# Prīmus et Secundus Annus, Lessons XLIII–XLVIII Latin for Beginners I The Third Declension: I-Stems; Irregular Nouns of the Third Declension: Gender in the Third Declension; Adjectives of the Third Declension: I-Stems; The Fourth or U-Declension; Expressions of Place: The Declension of Domus; The Fifth or Ē-Declension: The Ablative of Time Source: https://1732studios.com/courses/la/26. Data: https://1732studios.com/courses/la/26.json. ## Latin into English (D'Ooge XLIII) ### Which nouns have i-stems Imperātor a clientibus suīs calcāria aurī et alia īnsignia accēpit. This means "The commander received from his clients spurs of gold and other decorations." calcāria and īnsignia are plural forms of calcar and īnsigne. Neuter nouns ending in -e, -al, or -ar have i-stems. caedēs, hostis, urbs, and cliēns are masculine or feminine i-stems. ### The endings that distinguish i-stems Masculine and feminine i-stems use -ium in the genitive plural. Their accusative plural can end in -īs or -ēs. Neuter i-stems use -ī in the ablative singular and contain i in every plural form. Their nominative and accusative plurals end in -ia. ### Masculine and feminine i-stems Ventī nāvīs longās prohibēbant fīnibus hostium adpropinquāre. This means "The winds were keeping the warships from approaching the territory of the enemy." nāvīs is accusative plural, while hostium is genitive plural. The forms of hostis place -ium and -īs beside its other singular and plural endings. ### ### Neuter i-stems calcāria, īnsignia, and animālia are nominative or accusative plurals in -ia. The forms of īnsigne place its singular forms beside the plural forms that retain i. **1** Quam urbem vidēmus? Urbs quam vidētis est Rōma. What city do we see? The city which you see is Rome. **2** Cīvēs Rōmānī urbem suam turribus altīs et mūrīs longīs mūnīverant. The Roman citizens had fortified their city with high towers and long walls. **3** Ventī nāvīs longās prohibēbant fīnibus hostium adpropinquāre. The winds were keeping the warships from approaching the territory of the enemy. **4** Imperātor a clientibus suīs calcāria aurī et alia īnsignia accēpit. The commander received from his clients spurs of gold and other decorations. **5** Mīlitēs Rōmānī cum hostibus bella saeva gessērunt et eōs caede magnā superāvērunt. The Roman soldiers waged savage wars with the enemy and overcame them with great slaughter. **6** Alia animālia terram, alia mare amant. Some animals love the land, others the sea. **7** Nāvēs longae quae auxilium ad imperātōrem portābant ignī ab hostibus dēlētae sunt. The warships which were bringing aid to the commander were destroyed with fire by the enemy. **8** In eō marī avis multās vīdimus quae longē ā terrā volāverant. On that sea we saw many birds which had flown far from land. **9** Nōnne vīdistis nāvīs longās hostium et ignīs quibus urbs nostra vāstābātur? Certē, sed nec caedem cīvium nec fugam clientium vīdimus. Did you not see the warships of the enemy and the fires with which our city was being laid waste? Certainly, but we saw neither the slaughter of the citizens nor the flight of the clients. **10** Avēs et alia animālia, ubi ignem vīdērunt, salūtem fugā petere celeriter incēpērunt. The birds and the other animals, when they saw the fire, quickly began to seek safety in flight. **11** Num. iūdex in peditum ōrdinibus stābat? Minimē, iūdex erat apud equitēs et equus eius īnsigne pulchrum gerēbat. The judge was not standing in the ranks of the foot soldiers, was he? By no means; the judge was among the horsemen, and his horse wore a beautiful decoration. ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XLIII, §§241-244 §241. To decline a noun of the third declension correctly we must know whether or not it is an i-stem. Nouns with i-stems are 1. Masculines and feminines: a. Nouns in -ēs and -īs with the same number of syllables in the genitive as in the nominative. Thus caedēs, caedis, is an i-stem, but mīles, mīlitis, is a consonant stem. b. Nouns in -ns and -rs. c. Nouns of one syllable in -s or -x preceded by a consonant. 