{"course":{"lang":"la","language":"Latin","title":"Prīmus et Secundus Annus","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/la","source":"Paine and Mainwaring, Prīmus Annus (Oxford, 1912) and Secundus Annus (1917); Appleton and Jones, Puer Rōmānus (1913); D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (Boston, 1911); Ritchie, Fabulae Faciles (1903). Public domain. The teaching pages, the glosses and the narration are ours."},"unit":{"number":27,"id":"la.module.do.49-54","title":"Lessons XLIX–LIV","stage":"Latin for Beginners I","situation":"Pronouns Classified: Personal and Reflexive Pronouns; The Intensive Pronoun Ipse and the Demonstrative Īdem; The Demonstrative Pronouns Hic, Iste, Ille; The Indefinite Pronouns; Regular Comparison of Adjectives; Irregular Comparison of Adjectives: The Ablative with Comparatives Without Quam","outcome":"Lessons XLIX to LIV of D'Ooge, read whole","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/la/27","lines":156},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/courses/la/26","next":"https://1732studios.com/courses/la/28","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/","sections":[{"title":"Pronouns Classified: Personal and Reflexive Pronouns (D'Ooge XLIX)","teaching":[{"title":"Personal pronouns refer back","paragraphs":["Videō mē means I see myself. Mē refers back to the subject expressed by videō.","Latin uses mē and nōs as first person reflexives, and tē and vōs as second person reflexives."]},{"title":"Sē serves singular and plural","paragraphs":["Puer sē videt means the boy sees himself. Latin uses the special third person reflexive sē for himself, herself, itself, and themselves.","Iī sē vident means they see themselves. The complete set of third person reflexive forms is the same in singular and plural."]},{"title":"Singular and plural","paragraphs":[]}],"lines":[{"number":1,"id":"la.do.L49.x.1","source":"videō mē","translation":"I see myself","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"videō","gloss":"video: see, perceive"},{"text":"mē","gloss":"ego: I"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L49.x.1.m4a"},{"number":2,"id":"la.do.L49.x.2","source":"vidēmus nōs","translation":"we see ourselves","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"vidēmus","gloss":"video: see, perceive"},{"text":"nōs","gloss":"nos: we"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L49.x.2.m4a"},{"number":3,"id":"la.do.L49.x.3","source":"vidēs tē","translation":"you see yourself","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"vidēs","gloss":"video: see, perceive"},{"text":"tē","gloss":"tu: thou, you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L49.x.3.m4a"},{"number":4,"id":"la.do.L49.x.4","source":"vidētis vōs","translation":"you see yourselves","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"vidētis","gloss":"video: see, perceive"},{"text":"vōs","gloss":"tu: thou, you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L49.x.4.m4a"},{"number":5,"id":"la.do.L49.x.5","source":"Puer sē videt","translation":"the boy sees himself","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Puer","gloss":"boy"},{"text":"sē","gloss":"sui: of himself (herself, itself, themselves)"},{"text":"videt","gloss":"video: see, perceive"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L49.x.5.m4a"},{"number":6,"id":"la.do.L49.x.6","source":"Puella sē videt","translation":"the girl sees herself","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Puella","gloss":"girl"},{"text":"sē","gloss":"sui: of himself (herself, itself, themselves)"},{"text":"videt","gloss":"video: see, perceive"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L49.x.6.m4a"},{"number":7,"id":"la.do.L49.x.7","source":"Animal sē videt","translation":"the animal sees itself","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Animal","gloss":"animal"},{"text":"sē","gloss":"sui: of himself (herself, itself, themselves)"},{"text":"videt","gloss":"video: see, perceive"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L49.x.7.m4a"},{"number":8,"id":"la.do.L49.x.8","source":"Iī sē vident","translation":"they see themselves","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Iī","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"sē","gloss":"sui: of himself (herself, itself, themselves)"},{"text":"vident","gloss":"video: see, perceive"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L49.x.8.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":278,"text":"D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XLIX, §§278-282\n\n§278. We have the same kinds of pronouns in Latin as in English. They are divided into the following eight classes:\n\n1. Personal pronouns, which show the person speaking, spoken to, or spoken of; as, ego, I; tū, you; is, he. (Cf. §279. etc.)\n\n2. Possessive pronouns, which denote possession; as, meus, tuus, suus, etc. (Cf. §98.)\n\n3. Reflexive pronouns, used in the predicate to refer back to the subject; as, he saw himself. (Cf. §281.)\n\n4. Intensive pronouns, used to emphasize a noun or pronoun; as, I myself saw it. (Cf. §285.)\n\n5. Demonstrative pronouns, which point out persons or things; as, is, this, that. (Cf. §112.)\n\n6. Relative pronouns, which connect a subordinate adjective clause with an antecedent; as, quī, who. (Cf. §220.)\n\n7. Interrogative pronouns, which ask a question; as, quis, who? (Cf. §225.)\n\n8. Indefinite pronouns, which point out indefinitely; as, some one, any one, some, certain ones, etc. (Cf. §296.)"},{"section":279,"text":"§279. The demonstrative pronoun is, ea, id, as we learned in §115, is regularly used as the personal pronoun of the third person (he, she, it, they, etc.)."},{"section":280,"text":"§280. The personal pronouns of the first person are ego, I; nōs, we; of the second person, tū, thou or you; vōs, ye or you. They are declined as follows:\n\n       SINGULAR\n       FIRST PERSON                  SECOND PERSON\nNom. ego, I                        tū, you\nGen. meī, of me                    tuī, of you\nDat. mihi, to or for me          tibi, to or for you\nAcc. mē, me                        tē, you\nAbl. mē, with, from, etc., me    tē, with, from, etc., you\n\n       PLURAL\nNom. nōs, we                       vōs, you\nGen. nostrum or nostrī, of us      vestrum or vestrī, of you\nDat. nōbīs, to or for us         vōbīs, to or for you\nAcc. nōs, us                       vōs, you\nAbl. nōbīs, with, from,          vōbīs, with, from, etc., you\n         etc., us\n\n1. The personal pronouns are not used in the nominative excepting for emphasis or contrast."},{"section":281,"text":"§281. The Reflexive Pronouns. 1. The personal pronouns ego and tū may be used in the predicate as reflexives; as,\n\nvideō mē, I see myself\n  vidēmus nōs, we see ourselves\nvidēs tē, you see yourself\n  vidētis vōs, you see yourselves\n\n2. The reflexive pronoun of the third person (himself, herself, itself, themselves) has a special form, used only in these senses, and declined alike in the singular and plural.\n\nSINGULAR AND PLURAL\n    Gen.     suī              Acc.     sē\n    Dat.     sibi                Abl.     sē\n\nEXAMPLES\n  Puer sē videt, the boy sees himself\n  Puella sē videt, the girl sees herself\n  Animal sē videt, the animal sees itself\n  Iī sē vident, they see themselves\n\na. The form sē is sometimes doubled, sēsē, for emphasis.\n\n3. Give the Latin for\n\nI teach myself          We teach ourselves\nYou teach yourself      You teach yourselves\nHe teaches himself      They teach themselves"},{"section":282,"text":"§282. The preposition cum, when used with the ablative of ego, tū, or suī, is appended to the form, as, mēcum, with me; tēcum, with you; nōbīscum, with us; etc."}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Latin into English (D'Ooge XLIX)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":9,"id":"la.do.L49.e1.1","source":"Mea māter est cāra mihi et tua māter est cāra tibi.","translation":"My mother is dear to me, and your mother is dear to you.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mea","gloss":"meus: my, mine"},{"text":"māter","gloss":"mater: mother"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"cāra","gloss":"carus: dear"},{"text":"mihi","gloss":"ego: I"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"tua","gloss":"tuus: your, yours"},{"text":"māter","gloss":"mater: mother"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"cāra","gloss":"carus: dear"},{"text":"tibi.","gloss":"tu: thou, you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L49.e1.1.m4a"},{"number":10,"id":"la.do.L49.e1.2","source":"Vestrae litterae erant grātae nōbis et nostrae litterae erant grātae vōbīs.","translation":"Your letter was pleasing to us, and our letter was pleasing to you.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Vestrae","gloss":"vester: your, yours"},{"text":"litterae","gloss":"littera: a letter"},{"text":"erant","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"grātae","gloss":"gratus: acceptable, pleasing"},{"text":"nōbis","gloss":"nos: we"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"nostrae","gloss":"noster: our, ours"},{"text":"litterae","gloss":"littera: a letter"},{"text":"erant","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"grātae","gloss":"gratus: acceptable, pleasing"},{"text":"vōbīs.","gloss":"tu: thou, you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L49.e1.2.m4a"},{"number":11,"id":"la.do.L49.e1.3","source":"Nūntius rēgis quī nōbīscum est nihil respondēbit.","translation":"The messenger of the king who is with us will answer nothing.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nūntius","gloss":"nuntius: messenger"},{"text":"rēgis","gloss":"rex: king"},{"text":"quī","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"nōbīscum","gloss":"nos: we"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"nihil","gloss":"nothing"},{"text":"respondēbit.","gloss":"respondeo: respond, reply"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L49.e1.3.m4a"},{"number":12,"id":"la.do.L49.e1.4","source":"Nūntiī pācem amīcitiamque sibi et suīs sociīs postulāvērunt.","translation":"The messengers demanded peace and friendship for themselves and their allies.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nūntiī","gloss":"nuntius: messenger"},{"text":"pācem","gloss":"pax: peace"},{"text":"amīcitiamque","gloss":"amicitia: friendship"},{"text":"sibi","gloss":"sui: of himself (herself, itself, themselves)"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"suīs","gloss":"suus: his, her, hers, its, their, theirs"},{"text":"sociīs","gloss":"socius: companion, ally"},{"text":"postulāvērunt.","gloss":"postulo: demand"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L49.e1.4.m4a"},{"number":13,"id":"la.do.L49.e1.5","source":"Sī tū arma sūmēs, ego rēgnum occupābō.","translation":"If you take up arms, I shall seize the kingdom.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Sī","gloss":"si: if"},{"text":"tū","gloss":"tu: thou, you"},{"text":"arma","gloss":"arms"},{"text":"sūmēs,","gloss":"sumo: take up, assume"},{"text":"ego","gloss":"I"},{"text":"rēgnum","gloss":"regnum: reign, sovereignty, kingdom"},{"text":"occupābō.","gloss":"occupo: seize, take possession of"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L49.e1.5.m4a"},{"number":14,"id":"la.do.L49.e1.6","source":"Uter vestrum est cīvis Rōmānus? Neuter nostrum.","translation":"Which of you (two) is a Roman citizen? Neither of us.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Uter","gloss":"which of two? which?"},{"text":"vestrum","gloss":"vester: your, yours"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"cīvis","gloss":"civis: citizen"},{"text":"Rōmānus?","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"Neuter","gloss":"neither"},{"text":"nostrum.","gloss":"nos: we"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L49.e1.6.m4a"},{"number":15,"id":"la.do.L49.e1.7","source":"Eō tempore multī supplicium dedērunt quia rēgnum petierant.","translation":"At that time many suffered punishment because they had sought the kingship.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Eō","gloss":"is: he, she, it; that"},{"text":"tempore","gloss":"tempus: time"},{"text":"multī","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"supplicium","gloss":"punishment, torture"},{"text":"dedērunt","gloss":"do: give"},{"text":"quia","gloss":"because"},{"text":"rēgnum","gloss":"regnum: reign, sovereignty, kingdom"},{"text":"petierant.","gloss":"peto: aim at, assail, storm, attack; seek, ask"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L49.e1.7.m4a"},{"number":16,"id":"la.do.L49.e1.8","source":"Sūme supplicium, Caesar, dē hostibus patriae ācribus.","translation":"Inflict punishment, Caesar, on the fierce enemies of the fatherland.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Sūme","gloss":"sumo: take up, assume"},{"text":"supplicium,","gloss":"punishment, torture"},{"text":"Caesar,","gloss":"Cæsar"},{"text":"dē","gloss":"de: down from; concerning"},{"text":"hostibus","gloss":"hostis: enemy"},{"text":"patriae","gloss":"patria: fatherland"},{"text":"ācribus.","gloss":"acer2: sharp, keen, eager"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L49.e1.8.m4a"},{"number":17,"id":"la.do.L49.e1.9","source":"Prīmā lūce aliī metū commōtī sēsē fugae mandāvērunt; aliī autem magnā virtūte impetum exercitūs nostrī sustinuērunt.","translation":"At dawn some, moved by fear, committed themselves to flight; others, however, with great courage withstood the attack of our army.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Prīmā","gloss":"primus: first"},{"text":"lūce","gloss":"lux: light"},{"text":"aliī","gloss":"alius2: another, other"},{"text":"metū","gloss":"metus: fear"},{"text":"commōtī","gloss":"commoveo: shake/stir up, agitate"},{"text":"sēsē","gloss":"sui: of himself (herself, itself, themselves)"},{"text":"fugae","gloss":"fuga: flight"},{"text":"mandāvērunt;","gloss":"mando: commit, intrust"},{"text":"aliī","gloss":"alius2: another, other"},{"text":"autem","gloss":"but, moreover, now"},{"text":"magnā","gloss":"magnus: great, large; strong, loud"},{"text":"virtūte","gloss":"virtus: manliness, courage"},{"text":"impetum","gloss":"impetus: attack"},{"text":"exercitūs","gloss":"exercitus2: army"},{"text":"nostrī","gloss":"noster: our"},{"text":"sustinuērunt.","gloss":"sustineo: sustain"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L49.e1.9.m4a"},{"number":18,"id":"la.do.L49.e1.10","source":"Soror rēgis, ubi dē adversō proeliō audīvit, sēsē Pompēiīs interfēcit.","translation":"The king's sister, when she heard of the unsuccessful battle, killed herself at Pompeii.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Soror","gloss":"sister"},{"text":"rēgis,","gloss":"rex: king"},{"text":"ubi","gloss":"where"},{"text":"dē","gloss":"de: down from; concerning"},{"text":"adversō","gloss":"adversus: opposite; adverse, contrary"},{"text":"proeliō","gloss":"proelium: battle"},{"text":"audīvit,","gloss":"audio: hear, listen to"},{"text":"sēsē","gloss":"sui: of himself (herself, itself, themselves)"},{"text":"Pompēiīs","gloss":"Pompeii: Pompeii"},{"text":"interfēcit.","gloss":"interficio: kill"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L49.e1.10.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"amīcitiamque","gloss":"friendship, from amicitia"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Daedalus and Icarus, concluded (D'Ooge XLIX)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":19,"id":"la.do.L49.s1.1","source":"Puer Īcarus ūnā stābat et mīrum patris opus vidēbat.","translation":"The boy Icarus was standing by and was watching his father's wonderful work.