eager for battle. **60** Tamen mox ā cōpiīs quās Sextus mīserat victī sunt. Nevertheless they were soon conquered by the troops which Sextus had sent. **61** Cōpiīs nostrīs resistere nōn poterant, sed sine morā ex eō locō fūgērunt. They could not resist our forces, but fled from that place without delay. ## Latin into English (D'Ooge XXXIX) ### Two nouns change their form Pedes mīlitum lapidibus quī dē mūrō iaciēbantur saepe vulnerābantur. It means "The feet of the soldiers were often wounded by the stones which were thrown from the wall." mīlitum is a form of mīles, soldier. lapidibus is a form of lapis, stone. Their stems are mīlit- and lapid-. ### The nominative drops a consonant The genitive singular gives each stem. Remove -is from mīlitis to get mīlit-. Remove -is from lapidis to get lapid-. Before nominative -s, final -t or -d disappears. This produces mīles from mīlit- and lapis from lapid-. In the line, -um makes mīlitum genitive plural. The ending -ibus makes lapidibus ablative plural. The mīlit- and lapid- tables show both changes across the cases. ### mīlit- ### lapid- **62** Neque peditēs neque equitēs occupāre castellum Rōmānum poterant. Neither the foot soldiers nor the horsemen were able to seize the Roman fort. **63** Summā virtūte mūrōs altōs cotīdiē oppugnābant. With the greatest courage they attacked the high walls daily. **64** Pedes mīlitum lapidibus quī dē mūrō iaciēbantur saepe vulnerābantur. The feet of the soldiers were often wounded by the stones which were thrown from the wall. **65** Quod novum cōnsilium dux cēpit? What new plan did the leader adopt? **66** Is perfidam puellam pulchrīs ōrnāmentīs temptāvit. He tempted the treacherous girl with beautiful ornaments. **67** Quid puella fēcit? What did the girl do? **68** Puella commōta aurō mīlitēs per portās dūxit. The girl, moved by the gold, led the soldiers through the gates. **69** Tamen praemia quae summō studiō petīverat nōn reportāvit. Yet she did not win the rewards which she had sought with the greatest eagerness. **70** Apud Rōmānōs antīquōs Tarpēia nōn est laudāta. Among the ancient Romans Tarpeia was not praised. ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XXXIX, §§230-233 §230. Bases and Stems. In learning the first and second declensions we saw that the different cases were formed by adding the case terminations to the part of the word that did not change, which we called the base. If to the base we add -ā in the first declension, and -o in the second, we get what is called the stem. Thus porta has the base port- and the stem portā-; servus has the base serv- and the stem servo-. These stem vowels, -ā- and -o-, play so important a part in the formation of the case terminations that these declensions are named from them respectively the Ā- and O-Declensions. ``` ``` §231. Nouns of the Third Declension. The third declension is called the Consonant or I-Declension, and its nouns are classified according to the way the stem ends. If the last letter of the stem is a consonant, the word is said to have a consonant stem; if the stem ends in -i-, the word is said to have an i-stem. In consonant stems the stem is the same as the base. In i-stems the stem is formed by adding -i- to the base. The presence of the i makes a difference in certain of the cases, so the distinction is a very important one. ``` ``` §232. Consonant stems are divided into two classes: I. Stems that add -s to the base to form the nominative singular. II. Stems that add no termination in the nominative singular. CLASS I ``` ``` §233. Stems that add -s to the base in the nominative singular are either masculine or feminine and are declined as