{"course":{"lang":"la","language":"Latin","title":"Prīmus et Secundus Annus","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/la","source":"Paine and Mainwaring, Prīmus Annus (Oxford, 1912) and Secundus Annus (1917); Appleton and Jones, Puer Rōmānus (1913); D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (Boston, 1911); Ritchie, Fabulae Faciles (1903). Public domain. The teaching pages, the glosses and the narration are ours."},"unit":{"number":26,"id":"la.module.do.43-48","title":"Lessons XLIII–XLVIII","stage":"Latin for Beginners I","situation":"The Third Declension: I-Stems; Irregular Nouns of the Third Declension: Gender in the Third Declension; Adjectives of the Third Declension: I-Stems; The Fourth or U-Declension; Expressions of Place: The Declension of Domus; The Fifth or Ē-Declension: The Ablative of Time","outcome":"Lessons XLIII to XLVIII of D'Ooge, read whole","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/la/26","lines":133},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/courses/la/25","next":"https://1732studios.com/courses/la/27","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/","sections":[{"title":"Latin into English (D'Ooge XLIII)","teaching":[{"title":"Which nouns have i-stems","paragraphs":["Imperātor a clientibus suīs calcāria aurī et alia īnsignia accēpit.","This means \"The commander received from his clients spurs of gold and other decorations.\"","calcāria and īnsignia are plural forms of calcar and īnsigne. Neuter nouns ending in -e, -al, or -ar have i-stems.","caedēs, hostis, urbs, and cliēns are masculine or feminine i-stems."]},{"title":"The endings that distinguish i-stems","paragraphs":["Masculine and feminine i-stems use -ium in the genitive plural. Their accusative plural can end in -īs or -ēs.","Neuter i-stems use -ī in the ablative singular and contain i in every plural form.","Their nominative and accusative plurals end in -ia."]},{"title":"Masculine and feminine i-stems","paragraphs":["Ventī nāvīs longās prohibēbant fīnibus hostium adpropinquāre.","This means \"The winds were keeping the warships from approaching the territory of the enemy.\"","nāvīs is accusative plural, while hostium is genitive plural.","The forms of hostis place -ium and -īs beside its other singular and plural endings."]},{"title":"","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"Neuter i-stems","paragraphs":["calcāria, īnsignia, and animālia are nominative or accusative plurals in -ia.","The forms of īnsigne place its singular forms beside the plural forms that retain i."]}],"lines":[{"number":1,"id":"la.do.L43.e1.1","source":"Quam urbem vidēmus? Urbs quam vidētis est Rōma.","translation":"What city do we see? The city which you see is Rome.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quam","gloss":"than"},{"text":"urbem","gloss":"urbs: city"},{"text":"vidēmus?","gloss":"video: see, perceive"},{"text":"Urbs","gloss":"city"},{"text":"quam","gloss":"than"},{"text":"vidētis","gloss":"video: see, perceive"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"Rōma.","gloss":"Roma: Rome"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L43.e1.1.m4a"},{"number":2,"id":"la.do.L43.e1.2","source":"Cīvēs Rōmānī urbem suam turribus altīs et mūrīs longīs mūnīverant.","translation":"The Roman citizens had fortified their city with high towers and long walls.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Cīvēs","gloss":"civis: citizen"},{"text":"Rōmānī","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"urbem","gloss":"urbs: city"},{"text":"suam","gloss":"suus: his, her, hers, its, their, theirs"},{"text":"turribus","gloss":"turris: tower"},{"text":"altīs","gloss":"altus: high, tall, deep"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"mūrīs","gloss":"murus: wall"},{"text":"longīs","gloss":"longus: long"},{"text":"mūnīverant.","gloss":"munio: fortify, defend"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L43.e1.2.m4a"},{"number":3,"id":"la.do.L43.e1.3","source":"Ventī nāvīs longās prohibēbant fīnibus hostium adpropinquāre.","translation":"The winds were keeping the warships from approaching the territory of the enemy.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ventī","gloss":"ventus: wind"},{"text":"nāvīs","gloss":"navis: ship"},{"text":"longās","gloss":"longus: long"},{"text":"prohibēbant","gloss":"prohibeo: restrain, keep from"},{"text":"fīnibus","gloss":"finis: end, limit; country, territory"},{"text":"hostium","gloss":"hostis: enemy"},{"text":"adpropinquāre.","gloss":"adpropinquo: draw near, approach"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L43.e1.3.m4a"},{"number":4,"id":"la.do.L43.e1.4","source":"Imperātor a clientibus suīs calcāria aurī et alia īnsignia accēpit.","translation":"The commander received from his clients spurs of gold and other decorations.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Imperātor","gloss":"imperator: commander in chief, general"},{"text":"a","gloss":"from, by, off"},{"text":"clientibus","gloss":"cliens: retainer, dependent"},{"text":"suīs","gloss":"suus: his, her, hers, its, their, theirs"},{"text":"calcāria","gloss":"calcar: spur"},{"text":"aurī","gloss":"aurum: gold"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"alia","gloss":"alius2: another, other"},{"text":"īnsignia","gloss":"insigne: decoration, badge"},{"text":"accēpit.","gloss":"accipio: receive, accept"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L43.e1.4.m4a"},{"number":5,"id":"la.do.L43.e1.5","source":"Mīlitēs Rōmānī cum hostibus bella saeva gessērunt et eōs caede magnā superāvērunt.","translation":"The Roman soldiers waged savage wars with the enemy and overcame them with great slaughter.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mīlitēs","gloss":"miles: soldier"},{"text":"Rōmānī","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"cum","gloss":"when; since; although"},{"text":"hostibus","gloss":"hostis: enemy"},{"text":"bella","gloss":"bellum: war"},{"text":"saeva","gloss":"saevus: fierce, savage"},{"text":"gessērunt","gloss":"gero: bear, carry on; wear"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"eōs","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"caede","gloss":"caedes: slaughter"},{"text":"magnā","gloss":"magnus: great, large; strong, loud"},{"text":"superāvērunt.","gloss":"supero: conquer, overcome"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L43.e1.5.m4a"},{"number":6,"id":"la.do.L43.e1.6","source":"Alia animālia terram, alia mare amant.","translation":"Some animals love the land, others the sea.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Alia","gloss":"alius2: another, other"},{"text":"animālia","gloss":"animal: animal"},{"text":"terram,","gloss":"terra: land"},{"text":"alia","gloss":"alius2: another, other"},{"text":"mare","gloss":"sea"},{"text":"amant.","gloss":"amo: love, like, be fond of"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L43.e1.6.m4a"},{"number":7,"id":"la.do.L43.e1.7","source":"Nāvēs longae quae auxilium ad imperātōrem portābant ignī ab hostibus dēlētae sunt.","translation":"The warships which were bringing aid to the commander were destroyed with fire by the enemy.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nāvēs","gloss":"navis: ship"},{"text":"longae","gloss":"longus: long"},{"text":"quae","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"auxilium","gloss":"help, aid"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"imperātōrem","gloss":"imperator: commander in chief, general"},{"text":"portābant","gloss":"porto: bear, carry"},{"text":"ignī","gloss":"ignis: fire"},{"text":"ab","gloss":"from, by"},{"text":"hostibus","gloss":"hostis: enemy"},{"text":"dēlētae","gloss":"deleo: blot out, destroy"},{"text":"sunt.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L43.e1.7.m4a"},{"number":8,"id":"la.do.L43.e1.8","source":"In eō marī avis multās vīdimus quae longē ā terrā volāverant.","translation":"On that sea we saw many birds which had flown far from land.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"In","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"eō","gloss":"is: he, she, it; that"},{"text":"marī","gloss":"mare: sea"},{"text":"avis","gloss":"bird"},{"text":"multās","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"vīdimus","gloss":"video: see, perceive"},{"text":"quae","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"longē","gloss":"longus: long"},{"text":"ā","gloss":"a: from, by, off"},{"text":"terrā","gloss":"terra: land"},{"text":"volāverant.","gloss":"volo2: fly"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L43.e1.8.m4a"},{"number":9,"id":"la.do.L43.e1.9","source":"Nōnne vīdistis nāvīs longās hostium et ignīs quibus urbs nostra vāstābātur? Certē, sed nec caedem cīvium nec fugam clientium vīdimus.","translation":"Did you not see the warships of the enemy and the fires with which our city was being laid waste? Certainly, but we saw neither the slaughter of the citizens nor the flight of the clients.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nōnne","gloss":"nonne: not?"},{"text":"vīdistis","gloss":"video: see, perceive"},{"text":"nāvīs","gloss":"navis: ship"},{"text":"longās","gloss":"longus: long"},{"text":"hostium","gloss":"hostis: enemy"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ignīs","gloss":"ignis: fire"},{"text":"quibus","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"urbs","gloss":"city"},{"text":"nostra","gloss":"noster: our, ours"},{"text":"vāstābātur?","gloss":"vasto: lay waste, devastate"},{"text":"Certē,","gloss":"certus: fixed, certain, sure"},{"text":"sed","gloss":"but"},{"text":"nec","gloss":"neque: neither, nor, and ... not"},{"text":"caedem","gloss":"caedes: slaughter"},{"text":"cīvium","gloss":"civis: citizen"},{"text":"nec","gloss":"neque: neither, nor, and ... not"},{"text":"fugam","gloss":"fuga: flight"},{"text":"clientium","gloss":"cliens: retainer, dependent"},{"text":"vīdimus.","gloss":"video: see, perceive"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L43.e1.9.m4a"},{"number":10,"id":"la.do.L43.e1.10","source":"Avēs et alia animālia, ubi ignem vīdērunt, salūtem fugā petere celeriter incēpērunt.","translation":"The birds and the other animals, when they saw the fire, quickly began to seek safety in flight.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Avēs","gloss":"avis: bird"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"alia","gloss":"alius2: another, other"},{"text":"animālia,","gloss":"animal: animal"},{"text":"ubi","gloss":"where"},{"text":"ignem","gloss":"ignis: fire"},{"text":"vīdērunt,","gloss":"video: see, perceive"},{"text":"salūtem","gloss":"salus: safety"},{"text":"fugā","gloss":"fuga: flight"},{"text":"petere","gloss":"peto: aim at, assail, storm, attack; seek, ask"},{"text":"celeriter","gloss":"quickly"},{"text":"incēpērunt.","gloss":"incipio: begin"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L43.e1.10.m4a"},{"number":11,"id":"la.do.L43.e1.11","source":"Num. iūdex in peditum ōrdinibus stābat? Minimē, iūdex erat apud equitēs et equus eius īnsigne pulchrum gerēbat.","translation":"The judge was not standing in the ranks of the foot soldiers, was he? By no means; the judge was among the horsemen, and his horse wore a beautiful decoration.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Num.","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"iūdex","gloss":"judex: judge"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"peditum","gloss":"pedes: foot soldier"},{"text":"ōrdinibus","gloss":"ordo: row, rank"},{"text":"stābat?","gloss":"sto: stand"},{"text":"Minimē,","gloss":"minime: least, very little; by no means"},{"text":"iūdex","gloss":"judex: judge"},{"text":"erat","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"apud","gloss":"among"},{"text":"equitēs","gloss":"eques: horseman, cavalryman"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"equus","gloss":"horse"},{"text":"eius","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"īnsigne","gloss":"insigne: decoration, badge"},{"text":"pulchrum","gloss":"pulcher: pretty, beautiful"},{"text":"gerēbat.","gloss":"gero: bear, carry on; wear"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L43.e1.11.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":241,"text":"D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XLIII, §§241-244\n\n§241. To decline a noun of the third declension correctly we must know whether or not it is an i-stem. Nouns with i-stems are\n\n1. Masculines and feminines:\n\na. Nouns in -ēs and -īs with the same number of syllables in the genitive as in the nominative. Thus caedēs, caedis, is an i-stem, but mīles, mīlitis, is a consonant stem.\n\nb. Nouns in -ns and -rs.\n\nc. Nouns of one syllable in -s or -x preceded by a consonant.\n\n2. Neuters in -e, -al, and -ar."},{"section":242,"text":"§242. The declension of i-stems is nearly the same as that of consonant stems. Note the following differences:\n\na. Masculines and feminities have -ium in the genitive plural and -īs or -ēs in the accusative plural.\n\nb. Neuters have -ī in the ablative singular, and an -i- in every form of the plural."},{"section":243,"text":"§243. Masculine and Feminine I-Stems. Masculine and feminine i-stems are declined as follows:\n\n       caedēs, f., hostis,    urbs, f., cliēns, m.,\n       slaughter     m., enemy    city        retainer\nSTEMS  caedi-        hosti-       urbi-       clienti-\nBASES  caed-         host-        urb-        client-\n\n       SINGULAR                                           TERMINATIONS\n                                                          M. AND F.\nNom. caedēs        hostis       urbs        cliēns[1]      -s, -is,\n                                                              or -ēs\nGen. caedis        hostis       urbis       clientis       -is\nDat. caedī         hostī        urbī        clientī        -ī\nAcc. caedem        hostem       urbem       clientem       -em (-im)\nAbl. caede         hoste        urbe        cliente        -e (-ī)\n[1] Observe that the vowel before -ns is long, but that it is shortened before -nt. Cf. §12.2, 3.\n\n       PLURAL\nNom. caedēs        hostēs       urbēs       clientēs       -ēs\nGen. caedium       hostium      urbium      clientium      -ium\nDat. caedibus      hostibus     urbibus     clientibus     -ibus\nAcc. caedīs, -ēs   hostīs, -ēs  urbīs, -ēs  clientīs, -ēs  -īs, -ēs\nAbl. caedibus      hostibus     urbibus     clientibus     -ibus\n\n1. avis, cīvis, fīnis, ignis, nāvis have the ablative singular in -ī or -e.