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Puer","gloss":"boy"},{"text":"Īcarus","gloss":"Icarus: Icarus"},{"text":"ūnā","gloss":"unus: alone, a single/sole"},{"text":"stābat","gloss":"sto: stand"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"mīrum","gloss":"mirus: wonderful, marvelous"},{"text":"patris","gloss":"pater: father"},{"text":"opus","gloss":"work, task"},{"text":"vidēbat.","gloss":"video: see, perceive"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L49.s1.1.m4a"},{"number":20,"id":"la.do.L49.s1.2","source":"Postquam manus ultima ālīs imposita est, Daedalus eās temptāvit et similis avī in aurās volāvit.","translation":"After the finishing touch had been put upon the wings, Daedalus tried them and, like a bird, flew up into the air.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Postquam","gloss":"after, as soon as"},{"text":"manus","gloss":"hand; band, force"},{"text":"ultima","gloss":"far"},{"text":"ālīs","gloss":"ala: wing"},{"text":"imposita","gloss":"impono: place upon; impose, assign"},{"text":"est,","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"Daedalus","gloss":"Dædalus"},{"text":"eās","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"temptāvit","gloss":"tento: handle, feel"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"similis","gloss":"like, similar"},{"text":"avī","gloss":"avis: bird"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"aurās","gloss":"aura: air, breeze"},{"text":"volāvit.","gloss":"volo2: fly"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L49.s1.2.m4a"},{"number":21,"id":"la.do.L49.s1.3","source":"Tum ālās umerīs fīlī adligāvit et docuit eum volāre et dīxit, “Tē vetō, mī fīlī, adpropinquāre aut sōlī aut marī.","translation":"Then he bound the wings to his son's shoulders and taught him to fly and said, \"I forbid you, my son, to approach either the sun or the sea.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Tum","gloss":"then, at that time"},{"text":"ālās","gloss":"ala: wing"},{"text":"umerīs","gloss":"umerus: shoulder"},{"text":"fīlī","gloss":"filius: son"},{"text":"adligāvit","gloss":"adligo: bind to, fasten"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"docuit","gloss":"doceo: teach"},{"text":"eum","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"volāre","gloss":"volo2: fly"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"dīxit,","gloss":"dico2: say, speak, tell"},{"text":"“Tē","gloss":"tu: thou, you"},{"text":"vetō,","gloss":"veto: forbid"},{"text":"mī","gloss":"ego: I"},{"text":"fīlī,","gloss":"filius: son"},{"text":"adpropinquāre","gloss":"adpropinquo: draw near, approach"},{"text":"aut","gloss":"or"},{"text":"sōlī","gloss":"sol: sun"},{"text":"aut","gloss":"or"},{"text":"marī.","gloss":"mare: sea"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L49.s1.3.m4a"},{"number":22,"id":"la.do.L49.s1.4","source":"Sī fluctibus adpropinquāveris, aqua ālīs tuīs nocēbit, et sī sōlī adpropinquāveris, ignis eās cremābit.”","translation":"If you approach the waves, the water will harm your wings, and if you approach the sun, the fire will burn them.\"","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Sī","gloss":"si: if"},{"text":"fluctibus","gloss":"fluctus: wave, billow"},{"text":"adpropinquāveris,","gloss":"approach (w/DAT or ad+ACC)"},{"text":"aqua","gloss":"water"},{"text":"ālīs","gloss":"ala: wing"},{"text":"tuīs","gloss":"tuus: your, yours"},{"text":"nocēbit,","gloss":"noceo: hurt, injure"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"sī","gloss":"si: if"},{"text":"sōlī","gloss":"sol: sun"},{"text":"adpropinquāveris,","gloss":"approach (w/DAT or ad+ACC)"},{"text":"ignis","gloss":"fire"},{"text":"eās","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"cremābit.”","gloss":"cremo: burn"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L49.s1.4.m4a"},{"number":23,"id":"la.do.L49.s1.5","source":"Tum pater et filius iter difficile incipiunt.","translation":"Then father and son begin the difficult journey.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Tum","gloss":"then, at that time"},{"text":"pater","gloss":"father"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"filius","gloss":"son"},{"text":"iter","gloss":"march, journey, route"},{"text":"difficile","gloss":"difficilis: difficult"},{"text":"incipiunt.","gloss":"incipio: begin"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L49.s1.5.m4a"},{"number":24,"id":"la.do.L49.s1.6","source":"Ālās movent et aurae sēsē committunt.","translation":"They move their wings and entrust themselves to the air.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ālās","gloss":"ala: wing"},{"text":"movent","gloss":"moveo: move"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"aurae","gloss":"aura: air, breeze"},{"text":"sēsē","gloss":"sui: of himself (herself, itself, themselves)"},{"text":"committunt.","gloss":"committo: intrust, commit"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L49.s1.6.m4a"},{"number":25,"id":"la.do.L49.s1.7","source":"Sed stultus puer verbīs patris nōn pāret.","translation":"But the foolish boy does not obey his father's words.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Sed","gloss":"but"},{"text":"stultus","gloss":"foolish, stupid"},{"text":"puer","gloss":"boy"},{"text":"verbīs","gloss":"verbum: word"},{"text":"patris","gloss":"pater: father"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"pāret.","gloss":"pareo: obey"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L49.s1.7.m4a"},{"number":26,"id":"la.do.L49.s1.8","source":"Sōlī adpropinquat.","translation":"He approaches the sun.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Sōlī","gloss":"sol: sun"},{"text":"adpropinquat.","gloss":"adpropinquo: draw near, approach"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L49.s1.8.m4a"},{"number":27,"id":"la.do.L49.s1.9","source":"Ālae cremantur et Īcarus in mare dēcidit et vitam āmittit.","translation":"The wings are burned, and Icarus falls into the sea and loses his life.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ālae","gloss":"ala: wing"},{"text":"cremantur","gloss":"cremo: burn"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"Īcarus","gloss":"Icarus: Icarus"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"mare","gloss":"sea"},{"text":"dēcidit","gloss":"decido: fall down"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"vitam","gloss":"vita: life"},{"text":"āmittit.","gloss":"amitto: send"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L49.s1.9.m4a"},{"number":28,"id":"la.do.L49.s1.10","source":"Daedalus autem sine ūllō perīculō trāns fluctūs ad īnsulam Siciliam volāvit.","translation":"Daedalus, however, without any danger flew across the waves to the island of Sicily.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Daedalus","gloss":"Dædalus"},{"text":"autem","gloss":"but, moreover, now"},{"text":"sine","gloss":"without"},{"text":"ūllō","gloss":"ullus: any"},{"text":"perīculō","gloss":"periculum: danger, peril"},{"text":"trāns","gloss":"trans: across"},{"text":"fluctūs","gloss":"fluctus: wave, billow"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"īnsulam","gloss":"insula: island"},{"text":"Siciliam","gloss":"Sicilia: Sicily"},{"text":"volāvit.","gloss":"volo2: fly"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L49.s1.10.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ultima","gloss":"far"},{"word":"adpropinquāveris","gloss":"approach"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"English into Latin (D'Ooge XLIX)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":29,"id":"la.do.L49.e2.1","source":"Quem docēs? Mē doceō.","translation":"Whom do you teach? I teach myself.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quem","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"docēs?","gloss":"doceo: teach, show, point out"},{"text":"Mē","gloss":"ego: I"},{"text":"doceō.","gloss":"doceo: teach, show, point out"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L49.e2.1.m4a"},{"number":30,"id":"la.do.L49.e2.2","source":"Mīles sē gladiō vulnerāvit.","translation":"The soldier wounded himself with his sword.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mīles","gloss":"miles: soldier"},{"text":"sē","gloss":"sui: of himself (herself, itself, themselves)"},{"text":"gladiō","gloss":"gladius: sword"},{"text":"vulnerāvit.","gloss":"vulnero: wound"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L49.e2.2.m4a"},{"number":31,"id":"la.do.L49.e2.3","source":"Magister nōs laudat, sed vōs nōn laudat.","translation":"The master praises us, but you he does not praise.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Magister","gloss":"master, commander; teacher"},{"text":"nōs","gloss":"nos: we"},{"text":"laudat,","gloss":"laudo: praise"},{"text":"sed","gloss":"but"},{"text":"vōs","gloss":"tu: thou, you"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"laudat.","gloss":"laudo: praise"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L49.e2.3.m4a"},{"number":32,"id":"la.do.L49.e2.4","source":"Itaque supplicium dē vōbīs sūmet, sed nōs supplicium nōn dabimus.","translation":"Therefore he will inflict punishment on you, but we shall not suffer punishment.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Itaque","gloss":"and so, therefore, accordingly"},{"text":"supplicium","gloss":"punishment, torture"},{"text":"dē","gloss":"de: down from; concerning"},{"text":"vōbīs","gloss":"tu: thou, you"},{"text":"sūmet,","gloss":""},{"text":"sed","gloss":"but"},{"text":"nōs","gloss":"nos: we"},{"text":"supplicium","gloss":"punishment, torture"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"dabimus.","gloss":"do: give"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L49.e2.4.m4a"},{"number":33,"id":"la.do.L49.e2.5","source":"Quis mēcum Rōmam iter faciet?","translation":"Who will march (i.e. make a march) with me to Rome?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quis","gloss":"who?"},{"text":"mēcum","gloss":"ego: I"},{"text":"Rōmam","gloss":"Roma: Rome"},{"text":"iter","gloss":"march, journey, route"},{"text":"faciet?","gloss":"facio: make, do; cause, bring about"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L49.e2.5.m4a"},{"number":34,"id":"la.do.L49.e2.6","source":"Tēcum ad portās urbis iter faciam.","translation":"I will march with you to the gates of the city.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Tēcum","gloss":"tu: thou, you"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"portās","gloss":"porta: gate"},{"text":"urbis","gloss":"urbs: city"},{"text":"iter","gloss":"march, journey, route"},{"text":"faciam.","gloss":"facio: make, do; cause, bring about"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L49.e2.6.m4a"},{"number":35,"id":"la.do.L49.e2.7","source":"Quis nōbīs viam dēmōnstrābit? Deī vōbīs viam dēmōnstrābunt.","translation":"Who will show us[1] the way? The gods will show you[1] the way.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quis","gloss":"who?"},{"text":"nōbīs","gloss":"nos: we"},{"text":"viam","gloss":"via: way, road, street"},{"text":"dēmōnstrābit?","gloss":""},{"text":"Deī","gloss":"deus: god"},{"text":"vōbīs","gloss":"tu: thou, you"},{"text":"viam","gloss":"via: way, road, street"},{"text":"dēmōnstrābunt.","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L49.e2.7.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"The Intensive Pronoun Ipse and the Demonstrative Īdem (D'Ooge L)","teaching":[{"title":"Two kinds of himself","paragraphs":["Homō sē videt means \"the man sees himself.\"","Homō ipse perīculum videt means \"the man himself sees the danger.\"","Latin separates reflexive sē from intensive ipse."]},{"title":"The ending changes the emphasis","paragraphs":["In Homō ipse perīculum videt, ipse agrees with homō and emphasizes the man.","Homō ipsum perīculum videt means \"the man sees the danger itself.\"","Ipsum agrees with perīculum and emphasizes the danger.","The intensive changes form to agree like an adjective with the noun or pronoun it emphasizes."]}],"lines":[{"number":36,"id":"la.do.L50.x.1","source":"Homō sē videt","translation":"the man sees himself (reflexive)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Homō","gloss":"homo: man, human being"},{"text":"sē","gloss":"sui: of himself (herself, itself, themselves)"},{"text":"videt","gloss":"video: see, perceive"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L50.x.1.m4a"},{"number":37,"id":"la.do.L50.x.2","source":"Homō ipse perīculum videt","translation":"the man himself (intensive) sees the danger","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Homō","gloss":"homo: man, human being"},{"text":"ipse","gloss":"self; even, very"},{"text":"perīculum","gloss":"periculum: danger, peril"},{"text":"videt","gloss":"video: see, perceive"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L50.x.2.m4a"},{"number":38,"id":"la.do.L50.x.3","source":"Homō ipsum perīculum videt","translation":"the man sees the danger itself (intensive)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Homō","gloss":"homo: man, human being"},{"text":"ipsum","gloss":"ipse: self; even, very"},{"text":"perīculum","gloss":"periculum: danger, peril"},{"text":"videt","gloss":"video: see, perceive"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L50.x.3.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":285,"text":"D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson L, §§285-287\n\n§285. Ipse means -self (him-self, her-self, etc.) or is translated by even or very. It is used to emphasize a noun or pronoun, expressed or understood, with which it agrees like an adjective.\n\na. Ipse must be carefully distinguished from the reflexive suī. The latter is always used as a pronoun, while ipse is regularly adjective. Compare\n\nHomō sē videt, the man sees himself (reflexive)\nHomō ipse perīculum videt,\n  the man himself (intensive) sees the danger\nHomō ipsum perīculum videt,\n  the man sees the danger itself (intensive)"},{"section":286,"text":"§286. Except for the one form ipse, the intensive pronoun is declined exactly like the nine irregular adjectives (cf. §§108, 109). Learn the declension (§481)."},{"section":287,"text":"§287. The demonstrative īdem, meaning the same, is a compound of is. It is declined as follows:\n\n        SINGULAR\n        MASC.       FEM.        NEUT.\nNom.    īdem        e´adem      idem\nGen.    eius´dem    eius´dem    eius´dem\nDat.    eī´dem      eī´dem      eī´dem\nAcc.    eun´dem     ean´dem     idem\nAbl.    eō´dem      eā´dem      eō´dem\n\n        PLURAL\nNom.    iī´dem      eae´dem     e´adem\n          eī´dem\nGen.    eōrun´dem   eārun´dem   eōrun´dem\nDat.    iīs´dem     iīs´dem     iīs´dem\n          eīs´dem     eīs´dem     eīs´dem\nAcc.    eōs´dem     eās´dem     e´adem\nAbl.    iīs´dem     iīs´dem     iīs´dem\n          eīs´dem     eīs´dem     eīs´dem\n\na. From forms like eundem (eum + -dem), eōrundem (eōrum\n+ -dem), we learn the rule that m before d is changed to n.\n\nb. The forms iīdem, iīsdem are often spelled and pronounced with one ī."}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Latin into English (D'Ooge L)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":39,"id":"la.do.L50.e1.1","source":"Ego et tū in eādem urbe vīvimus.","translation":"You and I live in the same city.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ego","gloss":"I"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"tū","gloss":"tu: thou, you"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"eādem","gloss":"idem: the same"},{"text":"urbe","gloss":"urbs: city"},{"text":"vīvimus.","gloss":"vivo: live, be alive"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L50.e1.1.m4a"},{"number":40,"id":"la.do.L50.e1.2","source":"Iter ipsum nōn timēmus sed ferās saevās quae in silvā dēnsā esse dīcuntur.","translation":"We do not fear the journey itself, but the savage wild beasts which are said to be in the dense forest.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Iter","gloss":"march, journey, route"},{"text":"ipsum","gloss":"ipse: self; even, very"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"timēmus","gloss":"timeo: fear; be afraid"},{"text":"sed","gloss":"but"},{"text":"ferās","gloss":"fera: a wild beast"},{"text":"saevās","gloss":"saevus: fierce, savage"},{"text":"quae","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"silvā","gloss":"silva: wood, forest"},{"text":"dēnsā","gloss":"densus: dense"},{"text":"esse","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"dīcuntur.","gloss":"dico2: say, speak, tell"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L50.e1.2.m4a"},{"number":41,"id":"la.do.L50.e1.3","source":"Ōlim nōs ipsī idem iter fēcimus.","translation":"Once we ourselves made the same journey.