follows: prīnceps, mīles, m., lapis, m., chief soldier m., stone BASES OR STEMS prīncip- mīlit- lapid- SINGULAR TERMINATIONS M. AND F. Nom. prīnceps mīles lapis -s Gen. prīn´cipis mīlitis lapidis -is Dat. prīn´cipī mīlitī lapidī -ī Acc. prīn´cipem mīlitem lapidem -em Abl. prīn´cipe mīlite lapide -e PLURAL Nom. prīn´cipēs mīlitēs lapidēs -ēs Gen. prīn´cipum mīlitum lapidum -um Dat. prīnci´pibus mīlitibus lapidibus -ibus Acc. prīn´cipēs mīlitēs lapidēs -ēs Abl. prīnci´pibus mīlitibus lapidibus -ibus rēx, iūdex, virtūs, f., m., king m.,judge manliness BASES OR STEMS rēg- iūdic- virtūt- SINGULAR TERMINATIONS M. AND F. Nom. rēx iūdex virtūs -s Gen. rēgis iūdicis virtū´tis -is Dat. rēgī iūdicī virtū´tī -ī Acc. rēgem iūdicem virtū´tem -em Abl. rēge iūdice virtū´te -e PLURAL Nom. rēgēs iūdicēs virtū´tēs -ēs Gen. rēgum iūdicum virtū´tum -um Dat. rēgibus iūdicibus virtū´tibus -ibus Acc. rēgēs iūdicēs virtū´tēs -ēs Abl. rēgibus iūdicibus virtū´tibus -ibus 1. The base or stem is found by dropping -is in the genitive singular. 2. Most nouns of two syllables, like prīnceps (prīncip-), mīles (mīlit-), iūdex (iūdic-), have i in the base, but e in the nominative. a. lapis is an exception to this rule. 3. Observe the consonant changes of the base or stem in the nominative: a. A final -t or -d is dropped before -s; thus mīles for mīlets, lapis for lapids, virtūs for virtūts. b. A final -c or -g unites with -s and forms -x; thus iūdec + s = iūdex, rēg + s = rēx. 4. Review §74 and apply the rules to this declension. In like manner decline dux, ducis, m., leader; eques, equitis, m., horseman; pedes, peditis, m., foot soldier; pēs, pedis, m.,foot. ``` ## English into Latin (D'Ooge XXXIX) **71** Quod nāvigium est id quod videō? Illud nāvigium est Victōria. Nunc ventō idōneō nāvigat et mox Italiae adpropinquābit. What ship is that which I see? That (illud) ship is the Victory. It is sailing now with a favorable wind and will soon approach Italy. **72** Iūdicēs barbarōs capī et interficī iussērunt. The judges commanded the savages to be seized and to be killed. **73** Prīncipēs barbarōrum subitō fugere incēpērunt, sed celeriter ab equitibus captī sunt. The chiefs of the savages suddenly began to flee, but were quickly captured by the horsemen. **74** Rēx peditēs ad mūrum dūxit dē quō oppidānī lapidēs summō studiō iaciēbant. The king led the foot soldiers to the wall from which the townsmen were hurling stones with the greatest zeal. ## Latin into English (D'Ooge XL) ### One form, two cases Eae legiōnēs nūper ex Galliā vēnērunt means "Those legions lately came from Gaul." legiōnēs is nominative plural as the subject of vēnērunt. In Quās legiōnēs vidēmus, the same form is accusative plural as the direct object. ### No nominative termination The consonant stem legiōn- adds no termination in the nominative. In every other case, it takes the same terminations as consonant stems that add -s. ### The nominative drops n The genitive legiōnis reveals the stem legiōn-. Feminine stems in -ōn- drop n and end in -ō in the nominative. The legiō table shows this change and the identical nominative and accusative plural forms. ### **75** Audīsne tubās, Mārce? Nōn sōlum tubās audiō sed etiam ōrdinēs militum et carrōs impedīmentōrum plēnōs vidēre possum. Do you hear the trumpets, Marcus? I not only hear the trumpets but can also see the ranks of the soldiers and the wagons full of baggage. **76** Quās legiōnēs vidēmus? Eae legiōnēs nūper ex Galliā vēnērunt. What legions do we see? Those legions lately came from Gaul. **77** Quid ibi fēcērunt? Studēbantne pugnāre an sine virtūte erant? What did they do there? Were they eager to fight, or were they