\n\n2. turris has accusative turrim and ablative turrī or turre."},{"section":244,"text":"§244. Neuter I-Stems. Neuter i-stems are declined as follows:\n\n        īnsigne, n.,  animal, n.,  calcar,\n        decoration      animal         n., spur\nSTEMS   īnsigni-        animāli-       calcāri-\nBASES   īnsign-         animāl-        calcār-\n\n        SINGULAR                                 TERMINATIONS\nNom.    īnsigne         animal         calcar      -e or --\nGen.    īnsignis        animālis       calcāris    -is\nDat.    īnsignī         animālī        calcārī     -ī\nAcc.    īnsigne         animal         calcar      -e or --\nAbl.    īnsignī         animālī        calcārī     -ī\n\n        PLURAL\nNom.    īnsignia        animālia       calcāria    -ia\nGen.    īnsignium       animālium      calcārium   -ium\nDat.    īnsignibus      animālibus     calcāribus  -ibus\nAcc.    īnsignia        animālia       calcāria    -ia\nAbl.    īnsignibus      animālibus     calcāribus  -ibus\n\n1. Review §74 and see how it applies to this declension.\n\n2. The final -i- of the stem is usually dropped in the nominative. If not dropped, it is changed to -e.\n\n3. A long vowel is shortened before final -l or -r. (Cf. §12.2.)"}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"turribus","gloss":"tower, from turris"},{"word":"prohibēbant","gloss":"restrain, keep from, from prohibeo"},{"word":"calcāria","gloss":"spur, from calcar"},{"word":"īnsignia","gloss":"decoration, badge, from insigne"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"English into Latin (D'Ooge XLIII)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":12,"id":"la.do.L43.e2.1","source":"Inopiā frūmentī animālia vīcī vīvere nōn poterant.","translation":"Because of the lack of grain the animals of the village were not able to live.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Inopiā","gloss":"inopia: want, lack"},{"text":"frūmentī","gloss":"frumentum: grain"},{"text":"animālia","gloss":"animal: animal"},{"text":"vīcī","gloss":"vicus: village"},{"text":"vīvere","gloss":"vivo: live, be alive"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"poterant.","gloss":"possum: be able, can"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L43.e2.1.m4a"},{"number":13,"id":"la.do.L43.e2.2","source":"Imperātor ubi fāmam audīvit, celeriter equitem ad vīcum mīsit.","translation":"When the general[2] heard the rumor, he quickly sent a horseman to the village.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Imperātor","gloss":"imperator: commander in chief, general"},{"text":"ubi","gloss":"where"},{"text":"fāmam","gloss":"fama: rumor; reputation, fame"},{"text":"audīvit,","gloss":"audio: hear, listen to"},{"text":"celeriter","gloss":"quickly"},{"text":"equitem","gloss":""},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"vīcum","gloss":"vicus: village"},{"text":"mīsit.","gloss":"mitto: send"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L43.e2.2.m4a"},{"number":14,"id":"la.do.L43.e2.3","source":"Eques equum pulchrum habēbat et calcāria aurī gerēbat.","translation":"The horseman had a beautiful horse and wore spurs of gold.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Eques","gloss":"horseman, cavalryman"},{"text":"equum","gloss":"equus: horse"},{"text":"pulchrum","gloss":"pulcher: pretty, beautiful"},{"text":"habēbat","gloss":"habeo: have, hold; regard, consider, deem"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"calcāria","gloss":"calcar: spur"},{"text":"aurī","gloss":"aurum: gold"},{"text":"gerēbat.","gloss":"gero: bear, carry on; wear"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L43.e2.3.m4a"},{"number":15,"id":"la.do.L43.e2.4","source":"Cīvibus dīxit: “Mittite clientēs vestrōs cum equīs et carrīs ad castra nostra, et cōpiam frūmentī accipiētis.”","translation":"He said to the citizens, “Send your retainers with horses and wagons to our camp, and you will receive an abundance of grain.”","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Cīvibus","gloss":"civis: citizen"},{"text":"dīxit:","gloss":"dico2: say, speak, tell"},{"text":"“Mittite","gloss":""},{"text":"clientēs","gloss":""},{"text":"vestrōs","gloss":"vester: your (pl.), of/belonging to/associated with you"},{"text":"cum","gloss":"when; since; although"},{"text":"equīs","gloss":"equus: horse"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"carrīs","gloss":"carrus: cart, wagon"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"castra","gloss":"castrum: fort; camp"},{"text":"nostra,","gloss":"noster: our, ours"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"cōpiam","gloss":"copia: plenty, abundance; troops, forces"},{"text":"frūmentī","gloss":"frumentum: grain"},{"text":"accipiētis.”","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L43.e2.4.m4a"},{"number":16,"id":"la.do.L43.e2.5","source":"Laetīs animīs verbīs eius pārēre mātūrāvērunt.","translation":"With happy hearts they hastened to obey his words.[3]","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Laetīs","gloss":""},{"text":"animīs","gloss":"animus: mind, heart; spirit, feeling"},{"text":"verbīs","gloss":"verbum: word"},{"text":"eius","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"pārēre","gloss":"pareo: obey"},{"text":"mātūrāvērunt.","gloss":"maturo: hasten"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L43.e2.5.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Latin into English (D'Ooge XLIV)","teaching":[{"title":"Two bases of iter","paragraphs":["Rōmānī magnīs itineribus ad hostium fīnīs properāvērunt means \"The Romans hastened by forced marches to the territory of the enemy.\"","The ablative plural itineribus uses the base itiner-, not iter-.","The table lists both bases and every form of iter."]},{"title":"Paradigms","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"Two gender patterns","paragraphs":["Salūs sociōrum erat semper cāra Rōmānīs means \"The safety of their allies was always dear to the Romans.\"","Salūs ends in -s after a long vowel other than ō, so the usual third declension rule makes it feminine. Cāra agrees with that gender.","Trāns flūmen Rhēnum means \"across the river Rhine.\"","The nominative flūmen ends in -n. Third declension nouns ending in -n are neuter."]},{"title":"Pōns is an exception","paragraphs":["Numquam anteā pōns in Rhēnō vīsus erat means \"Never before had a bridge been seen on the Rhine.\"","Third declension nouns ending in a consonant followed by -s are usually feminine.","Pōns is masculine instead. The masculine participle vīsus agrees with pōns."]}],"lines":[{"number":17,"id":"la.do.L44.e1.1","source":"Salūs sociōrum erat semper cāra Rōmānīs.","translation":"The safety of their allies was always dear to the Romans.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Salūs","gloss":"salus: safety"},{"text":"sociōrum","gloss":"socius: companion, ally"},{"text":"erat","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"semper","gloss":"always"},{"text":"cāra","gloss":"carus: dear"},{"text":"Rōmānīs.","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L44.e1.1.m4a"},{"number":18,"id":"la.do.L44.e1.2","source":"Ōlim Gallī, amīcī Rōmānōrum, multās iniūriās ab Germānīs quī trāns flūmen Rhēnum vivēbant accēperant.","translation":"Once the Gauls, friends of the Romans, had received many wrongs from the Germans who lived across the river Rhine.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ōlim","gloss":"olim: formerly, once upon a time"},{"text":"Gallī,","gloss":"gallus: a Gaul"},{"text":"amīcī","gloss":"amicus: friend"},{"text":"Rōmānōrum,","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"multās","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"iniūriās","gloss":"injuria: wrong, injury"},{"text":"ab","gloss":"from, by"},{"text":"Germānīs","gloss":"Germanus: German"},{"text":"quī","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"trāns","gloss":"trans: across"},{"text":"flūmen","gloss":"flumen: river"},{"text":"Rhēnum","gloss":"Rhenus: the Rhine"},{"text":"vivēbant","gloss":"vivo: live, be alive"},{"text":"accēperant.","gloss":"accipio: receive, accept"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L44.e1.2.m4a"},{"number":19,"id":"la.do.L44.e1.3","source":"Ubi lēgātī ab iīs ad Caesarem imperātōrem Rōmānum vēnērunt et auxilium postulāvērunt, Rōmānī magnīs itineribus ad hostium fīnīs properāvērunt.","translation":"When ambassadors from them came to Caesar, the Roman commander, and demanded aid, the Romans hastened by forced marches to the territory of the enemy.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ubi","gloss":"where"},{"text":"lēgātī","gloss":"legatus: lieutenant, ambassador"},{"text":"ab","gloss":"from, by"},{"text":"iīs","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"Caesarem","gloss":"Caesar: Cæsar"},{"text":"imperātōrem","gloss":"imperator: commander in chief, general"},{"text":"Rōmānum","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"vēnērunt","gloss":"venio: come, go"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"auxilium","gloss":"help, aid"},{"text":"postulāvērunt,","gloss":"postulo: demand"},{"text":"Rōmānī","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"magnīs","gloss":"magnus: great, large; strong, loud"},{"text":"itineribus","gloss":"iter: march, journey, route"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"hostium","gloss":"hostis: enemy"},{"text":"fīnīs","gloss":"finis: end, limit; country, territory"},{"text":"properāvērunt.","gloss":"propero: hurry, speed up"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L44.e1.3.m4a"},{"number":20,"id":"la.do.L44.e1.4","source":"Mox ad rīpās magnī flūminis vēnērunt.","translation":"Soon they came to the banks of the great river.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mox","gloss":"soon, presently"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"rīpās","gloss":"ripa: bank"},{"text":"magnī","gloss":"magnus: great, large; strong, loud"},{"text":"flūminis","gloss":"flumen: river"},{"text":"vēnērunt.","gloss":"venio: come, go"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L44.e1.4.m4a"},{"number":21,"id":"la.do.L44.e1.5","source":"Imperātor studēbat cōpiās suās trāns fluvium dūcere, sed nūllā viā poterat.","translation":"The commander was eager to lead his forces across the river, but he could in no way.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Imperātor","gloss":"imperator: commander in chief, general"},{"text":"studēbat","gloss":"studeo: give attention to, be eager"},{"text":"cōpiās","gloss":"copia: plenty, abundance; troops, forces"},{"text":"suās","gloss":"suus: his, her, hers, its, their, theirs"},{"text":"trāns","gloss":"trans: across"},{"text":"fluvium","gloss":"fluvius: river"},{"text":"dūcere,","gloss":"duco: lead, conduct"},{"text":"sed","gloss":"but"},{"text":"nūllā","gloss":"nullus: not any, none, no"},{"text":"viā","gloss":"via: way, road, street"},{"text":"poterat.","gloss":"possum: be able, can"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L44.e1.5.m4a"},{"number":22,"id":"la.do.L44.e1.6","source":"Nūllās nāvīs habēbat.","translation":"He had no ships.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nūllās","gloss":"nullus: not any, none, no"},{"text":"nāvīs","gloss":"navis: ship"},{"text":"habēbat.","gloss":"habeo: have, hold; regard, consider, deem"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L44.e1.6.m4a"},{"number":23,"id":"la.do.L44.e1.7","source":"Alta erat aqua.","translation":"The water was deep.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Alta","gloss":"altus: high, tall, deep"},{"text":"erat","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"aqua.","gloss":"water"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L44.e1.7.m4a"},{"number":24,"id":"la.do.L44.e1.8","source":"Imperātor autem, vir clārus, numquam adversā fortūnā commōtus, novum cōnsilium cēpit.","translation":"But the commander, a famous man, never moved by adverse fortune, adopted a new plan.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Imperātor","gloss":"imperator: commander in chief, general"},{"text":"autem,","gloss":"but, moreover, now"},{"text":"vir","gloss":"man, hero"},{"text":"clārus,","gloss":"clarus: clear; famous, renowned; bright, shining"},{"text":"numquam","gloss":"never"},{"text":"adversā","gloss":"adversa: enemy/adversary/opponent (female)"},{"text":"fortūnā","gloss":"fortuna: fortune"},{"text":"commōtus,","gloss":"commotus2: moved, excited"},{"text":"novum","gloss":"novus: new"},{"text":"cōnsilium","gloss":"consilium: plan"},{"text":"cēpit.","gloss":"capio: take, seize, capture"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L44.e1.8.m4a"},{"number":25,"id":"la.do.L44.e1.9","source":"Iussit suōs in lātō flūmine facere pontem.","translation":"He ordered his men to make a bridge over the wide river.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Iussit","gloss":"jubeo: order, command"},{"text":"suōs","gloss":"suus: his, her, hers, its, their, theirs"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"lātō","gloss":"latus: wide"},{"text":"flūmine","gloss":"flumen: river"},{"text":"facere","gloss":"facio: make, do; cause, bring about"},{"text":"pontem.","gloss":"pons: bridge"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L44.e1.9.m4a"},{"number":26,"id":"la.do.L44.e1.10","source":"Numquam anteā pōns in Rhēnō vīsus erat.","translation":"Never before had a bridge been seen on the Rhine.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Numquam","gloss":"never"},{"text":"anteā","gloss":"antea: before, previously"},{"text":"pōns","gloss":"pons: bridge"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"Rhēnō","gloss":"Rhenus: the Rhine"},{"text":"vīsus","gloss":"video: see, perceive"},{"text":"erat.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L44.e1.10.m4a"},{"number":27,"id":"la.do.L44.e1.11","source":"Hostēs ubi pontem quem Rōmānī fēcerant vīdērunt, summō terrōre commōtī, sine morā fugam parāre incēpērunt.","translation":"When the enemy saw the bridge which the Romans had made, moved by the greatest terror, they began without delay to prepare for flight.