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ōlim","gloss":"olim: formerly, once upon a time"},{"text":"nōs","gloss":"nos: we"},{"text":"ipsī","gloss":"ipse: self; even, very"},{"text":"idem","gloss":"the same"},{"text":"iter","gloss":"march, journey, route"},{"text":"fēcimus.","gloss":"facio: make, do; cause, bring about"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L50.e1.3.m4a"},{"number":42,"id":"la.do.L50.e1.4","source":"Eō tempore multās ferās vīdimus.","translation":"At that time we saw many wild beasts.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Eō","gloss":"is: he, she, it; that"},{"text":"tempore","gloss":"tempus: time"},{"text":"multās","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"ferās","gloss":"fera: a wild beast"},{"text":"vīdimus.","gloss":"video: see, perceive"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L50.e1.4.m4a"},{"number":43,"id":"la.do.L50.e1.5","source":"Sed nōbīs nōn nocuērunt.","translation":"But they did not harm us.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Sed","gloss":"but"},{"text":"nōbīs","gloss":"nos: we"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"nocuērunt.","gloss":"noceo: hurt, injure"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L50.e1.5.m4a"},{"number":44,"id":"la.do.L50.e1.6","source":"Caesar ipse scūtum dē manibus mīlitis ēripuit et in ipsam aciem properāvit.","translation":"Caesar himself snatched a shield from the hands of a soldier and hastened into the very battle line.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Caesar","gloss":"Cæsar"},{"text":"ipse","gloss":"self; even, very"},{"text":"scūtum","gloss":"scutum: shield"},{"text":"dē","gloss":"de: down from; concerning"},{"text":"manibus","gloss":"manus: hand; band, force"},{"text":"mīlitis","gloss":"miles: soldier"},{"text":"ēripuit","gloss":"eripio: snatch from"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"ipsam","gloss":"ipse: self; even, very"},{"text":"aciem","gloss":"acies: line of battle"},{"text":"properāvit.","gloss":"propero: hurry, speed up"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L50.e1.6.m4a"},{"number":45,"id":"la.do.L50.e1.7","source":"Itaque mīlitēs summā virtūte tēla in hostium corpora iēcērunt.","translation":"And so the soldiers with the greatest courage hurled their weapons into the bodies of the enemy.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Itaque","gloss":"and so, therefore, accordingly"},{"text":"mīlitēs","gloss":"miles: soldier"},{"text":"summā","gloss":"summus: highest, greatest"},{"text":"virtūte","gloss":"virtus: manliness, courage"},{"text":"tēla","gloss":"telum: weapon of offense, spear"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"hostium","gloss":"hostis: enemy"},{"text":"corpora","gloss":"corpus: body"},{"text":"iēcērunt.","gloss":"jacio: throw, hurl"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L50.e1.7.m4a"},{"number":46,"id":"la.do.L50.e1.8","source":"Rōmānī quoque gravia vulnera accēpērunt.","translation":"The Romans too received severe wounds.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Rōmānī","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"quoque","gloss":"also; after"},{"text":"gravia","gloss":"gravis: heavy, severe, serious"},{"text":"vulnera","gloss":"vulnus: wound"},{"text":"accēpērunt.","gloss":"accipio: receive, accept"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L50.e1.8.m4a"},{"number":47,"id":"la.do.L50.e1.9","source":"Dēnique hostēs terga vertērunt et ommīs in partīs fūgērunt.","translation":"At last the enemy turned their backs and fled in all directions.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dēnique","gloss":"denique: finally"},{"text":"hostēs","gloss":"hostis: enemy"},{"text":"terga","gloss":"tergum: back"},{"text":"vertērunt","gloss":"verto: turn, change"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ommīs","gloss":"omnis: all, every (printed ommīs for omnīs)"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"partīs","gloss":"pars: part, region, direction"},{"text":"fūgērunt.","gloss":"fugio: flee, run; avoid, shun"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L50.e1.9.m4a"},{"number":48,"id":"la.do.L50.e1.10","source":"Eādem hōrā litterae Rōmam ab imperātōre ipsō missae sunt.","translation":"At the same hour a letter was sent to Rome by the commander himself.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Eādem","gloss":"idem: the same"},{"text":"hōrā","gloss":"hora: hour"},{"text":"litterae","gloss":"littera: a letter"},{"text":"Rōmam","gloss":"Roma: Rome"},{"text":"ab","gloss":"from, by"},{"text":"imperātōre","gloss":"imperator: commander in chief, general"},{"text":"ipsō","gloss":"ipse: self; even, very"},{"text":"missae","gloss":"mitto: send"},{"text":"sunt.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L50.e1.10.m4a"},{"number":49,"id":"la.do.L50.e1.11","source":"Eōdem mēnse captīvī quoque in Italiam missī sunt.","translation":"In the same month the captives too were sent to Italy.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Eōdem","gloss":"idem: the same"},{"text":"mēnse","gloss":"mensis: month"},{"text":"captīvī","gloss":"captivus: captive, prisoner"},{"text":"quoque","gloss":"also; after"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"Italiam","gloss":"Italia: Italy"},{"text":"missī","gloss":"mitto: send"},{"text":"sunt.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L50.e1.11.m4a"},{"number":50,"id":"la.do.L50.e1.12","source":"Sed multī propter vulnera iter difficile trāns montīs facere recūsābant et Genāvae esse dīcēbantur.","translation":"But many, on account of their wounds, refused to make the difficult journey across the mountains and were said to be at Geneva.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Sed","gloss":"but"},{"text":"multī","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"propter","gloss":"on account of, because of"},{"text":"vulnera","gloss":"vulnus: wound"},{"text":"iter","gloss":"march, journey, route"},{"text":"difficile","gloss":"difficilis: difficult"},{"text":"trāns","gloss":"trans: across"},{"text":"montīs","gloss":"mons: mountain"},{"text":"facere","gloss":"facio: make, do; cause, bring about"},{"text":"recūsābant","gloss":"recuso: refuse"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"Genāvae","gloss":"Genava: Geneva"},{"text":"esse","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"dīcēbantur.","gloss":"dico2: say, speak, tell"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L50.e1.12.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"How Horatius Held the Bridge (D'Ooge L)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":51,"id":"la.do.L50.s1.1","source":"Tarquinius Superbus, septimus et ultimus rēx Rōmānōrum, ubi in exsilium ab īrātīs Rōmānīs ēiectus est, ā Porsenā, rēge Etrūscōrum, auxilium petiit.","translation":"Tarquinius Superbus, the seventh and last king of the Romans, when he had been cast into exile by the angry Romans, sought aid from Porsena, king of the Etruscans.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Tarquinius","gloss":"Tarquin"},{"text":"Superbus,","gloss":"proud, haughty"},{"text":"septimus","gloss":"seventh"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ultimus","gloss":"farthest"},{"text":"rēx","gloss":"rex: king"},{"text":"Rōmānōrum,","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"ubi","gloss":"where"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"exsilium","gloss":"banishment, exile"},{"text":"ab","gloss":"from, by"},{"text":"īrātīs","gloss":"irascor: get/be/become angry"},{"text":"Rōmānīs","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"ēiectus","gloss":"eicio: hurl forth, expel"},{"text":"est,","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"ā","gloss":"a: from, by, off"},{"text":"Porsenā,","gloss":"Porsena: Porsena"},{"text":"rēge","gloss":"rex: king"},{"text":"Etrūscōrum,","gloss":"Etrusci: the Etruscans"},{"text":"auxilium","gloss":"help, aid"},{"text":"petiit.","gloss":"peto: aim at, assail, storm, attack; seek, ask"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L50.s1.1.m4a"},{"number":52,"id":"la.do.L50.s1.2","source":"Mox Porsena magnīs cum cōpiīs Rōmam vēnit, et ipsa urbs summō in perīculō erat.","translation":"Soon Porsena came to Rome with great forces, and the city itself was in the greatest danger.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mox","gloss":"soon, presently"},{"text":"Porsena","gloss":"Porsena"},{"text":"magnīs","gloss":"magnus: great, large; strong, loud"},{"text":"cum","gloss":"when; since; although"},{"text":"cōpiīs","gloss":"copia: plenty, abundance; troops, forces"},{"text":"Rōmam","gloss":"Roma: Rome"},{"text":"vēnit,","gloss":"venio: come, go"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ipsa","gloss":"ipse: self; even, very"},{"text":"urbs","gloss":"city"},{"text":"summō","gloss":"summus: highest, greatest"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"perīculō","gloss":"periculum: danger, peril"},{"text":"erat.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L50.s1.2.m4a"},{"number":53,"id":"la.do.L50.s1.3","source":"Omnibus in partibus exercitus Rōmānus victus erat.","translation":"In all quarters the Roman army had been defeated.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Omnibus","gloss":"omnis: every, all"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"partibus","gloss":"pars: part, region, direction"},{"text":"exercitus","gloss":"exercitus2: army, infantry"},{"text":"Rōmānus","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"victus","gloss":"vinco: conquer"},{"text":"erat.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L50.s1.3.m4a"},{"number":54,"id":"la.do.L50.s1.4","source":"Iam rēx montem Iāniculum occupāverat.","translation":"Already the king had seized the Janiculum hill.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Iam","gloss":"jam: already, now"},{"text":"rēx","gloss":"rex: king"},{"text":"montem","gloss":"mons: mountain"},{"text":"Iāniculum","gloss":"Ianiculum: the Janiculum"},{"text":"occupāverat.","gloss":"occupo: seize, take possession of"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L50.s1.4.m4a"},{"number":55,"id":"la.do.L50.s1.5","source":"Numquam anteā Rōmānī tantō metū tenēbantur.","translation":"Never before were the Romans held by so great a fear.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Numquam","gloss":"never"},{"text":"anteā","gloss":"antea: before, previously"},{"text":"Rōmānī","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"tantō","gloss":"tantus: so great"},{"text":"metū","gloss":"metus: fear"},{"text":"tenēbantur.","gloss":"teneo: keep, hold"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L50.s1.5.m4a"},{"number":56,"id":"la.do.L50.s1.6","source":"Ex agrīs in urbem properābant et summō studiō urbem ipsam mūniēbant.","translation":"They hastened from the fields into the city and with the greatest zeal fortified the city itself.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ex","gloss":"out of, from"},{"text":"agrīs","gloss":"ager: field"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"urbem","gloss":"urbs: city"},{"text":"properābant","gloss":"propero: hurry, speed up"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"summō","gloss":"summus: highest, greatest"},{"text":"studiō","gloss":"studium: zeal, eagerness"},{"text":"urbem","gloss":"urbs: city"},{"text":"ipsam","gloss":"ipse: self; even, very"},{"text":"mūniēbant.","gloss":"munio: fortify, defend"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L50.s1.6.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"Tarquinius","gloss":"Tarquin"},{"word":"septimus","gloss":"seventh"},{"word":"ultimus","gloss":"farthest"},{"word":"exsilium","gloss":"banishment, exile"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"English into Latin (D'Ooge L)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":57,"id":"la.do.L50.e2.1","source":"Pompēiīs est mōns mīrus.","translation":"At Pompeii there is a wonderful mountain.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Pompēiīs","gloss":"Pompeii: Pompeii"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"mōns","gloss":"mons: mountain"},{"text":"mīrus.","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L50.e2.1.m4a"},{"number":58,"id":"la.do.L50.e2.2","source":"Ubi in eō locō eram, ego ipse eum montem vīdī.","translation":"When I was in that place, I myself saw that mountain.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ubi","gloss":"where"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"eō","gloss":"is: he, she, it; that"},{"text":"locō","gloss":"locus: place, spot"},{"text":"eram,","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"ego","gloss":"I"},{"text":"ipse","gloss":"self; even, very"},{"text":"eum","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"montem","gloss":"mons: mountain"},{"text":"vīdī.","gloss":"video: see, perceive"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L50.e2.2.m4a"},{"number":59,"id":"la.do.L50.e2.3","source":"Eōdem diē multae urbēs ignī et lapidibus ex ipsō monte dēlētae sunt.","translation":"On the same day many cities were destroyed by fire and stones from that very mountain.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Eōdem","gloss":"idem: the same"},{"text":"diē","gloss":"dies: day"},{"text":"multae","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"urbēs","gloss":"urbs: city"},{"text":"ignī","gloss":"ignis: fire"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"lapidibus","gloss":"lapis: stone"},{"text":"ex","gloss":"out of, from"},{"text":"ipsō","gloss":"ipse: self; even, very"},{"text":"monte","gloss":"mons: mountain"},{"text":"dēlētae","gloss":"deleo: blot out, destroy"},{"text":"sunt.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L50.e2.3.m4a"},{"number":60,"id":"la.do.L50.e2.4","source":"Num vēram fābulam eius calamitātis audīvistī?","translation":"You have not heard the true story of that calamity, have you?[3]","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Num","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"vēram","gloss":"verus: true, real, genuine, actual"},{"text":"fābulam","gloss":"fabula: story, tale, fable"},{"text":"eius","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"calamitātis","gloss":"calamitas: loss, disaster, defeat"},{"text":"audīvistī?","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L50.e2.4.m4a"},{"number":61,"id":"la.do.L50.e2.5","source":"Eō diē sōl ipse hominibus lūcem dare nōn poterat.","translation":"On that day the very sun could not give light to men.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Eō","gloss":"is: he, she, it; that"},{"text":"diē","gloss":"dies: day"},{"text":"sōl","gloss":"sol: sun"},{"text":"ipse","gloss":"self; even, very"},{"text":"hominibus","gloss":"homo: man, human being"},{"text":"lūcem","gloss":"lux: light"},{"text":"dare","gloss":"do: give"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"poterat.","gloss":"possum: be able, can"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L50.e2.5.m4a"},{"number":62,"id":"la.do.L50.e2.6","source":"Tū ipse eam fābulam nōbīs nārrāre dēbēs.","translation":"You yourself ought to tell (to) us that story.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Tū","gloss":"tu: thou, you"},{"text":"ipse","gloss":"self; even, very"},{"text":"eam","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"fābulam","gloss":"fabula: story, tale, fable"},{"text":"nōbīs","gloss":"nos: we"},{"text":"nārrāre","gloss":"narro: tell, tell about, relate, narrate, recount, describe"},{"text":"dēbēs.","gloss":"debeo: owe"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L50.e2.6.