2. Neuters in -e, -al, and -ar. ``` ``` §242. The declension of i-stems is nearly the same as that of consonant stems. Note the following differences: a. Masculines and feminities have -ium in the genitive plural and -īs or -ēs in the accusative plural. b. Neuters have -ī in the ablative singular, and an -i- in every form of the plural. ``` ``` §243. Masculine and Feminine I-Stems. Masculine and feminine i-stems are declined as follows: caedēs, f., hostis, urbs, f., cliēns, m., slaughter m., enemy city retainer STEMS caedi- hosti- urbi- clienti- BASES caed- host- urb- client- SINGULAR TERMINATIONS M. AND F. Nom. caedēs hostis urbs cliēns[1] -s, -is, or -ēs Gen. caedis hostis urbis clientis -is Dat. caedī hostī urbī clientī -ī Acc. caedem hostem urbem clientem -em (-im) Abl. caede hoste urbe cliente -e (-ī) [1] Observe that the vowel before -ns is long, but that it is shortened before -nt. Cf. §12.2, 3. PLURAL Nom. caedēs hostēs urbēs clientēs -ēs Gen. caedium hostium urbium clientium -ium Dat. caedibus hostibus urbibus clientibus -ibus Acc. caedīs, -ēs hostīs, -ēs urbīs, -ēs clientīs, -ēs -īs, -ēs Abl. caedibus hostibus urbibus clientibus -ibus 1. avis, cīvis, fīnis, ignis, nāvis have the ablative singular in -ī or -e. 2. turris has accusative turrim and ablative turrī or turre. ``` ``` §244. Neuter I-Stems. Neuter i-stems are declined as follows: īnsigne, n., animal, n., calcar, decoration animal n., spur STEMS īnsigni- animāli- calcāri- BASES īnsign- animāl- calcār- SINGULAR TERMINATIONS Nom. īnsigne animal calcar -e or -- Gen. īnsignis animālis calcāris -is Dat. īnsignī animālī calcārī -ī Acc. īnsigne animal calcar -e or -- Abl. īnsignī animālī calcārī -ī PLURAL Nom. īnsignia animālia calcāria -ia Gen. īnsignium animālium calcārium -ium Dat. īnsignibus animālibus calcāribus -ibus Acc. īnsignia animālia calcāria -ia Abl. īnsignibus animālibus calcāribus -ibus 1. Review §74 and see how it applies to this declension. 2. The final -i- of the stem is usually dropped in the nominative. If not dropped, it is changed to -e. 3. A long vowel is shortened before final -l or -r. (Cf. §12.2.) ``` | word | gloss | |---|---| | turribus | tower, from turris | | prohibēbant | restrain, keep from, from prohibeo | | calcāria | spur, from calcar | | īnsignia | decoration, badge, from insigne | ## English into Latin (D'Ooge XLIII) **12** Inopiā frūmentī animālia vīcī vīvere nōn poterant. Because of the lack of grain the animals of the village were not able to live. **13** Imperātor ubi fāmam audīvit, celeriter equitem ad vīcum mīsit. When the general[2] heard the rumor, he quickly sent a horseman to the village. **14** Eques equum pulchrum habēbat et calcāria aurī gerēbat. The horseman had a beautiful horse and wore spurs of gold. **15** Cīvibus dīxit: “Mittite clientēs vestrōs cum equīs et carrīs ad castra nostra, et cōpiam frūmentī accipiētis.” He said to the citizens, “Send your retainers with horses and wagons to our camp, and you will receive an abundance of grain.” **16** Laetīs animīs verbīs eius pārēre mātūrāvērunt. With happy hearts they hastened to obey his words.[3] ## Latin into English (D'Ooge XLIV) ### Two bases of iter Rōmānī magnīs itineribus ad hostium fīnīs properāvērunt means "The Romans hastened by forced marches to the territory of the enemy." The ablative plural itineribus uses the base itiner-, not iter-. The table lists both bases and every form of iter. ### Paradigms ### Two gender patterns Salūs sociōrum erat semper cāra Rōmānīs means "The safety of their allies was always dear to the Romans." Salūs ends in -s after a long vowel other than ō, so the usual third declension rule makes it feminine. Cāra agrees with that gender. Trāns flūmen Rhēnum means "across the river Rhine." The nominative flūmen ends in -n. Third declension nouns ending in -n are neuter. ### Pōns is an exception Numquam anteā pōns in Rhēnō vīsus erat means "Never before had a bridge been seen on the Rhine." Third declension nouns ending in a consonant followed by -s are usually feminine. Pōns is masculine instead. The masculine participle vīsus agrees with pōns. **17** Salūs sociōrum erat semper cāra Rōmānīs. The safety of their allies was always dear to the Romans. **18** Ōlim Gallī, amīcī Rōmānōrum, multās iniūriās ab Germānīs quī trāns flūmen Rhēnum vivēbant accēperant. Once the Gauls, friends of the Romans, had received many wrongs from the Germans who lived across the river Rhine. **19** Ubi lēgātī ab iīs ad Caesarem imperātōrem Rōmānum vēnērunt et auxilium postulāvērunt, Rōmānī magnīs itineribus ad hostium fīnīs properāvērunt. When ambassadors from them came to Caesar, the Roman commander, and demanded aid, the Romans hastened by forced marches to the territory of the enemy. **20** Mox ad rīpās magnī flūminis vēnērunt. Soon they came to the banks of the great river. **21** Imperātor studēbat cōpiās suās trāns fluvium dūcere, sed nūllā viā poterat. The commander was eager to lead his forces across the river, but he could in no way. **22** Nūllās nāvīs habēbat. He had no ships. **23** Alta erat aqua. The water was deep. **24** Imperātor autem, vir clārus, numquam adversā fortūnā commōtus, novum cōnsilium cēpit. But the commander, a famous man, never moved by adverse fortune, adopted a new plan. **25** Iussit suōs in lātō flūmine facere pontem. He ordered his men to make a bridge over the wide river. **26** Numquam anteā pōns in Rhēnō vīsus erat. Never before had a bridge been seen on the Rhine. **27** Hostēs ubi pontem quem Rōmānī fēcerant vīdērunt, summō terrōre commōtī, sine morā fugam parāre incēpērunt. When the enemy saw the bridge which the Romans had made, moved by the greatest terror, they began without delay to prepare for flight. ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XLIV, §§246-248 §246. PARADIGMS vīs, f., force iter, n., march STEMS vī- and vīri- iter- and itiner- BASES v- and vīr- iter- and itiner- SINGULAR Nom. vīs iter Gen. vīs (rare) itineris Dat. vī (rare) itinerī Acc. vim iter Abl. vī itinere PLURAL Nom. vīrēs itinera Gen. vīrium itinerum Dat. vīribus itineribus Acc. vīrīs, or -ēs itinera Abl. vīribus itineribus ``` ``` §247. There are no rules for gender in the third declension that do not present numerous exceptions.[1] The following rules, however, are of great service, and should be thoroughly mastered: [1] Review §60. Words denoting males are, of course, masculine, and those denoting females, feminine. 1. Masculine are nouns in -or, -ōs, -er, -ĕs (gen. -itis). a. arbor, tree, is feminine; and iter, march, is neuter. 2. Feminine are nouns in -ō, -is, -x, and in -s preceded by a consonant or by any long vowel but ō. a. Masculine are collis (hill), lapis, mēnsis (month), ōrdō, pēs, and nouns in -nis and -guis--as ignis, sanguis (blood)--and the four monosyllables dēns, a tooth; mōns, a mountain pōns, a bridge; fōns, a fountain 3. Neuters are nouns in -e, -al, -ar, -n, -ur, -ŭs, and caput. ``` ``` §248. Give the gender of the following nouns and the rule by which it is determined: animal calamitās flūmen lapis nāvis avis caput ignis legiō opus caedēs eques īnsigne mare salūs calcar fīnis labor mīles urbs ``` ## English into Latin (D'Ooge XLIV) **28** Hostēs summum montem occupāverant. The enemy had taken (possession of) the top of the mountain. **29** Erant multae arborēs in collibus adversīs. There were many trees on the opposite hills. **30** Castra ad fontem pulchrum posuimus. We pitched our camp near (ad) a beautiful spring. **31** Iter per fīnīs hostium numquam sine perīculō est. A march through the enemies’ country is never without danger. **32** Tempus mēnsis itinerī idōneum erat. The time of the month was suitable for the march. **33** Dentēs mōnstrī erant longī. The teeth of the monster were long. **34** Peditēs ubi sanguinem captīvōrum vīdērunt, summā vī moenia oppugnāre incēpērunt. When the foot soldiers[4] saw the blood of the captives, they began to assail the fortifications with the greatest violence.[5] | word | gloss | |---|---| | fontem | fountain, from fons | ## Latin into English (D'Ooge XLV) ### Ācre marks a neuter noun Grave et ācre erat proelium means "The battle was severe and fierce." Ācre agrees with neuter proelium. It is one of the three nominative forms ācer, ācris, ācre. Adjectives of the third declension have one, two, or three nominative forms. The number tells whether the genders share a form. ### From the book ### Ācer has three forms Ācer imperātor uses masculine ācer. Grave et ācre erat proelium uses neuter ācre. The feminine form is ācris. The singular table shows ācer in every case and gender. ### The forms of ācer **35** Ōlim peditēs Rōmānī cum equitibus vēlōcibus in hostium urbem iter faciēbant. Once the Roman foot soldiers with swift horsemen were marching into a city of the enemy. **36** Ubi nōn longē āfuērunt, rapuērunt agricolam, quī eīs viam brevem et facilem dēmōnstrāvit. When they were not far off, they seized a farmer, who showed them a short and easy way. **37** Iam Rōmānī moenia alta, turrīs validās aliaque opera urbis vidēre poterant. Already the Romans could see the high walls, the strong towers, and the other works of the city. **38** In moenibus stābant multī prīncipēs. On the walls stood many chiefs. **39** Prīncipēs ubi vīdērunt Rōmānōs, iussērunt cīvīs lapidēs aliaque tēla dē mūrīs iacere. When the chiefs saw the Romans, they ordered the citizens to throw stones and other weapons from the walls. **40** Tum mīlitēs fortēs continērī ā proeliō nōn poterant et ācer imperātor signum tubā darī iussit. Then the brave soldiers could not be kept from battle, and the eager commander ordered the signal to be