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hostēs","gloss":"hostis: enemy"},{"text":"ubi","gloss":"where"},{"text":"pontem","gloss":"pons: bridge"},{"text":"quem","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"Rōmānī","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"fēcerant","gloss":"facio: make, do; cause, bring about"},{"text":"vīdērunt,","gloss":"video: see, perceive"},{"text":"summō","gloss":"summus: highest, greatest"},{"text":"terrōre","gloss":"terror: terror, fear"},{"text":"commōtī,","gloss":"commoveo: shake/stir up, agitate"},{"text":"sine","gloss":"without"},{"text":"morā","gloss":"mora: delay"},{"text":"fugam","gloss":"fuga: flight"},{"text":"parāre","gloss":"paro: prepare for, prepare; provide, procure"},{"text":"incēpērunt.","gloss":"incipio: begin"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L44.e1.11.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":246,"text":"D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XLIV, §§246-248\n\n§246. PARADIGMS\n\n        vīs, f., force    iter, n., march\nSTEMS   vī- and vīri-     iter- and itiner-\nBASES   v- and vīr-       iter- and itiner-\n\n        SINGULAR\nNom.    vīs                 iter\nGen.    vīs (rare)          itineris\nDat.    vī (rare)           itinerī\nAcc.    vim                 iter\nAbl.    vī                  itinere\n\n         PLURAL\nNom.    vīrēs               itinera\nGen.    vīrium              itinerum\nDat.    vīribus             itineribus\nAcc.    vīrīs, or -ēs       itinera\nAbl.    vīribus             itineribus"},{"section":247,"text":"§247. There are no rules for gender in the third declension that do not present numerous exceptions.[1] The following rules, however, are of great service, and should be thoroughly mastered:\n[1] Review §60. Words denoting males are, of course, masculine, and those denoting females, feminine.\n\n1. Masculine are nouns in -or, -ōs, -er, -ĕs (gen. -itis).\n\na. arbor, tree, is feminine; and iter, march, is neuter.\n\n2. Feminine are nouns in -ō, -is, -x, and in -s preceded by a consonant or by any long vowel but ō.\n\na. Masculine are collis (hill), lapis, mēnsis (month), ōrdō, pēs, and nouns in -nis and -guis--as ignis, sanguis (blood)--and the four monosyllables\n\ndēns, a tooth; mōns, a mountain\npōns, a bridge; fōns, a fountain\n\n3. Neuters are nouns in -e, -al, -ar, -n, -ur, -ŭs, and caput."},{"section":248,"text":"§248. Give the gender of the following nouns and the rule by which it is determined:\n\nanimal     calamitās     flūmen      lapis     nāvis\navis       caput         ignis       legiō     opus\ncaedēs     eques         īnsigne     mare      salūs\ncalcar     fīnis         labor       mīles     urbs"}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"English into Latin (D'Ooge XLIV)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":28,"id":"la.do.L44.e2.1","source":"Hostēs summum montem occupāverant.","translation":"The enemy had taken (possession of) the top of the mountain.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hostēs","gloss":"hostis: enemy"},{"text":"summum","gloss":"summus: highest, greatest"},{"text":"montem","gloss":"mons: mountain"},{"text":"occupāverant.","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L44.e2.1.m4a"},{"number":29,"id":"la.do.L44.e2.2","source":"Erant multae arborēs in collibus adversīs.","translation":"There were many trees on the opposite hills.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Erant","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"multae","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"arborēs","gloss":"arbor: tree"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"collibus","gloss":"collis: hill, hillock, eminence, hill-top"},{"text":"adversīs.","gloss":"adversus: opposite; adverse, contrary"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L44.e2.2.m4a"},{"number":30,"id":"la.do.L44.e2.3","source":"Castra ad fontem pulchrum posuimus.","translation":"We pitched our camp near (ad) a beautiful spring.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Castra","gloss":"castrum: fort; camp"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"fontem","gloss":"fons: fountain"},{"text":"pulchrum","gloss":"pulcher: pretty, beautiful"},{"text":"posuimus.","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L44.e2.3.m4a"},{"number":31,"id":"la.do.L44.e2.4","source":"Iter per fīnīs hostium numquam sine perīculō est.","translation":"A march through the enemies’ country is never without danger.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Iter","gloss":"march, journey, route"},{"text":"per","gloss":"through"},{"text":"fīnīs","gloss":"finis: end, limit; country, territory"},{"text":"hostium","gloss":"hostis: enemy"},{"text":"numquam","gloss":"never"},{"text":"sine","gloss":"without"},{"text":"perīculō","gloss":"periculum: danger, peril"},{"text":"est.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L44.e2.4.m4a"},{"number":32,"id":"la.do.L44.e2.5","source":"Tempus mēnsis itinerī idōneum erat.","translation":"The time of the month was suitable for the march.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Tempus","gloss":"time"},{"text":"mēnsis","gloss":"mensis: month"},{"text":"itinerī","gloss":"iter: march, journey, route"},{"text":"idōneum","gloss":"idoneus: suitable, fit"},{"text":"erat.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L44.e2.5.m4a"},{"number":33,"id":"la.do.L44.e2.6","source":"Dentēs mōnstrī erant longī.","translation":"The teeth of the monster were long.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dentēs","gloss":"dens: tooth"},{"text":"mōnstrī","gloss":"monstrum: monster"},{"text":"erant","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"longī.","gloss":"longus: long"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L44.e2.6.m4a"},{"number":34,"id":"la.do.L44.e2.7","source":"Peditēs ubi sanguinem captīvōrum vīdērunt, summā vī moenia oppugnāre incēpērunt.","translation":"When the foot soldiers[4] saw the blood of the captives, they began to assail the fortifications with the greatest violence.[5]","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Peditēs","gloss":"pedes: foot soldier"},{"text":"ubi","gloss":"where"},{"text":"sanguinem","gloss":"sanguis: blood"},{"text":"captīvōrum","gloss":"captivus: captive, prisoner"},{"text":"vīdērunt,","gloss":"video: see, perceive"},{"text":"summā","gloss":"summus: highest, greatest"},{"text":"vī","gloss":"vis: strength, power, might, violence"},{"text":"moenia","gloss":"walls, fortifications"},{"text":"oppugnāre","gloss":"oppugno: storm, assail"},{"text":"incēpērunt.","gloss":"incipio: begin"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L44.e2.7.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"fontem","gloss":"fountain, from fons"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Latin into English (D'Ooge XLV)","teaching":[{"title":"Ācre marks a neuter noun","paragraphs":["Grave et ācre erat proelium means \"The battle was severe and fierce.\"","Ācre agrees with neuter proelium. It is one of the three nominative forms ācer, ācris, ācre.","Adjectives of the third declension have one, two, or three nominative forms. The number tells whether the genders share a form."]},{"title":"From the book","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"Ācer has three forms","paragraphs":["Ācer imperātor uses masculine ācer. Grave et ācre erat proelium uses neuter ācre. The feminine form is ācris.","The singular table shows ācer in every case and gender."]},{"title":"The forms of ācer","paragraphs":[]}],"lines":[{"number":35,"id":"la.do.L45.e1.1","source":"Ōlim peditēs Rōmānī cum equitibus vēlōcibus in hostium urbem iter faciēbant.","translation":"Once the Roman foot soldiers with swift horsemen were marching into a city of the enemy.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ōlim","gloss":"olim: formerly, once upon a time"},{"text":"peditēs","gloss":"pedes: foot soldier"},{"text":"Rōmānī","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"cum","gloss":"when; since; although"},{"text":"equitibus","gloss":"eques: horseman, cavalryman"},{"text":"vēlōcibus","gloss":"velox: swift"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"hostium","gloss":"hostis: enemy"},{"text":"urbem","gloss":"urbs: city"},{"text":"iter","gloss":"march, journey, route"},{"text":"faciēbant.","gloss":"facio: make, do; cause, bring about"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L45.e1.1.m4a"},{"number":36,"id":"la.do.L45.e1.2","source":"Ubi nōn longē āfuērunt, rapuērunt agricolam, quī eīs viam brevem et facilem dēmōnstrāvit.","translation":"When they were not far off, they seized a farmer, who showed them a short and easy way.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ubi","gloss":"where"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"longē","gloss":"longus: long"},{"text":"āfuērunt,","gloss":"absum: be away, be absent, be distant"},{"text":"rapuērunt","gloss":"rapio: seize, snatch"},{"text":"agricolam,","gloss":"agricola: farmer"},{"text":"quī","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"eīs","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"viam","gloss":"via: way, road, street"},{"text":"brevem","gloss":"brevis: short, brief"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"facilem","gloss":"facilis: facile, easy"},{"text":"dēmōnstrāvit.","gloss":"demonstro: point out, explain"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L45.e1.2.m4a"},{"number":37,"id":"la.do.L45.e1.3","source":"Iam Rōmānī moenia alta, turrīs validās aliaque opera urbis vidēre poterant.","translation":"Already the Romans could see the high walls, the strong towers, and the other works of the city.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Iam","gloss":"jam: already, now"},{"text":"Rōmānī","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"moenia","gloss":"walls, fortifications"},{"text":"alta,","gloss":"altus: high, tall, deep"},{"text":"turrīs","gloss":"turris: tower"},{"text":"validās","gloss":"validus: strong, able, well"},{"text":"aliaque","gloss":"by another/different way/route"},{"text":"opera","gloss":"opus: work, task"},{"text":"urbis","gloss":"urbs: city"},{"text":"vidēre","gloss":"video: see, perceive"},{"text":"poterant.","gloss":"possum: be able, can"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L45.e1.3.m4a"},{"number":38,"id":"la.do.L45.e1.4","source":"In moenibus stābant multī prīncipēs.","translation":"On the walls stood many chiefs.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"In","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"moenibus","gloss":"moenia: walls, fortifications"},{"text":"stābant","gloss":"sto: stand"},{"text":"multī","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"prīncipēs.","gloss":"princeps: chief"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L45.e1.4.m4a"},{"number":39,"id":"la.do.L45.e1.5","source":"Prīncipēs ubi vīdērunt Rōmānōs, iussērunt cīvīs lapidēs aliaque tēla dē mūrīs iacere.","translation":"When the chiefs saw the Romans, they ordered the citizens to throw stones and other weapons from the walls.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Prīncipēs","gloss":"princeps: chief"},{"text":"ubi","gloss":"where"},{"text":"vīdērunt","gloss":"video: see, perceive"},{"text":"Rōmānōs,","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"iussērunt","gloss":"jubeo: order, command"},{"text":"cīvīs","gloss":"civis: citizen"},{"text":"lapidēs","gloss":"lapis: stone"},{"text":"aliaque","gloss":"by another/different way/route"},{"text":"tēla","gloss":"telum: weapon of offense, spear"},{"text":"dē","gloss":"de: down from; concerning"},{"text":"mūrīs","gloss":"murus: wall"},{"text":"iacere.","gloss":"jacio: throw, hurl"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L45.e1.5.m4a"},{"number":40,"id":"la.do.L45.e1.6","source":"Tum mīlitēs fortēs continērī ā proeliō nōn poterant et ācer imperātor signum tubā darī iussit.","translation":"Then the brave soldiers could not be kept from battle, and the eager commander ordered the signal to be given with the trumpet.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Tum","gloss":"then, at that time"},{"text":"mīlitēs","gloss":"miles: soldier"},{"text":"fortēs","gloss":"fortis: brave"},{"text":"continērī","gloss":"contineo: hold together, hem in, keep"},{"text":"ā","gloss":"a: from, by, off"},{"text":"proeliō","gloss":"proelium: battle"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"poterant","gloss":"possum: be able, can"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ācer","gloss":"acer2: sharp, keen, eager"},{"text":"imperātor","gloss":"imperator: commander in chief, general"},{"text":"signum","gloss":"signal, sign, standard"},{"text":"tubā","gloss":"tuba: trumpet"},{"text":"darī","gloss":"do: give"},{"text":"iussit.","gloss":"jubeo: order, command"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L45.e1.6.m4a"},{"number":41,"id":"la.do.L45.e1.7","source":"Summā vī omnēs mātūrāvērunt.","translation":"All hastened with the greatest force.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Summā","gloss":"summus: highest, greatest"},{"text":"vī","gloss":"vis: strength, power, might, violence"},{"text":"omnēs","gloss":"omnis: every, all"},{"text":"mātūrāvērunt.","gloss":"maturo: hasten"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L45.e1.7.m4a"},{"number":42,"id":"la.do.L45.e1.8","source":"Imperātor Sextō lēgātō impedīmenta omnia mandāvit.","translation":"The commander entrusted all the baggage to Sextus the lieutenant.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Imperātor","gloss":"imperator: commander in chief, general"},{"text":"Sextō","gloss":"sextus: Sextus"},{"text":"lēgātō","gloss":"legatus: lieutenant, ambassador"},{"text":"impedīmenta","gloss":"impedimentum: hindrance"},{"text":"omnia","gloss":"omnis: every, all"},{"text":"mandāvit.","gloss":"mando: commit, intrust"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L45.e1.8.m4a"},{"number":43,"id":"la.do.L45.e1.9","source":"Sextus impedīmenta in summō colle conlocāvit.","translation":"Sextus placed the baggage on the top of a hill.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Sextus","gloss":"Sextus"},{"text":"impedīmenta","gloss":"impedimentum: hindrance"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"summō","gloss":"summus: highest, greatest"},{"text":"colle","gloss":"collis: hill"},{"text":"conlocāvit.","gloss":"conloco: arrange, station, place"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L45.e1.9.m4a"},{"number":44,"id":"la.do.L45.e1.10","source":"Grave et ācre erat proelium, sed hostēs nōn parēs Rōmānīs erant.","translation":"The battle was severe and fierce, but the enemy were not equal to the Romans.