# Prīmus et Secundus Annus, Lessons XLIX–LIV Latin for Beginners I Pronouns Classified: Personal and Reflexive Pronouns; The Intensive Pronoun Ipse and the Demonstrative Īdem; The Demonstrative Pronouns Hic, Iste, Ille; The Indefinite Pronouns; Regular Comparison of Adjectives; Irregular Comparison of Adjectives: The Ablative with Comparatives Without Quam Source: https://1732studios.com/courses/la/27. Data: https://1732studios.com/courses/la/27.json. ## Pronouns Classified: Personal and Reflexive Pronouns (D'Ooge XLIX) ### Personal pronouns refer back Videō mē means I see myself. Mē refers back to the subject expressed by videō. Latin uses mē and nōs as first person reflexives, and tē and vōs as second person reflexives. ### Sē serves singular and plural Puer sē videt means the boy sees himself. Latin uses the special third person reflexive sē for himself, herself, itself, and themselves. Iī sē vident means they see themselves. The complete set of third person reflexive forms is the same in singular and plural. ### Singular and plural **1** videō mē I see myself **2** vidēmus nōs we see ourselves **3** vidēs tē you see yourself **4** vidētis vōs you see yourselves **5** Puer sē videt the boy sees himself **6** Puella sē videt the girl sees herself **7** Animal sē videt the animal sees itself **8** Iī sē vident they see themselves ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XLIX, §§278-282 §278. We have the same kinds of pronouns in Latin as in English. They are divided into the following eight classes: 1. Personal pronouns, which show the person speaking, spoken to, or spoken of; as, ego, I; tū, you; is, he. (Cf. §279. etc.) 2. Possessive pronouns, which denote possession; as, meus, tuus, suus, etc. (Cf. §98.) 3. Reflexive pronouns, used in the predicate to refer back to the subject; as, he saw himself. (Cf. §281.) 4. Intensive pronouns, used to emphasize a noun or pronoun; as, I myself saw it. (Cf. §285.) 5. Demonstrative pronouns, which point out persons or things; as, is, this, that. (Cf. §112.) 6. Relative pronouns, which connect a subordinate adjective clause with an antecedent; as, quī, who. (Cf. §220.) 7. Interrogative pronouns, which ask a question; as, quis, who? (Cf. §225.) 8. Indefinite pronouns, which point out indefinitely; as, some one, any one, some, certain ones, etc. (Cf. §296.) ``` ``` §279. The demonstrative pronoun is, ea, id, as we learned in §115, is regularly used as the personal pronoun of the third person (he, she, it, they, etc.). ``` ``` §280. The personal pronouns of the first person are ego, I; nōs, we; of the second person, tū, thou or you; vōs, ye or you. They are declined as follows: SINGULAR FIRST PERSON SECOND PERSON Nom. ego, I tū, you Gen. meī, of me tuī, of you Dat. mihi, to or for me tibi, to or for you Acc. mē, me tē, you Abl. mē, with, from, etc., me tē, with, from, etc., you PLURAL Nom. nōs, we vōs, you Gen. nostrum or nostrī, of us vestrum or vestrī, of you Dat. nōbīs, to or for us vōbīs, to or for you Acc. nōs, us vōs, you Abl. nōbīs, with, from, vōbīs, with, from, etc., you etc., us 1. The personal pronouns are not used in the nominative excepting for emphasis or contrast. ``` ``` §281. The Reflexive Pronouns. 1. The personal pronouns ego and tū may be used in the predicate as reflexives; as, videō mē, I see myself vidēmus nōs, we see ourselves vidēs tē, you see yourself vidētis vōs, you see yourselves 2. The reflexive pronoun of the third person (himself, herself, itself, themselves) has a special form, used only in these senses, and declined alike in the singular and plural. SINGULAR AND PLURAL Gen. suī Acc. sē Dat. sibi Abl. sē EXAMPLES Puer sē videt, the boy sees himself Puella sē videt, the girl sees herself Animal sē videt, the animal sees itself Iī sē vident, they see themselves a. The form sē is sometimes doubled, sēsē, for emphasis. 3. Give the Latin for I teach myself We teach ourselves You teach yourself You teach yourselves He teaches himself They teach themselves ``` ``` §282. The preposition cum, when used with the ablative of ego, tū, or suī, is appended to the form, as, mēcum, with me; tēcum, with you; nōbīscum, with us; etc. ``` ## Latin into English (D'Ooge XLIX) **9** Mea māter est cāra mihi et tua māter est cāra tibi. My mother is dear to me, and your mother is dear to you. **10** Vestrae litterae erant grātae nōbis et nostrae litterae erant grātae vōbīs. Your letter was pleasing to us, and our letter was pleasing to you. **11** Nūntius rēgis quī nōbīscum est nihil respondēbit. The messenger of the king who is with us will answer nothing. **12** Nūntiī pācem amīcitiamque sibi et suīs sociīs postulāvērunt. The messengers demanded peace and friendship for themselves and their allies. **13** Sī tū arma sūmēs, ego rēgnum occupābō. If