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"The Demonstrative Pronouns Hic, Iste, Ille (D'Ooge LI)","teaching":[{"title":"Three positions in dialogue","paragraphs":["Estne hic equus validus means Is this horse of mine strong. Hic places the horse near the speaker.","Iste equus est validus, sed ille est īnfīrmus means That horse of yours is strong, but that one yonder is weak.","Iste places one horse near the person addressed. Ille places the other remote from both people.","The three columns set out the contrast among hic, iste, and ille."]},{"title":"From the book","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"The contrast remains in the plural","paragraphs":["Suntne hī amīcī tuī means Are these men by me your friends.","Istī sunt amīcī meī, sed illī sunt inimīcī means Those men by you are my friends, but those men yonder are enemies.","Hī, istī, and illī agree with plural masculine nouns while preserving the three positions."]}],"lines":[{"number":63,"id":"la.do.L51.x.1","source":"Estne hic equus validus?","translation":"Is this horse (of mine) strong?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Estne","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"hic","gloss":"this"},{"text":"equus","gloss":"horse"},{"text":"validus?","gloss":"strong, able, well"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L51.x.1.m4a"},{"number":64,"id":"la.do.L51.x.2","source":"Iste equus est validus, sed ille est īnfīrmus","translation":"That horse (of yours) is strong, but that one (yonder) is weak","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Iste","gloss":"that; he, she, it"},{"text":"equus","gloss":"horse"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"validus,","gloss":"strong, able, well"},{"text":"sed","gloss":"but"},{"text":"ille","gloss":"that; he, she, it"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"īnfīrmus","gloss":"infirmus: week, feeble"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L51.x.2.m4a"},{"number":65,"id":"la.do.L51.x.3","source":"Suntne hī amīcī tuī?","translation":"Are these (men by me) your friends?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Suntne","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"hī","gloss":"hic: this"},{"text":"amīcī","gloss":"amicus: friend"},{"text":"tuī?","gloss":"tuus: your"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L51.x.3.m4a"},{"number":66,"id":"la.do.L51.x.4","source":"Istī sunt amīcī meī, sed illī sunt inimīcī","translation":"Those (men by you) are my friends, but those (men yonder) are enemies","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Istī","gloss":"iste: that; he, she, it"},{"text":"sunt","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"amīcī","gloss":"amicus: friend"},{"text":"meī,","gloss":"meus: my"},{"text":"sed","gloss":"but"},{"text":"illī","gloss":"ille: that; he, she, it"},{"text":"sunt","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"inimīcī","gloss":"inimicus: hostile"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L51.x.4.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":290,"text":"D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LI, §§290-293\n\n§290. We have already learned the declension of the demonstrative pronoun is and its use. (Cf. Lesson XVII.) That pronoun refers to persons or things either far or near, and makes no definite reference to place or time. If we wish to point out an object definitely in place or time, we must use hic, iste, or ille. These demonstratives, like is, are used both as pronouns and as adjectives, and their relation to the speaker may be represented graphically thus:\n\n           hic            iste          ille\nSPEAKER ------------->-------------->--------------->\n        this, he;  that, he;  that, he\n          (near);       (remote);     (more remote)\n\na. In dialogue hic refers to a person or thing near the speaker; iste, to a person or thing near the person addressed; ille, to a person or thing remote from both. These distinctions are illustrated in the model sentences, §293, which should be carefully studied and imitated."},{"section":291,"text":"§291. Hic is declined as follows:\n\n         SINGULAR\n         MASC.   FEM.    NEUT.\nNom.     hic     haec    hoc\nGen.     huius   huius   huius\nDat.     huic    huic    huic\nAcc.     hunc    hanc    hoc\nAbl.     hōc     hāc     hōc\n\n         PLURAL\nNom.     hī      hae     haec\nGen.     hōrum   hārum   hōrum\nDat.     hīs     hīs     hīs\nAcc.     hōs     hās     haec\nAbl.     hīs     hīs     hīs\n\na. Huius is pronounced ho͝o´yo͝os, and huic is pronounced ho͝oic (one syllable)."},{"section":292,"text":"§292. The demonstrative pronouns iste, ista, istud, and ille, illa, illud, except for the nominative and accusative singular neuter forms istud and illud, are declined exactly like ipse, ipsa, ipsum. (See §481.)"},{"section":293,"text":"§293. MODEL SENTENCES\n\nIs this horse (of mine) strong?\n  Estne hic equus validus?\n\nThat horse (of yours) is strong, but that one (yonder) is weak Iste equus est validus, sed ille est īnfīrmus\n\nAre these (men by me) your friends?\n  Suntne hī amīcī tuī?\n\nThose (men by you) are my friends,\n    but those (men yonder) are enemies\n  Istī sunt amīcī meī, sed illī sunt inimīcī"}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Latin into English (D'Ooge LI)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":67,"id":"la.do.L51.e1.1","source":"Ille fortis Germānōrum dux suōs convocāvit et hōc modō animōs eōrum cōnfirmāvit.","translation":"That brave leader of the Germans called his men together and in this way strengthened their spirits.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ille","gloss":"that; he, she, it"},{"text":"fortis","gloss":"brave"},{"text":"Germānōrum","gloss":"Germanus: German"},{"text":"dux","gloss":"leader"},{"text":"suōs","gloss":"suus: his, her, hers, its, their, theirs"},{"text":"convocāvit","gloss":"convoco: call together, summon"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"hōc","gloss":"hic: this"},{"text":"modō","gloss":"modus: measure; manner, way, mode"},{"text":"animōs","gloss":"animus: mind, heart; spirit, feeling"},{"text":"eōrum","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"cōnfirmāvit.","gloss":"confirmo: strengthen, establish, encourage"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L51.e1.1.m4a"},{"number":68,"id":"la.do.L51.e1.2","source":"“Vōs, quī in hīs fīnibus vīvitis, in hunc locum convocāvī quia mēcum dēbētis istōs agrōs et istās domōs ab iniūriīs Rōmānōrum liberāre.","translation":"\"You who live in this territory I have called together to this place, because with me you ought to free those fields and those homes of yours from the wrongs of the Romans.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"“Vōs,","gloss":"tu: thou, you"},{"text":"quī","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"hīs","gloss":"hic: this"},{"text":"fīnibus","gloss":"finis: end, limit; country, territory"},{"text":"vīvitis,","gloss":"vivo: live, be alive"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"hunc","gloss":"hic: this"},{"text":"locum","gloss":"locus: place, spot"},{"text":"convocāvī","gloss":"convoco: call together, summon"},{"text":"quia","gloss":"because"},{"text":"mēcum","gloss":"ego: I"},{"text":"dēbētis","gloss":"debeo: owe, ought"},{"text":"istōs","gloss":"iste: that; he, she, it"},{"text":"agrōs","gloss":"ager: field"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"istās","gloss":"iste: that; he, she, it"},{"text":"domōs","gloss":"domus: house, home"},{"text":"ab","gloss":"from, by"},{"text":"iniūriīs","gloss":"injuria: wrong, injury"},{"text":"Rōmānōrum","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"liberāre.","gloss":"libero: set free, release, liberate"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L51.e1.2.m4a"},{"number":69,"id":"la.do.L51.e1.3","source":"Hoc nōbīs nōn difficile erit, quod illī hostēs hās silvās dēnsās, ferās saevās quārum vestīgia vident, montēs altōs timent.","translation":"This will not be difficult for us, because those enemies fear these dense forests, the savage wild beasts whose tracks they see, and the high mountains.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hoc","gloss":"hic: this"},{"text":"nōbīs","gloss":"nos: we"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"difficile","gloss":"difficilis: difficult"},{"text":"erit,","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"quod","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"illī","gloss":"ille: that; he, she, it"},{"text":"hostēs","gloss":"hostis: enemy"},{"text":"hās","gloss":"hic: this"},{"text":"silvās","gloss":"silva: wood, forest"},{"text":"dēnsās,","gloss":"densus: dense"},{"text":"ferās","gloss":"fera: a wild beast"},{"text":"saevās","gloss":"saevus: fierce, savage"},{"text":"quārum","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"vestīgia","gloss":"vestigium: footprint, track; trace, vestige"},{"text":"vident,","gloss":"video: see, perceive"},{"text":"montēs","gloss":"mons: mountain"},{"text":"altōs","gloss":"altus: high, tall, deep"},{"text":"timent.","gloss":"timeo: fear; be afraid"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L51.e1.3.m4a"},{"number":70,"id":"la.do.L51.e1.4","source":"Sī fortēs erimus, deī ipsī nōbīs viam salūtis dēmonstrābunt.","translation":"If we are brave, the gods themselves will show us the way of safety.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Sī","gloss":"si: if"},{"text":"fortēs","gloss":"fortis: brave"},{"text":"erimus,","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"deī","gloss":"deus: god"},{"text":"ipsī","gloss":"ipse: self; even, very"},{"text":"nōbīs","gloss":"nos: we"},{"text":"viam","gloss":"via: way, road, street"},{"text":"salūtis","gloss":"salus: safety"},{"text":"dēmonstrābunt.","gloss":"demonstro: point out, explain"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L51.e1.4.m4a"},{"number":71,"id":"la.do.L51.e1.5","source":"Ille sōl, istī oculī calamītātēs nostrās vīdērunt.","translation":"That sun, those eyes of yours have seen our disasters.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ille","gloss":"that; he, she, it"},{"text":"sōl,","gloss":"sol: sun"},{"text":"istī","gloss":"iste: that; he, she, it"},{"text":"oculī","gloss":"oculus: eye"},{"text":"calamītātēs","gloss":"calamitas: loss, disaster, defeat"},{"text":"nostrās","gloss":"noster: our, ours"},{"text":"vīdērunt.","gloss":"video: see, perceive"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L51.e1.5.m4a"},{"number":72,"id":"la.do.L51.e1.6","source":"Itaque nōmen illīus reī pūblicae Rōmānae nōn sōlum nōbis, sed etiam omnibus hominibus quī lībertātem amant, est invīsum.","translation":"And so the name of that Roman republic is hateful not only to us but also to all men who love liberty.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Itaque","gloss":"and so, therefore, accordingly"},{"text":"nōmen","gloss":"nomen: name"},{"text":"illīus","gloss":"ille: that; he, she, it"},{"text":"reī","gloss":"res: thing, matter"},{"text":"pūblicae","gloss":"publicus: public, belonging to the state"},{"text":"Rōmānae","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"sōlum","gloss":"alone, only"},{"text":"nōbis,","gloss":"nos: we"},{"text":"sed","gloss":"but"},{"text":"etiam","gloss":"yet, still; also, besides"},{"text":"omnibus","gloss":"omnis: every, all"},{"text":"hominibus","gloss":"homo: man, human being"},{"text":"quī","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"lībertātem","gloss":"libertas: liberty"},{"text":"amant,","gloss":"amo: love, like, be fond of"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"invīsum.","gloss":"invisus2: hateful, detested"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L51.e1.6.m4a"},{"number":73,"id":"la.do.L51.e1.7","source":"Ad arma vōs vocō.","translation":"I call you to arms.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"arma","gloss":"arms"},{"text":"vōs","gloss":"tu: thou, you"},{"text":"vocō.","gloss":"voco: call, summon, invite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L51.e1.7.m4a"},{"number":74,"id":"la.do.L51.e1.8","source":"Exercēte istam prīstinam virtūtem et vincētis.”","translation":"Exercise that old-time courage of yours and you will conquer.\"","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Exercēte","gloss":"exerceo: practice, drill, train"},{"text":"istam","gloss":"iste: that; he, she, it"},{"text":"prīstinam","gloss":"pristinus: former, old-time"},{"text":"virtūtem","gloss":"virtus: manliness, courage"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"vincētis.”","gloss":"vinco: conquer"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L51.e1.8.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"lībertātem","gloss":"liberty, from libertas"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"How Horatius Held the Bridge, continued (D'Ooge LI)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":75,"id":"la.do.L51.s1.1","source":"Altera urbis pars mūrīs, altera flūmine satis mūnīrī vidēbātur.","translation":"One part of the city seemed to be sufficiently protected by walls, the other by the river.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Altera","gloss":"alter: the one, the other"},{"text":"urbis","gloss":"urbs: city"},{"text":"pars","gloss":"part, region, direction"},{"text":"mūrīs,","gloss":"murus: wall"},{"text":"altera","gloss":"alter: the one, the other"},{"text":"flūmine","gloss":"flumen: river"},{"text":"satis","gloss":"enough, sufficiently"},{"text":"mūnīrī","gloss":"munio: fortify, defend"},{"text":"vidēbātur.","gloss":"video: see, perceive"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L51.s1.1.m4a"},{"number":76,"id":"la.do.L51.s1.2","source":"Sed erat pōns in flūmine quī hostibus iter paene dedit.","translation":"But there was a bridge on the river which almost gave the enemy a way in.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Sed","gloss":"but"},{"text":"erat","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"pōns","gloss":"pons: bridge"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"flūmine","gloss":"flumen: river"},{"text":"quī","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"hostibus","gloss":"hostis: enemy"},{"text":"iter","gloss":"march, journey, route"},{"text":"paene","gloss":"almost"},{"text":"dedit.","gloss":"do: give"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L51.s1.2.m4a"},{"number":77,"id":"la.do.L51.s1.3","source":"Tum Horātius Cocles, fortis vir, magnā vōce dīxit, “Rescindite pontem, Rōmānī!","translation":"Then Horatius Cocles, a brave man, said with a loud voice, \"Cut down the bridge, Romans!","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Tum","gloss":"then, at that time"},{"text":"Horātius","gloss":"Horatius: Horatius"},{"text":"Cocles,","gloss":"Cocles"},{"text":"fortis","gloss":"brave"},{"text":"vir,","gloss":"man, hero"},{"text":"magnā","gloss":"magnus: great, large; strong, loud"},{"text":"vōce","gloss":"vox: voice"},{"text":"dīxit,","gloss":"dico2: say, speak, tell"},{"text":"“Rescindite","gloss":"cut out"},{"text":"pontem,","gloss":"pons: bridge"},{"text":"Rōmānī!","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L51.s1.3.m4a"},{"number":78,"id":"la.do.L51.s1.4","source":"Brevī tempore Porsena in urbem cōpiās suās trādūcet.”","translation":"In a short time Porsena will lead his forces across into the city.\"","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Brevī","gloss":"brevis: short, brief"},{"text":"tempore","gloss":"tempus: time"},{"text":"Porsena","gloss":"Porsena"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"urbem","gloss":"urbs: city"},{"text":"cōpiās","gloss":"copia: plenty, abundance; troops, forces"},{"text":"suās","gloss":"suus: his, her, hers, its, their, theirs"},{"text":"trādūcet.”","gloss":"bring across/over, move/transfer"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L51.s1.4.m4a"},{"number":79,"id":"la.do.L51.s1.5","source":"Iam hostēs in ponte erant, sed Horātius cum duōbus (cf. § 479) comitibus ad extrēmam pontis partem properāvit, et hi sōli aciem hostium sustinuērunt.","translation":"Already the enemy were on the bridge, but Horatius with two companions hastened to the farther end of the bridge, and these alone withstood the battle line of the enemy.