without courage? **78** Multa proelia fēcērunt et magnās victōriās et multōs captīvōs reportāvērunt. They fought many battles and won great victories and many captives. **79** Quis est imperātor eārum legiōnum? Caesar, summus Rōmānōrum imperātor. Who is the commander of those legions? Caesar, the greatest commander of the Romans. **80** Quis est eques quī pulchram corōnam gerit? Is eques est frāter meus. Eī corōna ā cōnsule data est quia summā virtūte pugnāverat et ā barbarīs patriam servāverat. Who is the horseman who wears the beautiful wreath? That horseman is my brother. The wreath was given him by the consul because he had fought with the greatest courage and had saved his fatherland from the barbarians. ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XL, §§235-236 §235. Consonant stems that add no termination in the nominative are declined in the other cases exactly like those that add -s. They may be masculine, feminine, or neuter. ``` ``` §236. PARADIGMS MASCULINES AND FEMININES cōnsul, legiō, f., ōrdō, pater, m., m., consul legion m., row father BASES OR STEMS cōnsul- legiōn- ōrdin- patr- SINGULAR TERMINATIONS M. AND F. Nom. cōnsul legiō ōrdō pater -- Gen. cōnsulis legiōnis ōrdinis patris -is Dat. cōnsulī legiōnī ōrdinī patrī -ī Acc. cōnsulem legiōnem ōrdinem patrem -em Abl. cōnsule legiōne ōrdine patre -e PLURAL Nom. cōnsulēs legiōnēs ōrdinēs patrēs -ēs Gen. cōnsulum legiōnum ōrdinum patrum -um Dat. cōnsulibus legiōnibus ōrdinibus patribus -ibus Acc. cōnsulēs legiōnēs ōrdinēs patrēs -ēs Abl. cōnsulibus legiōnibus ōrdinibus patribus -ibus 1. With the exception of the nominative, the terminations are exactly the same as in Class I, and the base or stem is found in the same way. 2. Masculines and feminines with bases or stems in -in- and -ōn- drop -n- and end in -ō in the nominative, as legiō (base or stem legiōn-), ōrdō (base or stem ōrdin-). 3. Bases or stems in -tr- have -ter in the nominative, as pater (base or stem patr-). 4. Note how the genitive singular gives the clue to the whole declension. Always learn this with the nominative. ``` ## English into Latin (D'Ooge XL) **81** Quis patrem meum hodiē vīdit? Who has seen my father to-day? **82** Eum nūper vīdī. Ad domicilium tuum cum mātre et sorōre tuā properābat. I saw him just now (nūper). He was hastening to your dwelling with your mother and sister. **83** Ubi hominēs longē ā patriā absunt et cibō egent, iniūriā continērī nōn possunt. When men are far from the fatherland and lack food, they cannot be restrained[2] from wrong[3]. **84** Salūs mīlitum Caesarī imperātōrī cāra est. The safety of the soldiers is dear to Cæsar, the general. **85** Prīncipēs oppidum frūmentī plēnum quod ā cōnsule tenēbātur oppugnāre studēbant. The chiefs were eager to storm a town full of grain which was held by the consul. **86** Rēx impedīmenta captīvōrum dēlērī vetuit. The king forbade the baggage of the captives to be destroyed. ## Latin into English (D'Ooge XLI) ### The plural form in -a Barbarī ubi Rōmam cēpērunt, maxima rēgum opera dēlēvērunt. It means "When the barbarians took Rome, they destroyed the greatest works of the kings." Opera is accusative plural after dēlēvērunt. Its -a ending belongs to neuter consonant stems. ### The same form for two cases Neuter consonant stems add no ending in the nominative and accusative singular. Opus serves both cases. Both plural cases add -a to oper-, which gives opera. The forms of opus set this shared pattern beside the other case endings. ### oper- ### The stem in other cases In rīpīs fiūminis magnī means "on the banks of a great river." Fiūminis uses flūmin- with -is. In sagittā in capite means "in the head