given with the trumpet. **41** Summā vī omnēs mātūrāvērunt. All hastened with the greatest force. **42** Imperātor Sextō lēgātō impedīmenta omnia mandāvit. The commander entrusted all the baggage to Sextus the lieutenant. **43** Sextus impedīmenta in summō colle conlocāvit. Sextus placed the baggage on the top of a hill. **44** Grave et ācre erat proelium, sed hostēs nōn parēs Rōmānīs erant. The battle was severe and fierce, but the enemy were not equal to the Romans. **45** Aliī interfectī, aliī captī sunt. Some were killed, others captured. **46** Apud captīvōs erant māter sororque rēgis. Among the captives were the mother and sister of the king. **47** Paucī Rōmānōrum ab hostibus vulnerātī sunt. Few of the Romans were wounded by the enemy. **48** Secundum proelium Rōmānīs erat grātum. The successful battle was pleasing to the Romans. **49** Fortūna fortibus semper favet. Fortune always favors the brave. ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XLV, §§250-257 §250. Adjectives are either of the first and second declensions (like bonus, aeger, or līber), or they are of the third declension. ``` ``` §251. Nearly all adjectives of the third declension have i-stems, and they are declined almost like nouns with i-stems. ``` ``` §252. Adjectives learned thus far have had a different form in the nominative for each gender, as, bonus, m.; bona, f.; bonum, n. Such an adjective is called an adjective of three endings. Adjectives of the third declension are of the following classes: I. Adjectives of three endings-- a different form in the nominative for each gender. II. Adjectives of two endings-- masculine and feminine nominative alike, the neuter different. III. Adjectives of one ending-- masculine, feminine, and neuter nominative all alike. ``` ``` §253. Adjectives of the third declension in -er have three endings; those in -is have two endings; the others have one ending. CLASS I ``` ``` §254. Adjectives of Three Endings are declined as follows: ācer, ācris, ācre, keen, eager STEM ācri- BASE ācr- SINGULAR PLURAL MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT. Nom. ācer ācris ācre ācrēs ācrēs ācria Gen. ācris ācris ācris ācrium ācrium ācrium Dat. ācrī ācrī ācrī ācribus ācribus ācribus Acc. ācrem ācrem ācre ācrīs, -ēs ācrīs, -ēs ācria Abl. ācrī ācrī ācrī ācribus ācribus ācribus CLASS II ``` ``` §255. Adjectives of Two Endings are declined as follows: omnis, omne, every, all[1] STEM omni- BASE omn- [1] omnis is usually translated every in the singular and all in the plural. SINGULAR PLURAL MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. Nom. omnis omne omnēs omnia Gen. omnis omnis omnium omnium Dat. omnī omnī omnibus omnibus Acc. omnem omne omnīs, -ēs omnia Abl. omnī omnī omnibus omnibus CLASS III ``` ``` §256. Adjectives of One Ending are declined as follows: pār, equal STEM pari- BASE par- SINGULAR PLURAL MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. Nom. pār pār parēs paria Gen. paris paris parium parium Dat. parī parī paribus paribus Acc. parem pār parīs, -ēs paria Abl. parī parī paribus paribus 1. All i-stem adjectives have -ī in the ablative singular. 2. Observe that the several cases of adjectives of one ending have the same form for all genders excepting in the accusative singular and in the nominative and accusative plural. 3. Decline vir ācer, legiō ācris, animal ācre, ager omnis, scūtum omne, proelium pār. ``` ``` §257. There are a few adjectives of one ending that have consonant stems. They are declined exactly like nouns with consonant stems. ``` | word | gloss | |---|---| | aliaque | by another | | mandāvit | commit, intrust, from mando | | conlocāvit | arrange, station, from conloco | ## English into Latin (D'Ooge XLV) **50** Aliī mēnsēs sunt brevēs, aliī longī. Some months are short, others are long. **51** Summum montem occupāre erat difficile. To seize the top of the mountain was difficult. **52** Apud collēs Italiae sunt multī fontēs pulchrī. Among the hills of Italy are many beautiful springs. **53** Mīlitēs sedēbant ubi impedīmenta conlocāta erant, quia pedēs eōrum dēfessī erant. The soldiers were sitting where the baggage had been placed because their feet were weary. **54** Urbs quam mīlitēs oppugnāre studēbant mūrīs validīs et turribus altīs mūnīta erat. The city which the soldiers were eager to storm had been fortified by strong walls and high towers. **55** Nōnne rēx gravem corōnam aurī et omnem pecūniam suam servō perfidō mandāvit? Mandāvit, sed servus numquam anteā perfidus fuerat. Did not the king intrust a heavy crown of gold and