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Iam","gloss":"jam: already, now"},{"text":"hostēs","gloss":"hostis: enemy"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"ponte","gloss":"pons: bridge"},{"text":"erant,","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"sed","gloss":"but"},{"text":"Horātius","gloss":"Horatius: Horatius"},{"text":"cum","gloss":"when; since; although"},{"text":"duōbus","gloss":"duo: two"},{"text":"(cf.","gloss":"cf.: compare"},{"text":"§","gloss":""},{"text":"479)","gloss":""},{"text":"comitibus","gloss":"comes: companion, comrade"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"extrēmam","gloss":"extremus: utmost, farthest"},{"text":"pontis","gloss":"pons: bridge"},{"text":"partem","gloss":"pars: part, region, direction"},{"text":"properāvit,","gloss":"propero: hurry, speed up"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"hi","gloss":"hic: this"},{"text":"sōli","gloss":"sol: sun"},{"text":"aciem","gloss":"acies: line of battle"},{"text":"hostium","gloss":"hostis: enemy"},{"text":"sustinuērunt.","gloss":"sustineo: sustain"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L51.s1.5.m4a"},{"number":80,"id":"la.do.L51.s1.6","source":"Tum vērō cīvēs Rōmānī pontem ā tergō rescindere incipiunt, et hostēs frūstrā Horātium superāre temptant.","translation":"Then indeed the Roman citizens begin to cut down the bridge from behind, and the enemy try in vain to overcome Horatius.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Tum","gloss":"then, at that time"},{"text":"vērō","gloss":"vero: truly, indeed, in fact; but, however"},{"text":"cīvēs","gloss":"civis: citizen"},{"text":"Rōmānī","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"pontem","gloss":"pons: bridge"},{"text":"ā","gloss":"a: from, by, off"},{"text":"tergō","gloss":"tergum: back"},{"text":"rescindere","gloss":"rescindo: cut off, cut down"},{"text":"incipiunt,","gloss":"incipio: begin"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"hostēs","gloss":"hostis: enemy"},{"text":"frūstrā","gloss":"frustra: in vain"},{"text":"Horātium","gloss":"Horatius: Horatius"},{"text":"superāre","gloss":"supero: conquer, overcome"},{"text":"temptant.","gloss":"tento: handle, feel"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L51.s1.6.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"Rescindite","gloss":"cut out"},{"word":"trādūcet","gloss":"bring across, move"},{"word":"cf","gloss":"compare, from cf."},{"word":"rescindere","gloss":"cut off, cut down, from rescindo"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"English into Latin (D'Ooge LI)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":81,"id":"la.do.L51.e2.1","source":"Canitne ista avis?","translation":"Does that bird (of yours)[2] sing?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Canitne","gloss":""},{"text":"ista","gloss":"iste: that; he, she, it"},{"text":"avis?","gloss":"bird"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L51.e2.1.m4a"},{"number":82,"id":"la.do.L51.e2.2","source":"Haec avis et aestāte et hieme canit et vōcem pulchram habet.","translation":"This bird (of mine)[2] sings both[3] in summer and in winter and has a beautiful voice.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Haec","gloss":"hic: this"},{"text":"avis","gloss":"bird"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"aestāte","gloss":"aestas: summer"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"hieme","gloss":"hiems: winter"},{"text":"canit","gloss":""},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"vōcem","gloss":"vox: voice, tone, expression"},{"text":"pulchram","gloss":"pulcher: pretty, beautiful"},{"text":"habet.","gloss":"habeo: have, hold; regard, consider, deem"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L51.e2.2.m4a"},{"number":83,"id":"la.do.L51.e2.3","source":"Illae avēs rūrī hieme nōn canunt.","translation":"Those birds (yonder)[2] in the country don´t sing in winter.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Illae","gloss":"ille: that; he, she, it"},{"text":"avēs","gloss":"avis: bird"},{"text":"rūrī","gloss":"rus: the country"},{"text":"hieme","gloss":"hiems: winter"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"canunt.","gloss":"cano: sing, celebrate, chant"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L51.e2.3.m4a"},{"number":84,"id":"la.do.L51.e2.4","source":"Ēripe pīlum dē manibus istīus mīlitis et mēcum domum venī.","translation":"Snatch a spear from the hands of that soldier (near you)[2] and come home with me.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ēripe","gloss":""},{"text":"pīlum","gloss":"pilum: spear"},{"text":"dē","gloss":"de: down from; concerning"},{"text":"manibus","gloss":"manus: hand; band, force"},{"text":"istīus","gloss":""},{"text":"mīlitis","gloss":"miles: soldier"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"mēcum","gloss":"ego: I"},{"text":"domum","gloss":"domus: house, home"},{"text":"venī.","gloss":"venio: come, go"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L51.e2.4.m4a"},{"number":85,"id":"la.do.L51.e2.5","source":"Istīs ipsīs oculīs vestīgia hostis invīsī vidēbis, quī domicilium meum cremāvit et impetum in frātrem meum fēcit.","translation":"With those very eyes (of yours)[2] you will see the tracks of the hateful enemy who burned my dwelling and made an attack on my brother.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Istīs","gloss":""},{"text":"ipsīs","gloss":"ipse: himself, herself, itself"},{"text":"oculīs","gloss":"oculus: eye"},{"text":"vestīgia","gloss":"vestigium: footprint, track; trace, vestige"},{"text":"hostis","gloss":"enemy"},{"text":"invīsī","gloss":"invisus2: hateful, detested"},{"text":"vidēbis,","gloss":"video: see, look at"},{"text":"quī","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"domicilium","gloss":"dwelling place; abode"},{"text":"meum","gloss":"meus: my, mine"},{"text":"cremāvit","gloss":"cremo: burn"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"impetum","gloss":"impetus: attack"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"frātrem","gloss":"frater: brother"},{"text":"meum","gloss":"meus: my, mine"},{"text":"fēcit.","gloss":"facio: make, do; cause, bring about"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L51.e2.5.m4a"},{"number":86,"id":"la.do.L51.e2.6","source":"Propter hās rēs sine morā supplicium dē eō sūmere dēbēmus.","translation":"For (propter) these deeds (rēs) we ought to inflict punishment on him without delay.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Propter","gloss":"on account of, because of"},{"text":"hās","gloss":"hic: this"},{"text":"rēs","gloss":"res: thing, matter"},{"text":"sine","gloss":"without"},{"text":"morā","gloss":"mora: delay"},{"text":"supplicium","gloss":"punishment, torture"},{"text":"dē","gloss":"de: down from; concerning"},{"text":"eō","gloss":"is: he, she, it; that"},{"text":"sūmere","gloss":"sumo: take up, assume"},{"text":"dēbēmus.","gloss":"debeo: owe, ought"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L51.e2.6.m4a"},{"number":87,"id":"la.do.L51.e2.7","source":"Hostēs reī pūblicae nōn semper supplicium dant.","translation":"The enemies of the republic do not always suffer punishment.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hostēs","gloss":"hostis: enemy"},{"text":"reī","gloss":"res: thing, matter"},{"text":"pūblicae","gloss":"publicus: public, belonging to the state"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"semper","gloss":"always"},{"text":"supplicium","gloss":"punishment, torture"},{"text":"dant.","gloss":"do: give"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L51.e2.7.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"The Indefinite Pronouns (D'Ooge LII)","teaching":[{"title":"Quis without a question","paragraphs":["sī quis means \"if any one.\" Here quis is indefinite because it refers to a person without identifying one.","The same quis can be interrogative or indefinite. Its use in the clause determines its meaning."]},{"title":"After sī","paragraphs":["sī quid means \"if anything.\"","Indefinite quis does not begin a clause. It appears especially after sī, nisi, nē, and num.","The two lines show the contrast after sī: quis refers to an unspecified person, while quid refers to an unspecified thing."]}],"lines":[{"number":88,"id":"la.do.L52.x.1","source":"sī quis","translation":"if any one","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"sī","gloss":"si: if"},{"text":"quis","gloss":"who?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L52.x.1.m4a"},{"number":89,"id":"la.do.L52.x.2","source":"sī quid","translation":"if anything","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"sī","gloss":"si: if"},{"text":"quid","gloss":"quis: what?"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L52.x.2.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":296,"text":"D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LII, §§296-297\n\n§296. The indefinite pronouns are used to refer to some person or some thing, without indicating which particular one is meant. The pronouns quis and quī, which we have learned in their interrogative and relative uses, may also be indefinite; and nearly all the other indefinite pronouns are compounds of quis or quī and declined almost like them. Review the declension of these words, §§221, 227."},{"section":297,"text":"§297. Learn the declension and meaning of the following indefinites:\n\nMASC.      FEM.             NEUT.\n     quis                   quid, some one, any one (substantive)\nquī        qua or quae    quod, some, any (adjective), §483\n     aliquis                aliquid, some one, any one\n                              (substantive), §487\naliquī     aliqua           aliquod, some, any (adjective), §487\nquīdam     quaedam          quoddam, quiddam, a certain,\n                               a certain one, §485\n     quisquam               quicquam or quidquam (no plural),\n                              any one (at all) (substantive), §486\n     quisque                quidque, each one, every one\n                              (substantive), §484\nquisque    quaeque          quodque, each, every (adjective), §484\n\nNOTE. The meanings of the neuters, something, etc., are easily inferred from the masculine and feminine.\n\na. In the masculine and neuter singular of the indefinites, quis-forms and quid-forms are mostly used as substantives, quī-forms and quod-forms as adjectives.\n\nb. The indefinites quis and quī never stand first in a clause, and are rare excepting after sī, nisi, nē, num (as, sī quis, if any one; sī quid, if anything; nisi quis, unless some one). Generally aliquis and aliquī are used instead.\n\nc. The forms qua and aliqua are both feminine nominative singular and neuter nominative plural of the indefinite adjectives quī and aliquī respectively. How do these differ from the corresponding forms of the relative quī?\n\nd. Observe that quīdam (quī + -dam) is declined like quī, except that in the accusative singular and genitive plural m of quī becomes n (cf. §287.a): quendam, quandam, quōrundam, quārundam; also that the neuter has quiddam (substantive) and quoddam (adjective) in the nominative and accusative singular. Quīdam is the least indefinite of the indefinite pronouns, and implies that you could name the person or thing referred to if you cared to do so.\n\ne. Quisquam and quisque (substantive) are declined like quis.\n\nf. Quisquam, any one (quicquam or quidquam, anything), is always used substantively and chiefly in negative sentences. The corresponding adjective any is ūllus, -a, -um (§108)."}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Latin into English (D'Ooge LII)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":90,"id":"la.do.L52.e1.1","source":"Aliquis dē ponte in flūmen dēcidit sed sine ūllō perīculō servātus est.","translation":"Someone fell from the bridge into the river but was saved without any danger.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Aliquis","gloss":"aliqui: anyone/anybody/anything"},{"text":"dē","gloss":"de: down from; concerning"},{"text":"ponte","gloss":"pons: bridge"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"flūmen","gloss":"flumen: river"},{"text":"dēcidit","gloss":"decido: fall down"},{"text":"sed","gloss":"but"},{"text":"sine","gloss":"without"},{"text":"ūllō","gloss":"ullus: any"},{"text":"perīculō","gloss":"periculum: danger, peril"},{"text":"servātus","gloss":"servo: save, preserve"},{"text":"est.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L52.e1.1.m4a"},{"number":91,"id":"la.do.L52.e1.2","source":"Est vērō in vītā cuiusque hominis aliqua bona fortūna.","translation":"There is indeed some good fortune in the life of every man.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"vērō","gloss":"vero: truly, indeed, in fact; but, however"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"vītā","gloss":"vita: life"},{"text":"cuiusque","gloss":"quisque: each, each one, every"},{"text":"hominis","gloss":"homo: man, human being"},{"text":"aliqua","gloss":"aliqui: anyone/anybody/anything"},{"text":"bona","gloss":"bonus: good, kind"},{"text":"fortūna.","gloss":"fortuna: fortune"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L52.e1.2.m4a"},{"number":92,"id":"la.do.L52.e1.3","source":"Nē mīlitum quidem quisquam in castrīs mānsit.","translation":"Not even any one of the soldiers remained in the camp.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nē","gloss":"ne: in order that not, that"},{"text":"mīlitum","gloss":"miles: soldier"},{"text":"quidem","gloss":"to be sure, certainly, indeed"},{"text":"quisquam","gloss":"any one"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"castrīs","gloss":"castrum: fort; camp"},{"text":"mānsit.","gloss":"maneo: remain"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L52.e1.3.m4a"},{"number":93,"id":"la.do.L52.e1.4","source":"Sī quem meae domī vidēs, iubē eum discēdere.","translation":"If you see anyone at my house, order him to depart.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Sī","gloss":"si: if"},{"text":"quem","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"meae","gloss":"meus: my, mine"},{"text":"domī","gloss":"domus: house, home"},{"text":"vidēs,","gloss":"video: see, perceive"},{"text":"iubē","gloss":"jubeo: order, command"},{"text":"eum","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"discēdere.","gloss":"discedo: depart, go away, leave"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L52.e1.4.m4a"},{"number":94,"id":"la.do.L52.e1.5","source":"Sī quis pontem tenet, nē tantus quidem exercitus capere urbem potest.","translation":"If anyone holds the bridge, not even so great an army can take the city.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Sī","gloss":"si: if"},{"text":"quis","gloss":"who?"},{"text":"pontem","gloss":"pons: bridge"},{"text":"tenet,","gloss":"teneo: keep, hold"},{"text":"nē","gloss":"ne: in order that not, that"},{"text":"tantus","gloss":"so great"},{"text":"quidem","gloss":"to be sure, certainly, indeed"},{"text":"exercitus","gloss":"exercitus2: army, infantry"},{"text":"capere","gloss":"capio: take, seize, capture"},{"text":"urbem","gloss":"urbs: city"},{"text":"potest.","gloss":"possum: be able, can"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L52.e1.5.m4a"},{"number":95,"id":"la.do.L52.e1.6","source":"Urbs nōn satis mūnīta erat et merīdiē rēx quīdam paene cōpiās suās trāns pontem trādūxerat.","translation":"The city had not been sufficiently fortified, and at midday a certain king had almost led his forces across the bridge.