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Grave","gloss":"gravis: heavy, severe, serious"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ācre","gloss":"acer2: sharp, keen, eager"},{"text":"erat","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"proelium,","gloss":"battle"},{"text":"sed","gloss":"but"},{"text":"hostēs","gloss":"hostis: enemy"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"parēs","gloss":"par: equal"},{"text":"Rōmānīs","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"erant.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L45.e1.10.m4a"},{"number":45,"id":"la.do.L45.e1.11","source":"Aliī interfectī, aliī captī sunt.","translation":"Some were killed, others captured.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Aliī","gloss":"alius2: another, other"},{"text":"interfectī,","gloss":"interficio: kill"},{"text":"aliī","gloss":"alius2: another, other"},{"text":"captī","gloss":"capio: take, seize, capture"},{"text":"sunt.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L45.e1.11.m4a"},{"number":46,"id":"la.do.L45.e1.12","source":"Apud captīvōs erant māter sororque rēgis.","translation":"Among the captives were the mother and sister of the king.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Apud","gloss":"among"},{"text":"captīvōs","gloss":"captivus: captive, prisoner"},{"text":"erant","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"māter","gloss":"mater: mother"},{"text":"sororque","gloss":"soror: sister"},{"text":"rēgis.","gloss":"rex: king"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L45.e1.12.m4a"},{"number":47,"id":"la.do.L45.e1.13","source":"Paucī Rōmānōrum ab hostibus vulnerātī sunt.","translation":"Few of the Romans were wounded by the enemy.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Paucī","gloss":"pauci: few, only a few"},{"text":"Rōmānōrum","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"ab","gloss":"from, by"},{"text":"hostibus","gloss":"hostis: enemy"},{"text":"vulnerātī","gloss":"vulnero: wound"},{"text":"sunt.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L45.e1.13.m4a"},{"number":48,"id":"la.do.L45.e1.14","source":"Secundum proelium Rōmānīs erat grātum.","translation":"The successful battle was pleasing to the Romans.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Secundum","gloss":"secundus: next, following"},{"text":"proelium","gloss":"battle"},{"text":"Rōmānīs","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"erat","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"grātum.","gloss":"gratus: acceptable, pleasing"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L45.e1.14.m4a"},{"number":49,"id":"la.do.L45.e1.15","source":"Fortūna fortibus semper favet.","translation":"Fortune always favors the brave.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Fortūna","gloss":"fortuna: fortune"},{"text":"fortibus","gloss":"fortis: brave"},{"text":"semper","gloss":"always"},{"text":"favet.","gloss":"faveo: be favorable to, favor"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L45.e1.15.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":250,"text":"D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XLV, §§250-257\n\n§250. Adjectives are either of the first and second declensions (like bonus, aeger, or līber), or they are of the third declension."},{"section":251,"text":"§251. Nearly all adjectives of the third declension have i-stems, and they are declined almost like nouns with i-stems."},{"section":252,"text":"§252. Adjectives learned thus far have had a different form in the nominative for each gender, as, bonus, m.; bona, f.; bonum, n. Such an adjective is called an adjective of three endings. Adjectives of the third declension are of the following classes:\n\nI. Adjectives of three endings--\n  a different form in the nominative for each gender.\n\nII. Adjectives of two endings--\n   masculine and feminine nominative alike, the neuter different.\n\nIII. Adjectives of one ending--\n    masculine, feminine, and neuter nominative all alike."},{"section":253,"text":"§253. Adjectives of the third declension in -er have three endings; those in -is have two endings; the others have one ending.\n\nCLASS I"},{"section":254,"text":"§254. Adjectives of Three Endings are declined as follows:\n\nācer, ācris, ācre, keen, eager\nSTEM ācri-\nBASE ācr-\n\n        SINGULAR               PLURAL\n        MASC.  FEM.   NEUT.    MASC.       FEM.        NEUT.\nNom.    ācer   ācris  ācre     ācrēs       ācrēs       ācria\nGen.    ācris  ācris  ācris    ācrium      ācrium      ācrium\nDat.    ācrī   ācrī   ācrī     ācribus     ācribus     ācribus\nAcc.    ācrem  ācrem  ācre     ācrīs, -ēs  ācrīs, -ēs  ācria\nAbl.    ācrī   ācrī   ācrī     ācribus     ācribus     ācribus\n\nCLASS II"},{"section":255,"text":"§255. Adjectives of Two Endings are declined as follows:\n\nomnis, omne, every, all[1]\nSTEM omni-\nBASE omn-\n[1] omnis is usually translated every in the singular and all in the plural.\n\n        SINGULAR                 PLURAL\n        MASC. AND FEM.  NEUT.    MASC. AND FEM.  NEUT.\nNom.    omnis           omne     omnēs           omnia\nGen.    omnis           omnis    omnium          omnium\nDat.    omnī            omnī     omnibus         omnibus\nAcc.    omnem           omne     omnīs, -ēs      omnia\nAbl.    omnī            omnī     omnibus         omnibus\n\nCLASS III"},{"section":256,"text":"§256. Adjectives of One Ending are declined as follows:\n\npār, equal\n STEM pari-\n BASE par-\n\n        SINGULAR                 PLURAL\n        MASC. AND FEM.  NEUT.    MASC. AND FEM.  NEUT.\nNom.    pār             pār      parēs           paria\nGen.    paris           paris    parium          parium\nDat.    parī            parī     paribus         paribus\nAcc.    parem           pār      parīs, -ēs      paria\nAbl.    parī            parī     paribus         paribus\n\n1. All i-stem adjectives have -ī in the ablative singular.\n\n2. Observe that the several cases of adjectives of one ending have the same form for all genders excepting in the accusative singular and in the nominative and accusative plural.\n\n3. Decline vir ācer, legiō ācris, animal ācre, ager omnis, scūtum omne, proelium pār."},{"section":257,"text":"§257. There are a few adjectives of one ending that have consonant stems. They are declined exactly like nouns with consonant stems."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"aliaque","gloss":"by another"},{"word":"mandāvit","gloss":"commit, intrust, from mando"},{"word":"conlocāvit","gloss":"arrange, station, from conloco"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"English into Latin (D'Ooge XLV)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":50,"id":"la.do.L45.e2.1","source":"Aliī mēnsēs sunt brevēs, aliī longī.","translation":"Some months are short, others are long.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Aliī","gloss":"alius2: another, other"},{"text":"mēnsēs","gloss":"mensis: month"},{"text":"sunt","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"brevēs,","gloss":""},{"text":"aliī","gloss":"alius2: another, other"},{"text":"longī.","gloss":"longus: long"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L45.e2.1.m4a"},{"number":51,"id":"la.do.L45.e2.2","source":"Summum montem occupāre erat difficile.","translation":"To seize the top of the mountain was difficult.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Summum","gloss":"summus: highest, greatest"},{"text":"montem","gloss":"mons: mountain"},{"text":"occupāre","gloss":"occupo: seize, take possession of"},{"text":"erat","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"difficile.","gloss":"difficilis: difficult"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L45.e2.2.m4a"},{"number":52,"id":"la.do.L45.e2.3","source":"Apud collēs Italiae sunt multī fontēs pulchrī.","translation":"Among the hills of Italy are many beautiful springs.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Apud","gloss":"among"},{"text":"collēs","gloss":"collis: hill, hillock, eminence, hill-top"},{"text":"Italiae","gloss":"Italia: Italy"},{"text":"sunt","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"multī","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"fontēs","gloss":""},{"text":"pulchrī.","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L45.e2.3.m4a"},{"number":53,"id":"la.do.L45.e2.4","source":"Mīlitēs sedēbant ubi impedīmenta conlocāta erant, quia pedēs eōrum dēfessī erant.","translation":"The soldiers were sitting where the baggage had been placed because their feet were weary.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mīlitēs","gloss":"miles: soldier"},{"text":"sedēbant","gloss":"sedeo: sit"},{"text":"ubi","gloss":"where"},{"text":"impedīmenta","gloss":"impedimentum: hindrance"},{"text":"conlocāta","gloss":""},{"text":"erant,","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"quia","gloss":"because"},{"text":"pedēs","gloss":"pes: foot"},{"text":"eōrum","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"dēfessī","gloss":"defetiscor: become exhausted/suffer exhaustion, grow weary/faint/tired/weak"},{"text":"erant.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L45.e2.4.m4a"},{"number":54,"id":"la.do.L45.e2.5","source":"Urbs quam mīlitēs oppugnāre studēbant mūrīs validīs et turribus altīs mūnīta erat.","translation":"The city which the soldiers were eager to storm had been fortified by strong walls and high towers.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Urbs","gloss":"city"},{"text":"quam","gloss":"than"},{"text":"mīlitēs","gloss":"miles: soldier"},{"text":"oppugnāre","gloss":"oppugno: storm, assail"},{"text":"studēbant","gloss":"studeo: give attention to, be eager"},{"text":"mūrīs","gloss":"murus: wall"},{"text":"validīs","gloss":"validus: strong, able, well"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"turribus","gloss":"turris: tower"},{"text":"altīs","gloss":"altus: high, tall, deep"},{"text":"mūnīta","gloss":"munio: fortify, defend"},{"text":"erat.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L45.e2.5.m4a"},{"number":55,"id":"la.do.L45.e2.6","source":"Nōnne rēx gravem corōnam aurī et omnem pecūniam suam servō perfidō mandāvit? Mandāvit, sed servus numquam anteā perfidus fuerat.","translation":"Did not the king intrust a heavy crown of gold and all his money to a faithless slave? Yes, but the slave had never before been faithless.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nōnne","gloss":"nonne: not?"},{"text":"rēx","gloss":"rex: king"},{"text":"gravem","gloss":"gravis: heavy"},{"text":"corōnam","gloss":"corona: wreath, garland, crown"},{"text":"aurī","gloss":"aurum: gold"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"omnem","gloss":"omnis: every, all"},{"text":"pecūniam","gloss":"pecunia: money"},{"text":"suam","gloss":"suus: his, her, hers, its, their, theirs"},{"text":"servō","gloss":"servus2: slave"},{"text":"perfidō","gloss":"perfidus: faithless, treacherous, false"},{"text":"mandāvit?","gloss":"mando: commit, intrust"},{"text":"Mandāvit,","gloss":"mando: commit, intrust"},{"text":"sed","gloss":"but"},{"text":"servus","gloss":"slave, servant"},{"text":"numquam","gloss":"never"},{"text":"anteā","gloss":"antea: before, previously"},{"text":"perfidus","gloss":"faithless, treacherous, false"},{"text":"fuerat.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L45.e2.6.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Latin into English (D'Ooge XLVI)","teaching":[{"title":"Three forms in the lines","paragraphs":["Ante adventum Caesaris means \"before the arrival of Caesar.\"","Adventum is accusative singular. The same declension gives equitātus for nominative singular and equitātū for ablative singular.","These masculine forms end in -um, -us, and -ū because their cases differ."]},{"title":"The masculine forms","paragraphs":["Nouns of the fourth declension are masculine or neuter. The nouns here are masculine.","The genitive singular ends in -ūs. The forms of adventus give the full masculine pattern in singular and plural."]}],"lines":[{"number":56,"id":"la.do.L46.e1.1","source":"Ante adventum Caesaris vēlōcēs hostium equitēs ācrem impetum in castra fēcērunt.","translation":"Before the arrival of Caesar the swift horsemen of the enemy made a fierce attack on the camp.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ante","gloss":"before"},{"text":"adventum","gloss":"adventus: approach, arrival"},{"text":"Caesaris","gloss":"Caesar: Cæsar"},{"text":"vēlōcēs","gloss":"velox: swift"},{"text":"hostium","gloss":"hostis: enemy"},{"text":"equitēs","gloss":"eques: horseman, cavalryman"},{"text":"ācrem","gloss":"acer2: sharp, keen, eager"},{"text":"impetum","gloss":"impetus: attack"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"castra","gloss":"castrum: fort; camp"},{"text":"fēcērunt.","gloss":"facio: make, do; cause, bring about"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L46.e1.1.m4a"},{"number":57,"id":"la.do.L46.e1.2","source":"Continēre exercitum ā proeliō nōn facile erat.","translation":"To keep the army from battle was not easy.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Continēre","gloss":"contineo: hold together, hem in, keep"},{"text":"exercitum","gloss":"exercitus2: army, infantry"},{"text":"ā","gloss":"a: from, by, off"},{"text":"proeliō","gloss":"proelium: battle"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"facile","gloss":"facilis: facile, easy"},{"text":"erat.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L46.e1.2.m4a"},{"number":58,"id":"la.do.L46.e1.3","source":"Post adventum suum Caesar iussit legiōnēs ex castrīs dūcī.","translation":"After his arrival Caesar ordered the legions to be led out of the camp.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Post","gloss":"behind, after"},{"text":"adventum","gloss":"adventus: approach, arrival"},{"text":"suum","gloss":"suus: his, her, hers, its, their, theirs"},{"text":"Caesar","gloss":"Cæsar"},{"text":"iussit","gloss":"jubeo: order, command"},{"text":"legiōnēs","gloss":"legio: legion"},{"text":"ex","gloss":"out of, from"},{"text":"castrīs","gloss":"castrum: fort; camp"},{"text":"dūcī.","gloss":"duco: lead, conduct"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L46.e1.3.m4a"},{"number":59,"id":"la.do.L46.e1.4","source":"Prō castrīs cum hostium equitātū pugnātum est.","translation":"In front of the camp there was fighting with the cavalry of the enemy.