all his money to a faithless slave? Yes, but the slave had never before been faithless. ## Latin into English (D'Ooge XLVI) ### Three forms in the lines Ante adventum Caesaris means "before the arrival of Caesar." Adventum is accusative singular. The same declension gives equitātus for nominative singular and equitātū for ablative singular. These masculine forms end in -um, -us, and -ū because their cases differ. ### The masculine forms Nouns of the fourth declension are masculine or neuter. The nouns here are masculine. The genitive singular ends in -ūs. The forms of adventus give the full masculine pattern in singular and plural. **56** Ante adventum Caesaris vēlōcēs hostium equitēs ācrem impetum in castra fēcērunt. Before the arrival of Caesar the swift horsemen of the enemy made a fierce attack on the camp. **57** Continēre exercitum ā proeliō nōn facile erat. To keep the army from battle was not easy. **58** Post adventum suum Caesar iussit legiōnēs ex castrīs dūcī. After his arrival Caesar ordered the legions to be led out of the camp. **59** Prō castrīs cum hostium equitātū pugnātum est. In front of the camp there was fighting with the cavalry of the enemy. **60** Post tempus breve equitātus trāns flūmen fūgit ubi castra hostium posita erant. After a short time the cavalry fled across the river where the camp of the enemy had been pitched. **61** Tum victor imperātor agrōs vāstāvit et vīcōs hostium cremāvit. Then the victorious commander laid waste the fields and burned the villages of the enemy. **62** Castra autem nōn oppugnāvit quia mīlitēs erant dēfessī et locus difficilis. But he did not attack the camp, because the soldiers were worn out and the place was difficult. **63** Hostēs nōn cessāvērunt iacere tēla, quae paucīs nocuērunt. The enemy did not cease to throw weapons, which harmed a few. **64** Post adversum proelium principēs Gallōrum lēgātōs ad Caesarem mittere studēbant, sed populō persuādēre nōn poterant. After the unsuccessful battle the chiefs of the Gauls were eager to send ambassadors to Caesar, but they could not persuade the people. ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XLVI, §§259-260 §259. Nouns of the fourth declension are either masculine or neuter. ``` ``` §260. Masculine nouns end in -us, neuters in -ū. The genitive ends in -ūs. a. Feminine by exception are domus, house; manus, hand; and a few others. PARADIGMS adventus, cornū, m., arrival n., horn STEMS adventu- cornu- BASES advent- corn- SINGULAR TERMINATIONS MASC. NEUT. Nom. adventus cornū -us -ū Gen. adventūs cornūs -ūs -ūs Dat. adventuī (ū) cornū -uī (ū) -ū Acc. adventum cornū -um -ū Abl. adventū cornū -ū -ū PLURAL Nom. adventūs cornua -ūs -ua Gen. adventuum cornuum -uum -uum Dat. adventibus cornibus -ibus -ibus Acc. adventūs cornua -ūs -ua Abl. adventibus cornibus -ibus -ibus 1. Observe that the base is found, as in other declensions, by dropping the ending of the genitive singular. 2. lacus, lake, has the ending -ubus in the dative and ablative plural; portus, harbor, has either -ubus or -ibus. 3. cornū is the only neuter that is in common use. ``` | word | gloss | |---|---| | adventum | approach, arrival, from adventus | | equitātū | cavalry, from equitatus | | cremāvit | burn, from cremo | ## English into Latin (D'Ooge XLVI) **65** Vīdistīne nāvem longam in lacū? Did you see the man-of-war on the lake? **66** Eam in lacū nōn vīdī, sed in portū eam vīdī. I did not see it (fem.) on the lake, but I saw it in the harbor. **67** Ventō validō nauta frātrem nāvigāre vetuit. Because of the strong wind the sailor forbade his brother to sail. **68** Num Caesar impetum in equitātum ā dextrō cornū fēcit? Cæsar didn´t make an attack on the cavalry on the right wing, did he? **69** Nōn fēcit; ā sinistrō cornū impetum fēcit. No, he made an attack on the left wing. **70** Quis equum tuum vēlōcem pārēre docuit? Who taught your swift horse to obey? **71** Manibus meīs equum meum exercuī, neque opus erat difficile. I trained my horse with my (own) hands, nor was the task difficult. **72** Est animal pulchrum et magnās vīrīs habet. He is a beautiful animal and has great strength. ## Expressions of Place: The Declension of Domus (D'Ooge XLVII) ### Prepositions mark three relations Galba ad oppidum properat means Galba hastens to the town. Motion to a place uses ad or in with the accusative. Motion from a place uses ā, ab, dē, ē, or ex with the ablative. Galba in oppidō habitat means Galba lives in the town. Location at or in a place uses in with the ablative. ### Places without prepositions Galba Athēnās