you take up arms, I shall seize the kingdom. **14** Uter vestrum est cīvis Rōmānus? Neuter nostrum. Which of you (two) is a Roman citizen? Neither of us. **15** Eō tempore multī supplicium dedērunt quia rēgnum petierant. At that time many suffered punishment because they had sought the kingship. **16** Sūme supplicium, Caesar, dē hostibus patriae ācribus. Inflict punishment, Caesar, on the fierce enemies of the fatherland. **17** Prīmā lūce aliī metū commōtī sēsē fugae mandāvērunt; aliī autem magnā virtūte impetum exercitūs nostrī sustinuērunt. At dawn some, moved by fear, committed themselves to flight; others, however, with great courage withstood the attack of our army. **18** Soror rēgis, ubi dē adversō proeliō audīvit, sēsē Pompēiīs interfēcit. The king's sister, when she heard of the unsuccessful battle, killed herself at Pompeii. | word | gloss | |---|---| | amīcitiamque | friendship, from amicitia | ## Daedalus and Icarus, concluded (D'Ooge XLIX) **19** Puer Īcarus ūnā stābat et mīrum patris opus vidēbat. The boy Icarus was standing by and was watching his father's wonderful work. **20** Postquam manus ultima ālīs imposita est, Daedalus eās temptāvit et similis avī in aurās volāvit. After the finishing touch had been put upon the wings, Daedalus tried them and, like a bird, flew up into the air. **21** Tum ālās umerīs fīlī adligāvit et docuit eum volāre et dīxit, “Tē vetō, mī fīlī, adpropinquāre aut sōlī aut marī. Then he bound the wings to his son's shoulders and taught him to fly and said, "I forbid you, my son, to approach either the sun or the sea. **22** Sī fluctibus adpropinquāveris, aqua ālīs tuīs nocēbit, et sī sōlī adpropinquāveris, ignis eās cremābit.” If you approach the waves, the water will harm your wings, and if you approach the sun, the fire will burn them." **23** Tum pater et filius iter difficile incipiunt. Then father and son begin the difficult journey. **24** Ālās movent et aurae sēsē committunt. They move their wings and entrust themselves to the air. **25** Sed stultus puer verbīs patris nōn pāret. But the foolish boy does not obey his father's words. **26** Sōlī adpropinquat. He approaches the sun. **27** Ālae cremantur et Īcarus in mare dēcidit et vitam āmittit. The wings are burned, and Icarus falls into the sea and loses his life. **28** Daedalus autem sine ūllō perīculō trāns fluctūs ad īnsulam Siciliam volāvit. Daedalus, however, without any danger flew across the waves to the island of Sicily. | word | gloss | |---|---| | ultima | far | | adpropinquāveris | approach | ## English into Latin (D'Ooge XLIX) **29** Quem docēs? Mē doceō. Whom do you teach? I teach myself. **30** Mīles sē gladiō vulnerāvit. The soldier wounded himself with his sword. **31** Magister nōs laudat, sed vōs nōn laudat. The master praises us, but you he does not praise. **32** Itaque supplicium dē vōbīs sūmet, sed nōs supplicium nōn dabimus. Therefore he will inflict punishment on you, but we shall not suffer punishment. **33** Quis mēcum Rōmam iter faciet? Who will march (i.e. make a march) with me to Rome? **34** Tēcum ad portās urbis iter faciam. I will march with you to the gates of the city. **35** Quis nōbīs viam dēmōnstrābit? Deī vōbīs viam dēmōnstrābunt. Who will show us[1] the way? The gods will show you[1] the way. ## The Intensive Pronoun Ipse and the Demonstrative Īdem (D'Ooge L) ### Two kinds of himself Homō sē videt means "the man sees himself." Homō ipse perīculum videt means "the man himself sees the danger." Latin separates reflexive sē from intensive ipse. ### The ending changes the emphasis In Homō ipse perīculum videt, ipse agrees with homō and emphasizes the man. Homō ipsum perīculum videt means "the man sees the danger itself." Ipsum agrees with perīculum and emphasizes the danger. The intensive changes form to agree like an adjective with the noun or pronoun it emphasizes. **36** Homō sē videt the man sees himself (reflexive) **37** Homō ipse perīculum videt the man himself (intensive) sees the danger **38** Homō ipsum perīculum videt the man sees the danger itself (intensive) ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson L, §§285-287 §285. Ipse means -self (him-self, her-self, etc.) or is translated by even or very. It is used to emphasize a noun or pronoun, expressed or understood, with which it agrees like an adjective. a. Ipse must be carefully distinguished from the reflexive suī. The latter is always used as a pronoun, while ipse is regularly adjective. Compare Homō sē videt, the man sees himself (reflexive) Homō ipse perīculum videt, the man himself (intensive) sees the danger Homō ipsum perīculum videt, the man sees the danger itself (intensive) ``` ``` §286. Except for the one form ipse, the intensive pronoun is declined exactly like the