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Prō","gloss":"pro: before; in behalf of; instead of"},{"text":"castrīs","gloss":"castrum: fort; camp"},{"text":"cum","gloss":"when; since; although"},{"text":"hostium","gloss":"hostis: enemy"},{"text":"equitātū","gloss":"equitatus: cavalry"},{"text":"pugnātum","gloss":"pugno: fight"},{"text":"est.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L46.e1.4.m4a"},{"number":60,"id":"la.do.L46.e1.5","source":"Post tempus breve equitātus trāns flūmen fūgit ubi castra hostium posita erant.","translation":"After a short time the cavalry fled across the river where the camp of the enemy had been pitched.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Post","gloss":"behind, after"},{"text":"tempus","gloss":"time"},{"text":"breve","gloss":"brevis: short, brief"},{"text":"equitātus","gloss":"equitatus: cavalry"},{"text":"trāns","gloss":"trans: across"},{"text":"flūmen","gloss":"flumen: river"},{"text":"fūgit","gloss":"fugio: flee, run; avoid, shun"},{"text":"ubi","gloss":"where"},{"text":"castra","gloss":"castrum: fort; camp"},{"text":"hostium","gloss":"hostis: enemy"},{"text":"posita","gloss":"pono: place, put"},{"text":"erant.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L46.e1.5.m4a"},{"number":61,"id":"la.do.L46.e1.6","source":"Tum victor imperātor agrōs vāstāvit et vīcōs hostium cremāvit.","translation":"Then the victorious commander laid waste the fields and burned the villages of the enemy.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Tum","gloss":"then, at that time"},{"text":"victor","gloss":"victor"},{"text":"imperātor","gloss":"imperator: commander in chief, general"},{"text":"agrōs","gloss":"ager: field"},{"text":"vāstāvit","gloss":"vasto: lay waste, devastate"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"vīcōs","gloss":"vicus: village"},{"text":"hostium","gloss":"hostis: enemy"},{"text":"cremāvit.","gloss":"cremo: burn"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L46.e1.6.m4a"},{"number":62,"id":"la.do.L46.e1.7","source":"Castra autem nōn oppugnāvit quia mīlitēs erant dēfessī et locus difficilis.","translation":"But he did not attack the camp, because the soldiers were worn out and the place was difficult.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Castra","gloss":"castrum: fort; camp"},{"text":"autem","gloss":"but, moreover, now"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"oppugnāvit","gloss":"oppugno: storm, assail"},{"text":"quia","gloss":"because"},{"text":"mīlitēs","gloss":"miles: soldier"},{"text":"erant","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"dēfessī","gloss":"defetiscor: become exhausted/suffer exhaustion, grow weary/faint/tired/weak"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"locus","gloss":"place, spot"},{"text":"difficilis.","gloss":"difficult"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L46.e1.7.m4a"},{"number":63,"id":"la.do.L46.e1.8","source":"Hostēs nōn cessāvērunt iacere tēla, quae paucīs nocuērunt.","translation":"The enemy did not cease to throw weapons, which harmed a few.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hostēs","gloss":"hostis: enemy"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"cessāvērunt","gloss":"cesso: delay, cease"},{"text":"iacere","gloss":"jacio: throw, hurl"},{"text":"tēla,","gloss":"telum: weapon of offense, spear"},{"text":"quae","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"paucīs","gloss":"pauci: few, only a few"},{"text":"nocuērunt.","gloss":"noceo: hurt, injure"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L46.e1.8.m4a"},{"number":64,"id":"la.do.L46.e1.9","source":"Post adversum proelium principēs Gallōrum lēgātōs ad Caesarem mittere studēbant, sed populō persuādēre nōn poterant.","translation":"After the unsuccessful battle the chiefs of the Gauls were eager to send ambassadors to Caesar, but they could not persuade the people.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Post","gloss":"behind, after"},{"text":"adversum","gloss":"adversus: opposite; adverse, contrary"},{"text":"proelium","gloss":"battle"},{"text":"principēs","gloss":"princeps: chief"},{"text":"Gallōrum","gloss":"Gallus: a Gaul"},{"text":"lēgātōs","gloss":"legatus: lieutenant, ambassador"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"Caesarem","gloss":"Caesar: Cæsar"},{"text":"mittere","gloss":"mitto: send"},{"text":"studēbant,","gloss":"studeo: give attention to, be eager"},{"text":"sed","gloss":"but"},{"text":"populō","gloss":"populus: people"},{"text":"persuādēre","gloss":"persuadeo: persuade, advise"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"poterant.","gloss":"possum: be able, can"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L46.e1.9.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":259,"text":"D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XLVI, §§259-260\n\n§259. Nouns of the fourth declension are either masculine or neuter."},{"section":260,"text":"§260. Masculine nouns end in -us, neuters in -ū. The genitive ends in -ūs.\n\na. Feminine by exception are domus, house; manus, hand; and a few others.\n\nPARADIGMS\n\n       adventus,     cornū,\n       m., arrival     n., horn\nSTEMS  adventu-        cornu-\nBASES  advent-         corn-\n\n        SINGULAR                   TERMINATIONS\n        MASC.           NEUT.\nNom.    adventus        cornū      -us      -ū\nGen.    adventūs        cornūs     -ūs      -ūs\nDat.    adventuī (ū)    cornū      -uī (ū)  -ū\nAcc.    adventum        cornū      -um      -ū\nAbl.    adventū         cornū      -ū       -ū\n\n        PLURAL\nNom.    adventūs        cornua     -ūs       -ua\nGen.    adventuum       cornuum    -uum      -uum\nDat.    adventibus      cornibus   -ibus     -ibus\nAcc.    adventūs        cornua     -ūs       -ua\nAbl.    adventibus      cornibus   -ibus     -ibus\n\n1. Observe that the base is found, as in other declensions, by dropping the ending of the genitive singular.\n\n2. lacus, lake, has the ending -ubus in the dative and ablative plural; portus, harbor, has either -ubus or -ibus.\n\n3. cornū is the only neuter that is in common use."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"adventum","gloss":"approach, arrival, from adventus"},{"word":"equitātū","gloss":"cavalry, from equitatus"},{"word":"cremāvit","gloss":"burn, from cremo"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"English into Latin (D'Ooge XLVI)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":65,"id":"la.do.L46.e2.1","source":"Vīdistīne nāvem longam in lacū?","translation":"Did you see the man-of-war on the lake?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Vīdistīne","gloss":"Vīdistīne (a name)"},{"text":"nāvem","gloss":"navis: ship"},{"text":"longam","gloss":"longus: long"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"lacū?","gloss":"lacus: basin/tank/tub"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L46.e2.1.m4a"},{"number":66,"id":"la.do.L46.e2.2","source":"Eam in lacū nōn vīdī, sed in portū eam vīdī.","translation":"I did not see it (fem.) on the lake, but I saw it in the harbor.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Eam","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"lacū","gloss":"lacus: basin/tank/tub"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"vīdī,","gloss":"video: see, perceive"},{"text":"sed","gloss":"but"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"portū","gloss":"portus: harbor"},{"text":"eam","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"vīdī.","gloss":"video: see, perceive"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L46.e2.2.m4a"},{"number":67,"id":"la.do.L46.e2.3","source":"Ventō validō nauta frātrem nāvigāre vetuit.","translation":"Because of the strong wind the sailor forbade his brother to sail.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ventō","gloss":"ventus: wind"},{"text":"validō","gloss":"validus: strong, able, well"},{"text":"nauta","gloss":"sailor"},{"text":"frātrem","gloss":"frater: brother"},{"text":"nāvigāre","gloss":"navigo: sail"},{"text":"vetuit.","gloss":"veto: forbid"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L46.e2.3.m4a"},{"number":68,"id":"la.do.L46.e2.4","source":"Num Caesar impetum in equitātum ā dextrō cornū fēcit?","translation":"Cæsar didn´t make an attack on the cavalry on the right wing, did he?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Num","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"Caesar","gloss":"Cæsar"},{"text":"impetum","gloss":"impetus: attack"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"equitātum","gloss":""},{"text":"ā","gloss":"a: from, by, off"},{"text":"dextrō","gloss":"dexter: right"},{"text":"cornū","gloss":"cornu: horn, wing"},{"text":"fēcit?","gloss":"facio: make, do; cause, bring about"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L46.e2.4.m4a"},{"number":69,"id":"la.do.L46.e2.5","source":"Nōn fēcit; ā sinistrō cornū impetum fēcit.","translation":"No, he made an attack on the left wing.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"fēcit;","gloss":"facio: make, do; cause, bring about"},{"text":"ā","gloss":"a: from, by, off"},{"text":"sinistrō","gloss":"sinister: left"},{"text":"cornū","gloss":"cornu: horn, wing"},{"text":"impetum","gloss":"impetus: attack"},{"text":"fēcit.","gloss":"facio: make, do; cause, bring about"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L46.e2.5.m4a"},{"number":70,"id":"la.do.L46.e2.6","source":"Quis equum tuum vēlōcem pārēre docuit?","translation":"Who taught your swift horse to obey?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quis","gloss":"who?"},{"text":"equum","gloss":"equus: horse"},{"text":"tuum","gloss":"tuus: your, yours"},{"text":"vēlōcem","gloss":""},{"text":"pārēre","gloss":"pareo: obey"},{"text":"docuit?","gloss":"doceo: teach"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L46.e2.6.m4a"},{"number":71,"id":"la.do.L46.e2.7","source":"Manibus meīs equum meum exercuī, neque opus erat difficile.","translation":"I trained my horse with my (own) hands, nor was the task difficult.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Manibus","gloss":"manus: hand; band, force"},{"text":"meīs","gloss":"meus: my, mine"},{"text":"equum","gloss":"equus: horse"},{"text":"meum","gloss":"meus: my, mine"},{"text":"exercuī,","gloss":""},{"text":"neque","gloss":"neither, nor, and ... not"},{"text":"opus","gloss":"work, task"},{"text":"erat","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"difficile.","gloss":"difficilis: difficult"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L46.e2.7.m4a"},{"number":72,"id":"la.do.L46.e2.8","source":"Est animal pulchrum et magnās vīrīs habet.","translation":"He is a beautiful animal and has great strength.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"animal","gloss":"animal"},{"text":"pulchrum","gloss":"pulcher: pretty, beautiful"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"magnās","gloss":"magnus: great, large; strong, loud"},{"text":"vīrīs","gloss":"vis: strength (sg. only), force, power, might, violence"},{"text":"habet.","gloss":"habeo: have, hold; regard, consider, deem"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L46.e2.8.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Expressions of Place: The Declension of Domus (D'Ooge XLVII)","teaching":[{"title":"Prepositions mark three relations","paragraphs":["Galba ad oppidum properat means Galba hastens to the town.","Motion to a place uses ad or in with the accusative. Motion from a place uses ā, ab, dē, ē, or ex with the ablative.","Galba in oppidō habitat means Galba lives in the town. Location at or in a place uses in with the ablative."]},{"title":"Places without prepositions","paragraphs":["Galba Athēnās properat means Galba hastens to Athens. The accusative appears without ad or in.","Galba Athēnīs properat means Galba hastens from Athens. Galba Athēnīs habitat means Galba lives in Athens. The ablative appears without ab or in.","Names of towns, domus, and rūs omit prepositions in expressions of place."]},{"title":"A separate case for location","paragraphs":["Galba Athēnīs habitat means Galba lives in Athens. Athēnīs is a locative ablative.","The locative is a separate case for location at or in a place.","Plural Athēnae has no locative form. Athēnīs therefore uses the locative ablative without in."]}],"lines":[{"number":73,"id":"la.do.L47.x.1","source":"Galba ad oppidum properat","translation":"Galba hastens to (or into) the town.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Galba","gloss":"Galba"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"oppidum","gloss":"town"},{"text":"properat","gloss":"propero: hurry, speed up"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L47.x.1.m4a"},{"number":74,"id":"la.do.L47.x.2","source":"Galba ab oppidō properat","translation":"Galba hastens from (or down from, out of) the town.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Galba","gloss":"Galba"},{"text":"ab","gloss":"from, by"},{"text":"oppidō","gloss":"oppidum: town"},{"text":"properat","gloss":"propero: hurry, speed up"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L47.x.2.m4a"},{"number":75,"id":"la.do.L47.x.3","source":"Galba in oppidō habitat","translation":"Galba lives in the town.