properat means Galba hastens to Athens. The accusative appears without ad or in. Galba Athēnīs properat means Galba hastens from Athens. Galba Athēnīs habitat means Galba lives in Athens. The ablative appears without ab or in. Names of towns, domus, and rūs omit prepositions in expressions of place. ### A separate case for location Galba Athēnīs habitat means Galba lives in Athens. Athēnīs is a locative ablative. The locative is a separate case for location at or in a place. Plural Athēnae has no locative form. Athēnīs therefore uses the locative ablative without in. **73** Galba ad oppidum properat Galba hastens to (or into) the town. **74** Galba ab oppidō properat Galba hastens from (or down from, out of) the town. **75** Galba in oppidō habitat Galba lives in the town. **76** Galba Athēnās properat Galba hastens to Athens **77** Galba Athēnīs properat Galba hastens from Athens **78** Galba Athēnīs habitat Galba lives at (or in) Athens **79** Galba domum properat Galba hastens home **80** Galba rūs properat Galba hastens to the country **81** Galba domō properat Galba hastens from home **82** Galba rūre properat Galba hastens from the country **83** Galba rūrī habitat Galba lives in the country **84** Galba Rōmae habitat Galba lives at Rome **85** Galba Corinthī habitat Galba lives at Corinth **86** Galba domī habitat Galba lives at home **87** Galba Athēnīs habitat Galba lives at Athens **88** Galba Pompēiīs habitat Galba lives at Pompeii ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XLVII, §§262-269 §262. We have become thoroughly familiar with expressions like the following: Galba ad (or in) oppidum properat Galba ab (dē or ex) oppidō properat Galba in oppidō habitat From these expressions we may deduce the following rules: ``` ``` §263. RULE. Accusative of the Place to. The place to which is expressed by ad or in with the accusative. This answers the question Whither? ``` ``` §264. RULE. Ablative of the Place from. The place from which is expressed by ā or ab, dē, ē or ex, with the separative ablative. This answers the question Whence? (Cf. Rule, §179.) ``` ``` §265. RULE. Ablative of the Place at or in. The place at or in which is expressed by the ablative with in. This answers the question Where? a. The ablative denoting the place where is called the locative ablative (cf. locus, place). ``` ``` §266. Exceptions. Names of towns, small islands,[1] domus, home, rūs, country, and a few other words in common use omit the prepositions in expressions of place, as, [1] Small islands are classed with towns because they generally have but one town, and the name of the town is the same as the name of the island. Galba Athēnās properat, Galba hastens to Athens Galba Athēnīs properat, Galba hastens from Athens Galba Athēnīs habitat, Galba lives at (or in) Athens Galba domum properat, Galba hastens home Galba rūs properat, Galba hastens to the country Galba domō properat, Galba hastens from home Galba rūre properat, Galba hastens from the country Galba rūrī (less commonly rūre) habitat, Galba lives in the country a. Names of countries, like Germānia, Italia, etc., do not come under these exceptions. With them prepositions must not be omitted. ``` ``` §267. The Locative Case. We saw above that the place-relation expressed by at or in is regularly covered by the locative ablative. However, Latin originally expressed this relation by a separate form known as the locative case. This case has been everywhere merged in the ablative excepting in the singular number of the first and second declensions. The form of the locative in these declensions is like the genitive singular, and its use is limited to names of towns and small islands, domī, at home, and a few other words. ``` ``` §268. RULE. Locative and Locative Ablative. To express the place in which with names of towns and small islands, if they are singular and of the first or second declension, use the locative; otherwise use the locative ablative without a preposition; as, Galba Rōmae habitat, Galba lives at Rome Galba Corinthī habitat, Galba lives at Corinth Galba domī habitat, Galba lives at home Here Rōmae, Corinthī, and domī are locatives, being singular and of the first and second declensions respectively. But in Galba Athēnīs habitat, Galba lives at Athens, Galba Pompēiīs habitat, Galba lives at Pompeii Athēnīs and Pompēiīs are locative ablatives. These words can have no locative case, as the nominatives Athēnae and Pompēiī are plural and there is no plural locative case form. ``` ``` §269. The word domus, home, house, has forms of