nine irregular adjectives (cf. §§108, 109). Learn the declension (§481). ``` ``` §287. The demonstrative īdem, meaning the same, is a compound of is. It is declined as follows: SINGULAR MASC. FEM. NEUT. Nom. īdem e´adem idem Gen. eius´dem eius´dem eius´dem Dat. eī´dem eī´dem eī´dem Acc. eun´dem ean´dem idem Abl. eō´dem eā´dem eō´dem PLURAL Nom. iī´dem eae´dem e´adem eī´dem Gen. eōrun´dem eārun´dem eōrun´dem Dat. iīs´dem iīs´dem iīs´dem eīs´dem eīs´dem eīs´dem Acc. eōs´dem eās´dem e´adem Abl. iīs´dem iīs´dem iīs´dem eīs´dem eīs´dem eīs´dem a. From forms like eundem (eum + -dem), eōrundem (eōrum + -dem), we learn the rule that m before d is changed to n. b. The forms iīdem, iīsdem are often spelled and pronounced with one ī. ``` ## Latin into English (D'Ooge L) **39** Ego et tū in eādem urbe vīvimus. You and I live in the same city. **40** Iter ipsum nōn timēmus sed ferās saevās quae in silvā dēnsā esse dīcuntur. We do not fear the journey itself, but the savage wild beasts which are said to be in the dense forest. **41** Ōlim nōs ipsī idem iter fēcimus. Once we ourselves made the same journey. **42** Eō tempore multās ferās vīdimus. At that time we saw many wild beasts. **43** Sed nōbīs nōn nocuērunt. But they did not harm us. **44** Caesar ipse scūtum dē manibus mīlitis ēripuit et in ipsam aciem properāvit. Caesar himself snatched a shield from the hands of a soldier and hastened into the very battle line. **45** Itaque mīlitēs summā virtūte tēla in hostium corpora iēcērunt. And so the soldiers with the greatest courage hurled their weapons into the bodies of the enemy. **46** Rōmānī quoque gravia vulnera accēpērunt. The Romans too received severe wounds. **47** Dēnique hostēs terga vertērunt et ommīs in partīs fūgērunt. At last the enemy turned their backs and fled in all directions. **48** Eādem hōrā litterae Rōmam ab imperātōre ipsō missae sunt. At the same hour a letter was sent to Rome by the commander himself. **49** Eōdem mēnse captīvī quoque in Italiam missī sunt. In the same month the captives too were sent to Italy. **50** Sed multī propter vulnera iter difficile trāns montīs facere recūsābant et Genāvae esse dīcēbantur. But many, on account of their wounds, refused to make the difficult journey across the mountains and were said to be at Geneva. ## How Horatius Held the Bridge (D'Ooge L) **51** Tarquinius Superbus, septimus et ultimus rēx Rōmānōrum, ubi in exsilium ab īrātīs Rōmānīs ēiectus est, ā Porsenā, rēge Etrūscōrum, auxilium petiit. Tarquinius Superbus, the seventh and last king of the Romans, when he had been cast into exile by the angry Romans, sought aid from Porsena, king of the Etruscans. **52** Mox Porsena magnīs cum cōpiīs Rōmam vēnit, et ipsa urbs summō in perīculō erat. Soon Porsena came to Rome with great forces, and the city itself was in the greatest danger. **53** Omnibus in partibus exercitus Rōmānus victus erat. In all quarters the Roman army had been defeated. **54** Iam rēx montem Iāniculum occupāverat. Already the king had seized the Janiculum hill. **55** Numquam anteā Rōmānī tantō metū tenēbantur. Never before were the Romans held by so great a fear. **56** Ex agrīs in urbem properābant et summō studiō urbem ipsam mūniēbant. They hastened from the fields into the city and with the greatest zeal fortified the city itself. | word | gloss | |---|---| | Tarquinius | Tarquin | | septimus | seventh | | ultimus | farthest | | exsilium | banishment, exile | ## English into Latin (D'Ooge L) **57** Pompēiīs est mōns mīrus. At Pompeii there is a wonderful mountain. **58** Ubi in eō locō eram, ego ipse eum montem vīdī. When I was in that place, I myself saw that mountain. **59** Eōdem diē multae urbēs ignī et lapidibus ex ipsō monte dēlētae sunt. On the same day many cities were destroyed by fire and stones from that very mountain. **60** Num vēram fābulam eius calamitātis audīvistī? You have not heard the true story of that calamity, have you?[3] **61** Eō diē sōl ipse hominibus lūcem dare nōn poterat. On that day the very sun could not give light to men. **62** Tū ipse eam fābulam nōbīs nārrāre dēbēs. You yourself ought to tell (to) us that story. ## The Demonstrative Pronouns Hic, Iste, Ille (D'Ooge LI) ### Three positions in dialogue Estne hic equus validus means Is this horse of mine strong. Hic places the horse near the speaker. Iste equus est validus, sed ille est īnfīrmus means That horse of yours is strong, but that one yonder is weak. Iste places one horse near the person addressed. Ille places the other remote from both people. The three columns set out the contrast among hic, iste, and ille. ### From the book ### The contrast remains in the plural Suntne hī amīcī tuī means Are these men by me your friends. Istī sunt amīcī meī, sed illī sunt inimīcī means Those