by an arrow." Capite uses capit- with -e. The forms of flūmen and caput give both stems with every case ending. ### flūmin- ### capit- **87** Barbarī ubi Rōmam cēpērunt, maxima rēgum opera dēlēvērunt. When the barbarians took Rome, they destroyed the greatest works of the kings. **88** Rōmānī multās calamitātēs ā barbarīs accēpērunt. The Romans received many disasters from the barbarians. **89** Ubi erat summus terror apud oppidānōs, animī dubiī eōrum ab ōrātōre clarō cōnfīrmāti sunt. When there was the greatest terror among the townsmen, their wavering spirits were strengthened by the famous orator. **90** Rōma est in rīpīs fiūminis magnī. Rome is on the banks of a great river. **91** Ubi Caesar imperātor mīlitēs suōs arma capere iussit, iī ā proeliō continērī nōn potuērunt. When Caesar the commander ordered his soldiers to take arms, they could not be kept from battle. **92** Ubi proelium factum est, imperātor reperīrī nōn potuit. When the battle was fought, the commander could not be found. **93** Imperātor sagittā in capite vulnerātus erat et stāre nōn poterat. The commander had been wounded in the head by an arrow and could not stand. **94** Eum magnō labōre pedes ex proeliō portāvit. A foot soldier carried him out of the battle with great labor. **95** Is bracchiīs suīs imperātōrem tenuit et eum ex perīculīs summīs servāvit. He held the commander in his arms and saved him from the greatest dangers. **96** Virtūte suā bonus mīles ab imperātōre corōnam accēpit. By his courage the good soldier received a wreath from the commander. ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XLI, §238 §238. Neuter consonant stems add no termination in the nominative and are declined as follows: flūmen, tempus, opus, caput, n., river n., time n., work n., head BASES OR STEMS flūmin- tempor- oper- capit- SINGULAR TERMINATIONS Nom. flūmen tempus opus caput -- Gen. flūminis temporis operis capitis -is Dat. flūminī temporī operī capitī -ī Acc. flūmen tempus opus caput -- Abl. flūmine tempore opere capite -e PLURAL Nom. flūmina tempora opera capita -a Gen. flūminum temporum operum capitum -um Dat. flūminibus temporibus operibus capitibus -ibus Acc. flūmina tempora opera capita -a Abl. flūminibus temporibus operibus capitibus -ibus 1. Review §74 and apply the rules to this declension. 2. Bases or stems in -in- have -e- instead of -i- in the nominative, as flūmen, base or stem flūmin-. 3. Most bases or stems in -er- and -or- have -us in the nominative, as opus, base or stem oper-; tempus, base or stem tempor-. ``` | word | gloss | |---|---| | clarō | beetle infesting beehives, from Claros | | cōnfīrmāti | strengthen, establish, from confirmo | ## English into Latin (D'Ooge XLI) **97** Cōnsul corōnam in capite victōris posuit. The consul placed a crown on the head of the victor. **98** Prō portīs ab oppidānīs acceptus est. Before the gates he was received by the townsmen. **99** Ōrātor clārus eum laudāvit et dīxit: “Labōribus tuīs patriam calamitāte servāvistī.” A famous orator praised him and said, “By your labors you have saved the fatherland from disaster.” **100** Verba ōrātōris victōrī grāta erant. The words of the orator were pleasing to the victor. **101** Patriam servāre erat magnum opus. To save the fatherland was a great task. ## Terror Cimbricus (D'Ooge XLII) ### The conquerors are nominative Cimbrī et Teutonēs cōpiās Rōmānās maximō proeliō vīcerant means "The Cimbri and Teutons had conquered the Roman forces in a very great battle." Cimbrī et Teutonēs is nominative and the subject of the active vīcerant. Cōpiās Rōmānās is accusative and its direct object. ### The captured towns are nominative Oppida nostra