both the second and the fourth declension. Learn its declension (§468). ``` | word | gloss | |---|---| | Corinthī | Corinth, from Corinthus | ## Latin into English (D'Ooge XLVII) **89** Corinthī omnia īnsignia aurī ā ducibus victōribus rapta erant. At Corinth all the decorations of gold had been seized by the victorious leaders. **90** Caesar Genāvam exercitum magnīs itineribus dūxit. Caesar led his army to Geneva by forced marches. **91** Quem pontem hostēs cremāverant? Pontem in Rhēnō hostēs cremāverant. What bridge had the enemy burned? The enemy had burned the bridge on the Rhine. **92** Pompēiīs multās Rōmānōrum domōs vidēre poteritis. At Pompeii you will be able to see many houses of the Romans. **93** Rōmā cōnsul equō vēlōcī rūs properāvit. From Rome the consul hastened to the country on a swift horse. **94** Domī cōnsulis hominēs multī sedēbant. At the consul's house many men were sitting. **95** Imperātor iusserat lēgātum Athēnās cum multīs nāvibus longīs nāvigāre. The commander had ordered the lieutenant to sail to Athens with many warships. **96** Ante moenia urbis sunt ōrdinēs arborum altārum. Before the walls of the city there are rows of tall trees. **97** Propter arborēs altās nec lacum nec portum reperīre potuimus. On account of the tall trees we could find neither the lake nor the harbor. **98** Proeliīs crēbrīs Caesar legiōnēs suās quae erant in Galliā exercēbat. By frequent battles Caesar was training his legions which were in Gaul. **99** Cotīdiē in locō idoneō castra pōnēbat et mūniēbat. Daily he pitched and fortified his camp in a suitable place. | word | gloss | |---|---| | Genāvam | Geneva, from Genava | ## Daedalus and Icarus (D'Ooge XLVII) **100** Crēta est īnsula antīqua quae aquā altā magnī maris pulsātur. Crete is an ancient island which is beaten by the deep water of the great sea. **101** Ibi ōlim Mīnōs erat rēx. There once Minos was king. **102** Ad eum vēnit Daedalus quī ex Graeciā patriā fugiēbat. To him came Daedalus, who was fleeing from Greece, his fatherland. **103** Eum Mīnōs rēx benignīs verbīs accēpit et eī domicilium in Crētā dedit. Quō in locō Daedalus sine cūrā vīvebat et rēgī multa et clāra opera faciēbat. King Minos received him with kind words and gave him a home in Crete. And in this place Daedalus lived without care and made many famous works for the king. **104** Post tempus longum autem Daedalus patriam cāram dēsīderāre incēpit. After a long time, however, Daedalus began to long for his dear fatherland. **105** Domum properāre studēbat, sed rēgī persuādēre nōn potuit et mare saevum fugam vetābat. He was eager to hasten home, but he could not persuade the king, and the savage sea forbade flight. ## English into Latin (D'Ooge XLVII) **106** Caesar, imperātor clārus, ubi Rōmā discessit, equō vēlōcī ad prōvinciam Rōmānam properāvit. Cæsar, the famous general, when he had departed from Rome, hastened to the Roman province on a swift horse.[2] **107** Fāmam dē sociīs Genāvae audīverat. He had heard a rumor concerning the allies at Geneva. **108** Post adventum suum Caesar mīlitēs convocāvit et eōs proelium committere iussit. After his arrival Cæsar called the soldiers together and commanded them to join battle. **109** Hostēs terga vertere mātūrāvērunt, aliī quia timēbant, aliī propter vulnera. The enemy hastened to retreat, some because[3] they were afraid, others because[3] of wounds. **110** Nūper Athēnīs eram et locum vīdī ubi iūdicēs sedēbant. Recently I was at Athens and saw the place where the judges used to sit.[4] **111** Mārcus et Sextus sunt frātrēs meī; alter Rōmae habitat, alter rūrī. Marcus and Sextus are my brothers; the one lives at Rome, the other in the country. | word | gloss | |---|---| | committere | intrust, commit, from committo | ## Latin into English (D'Ooge XLVIII) ### Time without a preposition Merīdiē Iūlia fīlia eum ad cēnam vocat means At midday Julia, his daughter, calls him to dinner. Merīdiē is ablative. Latin uses the ablative without a preposition for the time when or within which something happens. Nocte, aestāte, and hieme use the same rule for at night, in summer, and in winter. ### Most fifth declension nouns are feminine Nouns of the fifth declension are feminine, except diēs and merīdiēs, which are usually masculine. Rēs is feminine. The adjective forms in rēs adversās and rēbus gestīs agree with it. ### The fifth declension forms Merīdiē is the ablative singular of merīdiēs. Like diēs, it ends in -ē in the ablative singular. Rēs appears in rēs adversās, and rēbus appears in dē rēbus gestīs. The forms of