men by you are my friends, but those men yonder are enemies. Hī, istī, and illī agree with plural masculine nouns while preserving the three positions. **63** Estne hic equus validus? Is this horse (of mine) strong? **64** Iste equus est validus, sed ille est īnfīrmus That horse (of yours) is strong, but that one (yonder) is weak **65** Suntne hī amīcī tuī? Are these (men by me) your friends? **66** Istī sunt amīcī meī, sed illī sunt inimīcī Those (men by you) are my friends, but those (men yonder) are enemies ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LI, §§290-293 §290. We have already learned the declension of the demonstrative pronoun is and its use. (Cf. Lesson XVII.) That pronoun refers to persons or things either far or near, and makes no definite reference to place or time. If we wish to point out an object definitely in place or time, we must use hic, iste, or ille. These demonstratives, like is, are used both as pronouns and as adjectives, and their relation to the speaker may be represented graphically thus: hic iste ille SPEAKER ------------->-------------->---------------> this, he; that, he; that, he (near); (remote); (more remote) a. In dialogue hic refers to a person or thing near the speaker; iste, to a person or thing near the person addressed; ille, to a person or thing remote from both. These distinctions are illustrated in the model sentences, §293, which should be carefully studied and imitated. ``` ``` §291. Hic is declined as follows: SINGULAR MASC. FEM. NEUT. Nom. hic haec hoc Gen. huius huius huius Dat. huic huic huic Acc. hunc hanc hoc Abl. hōc hāc hōc PLURAL Nom. hī hae haec Gen. hōrum hārum hōrum Dat. hīs hīs hīs Acc. hōs hās haec Abl. hīs hīs hīs a. Huius is pronounced ho͝o´yo͝os, and huic is pronounced ho͝oic (one syllable). ``` ``` §292. The demonstrative pronouns iste, ista, istud, and ille, illa, illud, except for the nominative and accusative singular neuter forms istud and illud, are declined exactly like ipse, ipsa, ipsum. (See §481.) ``` ``` §293. MODEL SENTENCES Is this horse (of mine) strong? Estne hic equus validus? That horse (of yours) is strong, but that one (yonder) is weak Iste equus est validus, sed ille est īnfīrmus Are these (men by me) your friends? Suntne hī amīcī tuī? Those (men by you) are my friends, but those (men yonder) are enemies Istī sunt amīcī meī, sed illī sunt inimīcī ``` ## Latin into English (D'Ooge LI) **67** Ille fortis Germānōrum dux suōs convocāvit et hōc modō animōs eōrum cōnfirmāvit. That brave leader of the Germans called his men together and in this way strengthened their spirits. **68** “Vōs, quī in hīs fīnibus vīvitis, in hunc locum convocāvī quia mēcum dēbētis istōs agrōs et istās domōs ab iniūriīs Rōmānōrum liberāre. "You who live in this territory I have called together to this place, because with me you ought to free those fields and those homes of yours from the wrongs of the Romans. **69** Hoc nōbīs nōn difficile erit, quod illī hostēs hās silvās dēnsās, ferās saevās quārum vestīgia vident, montēs altōs timent. This will not be difficult for us, because those enemies fear these dense forests, the savage wild beasts whose tracks they see, and the high mountains. **70** Sī fortēs erimus, deī ipsī nōbīs viam salūtis dēmonstrābunt. If we are brave, the gods themselves will show us the way of safety. **71** Ille sōl, istī oculī calamītātēs nostrās vīdērunt. That sun, those eyes of yours have seen our disasters. **72** Itaque nōmen illīus reī pūblicae Rōmānae nōn sōlum nōbis, sed etiam omnibus hominibus quī lībertātem amant, est invīsum. And so the name of that Roman republic is hateful not only to us but also to all men who love liberty. **73** Ad arma vōs vocō. I call you to arms. **74** Exercēte istam prīstinam virtūtem et vincētis.” Exercise that old-time courage of yours and you will conquer." | word | gloss | |---|---| | lībertātem | liberty, from libertas | ## How Horatius Held the Bridge, continued (D'Ooge LI) **75** Altera urbis pars mūrīs, altera flūmine satis mūnīrī vidēbātur. One part of the city seemed to be sufficiently protected by walls, the other by the river. **76** Sed erat pōns in flūmine quī hostibus iter paene dedit. But there was a bridge on the river which almost gave the enemy a way in. **77** Tum Horātius Cocles, fortis vir, magnā vōce dīxit, “Rescindite pontem, Rōmānī! Then Horatius Cocles, a brave man, said with a loud voice, "Cut down the bridge, Romans! **78** Brevī tempore Porsena in urbem cōpiās suās trādūcet.” In a short time Porsena will lead his forces across into the city." **79** Iam hostēs in ponte erant, sed Horātius cum duōbus (cf. § 479) comitibus ad extrēmam pontis partem properāvit, et hi sōli aciem hostium sustinuērunt. Already the enemy were on the bridge, but Horatius