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Urbs","gloss":"city"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"satis","gloss":"enough, sufficiently"},{"text":"mūnīta","gloss":"munio: fortify, defend"},{"text":"erat","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"merīdiē","gloss":"meridies: midday"},{"text":"rēx","gloss":"rex: king"},{"text":"quīdam","gloss":"quidam: a certain one, a certain, a"},{"text":"paene","gloss":"almost"},{"text":"cōpiās","gloss":"copia: plenty, abundance; troops, forces"},{"text":"suās","gloss":"suus: his, her, hers, its, their, theirs"},{"text":"trāns","gloss":"trans: across"},{"text":"pontem","gloss":"pons: bridge"},{"text":"trādūxerat.","gloss":"traduco: lead across"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L52.e1.6.m4a"},{"number":96,"id":"la.do.L52.e1.7","source":"Dēnique mīles quīdam armātus in fluctūs dēsiluit et incolumis ad alteram rīpam oculōs vertit.","translation":"At last a certain armed soldier leaped down into the waves and, unharmed, turned his eyes to the other bank.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dēnique","gloss":"denique: finally"},{"text":"mīles","gloss":"miles: soldier"},{"text":"quīdam","gloss":"quidam: a certain one, a certain, a"},{"text":"armātus","gloss":"armatus: armed"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"fluctūs","gloss":"fluctus: wave, billow"},{"text":"dēsiluit","gloss":"desilio: leap down, dismount"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"incolumis","gloss":"unharmed"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"alteram","gloss":"alter: the one, the other"},{"text":"rīpam","gloss":"ripa: bank"},{"text":"oculōs","gloss":"oculus: eye"},{"text":"vertit.","gloss":"verto: turn, change"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L52.e1.7.m4a"},{"number":97,"id":"la.do.L52.e1.8","source":"Quisque illī fortī mīlitī aliquid dare dēbet.","translation":"Everyone ought to give something to that brave soldier.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quisque","gloss":"each, each one, every"},{"text":"illī","gloss":"ille: that; he, she, it"},{"text":"fortī","gloss":"fortis: brave"},{"text":"mīlitī","gloss":"miles: soldier"},{"text":"aliquid","gloss":"aliquis: anyone/anybody/anything"},{"text":"dare","gloss":"do: give"},{"text":"dēbet.","gloss":"debeo: owe, ought"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L52.e1.8.m4a"},{"number":98,"id":"la.do.L52.e1.9","source":"Tanta vērō virtūs Rōmānīs semper placuit.","translation":"So great courage has indeed always pleased the Romans.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Tanta","gloss":"tantus: so great"},{"text":"vērō","gloss":"vero: truly, indeed, in fact; but, however"},{"text":"virtūs","gloss":"virtus: manliness, courage"},{"text":"Rōmānīs","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"semper","gloss":"always"},{"text":"placuit.","gloss":"placeo: be pleasing to, please"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L52.e1.9.m4a"},{"number":99,"id":"la.do.L52.e1.10","source":"Ōlim Corinthus erat urbs satis magna et paene par Rōmae ipsī; nunc vērō moenia dēcidērunt et pauca vestīgia urbis illīus reperīrī possunt.","translation":"Once Corinth was a fairly large city and almost equal to Rome itself; now, however, the walls have fallen down and few traces of that city can be found.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ōlim","gloss":"olim: formerly, once upon a time"},{"text":"Corinthus","gloss":"Corinth"},{"text":"erat","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"urbs","gloss":"city"},{"text":"satis","gloss":"enough, sufficiently"},{"text":"magna","gloss":"magnus: great, large; strong, loud"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"paene","gloss":"almost"},{"text":"par","gloss":"equal"},{"text":"Rōmae","gloss":"Roma: Rome"},{"text":"ipsī;","gloss":"ipse: self; even, very"},{"text":"nunc","gloss":"now, the present moment"},{"text":"vērō","gloss":"vero: truly, indeed, in fact; but, however"},{"text":"moenia","gloss":"walls, fortifications"},{"text":"dēcidērunt","gloss":"decido: fall down"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"pauca","gloss":"paucus: few, only a few"},{"text":"vestīgia","gloss":"vestigium: footprint, track; trace, vestige"},{"text":"urbis","gloss":"urbs: city"},{"text":"illīus","gloss":"ille: that; he, she, it"},{"text":"reperīrī","gloss":"reperio: find"},{"text":"possunt.","gloss":"possum: be able, can"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L52.e1.10.m4a"},{"number":100,"id":"la.do.L52.e1.11","source":"Quisque lībertātem amat, et aliquibus vērō nōmen rēgis est invīsum.","translation":"Everyone loves liberty, and to some indeed the name of king is hateful.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quisque","gloss":"each, each one, every"},{"text":"lībertātem","gloss":"libertas: liberty"},{"text":"amat,","gloss":"amo: love, like, be fond of"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"aliquibus","gloss":"aliqui: anyone/anybody/anything"},{"text":"vērō","gloss":"vero: truly, indeed, in fact; but, however"},{"text":"nōmen","gloss":"nomen: name"},{"text":"rēgis","gloss":"rex: king"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"invīsum.","gloss":"invisus2: hateful, detested"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L52.e1.11.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"trādūxerat","gloss":"lead across, from traduco"},{"word":"incolumis","gloss":"unharmed"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"How Horatius Held the Bridge, concluded (D'Ooge LII)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":101,"id":"la.do.L52.s1.1","source":"Mox, ubi parva pars pontis mānsit, Horātius iussit comitēs discēdere et sōlus mīrā cōnstantiā impetum illius tōtius exercitūs sustinēbat.","translation":"Soon, when a small part of the bridge remained, Horatius ordered his companions to depart, and alone with wonderful firmness he withstood the attack of that whole army.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mox,","gloss":"soon, presently"},{"text":"ubi","gloss":"where"},{"text":"parva","gloss":"parvus: small, little"},{"text":"pars","gloss":"part, region, direction"},{"text":"pontis","gloss":"pons: bridge"},{"text":"mānsit,","gloss":"maneo: remain"},{"text":"Horātius","gloss":"Horatius: Horatius"},{"text":"iussit","gloss":"jubeo: order, command"},{"text":"comitēs","gloss":"comes: companion, comrade"},{"text":"discēdere","gloss":"discedo: depart, go away, leave"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"sōlus","gloss":"solus: alone, only"},{"text":"mīrā","gloss":"mirus: wonderful, marvelous"},{"text":"cōnstantiā","gloss":"constantia: firmness, constancy, steadiness"},{"text":"impetum","gloss":"impetus: attack"},{"text":"illius","gloss":"ille: that; he, she, it"},{"text":"tōtius","gloss":"totus: all, the whole, entire"},{"text":"exercitūs","gloss":"exercitus2: army"},{"text":"sustinēbat.","gloss":"sustineo: sustain"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L52.s1.1.m4a"},{"number":102,"id":"la.do.L52.s1.2","source":"Dēnique magnō fragōre pōns in flūmen dēcīdit.","translation":"At last with a great crash the bridge fell into the river.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dēnique","gloss":"denique: finally"},{"text":"magnō","gloss":"magnus: great, large; strong, loud"},{"text":"fragōre","gloss":"fragor: crash, noise"},{"text":"pōns","gloss":"pons: bridge"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"flūmen","gloss":"flumen: river"},{"text":"dēcīdit.","gloss":"decido2: fall down"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L52.s1.2.m4a"},{"number":103,"id":"la.do.L52.s1.3","source":"Tum vērō Horātius tergum vertit et armātus in aquās dēsiluit.","translation":"Then indeed Horatius turned his back and, armed, leaped down into the waters.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Tum","gloss":"then, at that time"},{"text":"vērō","gloss":"vero: truly, indeed, in fact; but, however"},{"text":"Horātius","gloss":"Horatius: Horatius"},{"text":"tergum","gloss":"back"},{"text":"vertit","gloss":"verto: turn, change"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"armātus","gloss":"armatus: armed"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"aquās","gloss":"aqua: water"},{"text":"dēsiluit.","gloss":"desilio: leap down, dismount"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L52.s1.3.m4a"},{"number":104,"id":"la.do.L52.s1.4","source":"In eum hostēs multa tēla iēcērunt; incolumis autem per fluctūs ad alteram rīpam trānāvit.","translation":"At him the enemy threw many weapons; unharmed, however, he swam through the waves to the other bank.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"In","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"eum","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"hostēs","gloss":"hostis: enemy"},{"text":"multa","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"tēla","gloss":"telum: weapon of offense, spear"},{"text":"iēcērunt;","gloss":"jacio: throw, hurl"},{"text":"incolumis","gloss":"unharmed"},{"text":"autem","gloss":"but, moreover, now"},{"text":"per","gloss":"through"},{"text":"fluctūs","gloss":"fluctus: wave, billow"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"alteram","gloss":"alter: the one, the other"},{"text":"rīpam","gloss":"ripa: bank"},{"text":"trānāvit.","gloss":"trano: swim across"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L52.s1.4.m4a"},{"number":105,"id":"la.do.L52.s1.5","source":"Eī propter tantās rēs gestās populus Rōmānus nōn sōlum alia magna praemia dedit sed etiam statuam Horāti in locō pūblicō posuit.","translation":"To him, for such great deeds, the Roman people not only gave other great rewards but also set up a statue of Horatius in a public place.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Eī","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"propter","gloss":"on account of, because of"},{"text":"tantās","gloss":"tantus: so great"},{"text":"rēs","gloss":"res: thing, matter"},{"text":"gestās","gloss":"gero: bear, carry on; wear"},{"text":"populus","gloss":"people"},{"text":"Rōmānus","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"sōlum","gloss":"alone, only"},{"text":"alia","gloss":"alius2: another, other"},{"text":"magna","gloss":"magnus: great, large; strong, loud"},{"text":"praemia","gloss":"praemium: reward, prize"},{"text":"dedit","gloss":"do: give"},{"text":"sed","gloss":"but"},{"text":"etiam","gloss":"yet, still; also, besides"},{"text":"statuam","gloss":"statua: statue"},{"text":"Horāti","gloss":"Horatius: Horatius"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"locō","gloss":"locus: place, spot"},{"text":"pūblicō","gloss":"publicus: public, belonging to the state"},{"text":"posuit.","gloss":"pono: place, put"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L52.s1.5.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"trānāvit","gloss":"swim across, from trano"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"English into Latin (D'Ooge LII)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":106,"id":"la.do.L52.e2.1","source":"Sī Cornēlium quendam Corinthī vidēs, eum ad mē mitte.","translation":"If you see a certain Cornelius at Corinth, send him to me.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Sī","gloss":"si: if"},{"text":"Cornēlium","gloss":"Cornelius: made of/belonging to cornel-tree/wood"},{"text":"quendam","gloss":"quidam: a certain one, a certain, a"},{"text":"Corinthī","gloss":"Corinthus: Corinth"},{"text":"vidēs,","gloss":"video: see, perceive"},{"text":"eum","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"mē","gloss":"ego: I"},{"text":"mitte.","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L52.e2.1.m4a"},{"number":107,"id":"la.do.L52.e2.2","source":"Paene omnēs mīlitēs quī in fluctūs dēcidērunt incolumēs erant.","translation":"Almost all the soldiers who fell down into the waves were unharmed.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Paene","gloss":"almost"},{"text":"omnēs","gloss":"omnis: every, all"},{"text":"mīlitēs","gloss":"miles: soldier"},{"text":"quī","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"fluctūs","gloss":"fluctus: wave, billow"},{"text":"dēcidērunt","gloss":"decido: fall down"},{"text":"incolumēs","gloss":"incolumis: unharmed"},{"text":"erant.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L52.e2.2.m4a"},{"number":108,"id":"la.do.L52.e2.3","source":"Nē Pompēiīs quidem tantum ignem vīdī.","translation":"Not even at Pompeii did I see so great a fire.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nē","gloss":"ne: in order that not, that"},{"text":"Pompēiīs","gloss":"Pompeii: Pompeii"},{"text":"quidem","gloss":"to be sure, certainly, indeed"},{"text":"tantum","gloss":"tantus: so great"},{"text":"ignem","gloss":"ignis: fire"},{"text":"vīdī.","gloss":"video: see, perceive"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L52.e2.3.m4a"},{"number":109,"id":"la.do.L52.e2.4","source":"Ego ipse alicui aliquid nārrāre studēbam.","translation":"I myself was eager to tell something to some one.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ego","gloss":"I"},{"text":"ipse","gloss":"self; even, very"},{"text":"alicui","gloss":"aliqui: anyone/anybody/anything"},{"text":"aliquid","gloss":"aliquis: anyone/anybody/anything"},{"text":"nārrāre","gloss":"narro: tell, tell about, relate, narrate, recount, describe"},{"text":"studēbam.","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L52.e2.4.m4a"},{"number":110,"id":"la.do.L52.e2.5","source":"Quisque suum opus laudābat.","translation":"Each one was praising his own work.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quisque","gloss":"each, each one, every"},{"text":"suum","gloss":"suus: his, her, hers, its, their, theirs"},{"text":"opus","gloss":"work, task"},{"text":"laudābat.","gloss":"laudo: praise"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L52.e2.5.m4a"},{"number":111,"id":"la.do.L52.e2.6","source":"Vīdistīne aliquem rūrī? Nōn quemquam vīdī.","translation":"Did you see some one in the country? I did not see any one.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Vīdistīne","gloss":"Vīdistīne (a name)"},{"text":"aliquem","gloss":"aliqui: anyone/anybody/anything"},{"text":"rūrī?","gloss":"rus: the country"},{"text":"Nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"quemquam","gloss":"quisquam: anyone"},{"text":"vīdī.","gloss":"video: see, perceive"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L52.e2.6.m4a"},{"number":112,"id":"la.do.L52.e2.7","source":"Nisi quis in ponte cum Horātiō manēbit, rēs pūblica in summō perīculō erit.","translation":"Unless some one will remain on the bridge with Horatius, the commonwealth will be in the greatest danger.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nisi","gloss":"unless, if ... not"},{"text":"quis","gloss":"who?"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"ponte","gloss":"pons: bridge"},{"text":"cum","gloss":"when; since; although"},{"text":"Horātiō","gloss":"Horatius: Horatius (a name)"},{"text":"manēbit,","gloss":""},{"text":"rēs","gloss":"res: thing, matter"},{"text":"pūblica","gloss":""},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"summō","gloss":"summus: highest, greatest"},{"text":"perīculō","gloss":"periculum: danger, peril"},{"text":"erit.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L52.e2.7.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Regular Comparison of Adjectives (D'Ooge LIII)","teaching":[{"title":"More without a new ending","paragraphs":["Magis idōneus means \"more suitable.\" Magis marks the comparative while idōneus remains unchanged."]},{"title":"Most without a new ending","paragraphs":["Maximē idōneus means \"most suitable.\" Maximē marks the superlative while idōneus remains unchanged.","Latin sometimes uses magis and maximē instead of changing the adjective with suffixes."]}],"lines":[{"number":113,"id":"la.do.L53.x.1","source":"magis idōneus","translation":"more suitable","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"magis","gloss":"more, in a higher degree"},{"text":"idōneus","gloss":"idoneus: suitable, fit"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L53.x.1.m4a"},{"number":114,"id":"la.do.L53.x.2","source":"maximē idōneus","translation":"most suitable","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"maximē","gloss":"maxime: most of all, especially"},{"text":"idōneus","gloss":"idoneus: suitable, fit"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L53.x.2.