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Galba","gloss":"Galba"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"oppidō","gloss":"oppidum: town"},{"text":"habitat","gloss":"habito: dwell, abide, inhabit"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L47.x.3.m4a"},{"number":76,"id":"la.do.L47.x.4","source":"Galba Athēnās properat","translation":"Galba hastens to Athens","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Galba","gloss":"Galba"},{"text":"Athēnās","gloss":"Athenae: Athens"},{"text":"properat","gloss":"propero: hurry, speed up"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L47.x.4.m4a"},{"number":77,"id":"la.do.L47.x.5","source":"Galba Athēnīs properat","translation":"Galba hastens from Athens","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Galba","gloss":"Galba"},{"text":"Athēnīs","gloss":"Athenae: Athens"},{"text":"properat","gloss":"propero: hurry, speed up"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L47.x.5.m4a"},{"number":78,"id":"la.do.L47.x.6","source":"Galba Athēnīs habitat","translation":"Galba lives at (or in) Athens","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Galba","gloss":"Galba"},{"text":"Athēnīs","gloss":"Athenae: Athens"},{"text":"habitat","gloss":"habito: dwell, abide, inhabit"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L47.x.6.m4a"},{"number":79,"id":"la.do.L47.x.7","source":"Galba domum properat","translation":"Galba hastens home","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Galba","gloss":"Galba"},{"text":"domum","gloss":"domus: house, home"},{"text":"properat","gloss":"propero: hurry, speed up"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L47.x.7.m4a"},{"number":80,"id":"la.do.L47.x.8","source":"Galba rūs properat","translation":"Galba hastens to the country","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Galba","gloss":"Galba"},{"text":"rūs","gloss":"rus: the country"},{"text":"properat","gloss":"propero: hurry, speed up"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L47.x.8.m4a"},{"number":81,"id":"la.do.L47.x.9","source":"Galba domō properat","translation":"Galba hastens from home","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Galba","gloss":"Galba"},{"text":"domō","gloss":"domus: house, home"},{"text":"properat","gloss":"propero: hurry, speed up"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L47.x.9.m4a"},{"number":82,"id":"la.do.L47.x.10","source":"Galba rūre properat","translation":"Galba hastens from the country","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Galba","gloss":"Galba"},{"text":"rūre","gloss":"rus: the country"},{"text":"properat","gloss":"propero: hurry, speed up"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L47.x.10.m4a"},{"number":83,"id":"la.do.L47.x.11","source":"Galba rūrī habitat","translation":"Galba lives in the country","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Galba","gloss":"Galba"},{"text":"rūrī","gloss":"rus: the country"},{"text":"habitat","gloss":"habito: dwell, abide, inhabit"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L47.x.11.m4a"},{"number":84,"id":"la.do.L47.x.12","source":"Galba Rōmae habitat","translation":"Galba lives at Rome","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Galba","gloss":"Galba"},{"text":"Rōmae","gloss":"Roma: Rome"},{"text":"habitat","gloss":"habito: dwell, abide, inhabit"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L47.x.12.m4a"},{"number":85,"id":"la.do.L47.x.13","source":"Galba Corinthī habitat","translation":"Galba lives at Corinth","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Galba","gloss":"Galba"},{"text":"Corinthī","gloss":"Corinthus: Corinth"},{"text":"habitat","gloss":"habito: dwell, abide, inhabit"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L47.x.13.m4a"},{"number":86,"id":"la.do.L47.x.14","source":"Galba domī habitat","translation":"Galba lives at home","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Galba","gloss":"Galba"},{"text":"domī","gloss":"domus: house, home"},{"text":"habitat","gloss":"habito: dwell, abide, inhabit"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L47.x.14.m4a"},{"number":87,"id":"la.do.L47.x.15","source":"Galba Athēnīs habitat","translation":"Galba lives at Athens","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Galba","gloss":"Galba"},{"text":"Athēnīs","gloss":"Athenae: Athens"},{"text":"habitat","gloss":"habito: dwell, abide, inhabit"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L47.x.15.m4a"},{"number":88,"id":"la.do.L47.x.16","source":"Galba Pompēiīs habitat","translation":"Galba lives at Pompeii","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Galba","gloss":"Galba"},{"text":"Pompēiīs","gloss":"Pompeii: Pompeii"},{"text":"habitat","gloss":"habito: dwell, abide, inhabit"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L47.x.16.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":262,"text":"D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XLVII, §§262-269\n\n§262. We have become thoroughly familiar with expressions like the following:\n\nGalba ad (or in) oppidum properat\nGalba ab (dē or ex) oppidō properat\nGalba in oppidō habitat\n\nFrom these expressions we may deduce the following rules:"},{"section":263,"text":"§263. RULE. Accusative of the Place to. The place to which is expressed by ad or in with the accusative. This answers the question Whither?"},{"section":264,"text":"§264. RULE. Ablative of the Place from. The place from which is expressed by ā or ab, dē, ē or ex, with the separative ablative. This answers the question Whence? (Cf. Rule, §179.)"},{"section":265,"text":"§265. RULE. Ablative of the Place at or in. The place at or in which is expressed by the ablative with in. This answers the question Where?\n\na. The ablative denoting the place where is called the locative ablative (cf. locus, place)."},{"section":266,"text":"§266. Exceptions. Names of towns, small islands,[1] domus, home, rūs, country, and a few other words in common use omit the prepositions in expressions of place, as,\n[1] Small islands are classed with towns because they generally have but one town, and the name of the town is the same as the name of the island.\n\nGalba Athēnās properat, Galba hastens to Athens Galba Athēnīs properat, Galba hastens from Athens Galba Athēnīs habitat, Galba lives at (or in) Athens Galba domum properat, Galba hastens home Galba rūs properat, Galba hastens to the country Galba domō properat, Galba hastens from home Galba rūre properat, Galba hastens from the country Galba rūrī (less commonly rūre) habitat, Galba lives in the country\n\na. Names of countries, like Germānia, Italia, etc., do not come under these exceptions. With them prepositions must not be omitted."},{"section":267,"text":"§267. The Locative Case. We saw above that the place-relation expressed by at or in is regularly covered by the locative ablative. However, Latin originally expressed this relation by a separate form known as the locative case. This case has been everywhere merged in the ablative excepting in the singular number of the first and second declensions. The form of the locative in these declensions is like the genitive singular, and its use is limited to names of towns and small islands, domī, at home, and a few other words."},{"section":268,"text":"§268. RULE. Locative and Locative Ablative. To express the place in which with names of towns and small islands, if they are singular and of the first or second declension, use the locative; otherwise use the locative ablative without a preposition; as,\n\nGalba Rōmae habitat, Galba lives at Rome\nGalba Corinthī habitat, Galba lives at Corinth\nGalba domī habitat, Galba lives at home\n\nHere Rōmae, Corinthī, and domī are locatives, being singular and of the first and second declensions respectively. But in\n\nGalba Athēnīs habitat, Galba lives at Athens,\nGalba Pompēiīs habitat, Galba lives at Pompeii\n\nAthēnīs and Pompēiīs are locative ablatives. These words can have no locative case, as the nominatives Athēnae and Pompēiī are plural and there is no plural locative case form."},{"section":269,"text":"§269. The word domus, home, house, has forms of both the second and the fourth declension. Learn its declension (§468)."}],"vocabulary":[{"word":"Corinthī","gloss":"Corinth, from Corinthus"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Latin into English (D'Ooge XLVII)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":89,"id":"la.do.L47.e1.1","source":"Corinthī omnia īnsignia aurī ā ducibus victōribus rapta erant.","translation":"At Corinth all the decorations of gold had been seized by the victorious leaders.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Corinthī","gloss":"Corinthus: Corinth"},{"text":"omnia","gloss":"omnis: every, all"},{"text":"īnsignia","gloss":"insigne: decoration, badge"},{"text":"aurī","gloss":"aurum: gold"},{"text":"ā","gloss":"a: from, by, off"},{"text":"ducibus","gloss":"dux: leader"},{"text":"victōribus","gloss":"victor: victor"},{"text":"rapta","gloss":"rapio: seize, snatch"},{"text":"erant.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L47.e1.1.m4a"},{"number":90,"id":"la.do.L47.e1.2","source":"Caesar Genāvam exercitum magnīs itineribus dūxit.","translation":"Caesar led his army to Geneva by forced marches.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Caesar","gloss":"Cæsar"},{"text":"Genāvam","gloss":"Genava: Geneva"},{"text":"exercitum","gloss":"exercitus2: army, infantry"},{"text":"magnīs","gloss":"magnus: great, large; strong, loud"},{"text":"itineribus","gloss":"iter: march, journey, route"},{"text":"dūxit.","gloss":"duco: lead, conduct"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L47.e1.2.m4a"},{"number":91,"id":"la.do.L47.e1.3","source":"Quem pontem hostēs cremāverant? Pontem in Rhēnō hostēs cremāverant.","translation":"What bridge had the enemy burned? The enemy had burned the bridge on the Rhine.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quem","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"pontem","gloss":"pons: bridge"},{"text":"hostēs","gloss":"hostis: enemy"},{"text":"cremāverant?","gloss":"cremo: burn"},{"text":"Pontem","gloss":"pons: bridge"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"Rhēnō","gloss":"Rhenus: the Rhine"},{"text":"hostēs","gloss":"hostis: enemy"},{"text":"cremāverant.","gloss":"cremo: burn"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L47.e1.3.m4a"},{"number":92,"id":"la.do.L47.e1.4","source":"Pompēiīs multās Rōmānōrum domōs vidēre poteritis.","translation":"At Pompeii you will be able to see many houses of the Romans.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Pompēiīs","gloss":"Pompeii: Pompeii"},{"text":"multās","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"Rōmānōrum","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"domōs","gloss":"domus: house, home"},{"text":"vidēre","gloss":"video: see, perceive"},{"text":"poteritis.","gloss":"possum: be able, can"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L47.e1.4.m4a"},{"number":93,"id":"la.do.L47.e1.5","source":"Rōmā cōnsul equō vēlōcī rūs properāvit.","translation":"From Rome the consul hastened to the country on a swift horse.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Rōmā","gloss":"Roma: Rome"},{"text":"cōnsul","gloss":"consul: consul"},{"text":"equō","gloss":"equus: horse"},{"text":"vēlōcī","gloss":"velox: swift"},{"text":"rūs","gloss":"rus: the country"},{"text":"properāvit.","gloss":"propero: hurry, speed up"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L47.e1.5.m4a"},{"number":94,"id":"la.do.L47.e1.6","source":"Domī cōnsulis hominēs multī sedēbant.","translation":"At the consul's house many men were sitting.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Domī","gloss":"domus: house, home"},{"text":"cōnsulis","gloss":"consul: consul"},{"text":"hominēs","gloss":"homo: man, human being"},{"text":"multī","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"sedēbant.","gloss":"sedeo: sit"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L47.e1.6.m4a"},{"number":95,"id":"la.do.L47.e1.7","source":"Imperātor iusserat lēgātum Athēnās cum multīs nāvibus longīs nāvigāre.","translation":"The commander had ordered the lieutenant to sail to Athens with many warships.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Imperātor","gloss":"imperator: commander in chief, general"},{"text":"iusserat","gloss":"jubeo: order, command"},{"text":"lēgātum","gloss":"legatus: lieutenant, ambassador"},{"text":"Athēnās","gloss":"Athenae: Athens"},{"text":"cum","gloss":"when; since; although"},{"text":"multīs","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"nāvibus","gloss":"navis: ship"},{"text":"longīs","gloss":"longus: long"},{"text":"nāvigāre.","gloss":"navigo: sail"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L47.e1.7.m4a"},{"number":96,"id":"la.do.L47.e1.8","source":"Ante moenia urbis sunt ōrdinēs arborum altārum.","translation":"Before the walls of the city there are rows of tall trees.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ante","gloss":"before"},{"text":"moenia","gloss":"walls, fortifications"},{"text":"urbis","gloss":"urbs: city"},{"text":"sunt","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"ōrdinēs","gloss":"ordo: row, rank"},{"text":"arborum","gloss":"arbor: tree"},{"text":"altārum.","gloss":"altus: high, tall, deep"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L47.e1.8.m4a"},{"number":97,"id":"la.do.L47.e1.9","source":"Propter arborēs altās nec lacum nec portum reperīre potuimus.","translation":"On account of the tall trees we could find neither the lake nor the harbor.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Propter","gloss":"on account of, because of"},{"text":"arborēs","gloss":"arbor: tree"},{"text":"altās","gloss":"altus: high, tall, deep"},{"text":"nec","gloss":"neque: neither, nor, and ... not"},{"text":"lacum","gloss":"lacus: lake"},{"text":"nec","gloss":"neque: neither, nor, and ... not"},{"text":"portum","gloss":"portus: harbor"},{"text":"reperīre","gloss":"reperio: find"},{"text":"potuimus.","gloss":"possum: be able, can"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L47.e1.9.m4a"},{"number":98,"id":"la.do.L47.e1.10","source":"Proeliīs crēbrīs Caesar legiōnēs suās quae erant in Galliā exercēbat.","translation":"By frequent battles Caesar was training his legions which were in Gaul.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Proeliīs","gloss":"proelium: battle"},{"text":"crēbrīs","gloss":"creber: frequent"},{"text":"Caesar","gloss":"Cæsar"},{"text":"legiōnēs","gloss":"legio: legion"},{"text":"suās","gloss":"suus: his, her, hers, its, their, theirs"},{"text":"quae","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"erant","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"Galliā","gloss":"Gallia: Gaul"},{"text":"exercēbat.","gloss":"exerceo: practice, drill, train"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L47.e1.10.m4a"},{"number":99,"id":"la.do.L47.e1.11","source":"Cotīdiē in locō idoneō castra pōnēbat et mūniēbat.","translation":"Daily he pitched and fortified his camp in a suitable place.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Cotīdiē","gloss":"cottidie: daily, every day"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"locō","gloss":"locus: place, spot"},{"text":"idoneō","gloss":"idoneus: suitable, fit"},{"text":"castra","gloss":"castrum: fort; camp"},{"text":"pōnēbat","gloss":"pono: place, put"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"mūniēbat.","gloss":"munio: fortify, defend"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L47.e1.11.