with two companions hastened to the farther end of the bridge, and these alone withstood the battle line of the enemy. **80** Tum vērō cīvēs Rōmānī pontem ā tergō rescindere incipiunt, et hostēs frūstrā Horātium superāre temptant. Then indeed the Roman citizens begin to cut down the bridge from behind, and the enemy try in vain to overcome Horatius. | word | gloss | |---|---| | Rescindite | cut out | | trādūcet | bring across, move | | cf | compare, from cf. | | rescindere | cut off, cut down, from rescindo | ## English into Latin (D'Ooge LI) **81** Canitne ista avis? Does that bird (of yours)[2] sing? **82** Haec avis et aestāte et hieme canit et vōcem pulchram habet. This bird (of mine)[2] sings both[3] in summer and in winter and has a beautiful voice. **83** Illae avēs rūrī hieme nōn canunt. Those birds (yonder)[2] in the country don´t sing in winter. **84** Ēripe pīlum dē manibus istīus mīlitis et mēcum domum venī. Snatch a spear from the hands of that soldier (near you)[2] and come home with me. **85** Istīs ipsīs oculīs vestīgia hostis invīsī vidēbis, quī domicilium meum cremāvit et impetum in frātrem meum fēcit. With those very eyes (of yours)[2] you will see the tracks of the hateful enemy who burned my dwelling and made an attack on my brother. **86** Propter hās rēs sine morā supplicium dē eō sūmere dēbēmus. For (propter) these deeds (rēs) we ought to inflict punishment on him without delay. **87** Hostēs reī pūblicae nōn semper supplicium dant. The enemies of the republic do not always suffer punishment. ## The Indefinite Pronouns (D'Ooge LII) ### Quis without a question sī quis means "if any one." Here quis is indefinite because it refers to a person without identifying one. The same quis can be interrogative or indefinite. Its use in the clause determines its meaning. ### After sī sī quid means "if anything." Indefinite quis does not begin a clause. It appears especially after sī, nisi, nē, and num. The two lines show the contrast after sī: quis refers to an unspecified person, while quid refers to an unspecified thing. **88** sī quis if any one **89** sī quid if anything ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LII, §§296-297 §296. The indefinite pronouns are used to refer to some person or some thing, without indicating which particular one is meant. The pronouns quis and quī, which we have learned in their interrogative and relative uses, may also be indefinite; and nearly all the other indefinite pronouns are compounds of quis or quī and declined almost like them. Review the declension of these words, §§221, 227. ``` ``` §297. Learn the declension and meaning of the following indefinites: MASC. FEM. NEUT. quis quid, some one, any one (substantive) quī qua or quae quod, some, any (adjective), §483 aliquis aliquid, some one, any one (substantive), §487 aliquī aliqua aliquod, some, any (adjective), §487 quīdam quaedam quoddam, quiddam, a certain, a certain one, §485 quisquam quicquam or quidquam (no plural), any one (at all) (substantive), §486 quisque quidque, each one, every one (substantive), §484 quisque quaeque quodque, each, every (adjective), §484 NOTE. The meanings of the neuters, something, etc., are easily inferred from the masculine and feminine. a. In the masculine and neuter singular of the indefinites, quis-forms and quid-forms are mostly used as substantives, quī-forms and quod-forms as adjectives. b. The indefinites quis and quī never stand first in a clause, and are rare excepting after sī, nisi, nē, num (as, sī quis, if any one; sī quid, if anything; nisi quis, unless some one). Generally aliquis and aliquī are used instead. c. The forms qua and aliqua are both feminine nominative singular and neuter nominative plural of the indefinite adjectives quī and aliquī respectively. How do these differ from the corresponding forms of the relative quī? d. Observe that quīdam (quī + -dam) is declined like quī, except that in the accusative singular and genitive plural m of quī becomes n (cf. §287.a): quendam, quandam, quōrundam, quārundam; also that the neuter has quiddam (substantive) and quoddam (adjective) in the nominative and accusative singular. Quīdam is the least indefinite of the indefinite pronouns, and implies that you could name the person or thing referred to if you cared to do so. e. Quisquam and quisque (substantive) are declined like quis. f. Quisquam, any one (quicquam or quidquam, anything), is always used substantively and chiefly in negative sentences. The corresponding adjective any is ūllus, -a, -um (§108). ``` ## Latin into English (D'Ooge LII) **90** Aliquis dē ponte in flūmen dēcidit sed sine ūllō perīculō servātus est. Someone fell from the bridge into the river but was saved without any danger. **91** Est vērō in vītā cuiusque hominis