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":300,"text":"D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LIII, §§300-305\n\n§300. The quality denoted by an adjective may exist in either a higher or a lower degree, and this is expressed by a form of inflection called comparison. The mere presence of the quality is expressed by the positive degree, its presence in a higher or lower degree by the comparative, and in the highest or lowest of all by the superlative. In English the usual way of comparing an adjective is by using the suffix -er for the comparative and -est for the superlative; as, positive high, comparative higher, superlative highest. Less frequently we use the adverbs more and most; as, positive beautiful, comparative more beautiful, superlative most beautiful.\n\nIn Latin, as in English, adjectives are compared by adding suffixes or by using adverbs."},{"section":301,"text":"§301. Adjectives are compared by using suffixes as follows:\n\nPOSITIVE          COMPARATIVE          SUPERLATIVE\nclārus, -a, -um   clārior, clārius     clārissimus, -a, -um\n  (bright)        (brighter)         (brightest)\n  (BASE clār-)\nbrevis, breve     brevior, brevius     brevissimus, -a, -um\n  (short)         (shorter)          (shortest)\n  (BASE brev-)\nvēlōx             vēlōcior, vēlōcius   vēlōcissimus, -a, -um\n  (swift)         (swifter)          (swiftest)\n  (BASE veloc-)\n\na. The comparative is formed from the base of the positive by adding -ior masc. and fem., and -ius neut.; the superlative by adding -issimus, -issima, -issimum."},{"section":302,"text":"§302. Less frequently adjectives are compared by using the adverbs magis, more; maximē, most; as, idōneus, suitable; magis idōneus, more suitable; maximē idōneus, most suitable."},{"section":303,"text":"§303. Declension of the Comparative. Adjectives of the comparative degree are declined as follows:\n\n        SINGULAR                     PLURAL\n        MASC. AND FEM.  NEUT.        MASC. AND FEM.  NEUT.\nNom.    clārior         clārius      clāriōrēs       clāriōra\nGen.    clāriōris       clāriōris    clāriōrum       clāriōrum\nDat.    clāriōrī        clāriōrī     clāriōribus     clāriōribus\nAcc.    clāriōrem       clārius      clāriōrēs       clāriōra\nAbl.    clāriōre        clāriōre     clāriōribus     clāriōribus\n\na. Observe that the endings are those of the consonant stems of the third declension.\n\nb. Compare longus, long; fortis, brave; recēns (base, recent-), recent; and decline the comparative of each."},{"section":304,"text":"§304. Adjectives in -er form the comparative regularly, but the superlative is formed by adding -rimus, -a, -um to the nominative masculine of the positive; as,\n\nPOSITIVE                    COMPARATIVE           SUPERLATIVE\nācer, ācris, ācre           ācrior, ācrius        ācerrimus, -a, -um\n  (BASE acr-)\npulcher, pulchra, pulchrum  pulchrior, pulchrius  pulcherrimus,\n  (BASE pulchr-)                                    -a, -um\nlīber, lībera, līberum      līberior, līberius    līberrimus, -a, -um\n  (BASE līber-)\n\na. In a similar manner compare miser, aeger, crēber."},{"section":305,"text":"§305. The comparative is often translated by quite, too, or somewhat, and the superlative by very; as, altior, quite (too, somewhat) high; altissimus, very high."}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Latin into English (D'Ooge LIII)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":115,"id":"la.do.L53.e1.1","source":"Quid explōrātōrēs quaerēbant? Explōrātōrēs tempus opportūnissimum itinerī quaerēbant.","translation":"What were the scouts seeking? The scouts were seeking the most favorable time for the march.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quid","gloss":"quis: what?"},{"text":"explōrātōrēs","gloss":"explorator: scout, spy"},{"text":"quaerēbant?","gloss":"quaero: ask, inquire, seek"},{"text":"Explōrātōrēs","gloss":"explorator: scout, spy"},{"text":"tempus","gloss":"time"},{"text":"opportūnissimum","gloss":"opportunus: opportune"},{"text":"itinerī","gloss":"iter: march, journey, route"},{"text":"quaerēbant.","gloss":"quaero: ask, inquire, seek"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L53.e1.1.m4a"},{"number":116,"id":"la.do.L53.e1.2","source":"Mediā in silvā ignīs quam crēberrimōs fēcimus, quod ferās tam audācis numquam anteā vīderāmus.","translation":"In the middle of the forest we made fires as thick as possible, because we had never before seen wild beasts so bold.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mediā","gloss":"medius: middle, middle part of"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"silvā","gloss":"silva: wood, forest"},{"text":"ignīs","gloss":"ignis: fire"},{"text":"quam","gloss":"than"},{"text":"crēberrimōs","gloss":"creber: frequent"},{"text":"fēcimus,","gloss":"facio: make, do; cause, bring about"},{"text":"quod","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"ferās","gloss":"fera: a wild beast"},{"text":"tam","gloss":"so"},{"text":"audācis","gloss":"audax: bold, audacious"},{"text":"numquam","gloss":"never"},{"text":"anteā","gloss":"antea: before, previously"},{"text":"vīderāmus.","gloss":"video: see, perceive"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L53.e1.2.m4a"},{"number":117,"id":"la.do.L53.e1.3","source":"Antīquīs temporibus Germānī erant fortiōrēs quam Gallī.","translation":"In ancient times the Germans were braver than the Gauls.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Antīquīs","gloss":"antiquus: old, ancient"},{"text":"temporibus","gloss":"tempus: time"},{"text":"Germānī","gloss":"Germanus: German"},{"text":"erant","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"fortiōrēs","gloss":"fortis: brave"},{"text":"quam","gloss":"than"},{"text":"Gallī.","gloss":"gallus: a Gaul"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L53.e1.3.m4a"},{"number":118,"id":"la.do.L53.e1.4","source":"Caesar erat clārior quam inimīcī quī eum necāvērunt.","translation":"Caesar was more famous than the enemies who killed him.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Caesar","gloss":"Cæsar"},{"text":"erat","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"clārior","gloss":"clarus: clear; famous, renowned; bright, shining"},{"text":"quam","gloss":"than"},{"text":"inimīcī","gloss":"inimicus: hostile"},{"text":"quī","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"eum","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"necāvērunt.","gloss":"neco: kill"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L53.e1.4.m4a"},{"number":119,"id":"la.do.L53.e1.5","source":"Quisque scūtum ingēns et pīlum longius gerēbat.","translation":"Each one carried a huge shield and a rather long spear.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quisque","gloss":"each, each one, every"},{"text":"scūtum","gloss":"scutum: shield"},{"text":"ingēns","gloss":"ingens: huge, vast"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"pīlum","gloss":"pilum: spear"},{"text":"longius","gloss":"longus: long"},{"text":"gerēbat.","gloss":"gero: bear, carry on; wear"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L53.e1.5.m4a"},{"number":120,"id":"la.do.L53.e1.6","source":"Apud barbarōs Germānī erant audācissimī et fortissimī.","translation":"Among the barbarians the Germans were the boldest and the bravest.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Apud","gloss":"among"},{"text":"barbarōs","gloss":"barbarus: strange, foreign, barbarous"},{"text":"Germānī","gloss":"Germanus: German"},{"text":"erant","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"audācissimī","gloss":"audax: bold, audacious"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"fortissimī.","gloss":"fortis: brave"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L53.e1.6.m4a"},{"number":121,"id":"la.do.L53.e1.7","source":"Mēns hominum est celerior quam corpus.","translation":"The mind of men is swifter than the body.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mēns","gloss":"mens: mind"},{"text":"hominum","gloss":"homo: man, human being"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"celerior","gloss":"celer: swift, quick"},{"text":"quam","gloss":"than"},{"text":"corpus.","gloss":"body"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L53.e1.7.m4a"},{"number":122,"id":"la.do.L53.e1.8","source":"Virī aliquārum terrārum sunt miserrimī.","translation":"The men of some lands are most wretched.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Virī","gloss":"vir: man, hero"},{"text":"aliquārum","gloss":"aliqui: anyone/anybody/anything"},{"text":"terrārum","gloss":"terra: land"},{"text":"sunt","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"miserrimī.","gloss":"miser: wretched, unfortunate"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L53.e1.8.m4a"},{"number":123,"id":"la.do.L53.e1.9","source":"Corpora Germānōrum erant ingentiōra quam Rōmānōrum.","translation":"The bodies of the Germans were larger than those of the Romans.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Corpora","gloss":"corpus: body"},{"text":"Germānōrum","gloss":"Germanus: German"},{"text":"erant","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"ingentiōra","gloss":"not natural, immoderate"},{"text":"quam","gloss":"than"},{"text":"Rōmānōrum.","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L53.e1.9.m4a"},{"number":124,"id":"la.do.L53.e1.10","source":"Ācerrimī Gallōrum prīncipēs sine ūllā morā trāns flūmen quoddam equōs vēlōcissimōs trādūxērunt.","translation":"The most eager chiefs of the Gauls without any delay led their swiftest horses across a certain river.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ācerrimī","gloss":"acer2: sharp, keen, eager"},{"text":"Gallōrum","gloss":"Gallus: a Gaul"},{"text":"prīncipēs","gloss":"princeps: chief"},{"text":"sine","gloss":"without"},{"text":"ūllā","gloss":"ullus: any"},{"text":"morā","gloss":"mora: delay"},{"text":"trāns","gloss":"trans: across"},{"text":"flūmen","gloss":"flumen: river"},{"text":"quoddam","gloss":"quidam: a certain one, a certain, a"},{"text":"equōs","gloss":"equus: horse"},{"text":"vēlōcissimōs","gloss":"velox: swift"},{"text":"trādūxērunt.","gloss":"traduco: lead across"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L53.e1.10.m4a"},{"number":125,"id":"la.do.L53.e1.11","source":"Aestāte diēs sunt longiōrēs quam hieme.","translation":"In summer the days are longer than in winter.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Aestāte","gloss":"aestas: summer"},{"text":"diēs","gloss":"dies: day"},{"text":"sunt","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"longiōrēs","gloss":"longus: long"},{"text":"quam","gloss":"than"},{"text":"hieme.","gloss":"hiems: winter"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L53.e1.11.m4a"},{"number":126,"id":"la.do.L53.e1.12","source":"Imperātor quīdam ab explōrātōribus dē recentī adventū nāvium longārum quaesīvit.","translation":"A certain commander asked the scouts about the recent arrival of the warships.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Imperātor","gloss":"imperator: commander in chief, general"},{"text":"quīdam","gloss":"quidam: a certain one, a certain, a"},{"text":"ab","gloss":"from, by"},{"text":"explōrātōribus","gloss":"explorator: scout, spy"},{"text":"dē","gloss":"de: down from; concerning"},{"text":"recentī","gloss":"recens: recent"},{"text":"adventū","gloss":"adventus: approach, arrival"},{"text":"nāvium","gloss":"navis: ship"},{"text":"longārum","gloss":"longus: long"},{"text":"quaesīvit.","gloss":"quaero: ask, inquire, seek"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L53.e1.12.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"explōrātōrēs","gloss":"scout, spy, from explorator"},{"word":"opportūnissimum","gloss":"opportune, from opportunus"},{"word":"ingentiōra","gloss":"not natural, immoderate"},{"word":"recentī","gloss":"recent, from recens"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"English into Latin (D'Ooge LIII)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":127,"id":"la.do.L53.e2.1","source":"Omnium avium aquila est vēlōcissima.","translation":"Of all birds the eagle is the swiftest.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Omnium","gloss":"omnis: every, all"},{"text":"avium","gloss":"avis: bird"},{"text":"aquila","gloss":"eagle"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"vēlōcissima.","gloss":"velox: swift"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L53.e2.1.m4a"},{"number":128,"id":"la.do.L53.e2.2","source":"Quaedam animālia sunt vēlōciōra quam vēlōcissimus equus.","translation":"Certain animals are swifter than the swiftest horse.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quaedam","gloss":"quidam: a certain one, a certain, a"},{"text":"animālia","gloss":"animal: animal"},{"text":"sunt","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"vēlōciōra","gloss":""},{"text":"quam","gloss":"than"},{"text":"vēlōcissimus","gloss":""},{"text":"equus.","gloss":"horse"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L53.e2.2.m4a"},{"number":129,"id":"la.do.L53.e2.3","source":"Nōmen Rōmānum hostibus reī pūblicae erat invīsissimum.","translation":"The Roman name was most hateful to the enemies of the commonwealth.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nōmen","gloss":"nomen: name"},{"text":"Rōmānum","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"hostibus","gloss":"hostis: enemy"},{"text":"reī","gloss":"res: thing, matter"},{"text":"pūblicae","gloss":"publicus: public, belonging to the state"},{"text":"erat","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"invīsissimum.","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L53.e2.3.m4a"},{"number":130,"id":"la.do.L53.e2.4","source":"Rōmānī gravissimum supplicium dē sociīs perfidīs semper sūmēbant.","translation":"The Romans always inflicted the severest[2] punishment on faithless allies.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Rōmānī","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"gravissimum","gloss":""},{"text":"supplicium","gloss":"punishment, torture"},{"text":"dē","gloss":"de: down from; concerning"},{"text":"sociīs","gloss":"socius: companion, ally"},{"text":"perfidīs","gloss":"perfidus: faithless, treacherous, false, deceitful"},{"text":"semper","gloss":"always"},{"text":"sūmēbant.","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L53.e2.4.m4a"},{"number":131,"id":"la.do.L53.e2.5","source":"Aegrior eram, itaque ex urbe rūs properāvī.","translation":"I was quite ill, and so I hastened from the city to the country.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Aegrior","gloss":""},{"text":"eram,","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"itaque","gloss":"and so, therefore, accordingly"},{"text":"ex","gloss":"out of, from"},{"text":"urbe","gloss":"urbs: city"},{"text":"rūs","gloss":"rus: the country"},{"text":"properāvī.","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L53.e2.5.m4a"},{"number":132,"id":"la.do.L53.e2.6","source":"Mārcus aliquōs amīcōs cāriōrēs quam Caesarem habēbat.","translation":"Marcus had some friends dearer than Cæsar.[3]","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mārcus","gloss":"Marcus: Marcus, Mark"},{"text":"aliquōs","gloss":"aliqui: anyone/anybody/anything"},{"text":"amīcōs","gloss":"amicus: friend"},{"text":"cāriōrēs","gloss":""},{"text":"quam","gloss":"than"},{"text":"Caesarem","gloss":"Caesar: Cæsar"},{"text":"habēbat.","gloss":"habeo: have, hold; regard, consider, deem"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L53.e2.6.m4a"},{"number":133,"id":"la.do.L53.e2.7","source":"Nōnne recentiōrem fāmam dē proeliō quaesīvistī?","translation":"Did you not seek a more recent report concerning the battle?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nōnne","gloss":"nonne: not?"