diēs and rēs give each case and number ending. **112** Galba agricola rūrī vīvit. Galba the farmer lives in the country. **113** Cotīdiē prīmā lūce labōrāre incipit, nec ante noctem in studiō suō cessat. Daily at dawn he begins to labor, and he does not cease from his pursuit before night. **114** Merīdiē Iūlia fīlia eum ad cēnam vocat. At midday Julia, his daughter, calls him to dinner. **115** Nocte pedēs dēfessōs domum vertit. At night he turns his weary feet homeward. **116** Aestāte fīliī agricolae auxilium patrī dant. In summer the farmer's sons give aid to their father. **117** Hieme agricola eōs in lūdum mittit. In winter the farmer sends them to school. **118** Ibi magister pueris multās fābulās dē rēbus gestīs Caesaris nārrat. There the teacher tells the boys many stories about the exploits of Caesar. **119** Aestāte fīliī agricolae perpetuīs labōribus exercentur nec grave agrī opus est iīs molestum. In summer the farmer's sons are trained by constant labors, and the heavy work of the field is not troublesome to them. **120** Galba sine ūllā cūrā vivit nec rēs adversās timet. Galba lives without any care and does not fear adversity. ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XLVIII, §§272-275 §272. Gender. Nouns of the fifth declension are feminine except diēs, day, and merīdiēs, midday, which are usually masculine. ``` ``` §273. PARADIGMS diēs, rēs, f., m., day thing STEMS diē- rē- BASES di- r- SINGULAR TERMINATIONS Nom. diēs rēs -ēs Gen. diēī reī -ē̆ī Dat. diēī reī -ē̆ī Acc. diem rem -em Abl. diē rē -ē PLURAL Nom. diēs rēs -ēs Gen. diērum rērum -ērum Dat. diēbus rēbus -ēbus Acc. diēs rēs -ēs Abl. diēbus rēbus -ēbus 1. The vowel e which appears in every form is regularly long. It is shortened in the ending -eī after a consonant, as in r-ĕī; and before -m in the accusative singular, as in di-em. (Cf. §12.2.) 2. Only diēs and rēs are complete in the plural. Most other nouns of this declension lack the plural. Aciēs, line of battle, and spēs, hope, have the nominative and accusative plural. ``` ``` §274. The ablative relation (§50) which is expressed by the prepositions at, in, or on may refer not only to place, but also to time, as at noon, in summer, on the first day. The ablative which is used to express this relation is called the ablative of time. ``` ``` §275. RULE. The Ablative of Time. The time when or within which anything happens is expressed by the ablative without a preposition. a. Occasionally the preposition in is found. Compare the English Next day we started and On the next day we started. ``` ## Daedalus and Icarus, continued (D'Ooge XLVIII) **121** Tum Daedalus gravibus cūrīs commōtus fīliō suō Īcarō ita dixit: “Animus meus, Īcare, est plēnus trīstitiae nec oculī lacrimīs egent. Then Daedalus, moved by heavy cares, spoke thus to his son Icarus: "My heart, Icarus, is full of sorrow, and my eyes do not lack tears. **122** Discēdere ex Crētā, Athēnās properāre, maximē studeō; sed rēx recūsat audīre verba mea et omnem reditūs spem ēripit. To depart from Crete, to hasten to Athens, I am most eager; but the king refuses to hear my words and takes away all hope of return. **123** Sed numquam rēbus adversīs vincar. But never shall I be conquered by adversity. **124** Terra et mare sunt inimīca, sed aliam fugae viam reperiam.” Land and sea are unfriendly, but I shall find another way of flight." **125** Tum in artīs ignōtās animum dīmittit et mīrum capit cōnsilium. Then he sends his mind into unknown arts and forms a wonderful plan. **126** Nam pennās in ōrdine pōnit et vērās ālās facit. For he sets feathers in a row and makes real wings. | word | gloss | |---|---| | ignōtās | unknown, strange, from ignotus | | pennās | feather, from penna | ## English into Latin (D'Ooge XLVIII) **127** Eō mēnse erant multa proelia in Galliā. In that month there were many battles in Gaul. **128** Equitātus hostium impetum in aciem Caesaris fēcit. The cavalry of the enemy made an attack upon Cæsar’s line of battle. **129** Prīmā hōrā noctis nāvis fluctibus superāta est. In the first hour of the night the ship was overcome by the billows. **130** Secundō diē barbarī in fidem Caesaris venīre studēbant. On the second day the savages were eager to come under Cæsar’s protection. **131** Rēx spē victōriae commōtus proelium commīserat. The king had joined battle, moved by the hope of victory. **132** Eō annō ignis multās avēs et alia animālia dēlēvit. That year a fire destroyed many birds and other animals. **133** Sanguinem in dentibus ferae vīdimus. We saw blood on the wild beast’s teeth.