aliqua bona fortūna. There is indeed some good fortune in the life of every man. **92** Nē mīlitum quidem quisquam in castrīs mānsit. Not even any one of the soldiers remained in the camp. **93** Sī quem meae domī vidēs, iubē eum discēdere. If you see anyone at my house, order him to depart. **94** Sī quis pontem tenet, nē tantus quidem exercitus capere urbem potest. If anyone holds the bridge, not even so great an army can take the city. **95** Urbs nōn satis mūnīta erat et merīdiē rēx quīdam paene cōpiās suās trāns pontem trādūxerat. The city had not been sufficiently fortified, and at midday a certain king had almost led his forces across the bridge. **96** Dēnique mīles quīdam armātus in fluctūs dēsiluit et incolumis ad alteram rīpam oculōs vertit. At last a certain armed soldier leaped down into the waves and, unharmed, turned his eyes to the other bank. **97** Quisque illī fortī mīlitī aliquid dare dēbet. Everyone ought to give something to that brave soldier. **98** Tanta vērō virtūs Rōmānīs semper placuit. So great courage has indeed always pleased the Romans. **99** Ōlim Corinthus erat urbs satis magna et paene par Rōmae ipsī; nunc vērō moenia dēcidērunt et pauca vestīgia urbis illīus reperīrī possunt. Once Corinth was a fairly large city and almost equal to Rome itself; now, however, the walls have fallen down and few traces of that city can be found. **100** Quisque lībertātem amat, et aliquibus vērō nōmen rēgis est invīsum. Everyone loves liberty, and to some indeed the name of king is hateful. | word | gloss | |---|---| | trādūxerat | lead across, from traduco | | incolumis | unharmed | ## How Horatius Held the Bridge, concluded (D'Ooge LII) **101** Mox, ubi parva pars pontis mānsit, Horātius iussit comitēs discēdere et sōlus mīrā cōnstantiā impetum illius tōtius exercitūs sustinēbat. Soon, when a small part of the bridge remained, Horatius ordered his companions to depart, and alone with wonderful firmness he withstood the attack of that whole army. **102** Dēnique magnō fragōre pōns in flūmen dēcīdit. At last with a great crash the bridge fell into the river. **103** Tum vērō Horātius tergum vertit et armātus in aquās dēsiluit. Then indeed Horatius turned his back and, armed, leaped down into the waters. **104** In eum hostēs multa tēla iēcērunt; incolumis autem per fluctūs ad alteram rīpam trānāvit. At him the enemy threw many weapons; unharmed, however, he swam through the waves to the other bank. **105** Eī propter tantās rēs gestās populus Rōmānus nōn sōlum alia magna praemia dedit sed etiam statuam Horāti in locō pūblicō posuit. To him, for such great deeds, the Roman people not only gave other great rewards but also set up a statue of Horatius in a public place. | word | gloss | |---|---| | trānāvit | swim across, from trano | ## English into Latin (D'Ooge LII) **106** Sī Cornēlium quendam Corinthī vidēs, eum ad mē mitte. If you see a certain Cornelius at Corinth, send him to me. **107** Paene omnēs mīlitēs quī in fluctūs dēcidērunt incolumēs erant. Almost all the soldiers who fell down into the waves were unharmed. **108** Nē Pompēiīs quidem tantum ignem vīdī. Not even at Pompeii did I see so great a fire. **109** Ego ipse alicui aliquid nārrāre studēbam. I myself was eager to tell something to some one. **110** Quisque suum opus laudābat. Each one was praising his own work. **111** Vīdistīne aliquem rūrī? Nōn quemquam vīdī. Did you see some one in the country? I did not see any one. **112** Nisi quis in ponte cum Horātiō manēbit, rēs pūblica in summō perīculō erit. Unless some one will remain on the bridge with Horatius, the commonwealth will be in the greatest danger. ## Regular Comparison of Adjectives (D'Ooge LIII) ### More without a new ending Magis idōneus means "more suitable." Magis marks the comparative while idōneus remains unchanged. ### Most without a new ending Maximē idōneus means "most suitable." Maximē marks the superlative while idōneus remains unchanged. Latin sometimes uses magis and maximē instead of changing the adjective with suffixes. **113** magis idōneus more suitable **114** maximē idōneus most suitable ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LIII, §§300-305 §300. The quality denoted by an adjective may exist in either a higher or a lower degree, and this is expressed by a form of inflection called comparison. The mere presence of the quality is expressed by the positive degree, its presence in a higher or lower degree by the comparative, and in the highest or lowest of all by the superlative. In English the usual way of comparing an adjective is by using the suffix -er for the comparative and -est for the superlative; as, positive high, comparative higher, superlative highest. Less frequently we use the adverbs more and most; as, positive