ā Cimbrīs Teutonibusque capiuntur means "Our towns are being taken by the Cimbri and Teutons." Oppida is nominative and the subject of the passive capiuntur. Ā with the ablative Cimbrīs Teutonibusque names the conquerors. **102** Ōlim Cimbrī et Teutonēs, populī Germāniae, cum fēminīs līberīsque Italiae adpropinquāverant et cōpiās Rōmānās maximō proeliō vīcerant. Once the Cimbri and Teutons, peoples of Germany, with their women and children had approached Italy and had conquered the Roman forces in a very great battle. **103** Ubi fuga legiōnum nūntiāta est, summus erat terror tōtīus Rōmae, et Rōmānī, graviter commōtī, sacra crēbra deīs faciēbant et salūtem petēbant. When the flight of the legions was announced, there was the greatest terror throughout Rome, and the Romans, deeply moved, kept making frequent sacrifices to the gods and seeking safety. **104** Tum Mānlius ōrātor animōs populī ita cōnfīrmāvit:—“Magnam calamitātem accēpimus. Then Manlius the orator strengthened the spirits of the people thus: "We have suffered a great disaster. **105** Oppida nostra ā Cimbrīs Teutonibusque capiuntur, agricolae interficiuntur, agrī vāstantur, cōpiae barbarōrum Rōmae adpropinquant. Our towns are being taken by the Cimbri and Teutons, the farmers are being killed, the fields are being laid waste, the forces of the barbarians are approaching Rome. **106** Itaque, nisi novīs animīs proelium novum faciēmus et Germānōs ex patriā nostrā sine morā agēmus, erit nūlla salūs fēminīs nostrīs līberīsque. And so, unless with new spirit we fight a new battle and drive the Germans out of our fatherland without delay, there will be no safety for our women and children. **107** Servāte līberōs! Save your children! **108** Servāte patriam! Save your fatherland! **109** Anteā superātī sumus quia imperātōrēs nostrī fuērunt īnfīrmī. Before, we were overcome because our commanders were weak. **110** Nunc Marius, clārus imperātor, quī iam multās aliās victōriās reportāvit, legiōnēs dūcet et animōs nostrōs terrōre Cimbricō līberāre mātūrābit.” Now Marius, a famous commander, who has already won many other victories, will lead the legions and will hasten to free our minds from the Cimbrian terror." **111** Marius tum in Āfricā bellum gerēbat. Marius at that time was waging war in Africa. **112** Sine morā ex Āfricā in Italiam vocātus est. Without delay he was called from Africa into Italy. **113** Cōpiās novās nōn sōlum tōtī Italiae sed etiam prōvinciīs sociōrum imperāvit. He made a levy of new forces not only upon all Italy but also upon the provinces of the allies. **114** Disciplīnā autem dūrā labōribusque perpetuīs mīlitēs exercuit. With hard discipline and unceasing labors, moreover, he trained the soldiers. **115** Tum cum peditibus equitibusque, quī iam proeliō studēbant, ad Germānōrum castra celeriter properāvit. Then with the foot soldiers and horsemen, who were now eager for battle, he hastened quickly to the camp of the Germans. **116** Diū et ācriter pugnātum est. Long and fiercely was the fighting. **117** Dēnique barbarī fūgērunt et multī in fugā ab equitibus sunt interfectī. At last the barbarians fled, and many in their flight were killed by the horsemen. **118** Marius pater patriae vocātus est. Marius was called the father of his country. ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XLII, §240 §240. Review the paradigms in §§233, 236, 238; and decline all nouns of the third declension in this selection. ``` | word | gloss | |---|---| | Cimbrī | the Cimbri | | Teutonēs | the Teutons | | adpropinquāverant | approach | | Teutonibusque | Teutoni, German tribe from Baltic | | Cimbricō | Cimbrian, from Cimbricus |