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"Genāvam","gloss":"Geneva, from Genava"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Daedalus and Icarus (D'Ooge XLVII)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":100,"id":"la.do.L47.s1.1","source":"Crēta est īnsula antīqua quae aquā altā magnī maris pulsātur.","translation":"Crete is an ancient island which is beaten by the deep water of the great sea.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Crēta","gloss":"creta2: clay/clayey soil"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"īnsula","gloss":"insula: island"},{"text":"antīqua","gloss":"antiquus: old, ancient"},{"text":"quae","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"aquā","gloss":"aqua: water"},{"text":"altā","gloss":"altus: high, tall, deep"},{"text":"magnī","gloss":"magnus: great, large; strong, loud"},{"text":"maris","gloss":"mare: sea"},{"text":"pulsātur.","gloss":"pulso: strike, beat"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L47.s1.1.m4a"},{"number":101,"id":"la.do.L47.s1.2","source":"Ibi ōlim Mīnōs erat rēx.","translation":"There once Minos was king.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ibi","gloss":"there, in that place"},{"text":"ōlim","gloss":"olim: formerly, once upon a time"},{"text":"Mīnōs","gloss":"Minos: Minos"},{"text":"erat","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"rēx.","gloss":"rex: king"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L47.s1.2.m4a"},{"number":102,"id":"la.do.L47.s1.3","source":"Ad eum vēnit Daedalus quī ex Graeciā patriā fugiēbat.","translation":"To him came Daedalus, who was fleeing from Greece, his fatherland.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"eum","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"vēnit","gloss":"venio: come, go"},{"text":"Daedalus","gloss":"Dædalus"},{"text":"quī","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"ex","gloss":"out of, from"},{"text":"Graeciā","gloss":"Graecia: Greece"},{"text":"patriā","gloss":"patria: fatherland"},{"text":"fugiēbat.","gloss":"fugio: flee, run; avoid, shun"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L47.s1.3.m4a"},{"number":103,"id":"la.do.L47.s1.4","source":"Eum Mīnōs rēx benignīs verbīs accēpit et eī domicilium in Crētā dedit. Quō in locō Daedalus sine cūrā vīvebat et rēgī multa et clāra opera faciēbat.","translation":"King Minos received him with kind words and gave him a home in Crete. And in this place Daedalus lived without care and made many famous works for the king.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Eum","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"Mīnōs","gloss":"Minos: Minos"},{"text":"rēx","gloss":"rex: king"},{"text":"benignīs","gloss":"benignus: good-natured, kind"},{"text":"verbīs","gloss":"verbum: word"},{"text":"accēpit","gloss":"accipio: receive, accept"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"eī","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"domicilium","gloss":"dwelling place; abode"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"Crētā","gloss":"creta2: clay/clayey soil"},{"text":"dedit.","gloss":"do: give"},{"text":"Quō","gloss":"quo: whither, where; in order to, that"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"locō","gloss":"locus: place, spot"},{"text":"Daedalus","gloss":"Dædalus"},{"text":"sine","gloss":"without"},{"text":"cūrā","gloss":"cura: care, trouble"},{"text":"vīvebat","gloss":"vivo: live, be alive"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"rēgī","gloss":"rex: king"},{"text":"multa","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"clāra","gloss":"clarus: clear; famous, renowned; bright, shining"},{"text":"opera","gloss":"opus: work, task"},{"text":"faciēbat.","gloss":"facio: make, do; cause, bring about"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L47.s1.4.m4a"},{"number":104,"id":"la.do.L47.s1.5","source":"Post tempus longum autem Daedalus patriam cāram dēsīderāre incēpit.","translation":"After a long time, however, Daedalus began to long for his dear fatherland.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Post","gloss":"behind, after"},{"text":"tempus","gloss":"time"},{"text":"longum","gloss":"longus: long"},{"text":"autem","gloss":"but, moreover, now"},{"text":"Daedalus","gloss":"Dædalus"},{"text":"patriam","gloss":"patria: fatherland"},{"text":"cāram","gloss":"carus: dear"},{"text":"dēsīderāre","gloss":"desidero: long for"},{"text":"incēpit.","gloss":"incipio: begin"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L47.s1.5.m4a"},{"number":105,"id":"la.do.L47.s1.6","source":"Domum properāre studēbat, sed rēgī persuādēre nōn potuit et mare saevum fugam vetābat.","translation":"He was eager to hasten home, but he could not persuade the king, and the savage sea forbade flight.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Domum","gloss":"domus: house, home"},{"text":"properāre","gloss":"propero: hurry, speed up"},{"text":"studēbat,","gloss":"studeo: give attention to, be eager"},{"text":"sed","gloss":"but"},{"text":"rēgī","gloss":"rex: king"},{"text":"persuādēre","gloss":"persuadeo: persuade, advise"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"potuit","gloss":"possum: be able, can"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"mare","gloss":"sea"},{"text":"saevum","gloss":"saevus: fierce, savage"},{"text":"fugam","gloss":"fuga: flight"},{"text":"vetābat.","gloss":"veto: forbid"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L47.s1.6.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"English into Latin (D'Ooge XLVII)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":106,"id":"la.do.L47.e2.1","source":"Caesar, imperātor clārus, ubi Rōmā discessit, equō vēlōcī ad prōvinciam Rōmānam properāvit.","translation":"Cæsar, the famous general, when he had departed from Rome, hastened to the Roman province on a swift horse.[2]","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Caesar,","gloss":"Cæsar"},{"text":"imperātor","gloss":"imperator: commander in chief, general"},{"text":"clārus,","gloss":"clarus: clear; famous, renowned; bright, shining"},{"text":"ubi","gloss":"where"},{"text":"Rōmā","gloss":"Roma: Rome"},{"text":"discessit,","gloss":"discedo: depart, go away, leave"},{"text":"equō","gloss":"equus: horse"},{"text":"vēlōcī","gloss":"velox: swift"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"prōvinciam","gloss":"provincia: province"},{"text":"Rōmānam","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"properāvit.","gloss":"propero: hurry, speed up"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L47.e2.1.m4a"},{"number":107,"id":"la.do.L47.e2.2","source":"Fāmam dē sociīs Genāvae audīverat.","translation":"He had heard a rumor concerning the allies at Geneva.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Fāmam","gloss":"fama: rumor; reputation, fame"},{"text":"dē","gloss":"de: down from; concerning"},{"text":"sociīs","gloss":"socius: companion, ally"},{"text":"Genāvae","gloss":"Genava: Geneva"},{"text":"audīverat.","gloss":"audio: hear, listen, accept, agree with"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L47.e2.2.m4a"},{"number":108,"id":"la.do.L47.e2.3","source":"Post adventum suum Caesar mīlitēs convocāvit et eōs proelium committere iussit.","translation":"After his arrival Cæsar called the soldiers together and commanded them to join battle.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Post","gloss":"behind, after"},{"text":"adventum","gloss":"adventus: approach, arrival"},{"text":"suum","gloss":"suus: his, her, hers, its, their, theirs"},{"text":"Caesar","gloss":"Cæsar"},{"text":"mīlitēs","gloss":"miles: soldier"},{"text":"convocāvit","gloss":"convoco: call together, summon"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"eōs","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"proelium","gloss":"battle"},{"text":"committere","gloss":"committo: intrust, commit"},{"text":"iussit.","gloss":"jubeo: order, command"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L47.e2.3.m4a"},{"number":109,"id":"la.do.L47.e2.4","source":"Hostēs terga vertere mātūrāvērunt, aliī quia timēbant, aliī propter vulnera.","translation":"The enemy hastened to retreat, some because[3] they were afraid, others because[3] of wounds.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hostēs","gloss":"hostis: enemy"},{"text":"terga","gloss":"tergum: back"},{"text":"vertere","gloss":"verto: turn, change"},{"text":"mātūrāvērunt,","gloss":"maturo: hasten"},{"text":"aliī","gloss":"alius2: another, other"},{"text":"quia","gloss":"because"},{"text":"timēbant,","gloss":"timeo: fear; be afraid"},{"text":"aliī","gloss":"alius2: another, other"},{"text":"propter","gloss":"on account of, because of"},{"text":"vulnera.","gloss":"vulnus: wound"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L47.e2.4.m4a"},{"number":110,"id":"la.do.L47.e2.5","source":"Nūper Athēnīs eram et locum vīdī ubi iūdicēs sedēbant.","translation":"Recently I was at Athens and saw the place where the judges used to sit.[4]","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nūper","gloss":"nuper: lately, recently"},{"text":"Athēnīs","gloss":"Athenae: Athens"},{"text":"eram","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"locum","gloss":"locus: place, spot"},{"text":"vīdī","gloss":"video: see, perceive"},{"text":"ubi","gloss":"where"},{"text":"iūdicēs","gloss":"judex: judge"},{"text":"sedēbant.","gloss":"sedeo: sit"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L47.e2.5.m4a"},{"number":111,"id":"la.do.L47.e2.6","source":"Mārcus et Sextus sunt frātrēs meī; alter Rōmae habitat, alter rūrī.","translation":"Marcus and Sextus are my brothers; the one lives at Rome, the other in the country.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mārcus","gloss":"Marcus: Marcus, Mark"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"Sextus","gloss":"Sextus"},{"text":"sunt","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"frātrēs","gloss":"frater: brother"},{"text":"meī;","gloss":"meus: my"},{"text":"alter","gloss":"the one, the other"},{"text":"Rōmae","gloss":"Roma: Rome"},{"text":"habitat,","gloss":"habito: dwell, abide, inhabit"},{"text":"alter","gloss":"the one, the other"},{"text":"rūrī.","gloss":"rus: the country"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L47.e2.6.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"committere","gloss":"intrust, commit, from committo"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Latin into English (D'Ooge XLVIII)","teaching":[{"title":"Time without a preposition","paragraphs":["Merīdiē Iūlia fīlia eum ad cēnam vocat means At midday Julia, his daughter, calls him to dinner.","Merīdiē is ablative. Latin uses the ablative without a preposition for the time when or within which something happens.","Nocte, aestāte, and hieme use the same rule for at night, in summer, and in winter."]},{"title":"Most fifth declension nouns are feminine","paragraphs":["Nouns of the fifth declension are feminine, except diēs and merīdiēs, which are usually masculine.","Rēs is feminine. The adjective forms in rēs adversās and rēbus gestīs agree with it."]},{"title":"The fifth declension forms","paragraphs":["Merīdiē is the ablative singular of merīdiēs. Like diēs, it ends in -ē in the ablative singular.","Rēs appears in rēs adversās, and rēbus appears in dē rēbus gestīs. The forms of diēs and rēs give each case and number ending."]}],"lines":[{"number":112,"id":"la.do.L48.e1.1","source":"Galba agricola rūrī vīvit.","translation":"Galba the farmer lives in the country.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Galba","gloss":"Galba"},{"text":"agricola","gloss":"farmer"},{"text":"rūrī","gloss":"rus: the country"},{"text":"vīvit.","gloss":"vivo: live, be alive"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L48.e1.1.m4a"},{"number":113,"id":"la.do.L48.e1.2","source":"Cotīdiē prīmā lūce labōrāre incipit, nec ante noctem in studiō suō cessat.","translation":"Daily at dawn he begins to labor, and he does not cease from his pursuit before night.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Cotīdiē","gloss":"cottidie: daily, every day"},{"text":"prīmā","gloss":"primus: first"},{"text":"lūce","gloss":"lux: light"},{"text":"labōrāre","gloss":"laboro: labor; suffer, be hard pressed"},{"text":"incipit,","gloss":"incipio: begin"},{"text":"nec","gloss":"neque: neither, nor, and ... not"},{"text":"ante","gloss":"before"},{"text":"noctem","gloss":"nox: night"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"studiō","gloss":"studium: zeal, eagerness"},{"text":"suō","gloss":"suus: his, her, hers, its, their, theirs"},{"text":"cessat.","gloss":"cesso: delay, cease"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L48.e1.2.m4a"},{"number":114,"id":"la.do.L48.e1.3","source":"Merīdiē Iūlia fīlia eum ad cēnam vocat.","translation":"At midday Julia, his daughter, calls him to dinner.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Merīdiē","gloss":"meridies: midday"},{"text":"Iūlia","gloss":"Julia: Julia"},{"text":"fīlia","gloss":"filia: daughter"},{"text":"eum","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"cēnam","gloss":"cena: dinner"},{"text":"vocat.","gloss":"voco: call, summon, invite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L48.e1.3.m4a"},{"number":115,"id":"la.do.L48.e1.4","source":"Nocte pedēs dēfessōs domum vertit.","translation":"At night he turns his weary feet homeward.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nocte","gloss":"nox: night"},{"text":"pedēs","gloss":"pes: foot"},{"text":"dēfessōs","gloss":"defetiscor: become exhausted/suffer exhaustion, grow weary/faint/tired/weak"},{"text":"domum","gloss":"domus: house, home"},{"text":"vertit.","gloss":"verto: turn, change"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L48.e1.4.m4a"},{"number":116,"id":"la.do.L48.e1.5","source":"Aestāte fīliī agricolae auxilium patrī dant.","translation":"In summer the farmer's sons give aid to their father.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Aestāte","gloss":"aestas: summer"},{"text":"fīliī","gloss":"filius: son"},{"text":"agricolae","gloss":"agricola: farmer"},{"text":"auxilium","gloss":"help, aid"},{"text":"patrī","gloss":"pater: father"},{"text":"dant.","gloss":"do: give"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L48.e1.5.m4a"},{"number":117,"id":"la.do.L48.e1.6","source":"Hieme agricola eōs in lūdum mittit.","translation":"In winter the farmer sends them to school.