},{"text":"recentiōrem","gloss":""},{"text":"fāmam","gloss":"fama: rumor; reputation, fame"},{"text":"dē","gloss":"de: down from; concerning"},{"text":"proeliō","gloss":"proelium: battle"},{"text":"quaesīvistī?","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L53.e2.7.m4a"},{"number":134,"id":"la.do.L53.e2.8","source":"Nē post tam opportūnam quidem victōriam imperātōris amīcitiam petīvit.","translation":"Not even after a victory so opportune did he seek the general’s friendship.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nē","gloss":"ne: in order that not, that"},{"text":"post","gloss":"behind, after"},{"text":"tam","gloss":"so"},{"text":"opportūnam","gloss":""},{"text":"quidem","gloss":"to be sure, certainly, indeed"},{"text":"victōriam","gloss":"victoria: victory"},{"text":"imperātōris","gloss":"imperator: commander in chief, general"},{"text":"amīcitiam","gloss":"amicitia: friendship"},{"text":"petīvit.","gloss":"peto: aim at, assail, storm, attack; seek, ask"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L53.e2.8.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"aquila","gloss":"eagle"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Irregular Comparison of Adjectives: The Ablative with Comparatives Without Quam (D'Ooge LIV)","teaching":[{"title":"The comparison without quam","paragraphs":["Nihil est clārius quam sōl means \"Nothing is brighter than the sun.\"","Latin often omits quam, especially in negative sentences: Nihil est clārius sōle.","The second line literally means \"Nothing is brighter away from the sun.\""]},{"title":"The ablative replaces quam","paragraphs":["When quam is omitted, a comparative is followed by the ablative.","In Nihil est clārius sōle, clārius is comparative and sōle is ablative."]}],"lines":[{"number":135,"id":"la.do.L54.x.1","source":"Nihil est clārius quam sōl","translation":"Nothing is brighter than the sun","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nihil","gloss":"nothing"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"clārius","gloss":"clarus: clear; famous, renowned; bright, shining"},{"text":"quam","gloss":"than"},{"text":"sōl","gloss":"sol: sun"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L54.x.1.m4a"},{"number":136,"id":"la.do.L54.x.2","source":"Nihil est clārius sōle","translation":"Nothing is brighter away from the sun","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nihil","gloss":"nothing"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"clārius","gloss":"clarus: clear; famous, renowned; bright, shining"},{"text":"sōle","gloss":"sol: sun"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L54.x.2.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":307,"text":"D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LIV, §§307-309\n\n§307. The following six adjectives in -lis form the comparative regularly; but the superlative is formed by adding -limus to the base of the positive. Learn the meanings and comparison.\n\nPOSITIVE                   COMPARATIVE         SUPERLATIVE\nfacilis, -e, easy          facilior, -ius      facillimus, -a, -um\ndifficilis, -e, hard       difficilior, -ius   difficillimus, -a, -um\nsimilis, -e, like          similior, -ius      simillimus, -a, -um\ndissimilis, -e, unlike     dissimilior, -ius   dissimillimus, -a, -um\ngracilis, -e, slender      gracilior, -ius     gracillimus, -a, -um\nhumilis, -e, low           humilior, -ius      humillimus, -a, -um"},{"section":308,"text":"§308. From the knowledge gained in the preceding lesson we should translate the sentence Nothing is brighter than the sun\n\nNihil est clārius quam sōl\n\nBut the Romans, especially in negative sentences, often expressed the comparison in this way,\n\nNihil est clārius sōle\n\nwhich, literally translated, is Nothing is brighter away from the sun; that is, starting from the sun as a standard, nothing is brighter. This relation is expressed by the separative ablative sōle. Hence the rule"},{"section":309,"text":"§309. RULE. Ablative with Comparatives. The comparative degree, if quam is omitted, is followed by the separative ablative."}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Latin into English (D'Ooge LIV)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":137,"id":"la.do.L54.e1.1","source":"Nēmō mīlitēs alacriōrēs Rōmānīs vīdit.","translation":"No one has seen soldiers more eager than the Romans.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nēmō","gloss":"nemo: no one"},{"text":"mīlitēs","gloss":"miles: soldier"},{"text":"alacriōrēs","gloss":"alacer: eager, spirited, excited"},{"text":"Rōmānīs","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"vīdit.","gloss":"video: see, perceive"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L54.e1.1.m4a"},{"number":138,"id":"la.do.L54.e1.2","source":"Statim imperātor iussit nūntiōs quam celerrimōs litterās Rōmam portāre.","translation":"At once the commander ordered the swiftest possible messengers to carry a letter to Rome.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Statim","gloss":"immediately, at once"},{"text":"imperātor","gloss":"imperator: commander in chief, general"},{"text":"iussit","gloss":"jubeo: order, command"},{"text":"nūntiōs","gloss":"nuntius: messenger"},{"text":"quam","gloss":"than"},{"text":"celerrimōs","gloss":"swift, quick, agile, rapid, speedy, fast"},{"text":"litterās","gloss":"littera: a letter"},{"text":"Rōmam","gloss":"Roma: Rome"},{"text":"portāre.","gloss":"porto: bear, carry"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L54.e1.2.m4a"},{"number":139,"id":"la.do.L54.e1.3","source":"Multa flūmina sunt lēniōra Rhēnō.","translation":"Many rivers are gentler than the Rhine.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Multa","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"flūmina","gloss":"flumen: river"},{"text":"sunt","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"lēniōra","gloss":"lenis: mild, gentle"},{"text":"Rhēnō.","gloss":"Rhenus: the Rhine"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L54.e1.3.m4a"},{"number":140,"id":"la.do.L54.e1.4","source":"Apud Rōmanōs quis erat clārior Caesare?","translation":"Among the Romans who was more famous than Caesar?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Apud","gloss":"among"},{"text":"Rōmanōs","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"quis","gloss":"who?"},{"text":"erat","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"clārior","gloss":"clarus: clear; famous, renowned; bright, shining"},{"text":"Caesare?","gloss":"Caesar: Cæsar"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L54.e1.4.m4a"},{"number":141,"id":"la.do.L54.e1.5","source":"Nihil pulchrius urbe Rōmā vīdī.","translation":"I have seen nothing more beautiful than the city of Rome.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nihil","gloss":"nothing"},{"text":"pulchrius","gloss":"pulcher: pretty, beautiful"},{"text":"urbe","gloss":"urbs: city"},{"text":"Rōmā","gloss":"Roma: Rome"},{"text":"vīdī.","gloss":"video: see, perceive"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L54.e1.5.m4a"},{"number":142,"id":"la.do.L54.e1.6","source":"Subitō multitūdo audacissima magnō clamōre proelium ācrius commīsit.","translation":"Suddenly a most bold multitude with a great shout joined a fiercer battle.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Subitō","gloss":"subito: suddenly"},{"text":"multitūdo","gloss":"multitudo: multitude"},{"text":"audacissima","gloss":"audax: bold, audacious"},{"text":"magnō","gloss":"magnus: great, large; strong, loud"},{"text":"clamōre","gloss":"clamor: shout, clamor"},{"text":"proelium","gloss":"battle"},{"text":"ācrius","gloss":"acer2: sharp, keen, eager"},{"text":"commīsit.","gloss":"committo: intrust, commit"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L54.e1.6.m4a"},{"number":143,"id":"la.do.L54.e1.7","source":"Num est equus tuus tardus? Nōn vērō tardus, sed celerior aquilā.","translation":"Your horse is not slow, is it? Not slow indeed, but swifter than an eagle.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Num","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"equus","gloss":"horse"},{"text":"tuus","gloss":"your, yours"},{"text":"tardus?","gloss":"slow"},{"text":"Nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"vērō","gloss":"vero: truly, indeed, in fact; but, however"},{"text":"tardus,","gloss":"slow"},{"text":"sed","gloss":"but"},{"text":"celerior","gloss":"celer: swift, quick"},{"text":"aquilā.","gloss":"aquila: eagle"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L54.e1.7.m4a"},{"number":144,"id":"la.do.L54.e1.8","source":"Ubi Romae fuī, nēmō erat mihi amicior Sextō.","translation":"When I was at Rome, no one was more friendly to me than Sextus.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ubi","gloss":"where"},{"text":"Romae","gloss":"Roma: Rome"},{"text":"fuī,","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"nēmō","gloss":"nemo: no one"},{"text":"erat","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"mihi","gloss":"ego: I"},{"text":"amicior","gloss":"amicio: throw around, wrap"},{"text":"Sextō.","gloss":"sextus: Sextus"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L54.e1.8.m4a"},{"number":145,"id":"la.do.L54.e1.9","source":"Quaedam mulierēs cibum mīlitibus dare cupīvērunt.","translation":"Certain women wished to give food to the soldiers.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quaedam","gloss":"quidam: a certain one, a certain, a"},{"text":"mulierēs","gloss":"mulier: woman"},{"text":"cibum","gloss":"cibus: food"},{"text":"mīlitibus","gloss":"miles: soldier"},{"text":"dare","gloss":"do: give"},{"text":"cupīvērunt.","gloss":"cupio: desire, wish"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L54.e1.9.m4a"},{"number":146,"id":"la.do.L54.e1.10","source":"Rēx vetuit cīvis ex urbe noctū discēdere.","translation":"The king forbade the citizens to depart from the city by night.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Rēx","gloss":"rex: king"},{"text":"vetuit","gloss":"veto: forbid"},{"text":"cīvis","gloss":"civis: citizen"},{"text":"ex","gloss":"out of, from"},{"text":"urbe","gloss":"urbs: city"},{"text":"noctū","gloss":"nox: night"},{"text":"discēdere.","gloss":"discedo: depart, go away, leave"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L54.e1.10.m4a"},{"number":147,"id":"la.do.L54.e1.11","source":"Ille puer est gracilior hāc muliere.","translation":"That boy is slenderer than this woman.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ille","gloss":"that; he, she, it"},{"text":"puer","gloss":"boy"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"gracilior","gloss":"gracilis: slender"},{"text":"hāc","gloss":"hic: this"},{"text":"muliere.","gloss":"mulier: woman"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L54.e1.11.m4a"},{"number":148,"id":"la.do.L54.e1.12","source":"Explōrātor duās (two) viās, alteram facilem, alteram difficiliōrem, dēmōnstrāvit.","translation":"The scout pointed out two roads, the one easy, the other more difficult.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Explōrātor","gloss":"explorator: scout, spy"},{"text":"duās","gloss":"duo: two"},{"text":"(two)","gloss":""},{"text":"viās,","gloss":"via: way, road, street"},{"text":"alteram","gloss":"alter: the one, the other"},{"text":"facilem,","gloss":"facilis: facile, easy"},{"text":"alteram","gloss":"alter: the one, the other"},{"text":"difficiliōrem,","gloss":"difficilis: difficult"},{"text":"dēmōnstrāvit.","gloss":"demonstro: point out, explain"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L54.e1.12.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"alacriōrēs","gloss":"eager, spirited, from alacer"},{"word":"celerrimōs","gloss":"swift, quick"},{"word":"tardus","gloss":"slow"},{"word":"gracilior","gloss":"slender, from gracilis"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"English into Latin (D'Ooge LIV)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":149,"id":"la.do.L54.e2.1","source":"Quam urbem pulchriōrem Rōmā vīdistī?","translation":"What city have you seen more beautiful than Rome?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quam","gloss":"than"},{"text":"urbem","gloss":"urbs: city"},{"text":"pulchriōrem","gloss":""},{"text":"Rōmā","gloss":"Roma: Rome"},{"text":"vīdistī?","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L54.e2.1.m4a"},{"number":150,"id":"la.do.L54.e2.2","source":"Gallī nōn erant alacriōrēs Germānīs.","translation":"The Gauls were not more eager than the Germans.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Gallī","gloss":"gallus: a Gaul"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"erant","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"alacriōrēs","gloss":"alacer: eager, spirited, excited"},{"text":"Germānīs.","gloss":"Germanus: German"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L54.e2.2.m4a"},{"number":151,"id":"la.do.L54.e2.3","source":"Aquila nōn est tardior equō.","translation":"The eagle is not slower than the horse.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Aquila","gloss":"eagle"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"tardior","gloss":""},{"text":"equō.","gloss":"equus: horse"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L54.e2.3.m4a"},{"number":152,"id":"la.do.L54.e2.4","source":"Mulier alacris iter noctū facere nōn timuit.","translation":"The spirited woman did not fear to make the journey by night.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mulier","gloss":"woman"},{"text":"alacris","gloss":""},{"text":"iter","gloss":"march, journey, route"},{"text":"noctū","gloss":"nox: night"},{"text":"facere","gloss":"facio: make, do; cause, bring about"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"timuit.","gloss":"timeo: fear; be afraid"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L54.e2.4.m4a"},{"number":153,"id":"la.do.L54.e2.5","source":"Mēns multitūdinis erat lēnior et amīcior.","translation":"The mind of the multitude was quite gentle and friendly.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mēns","gloss":"mens: mind"},{"text":"multitūdinis","gloss":"multitudo: multitude"},{"text":"erat","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"lēnior","gloss":""},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"amīcior.","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L54.e2.5.m4a"},{"number":154,"id":"la.do.L54.e2.6","source":"Sed mēns rēgis erat dissimillima.","translation":"But the king’s mind was very different.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Sed","gloss":"but"},{"text":"mēns","gloss":"mens: mind"},{"text":"rēgis","gloss":"rex: king"},{"text":"erat","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"dissimillima.","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L54.e2.6.m4a"},{"number":155,"id":"la.do.L54.e2.7","source":"Rēx nōn erat similis patrī nōbilī.","translation":"The king was not like (similar to) his noble father.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Rēx","gloss":"rex: king"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"erat","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"similis","gloss":"like, similar"},{"text":"patrī","gloss":"pater: father"},{"text":"nōbilī.","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L54.e2.7.m4a"},{"number":156,"id":"la.do.L54.e2.8","source":"Hī collēs sunt humiliōrēs quam ingentēs montēs fīnium nostrōrum.","translation":"These hills are lower than the huge mountains of our territory.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hī","gloss":"hic: this"},{"text":"collēs","gloss":"collis: hill, hillock, eminence, hill-top"},{"text":"sunt","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"humiliōrēs","gloss":""},{"text":"quam","gloss":"than"},{"text":"ingentēs","gloss":"ingens: not natural, immoderate"},{"text":"montēs","gloss":"mons: mountain"},{"text":"fīnium","gloss":"finis: end, limit; country, territory"},{"text":"nostrōrum.","gloss":"noster: our, ours"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L54.e2.8.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]}]}