beautiful, comparative more beautiful, superlative most beautiful. In Latin, as in English, adjectives are compared by adding suffixes or by using adverbs. ``` ``` §301. Adjectives are compared by using suffixes as follows: POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE clārus, -a, -um clārior, clārius clārissimus, -a, -um (bright) (brighter) (brightest) (BASE clār-) brevis, breve brevior, brevius brevissimus, -a, -um (short) (shorter) (shortest) (BASE brev-) vēlōx vēlōcior, vēlōcius vēlōcissimus, -a, -um (swift) (swifter) (swiftest) (BASE veloc-) a. The comparative is formed from the base of the positive by adding -ior masc. and fem., and -ius neut.; the superlative by adding -issimus, -issima, -issimum. ``` ``` §302. Less frequently adjectives are compared by using the adverbs magis, more; maximē, most; as, idōneus, suitable; magis idōneus, more suitable; maximē idōneus, most suitable. ``` ``` §303. Declension of the Comparative. Adjectives of the comparative degree are declined as follows: SINGULAR PLURAL MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. Nom. clārior clārius clāriōrēs clāriōra Gen. clāriōris clāriōris clāriōrum clāriōrum Dat. clāriōrī clāriōrī clāriōribus clāriōribus Acc. clāriōrem clārius clāriōrēs clāriōra Abl. clāriōre clāriōre clāriōribus clāriōribus a. Observe that the endings are those of the consonant stems of the third declension. b. Compare longus, long; fortis, brave; recēns (base, recent-), recent; and decline the comparative of each. ``` ``` §304. Adjectives in -er form the comparative regularly, but the superlative is formed by adding -rimus, -a, -um to the nominative masculine of the positive; as, POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE ācer, ācris, ācre ācrior, ācrius ācerrimus, -a, -um (BASE acr-) pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum pulchrior, pulchrius pulcherrimus, (BASE pulchr-) -a, -um līber, lībera, līberum līberior, līberius līberrimus, -a, -um (BASE līber-) a. In a similar manner compare miser, aeger, crēber. ``` ``` §305. The comparative is often translated by quite, too, or somewhat, and the superlative by very; as, altior, quite (too, somewhat) high; altissimus, very high. ``` ## Latin into English (D'Ooge LIII) **115** Quid explōrātōrēs quaerēbant? Explōrātōrēs tempus opportūnissimum itinerī quaerēbant. What were the scouts seeking? The scouts were seeking the most favorable time for the march. **116** Mediā in silvā ignīs quam crēberrimōs fēcimus, quod ferās tam audācis numquam anteā vīderāmus. In the middle of the forest we made fires as thick as possible, because we had never before seen wild beasts so bold. **117** Antīquīs temporibus Germānī erant fortiōrēs quam Gallī. In ancient times the Germans were braver than the Gauls. **118** Caesar erat clārior quam inimīcī quī eum necāvērunt. Caesar was more famous than the enemies who killed him. **119** Quisque scūtum ingēns et pīlum longius gerēbat. Each one carried a huge shield and a rather long spear. **120** Apud barbarōs Germānī erant audācissimī et fortissimī. Among the barbarians the Germans were the boldest and the bravest. **121** Mēns hominum est celerior quam corpus. The mind of men is swifter than the body. **122** Virī aliquārum terrārum sunt miserrimī. The men of some lands are most wretched. **123** Corpora Germānōrum erant ingentiōra quam Rōmānōrum. The bodies of the Germans were larger than those of the Romans. **124** Ācerrimī Gallōrum prīncipēs sine ūllā morā trāns flūmen quoddam equōs vēlōcissimōs trādūxērunt. The most eager chiefs of the Gauls without any delay led their swiftest horses across a certain river. **125** Aestāte diēs sunt longiōrēs quam hieme. In summer the days are longer than in winter. **126** Imperātor quīdam ab explōrātōribus dē recentī adventū nāvium longārum quaesīvit. A certain commander asked the scouts about the recent arrival of the warships. | word | gloss | |---|---| | explōrātōrēs | scout, spy, from explorator | | opportūnissimum | opportune, from opportunus | | ingentiōra | not natural, immoderate | | recentī | recent, from recens | ## English into Latin (D'Ooge LIII) **127** Omnium avium aquila est vēlōcissima. Of all birds the eagle is the swiftest. **128** Quaedam animālia sunt vēlōciōra quam vēlōcissimus equus. Certain animals are swifter than the swiftest horse. **129** Nōmen Rōmānum hostibus reī pūblicae erat invīsissimum. The Roman name was most hateful to the enemies of the commonwealth. **130** Rōmānī gravissimum supplicium dē sociīs perfidīs semper sūmēbant. The Romans always inflicted the severest[2] punishment on faithless allies. **131** Aegrior eram, itaque ex urbe rūs properāvī. I was quite ill, and so I hastened from the city to the country. **132** Mārcus aliquōs amīcōs cāriōrēs quam Caesarem habēbat. Marcus had some friends dearer than Cæsar.