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hieme","gloss":"hiems: winter"},{"text":"agricola","gloss":"farmer"},{"text":"eōs","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"lūdum","gloss":"ludus: play; school"},{"text":"mittit.","gloss":"mitto: send"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L48.e1.6.m4a"},{"number":118,"id":"la.do.L48.e1.7","source":"Ibi magister pueris multās fābulās dē rēbus gestīs Caesaris nārrat.","translation":"There the teacher tells the boys many stories about the exploits of Caesar.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ibi","gloss":"there, in that place"},{"text":"magister","gloss":"master, commander; teacher"},{"text":"pueris","gloss":"puer: boy"},{"text":"multās","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"fābulās","gloss":"fabula: story, tale, fable"},{"text":"dē","gloss":"de: down from; concerning"},{"text":"rēbus","gloss":"res: thing, matter"},{"text":"gestīs","gloss":"gero: bear, carry on; wear"},{"text":"Caesaris","gloss":"Caesar: Cæsar"},{"text":"nārrat.","gloss":"narro: tell, relate"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L48.e1.7.m4a"},{"number":119,"id":"la.do.L48.e1.8","source":"Aestāte fīliī agricolae perpetuīs labōribus exercentur nec grave agrī opus est iīs molestum.","translation":"In summer the farmer's sons are trained by constant labors, and the heavy work of the field is not troublesome to them.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Aestāte","gloss":"aestas: summer"},{"text":"fīliī","gloss":"filius: son"},{"text":"agricolae","gloss":"agricola: farmer"},{"text":"perpetuīs","gloss":"perpetuus: perpetual, continuous"},{"text":"labōribus","gloss":"labor2: labor, toil"},{"text":"exercentur","gloss":"exerceo: practice, drill, train"},{"text":"nec","gloss":"neque: neither, nor, and ... not"},{"text":"grave","gloss":"gravis: heavy, severe, serious"},{"text":"agrī","gloss":"ager: field"},{"text":"opus","gloss":"work, task"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"iīs","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"molestum.","gloss":"molestus: troublesome, annoying"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L48.e1.8.m4a"},{"number":120,"id":"la.do.L48.e1.9","source":"Galba sine ūllā cūrā vivit nec rēs adversās timet.","translation":"Galba lives without any care and does not fear adversity.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Galba","gloss":"Galba"},{"text":"sine","gloss":"without"},{"text":"ūllā","gloss":"ullus: any"},{"text":"cūrā","gloss":"cura: care, trouble"},{"text":"vivit","gloss":"vivo: live, be alive"},{"text":"nec","gloss":"neque: neither, nor, and ... not"},{"text":"rēs","gloss":"res: thing, matter"},{"text":"adversās","gloss":"adversa: enemy/adversary/opponent (female)"},{"text":"timet.","gloss":"timeo: fear; be afraid"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L48.e1.9.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":272,"text":"D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XLVIII, §§272-275\n\n§272. Gender. Nouns of the fifth declension are feminine except diēs, day, and merīdiēs, midday, which are usually masculine."},{"section":273,"text":"§273. PARADIGMS\n\n        diēs,     rēs, f.,\n        m., day     thing\nSTEMS   diē-        rē-\nBASES   di-         r-\n\n        SINGULAR          TERMINATIONS\nNom.    diēs        rēs      -ēs\nGen.    diēī        reī      -ē̆ī\nDat.    diēī        reī      -ē̆ī\nAcc.    diem        rem      -em\nAbl.    diē         rē       -ē\n\n        PLURAL\nNom.    diēs        rēs      -ēs\nGen.    diērum      rērum    -ērum\nDat.    diēbus      rēbus    -ēbus\nAcc.    diēs        rēs      -ēs\nAbl.    diēbus      rēbus    -ēbus\n\n1. The vowel e which appears in every form is regularly long. It is shortened in the ending -eī after a consonant, as in r-ĕī; and before -m in the accusative singular, as in di-em. (Cf. §12.2.)\n\n2. Only diēs and rēs are complete in the plural. Most other nouns of this declension lack the plural. Aciēs, line of battle, and spēs, hope, have the nominative and accusative plural."},{"section":274,"text":"§274. The ablative relation (§50) which is expressed by the prepositions at, in, or on may refer not only to place, but also to time, as at noon, in summer, on the first day. The ablative which is used to express this relation is called the ablative of time."},{"section":275,"text":"§275. RULE. The Ablative of Time. The time when or within which anything happens is expressed by the ablative without a preposition.\n\na. Occasionally the preposition in is found. Compare the English Next day we started and On the next day we started."}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Daedalus and Icarus, continued (D'Ooge XLVIII)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":121,"id":"la.do.L48.s1.1","source":"Tum Daedalus gravibus cūrīs commōtus fīliō suō Īcarō ita dixit: “Animus meus, Īcare, est plēnus trīstitiae nec oculī lacrimīs egent.","translation":"Then Daedalus, moved by heavy cares, spoke thus to his son Icarus: \"My heart, Icarus, is full of sorrow, and my eyes do not lack tears.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Tum","gloss":"then, at that time"},{"text":"Daedalus","gloss":"Dædalus"},{"text":"gravibus","gloss":"gravis: heavy, severe, serious"},{"text":"cūrīs","gloss":"cura: care, trouble"},{"text":"commōtus","gloss":"commotus2: moved, excited"},{"text":"fīliō","gloss":"filius: son"},{"text":"suō","gloss":"suus: his, her, hers, its, their, theirs"},{"text":"Īcarō","gloss":"Icarus: Icarus"},{"text":"ita","gloss":"thus, in this way, as follows"},{"text":"dixit:","gloss":"dico2: say, speak, tell"},{"text":"“Animus","gloss":"mind, heart; spirit, feeling"},{"text":"meus,","gloss":"my, mine"},{"text":"Īcare,","gloss":"Icarus: Icarus"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"plēnus","gloss":"plenus: full"},{"text":"trīstitiae","gloss":"tristitia: sadness, sorrow"},{"text":"nec","gloss":"neque: neither, nor, and ... not"},{"text":"oculī","gloss":"oculus: eye"},{"text":"lacrimīs","gloss":"lacrima: tear"},{"text":"egent.","gloss":"egeo: lack, need, be without"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L48.s1.1.m4a"},{"number":122,"id":"la.do.L48.s1.2","source":"Discēdere ex Crētā, Athēnās properāre, maximē studeō; sed rēx recūsat audīre verba mea et omnem reditūs spem ēripit.","translation":"To depart from Crete, to hasten to Athens, I am most eager; but the king refuses to hear my words and takes away all hope of return.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Discēdere","gloss":"discedo: depart, go away, leave"},{"text":"ex","gloss":"out of, from"},{"text":"Crētā,","gloss":"creta2: clay/clayey soil"},{"text":"Athēnās","gloss":"Athenae: Athens"},{"text":"properāre,","gloss":"propero: hurry, speed up"},{"text":"maximē","gloss":"maxime: most of all, especially"},{"text":"studeō;","gloss":"studeo: give attention to, be eager"},{"text":"sed","gloss":"but"},{"text":"rēx","gloss":"rex: king"},{"text":"recūsat","gloss":"recuso: refuse"},{"text":"audīre","gloss":"audio: hear, listen to"},{"text":"verba","gloss":"verbum: word"},{"text":"mea","gloss":"meus: my, mine"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"omnem","gloss":"omnis: every, all"},{"text":"reditūs","gloss":"reditus: return, going back"},{"text":"spem","gloss":"spes: hope"},{"text":"ēripit.","gloss":"eripio: snatch from"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L48.s1.2.m4a"},{"number":123,"id":"la.do.L48.s1.3","source":"Sed numquam rēbus adversīs vincar.","translation":"But never shall I be conquered by adversity.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Sed","gloss":"but"},{"text":"numquam","gloss":"never"},{"text":"rēbus","gloss":"res: thing, matter"},{"text":"adversīs","gloss":"adversus: opposite; adverse, contrary"},{"text":"vincar.","gloss":"vinco: conquer"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L48.s1.3.m4a"},{"number":124,"id":"la.do.L48.s1.4","source":"Terra et mare sunt inimīca, sed aliam fugae viam reperiam.”","translation":"Land and sea are unfriendly, but I shall find another way of flight.\"","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Terra","gloss":"land"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"mare","gloss":"sea"},{"text":"sunt","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"inimīca,","gloss":"inimicus: hostile"},{"text":"sed","gloss":"but"},{"text":"aliam","gloss":"alius2: another, other"},{"text":"fugae","gloss":"fuga: flight"},{"text":"viam","gloss":"via: way, road, street"},{"text":"reperiam.”","gloss":"reperio: find"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L48.s1.4.m4a"},{"number":125,"id":"la.do.L48.s1.5","source":"Tum in artīs ignōtās animum dīmittit et mīrum capit cōnsilium.","translation":"Then he sends his mind into unknown arts and forms a wonderful plan.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Tum","gloss":"then, at that time"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"artīs","gloss":"ars: art, skill"},{"text":"ignōtās","gloss":"ignotus2: unknown, strange"},{"text":"animum","gloss":"animus: mind, heart; spirit, feeling"},{"text":"dīmittit","gloss":"dimitto: send away, dismiss, disband"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"mīrum","gloss":"mirus: wonderful, marvelous"},{"text":"capit","gloss":"capio: take, seize, capture"},{"text":"cōnsilium.","gloss":"consilium: plan"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L48.s1.5.m4a"},{"number":126,"id":"la.do.L48.s1.6","source":"Nam pennās in ōrdine pōnit et vērās ālās facit.","translation":"For he sets feathers in a row and makes real wings.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nam","gloss":"for"},{"text":"pennās","gloss":"penna: feather"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"ōrdine","gloss":"ordo: row, rank"},{"text":"pōnit","gloss":"pono: place, put"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"vērās","gloss":"verus: true, real"},{"text":"ālās","gloss":"ala: wing"},{"text":"facit.","gloss":"facio: make, do; cause, bring about"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L48.s1.6.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ignōtās","gloss":"unknown, strange, from ignotus"},{"word":"pennās","gloss":"feather, from penna"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"English into Latin (D'Ooge XLVIII)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":127,"id":"la.do.L48.e2.1","source":"Eō mēnse erant multa proelia in Galliā.","translation":"In that month there were many battles in Gaul.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Eō","gloss":"eo: go"},{"text":"mēnse","gloss":"mensis: month"},{"text":"erant","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"multa","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"proelia","gloss":"proelium: battle"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"Galliā.","gloss":"Gallia: Gaul"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L48.e2.1.m4a"},{"number":128,"id":"la.do.L48.e2.2","source":"Equitātus hostium impetum in aciem Caesaris fēcit.","translation":"The cavalry of the enemy made an attack upon Cæsar’s line of battle.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Equitātus","gloss":"equitatus: cavalry"},{"text":"hostium","gloss":"hostis: enemy"},{"text":"impetum","gloss":"impetus: attack"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"aciem","gloss":"acies: line of battle"},{"text":"Caesaris","gloss":"Caesar: Cæsar"},{"text":"fēcit.","gloss":"facio: make, do; cause, bring about"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L48.e2.2.m4a"},{"number":129,"id":"la.do.L48.e2.3","source":"Prīmā hōrā noctis nāvis fluctibus superāta est.","translation":"In the first hour of the night the ship was overcome by the billows.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Prīmā","gloss":"primus: first"},{"text":"hōrā","gloss":"hora: hour"},{"text":"noctis","gloss":"nox: night [prima nocte => early in the night"},{"text":"nāvis","gloss":"navis: ship"},{"text":"fluctibus","gloss":"fluctus: wave, billow"},{"text":"superāta","gloss":""},{"text":"est.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L48.e2.3.m4a"},{"number":130,"id":"la.do.L48.e2.4","source":"Secundō diē barbarī in fidem Caesaris venīre studēbant.","translation":"On the second day the savages were eager to come under Cæsar’s protection.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Secundō","gloss":"secundus: next, following"},{"text":"diē","gloss":"dies: day"},{"text":"barbarī","gloss":"barbarus: strange, foreign, barbarous"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"fidem","gloss":"fides: faith, trust; promise, word; protection"},{"text":"Caesaris","gloss":"Caesar: Cæsar"},{"text":"venīre","gloss":"venio: come, go"},{"text":"studēbant.","gloss":"studeo: give attention to, be eager"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L48.e2.4.m4a"},{"number":131,"id":"la.do.L48.e2.5","source":"Rēx spē victōriae commōtus proelium commīserat.","translation":"The king had joined battle, moved by the hope of victory.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Rēx","gloss":"rex: king"},{"text":"spē","gloss":"spes: hope"},{"text":"victōriae","gloss":"victoria: victory"},{"text":"commōtus","gloss":"commotus2: moved, excited"},{"text":"proelium","gloss":"battle"},{"text":"commīserat.","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L48.e2.5.m4a"},{"number":132,"id":"la.do.L48.e2.6","source":"Eō annō ignis multās avēs et alia animālia dēlēvit.","translation":"That year a fire destroyed many birds and other animals.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Eō","gloss":"is: he, she, it; that"},{"text":"annō","gloss":"annus: year"},{"text":"ignis","gloss":"fire"},{"text":"multās","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"avēs","gloss":"avis: bird"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"alia","gloss":"alius2: another, other"},{"text":"animālia","gloss":"animal: animal"},{"text":"dēlēvit.","gloss":"deleo: blot out, destroy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L48.e2.6.m4a"},{"number":133,"id":"la.do.L48.e2.7","source":"Sanguinem in dentibus ferae vīdimus.","translation":"We saw blood on the wild beast’s teeth.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Sanguinem","gloss":"sanguis: blood"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"dentibus","gloss":"dens: tooth"},{"text":"ferae","gloss":"fera: a wild beast"},{"text":"vīdimus.","gloss":"video: see, perceive"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L48.e2.7.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]}]}