[3] **133** Nōnne recentiōrem fāmam dē proeliō quaesīvistī? Did you not seek a more recent report concerning the battle? **134** Nē post tam opportūnam quidem victōriam imperātōris amīcitiam petīvit. Not even after a victory so opportune did he seek the general’s friendship. | word | gloss | |---|---| | aquila | eagle | ## Irregular Comparison of Adjectives: The Ablative with Comparatives Without Quam (D'Ooge LIV) ### The comparison without quam Nihil est clārius quam sōl means "Nothing is brighter than the sun." Latin often omits quam, especially in negative sentences: Nihil est clārius sōle. The second line literally means "Nothing is brighter away from the sun." ### The ablative replaces quam When quam is omitted, a comparative is followed by the ablative. In Nihil est clārius sōle, clārius is comparative and sōle is ablative. **135** Nihil est clārius quam sōl Nothing is brighter than the sun **136** Nihil est clārius sōle Nothing is brighter away from the sun ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LIV, §§307-309 §307. The following six adjectives in -lis form the comparative regularly; but the superlative is formed by adding -limus to the base of the positive. Learn the meanings and comparison. POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE facilis, -e, easy facilior, -ius facillimus, -a, -um difficilis, -e, hard difficilior, -ius difficillimus, -a, -um similis, -e, like similior, -ius simillimus, -a, -um dissimilis, -e, unlike dissimilior, -ius dissimillimus, -a, -um gracilis, -e, slender gracilior, -ius gracillimus, -a, -um humilis, -e, low humilior, -ius humillimus, -a, -um ``` ``` §308. From the knowledge gained in the preceding lesson we should translate the sentence Nothing is brighter than the sun Nihil est clārius quam sōl But the Romans, especially in negative sentences, often expressed the comparison in this way, Nihil est clārius sōle which, literally translated, is Nothing is brighter away from the sun; that is, starting from the sun as a standard, nothing is brighter. This relation is expressed by the separative ablative sōle. Hence the rule ``` ``` §309. RULE. Ablative with Comparatives. The comparative degree, if quam is omitted, is followed by the separative ablative. ``` ## Latin into English (D'Ooge LIV) **137** Nēmō mīlitēs alacriōrēs Rōmānīs vīdit. No one has seen soldiers more eager than the Romans. **138** Statim imperātor iussit nūntiōs quam celerrimōs litterās Rōmam portāre. At once the commander ordered the swiftest possible messengers to carry a letter to Rome. **139** Multa flūmina sunt lēniōra Rhēnō. Many rivers are gentler than the Rhine. **140** Apud Rōmanōs quis erat clārior Caesare? Among the Romans who was more famous than Caesar? **141** Nihil pulchrius urbe Rōmā vīdī. I have seen nothing more beautiful than the city of Rome. **142** Subitō multitūdo audacissima magnō clamōre proelium ācrius commīsit. Suddenly a most bold multitude with a great shout joined a fiercer battle. **143** Num est equus tuus tardus? Nōn vērō tardus, sed celerior aquilā. Your horse is not slow, is it? Not slow indeed, but swifter than an eagle. **144** Ubi Romae fuī, nēmō erat mihi amicior Sextō. When I was at Rome, no one was more friendly to me than Sextus. **145** Quaedam mulierēs cibum mīlitibus dare cupīvērunt. Certain women wished to give food to the soldiers. **146** Rēx vetuit cīvis ex urbe noctū discēdere. The king forbade the citizens to depart from the city by night. **147** Ille puer est gracilior hāc muliere. That boy is slenderer than this woman. **148** Explōrātor duās (two) viās, alteram facilem, alteram difficiliōrem, dēmōnstrāvit. The scout pointed out two roads, the one easy, the other more difficult. | word | gloss | |---|---| | alacriōrēs | eager, spirited, from alacer | | celerrimōs | swift, quick | | tardus | slow | | gracilior | slender, from gracilis | ## English into Latin (D'Ooge LIV) **149** Quam urbem pulchriōrem Rōmā vīdistī? What city have you seen more beautiful than Rome? **150** Gallī nōn erant alacriōrēs Germānīs. The Gauls were not more eager than the Germans. **151** Aquila nōn est tardior equō. The eagle is not slower than the horse. **152** Mulier alacris iter noctū facere nōn timuit. The spirited woman did not fear to make the journey by night. **153** Mēns multitūdinis erat lēnior et amīcior. The mind of the multitude was quite gentle and friendly. **154** Sed mēns rēgis erat dissimillima. But the king’s mind was very different. **155** Rēx nōn erat similis patrī nōbilī. The king was not like (similar to) his noble father. **156** Hī collēs sunt humiliōrēs quam ingentēs montēs fīnium nostrōrum. These hills are lower than the huge mountains of our territory.