# Prīmus et Secundus Annus, Lessons LV–LX

Latin for Beginners I

Irregular Comparison of Adjectives, continued; Irregular Comparison of Adjectives, concluded: ­Ablative of the Measure of Difference; Formation and Comparison of Adverbs; Numerals: The Partitive Genitive; Numerals, continued: The Accusative of Extent; Deponent Verbs

Source: https://1732studios.com/courses/la/28. Data: https://1732studios.com/courses/la/28.json.

## Latin into English (D'Ooge LV)

### Great, greater, greatest

In barbarōrum aedificiīs maior cōpia frūmentī reperta est means "In the buildings of the barbarians a greater supply of grain was found."

Magnus, maior, and maximus mean "great," "greater," and "greatest." These irregular comparisons change more than an ending.

Plūrimī captīvī means "very many captives." Optima in fāma illōrum mīlitum optima nōn erat means "the best."

The six irregular comparisons give the complete sets behind maior, plūrimī, and optima.

### Four adjectives with two superlatives

In extrēmā parte silvae means "in the farthest part of the forest." Dē superiōre locō means "from the higher ground."

Posterō diē means "on the next day." In valle īmā means "in the bottom of the valley."

Extrēmā, superiōre, posterō, and īmā come from four adjectives that each have two superlatives.

Their four comparisons place these forms with exterus, superus, posterus, and īnferus.

### Plūs changes with case and number

Eae quoque plūrīs fābulās dē exercitūs Rōmānī sceleribus audīverant means "They too had heard several stories about the crimes of the Roman army."

Plūrīs is the plural accusative of plūs and agrees with fābulās. Here it means "several."

The declension of plūs gives the case and number behind plūrīs fābulās.

**1** Reliquī hostēs, quī ā dextrō cornū proelium commīserant, dē superiōre locō fūgērunt et sēsē in silvam maximam recēpērunt.  
The rest of the enemy, who had joined battle on the right wing, fled from the higher ground and withdrew into a very large forest.

**2** In extrēmā parte silvae castra hostium posita erant.  
In the farthest part of the forest the camp of the enemy had been pitched.

**3** Plūrimī captīvī ab equitibus ad Caesarem ductī sunt.  
Very many captives were led by the horsemen to Caesar.

**4** Caesar vērō iussit eōs in servitūtem trādī.  
Caesar indeed ordered them to be handed over into slavery.

**5** Posterō diē magna multitūdō mulierum ab Rōmānīs in valle īmā reperta est.  
On the next day a great multitude of women was found by the Romans in the bottom of the valley.

**6** Hae mulierēs maximē perterritae adventū Caesaris sēsē occīdere studēbant.  
These women, thoroughly frightened by the arrival of Caesar, were eager to kill themselves.

**7** Eae quoque plūrīs fābulās dē exercitūs Rōmānī sceleribus audīverant.  
They too had heard several stories about the crimes of the Roman army.

**8** Fāma illōrum mīlitum optima nōn erat.  
The reputation of those soldiers was not the best.

**9** In barbarōrum aedificiīs maior cōpia frūmentī reperta est.  
In the buildings of the barbarians a greater supply of grain was found.

**10** Nēmō crēbrīs proeliīs contendere sine aliquō perīculō potest.  
No one can contend in frequent battles without some danger.

```
D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LV, §§311-313

§311. Some adjectives in English have irregular comparison, as good, better, best; many, more, most. So Latin comparison presents some irregularities. Among the adjectives that are compared irregularly are

POSITIVE                     COMPARATIVE        SUPERLATIVE
bonus, -a, -um, good       melior, melius     optimus, -a, -um
magnus, -a, -um, great     maior, maius       maximus, -a, -um
malus, -a, -um, bad        peior, peius       pessimus, -a, -um
multus, -a, -um, much      ----, plūs         plūrimus, -a, -um
multī, -ae, -a, many       plūrēs, plūra      plūrimī, -ae, -a
parvus, -a, -um, small     minor, minus       minimus, -a, -um
```

```
§312. The following four adjectives have two superlatives. Unusual forms are placed in parentheses.

exterus, -a, -um, (exterior, -ius,    { extrēmus, -a, -um }
  outward               outer)          {(extimus, -a, -um) }
                                              outermost, last
īnferus, -a, -um,  īnferior, -ius,    { īnfimus, -a, -um    }
  low                   lower             { īmus, -a, -um       }
                                              lowest
posterus, -a, -um, (posterior, -ius,  { postrēmus, -a, -um }
  next                  later)          {(postumus, -a, -um) }
                                              last
superus, -a, -um,  superior, -ius       { suprēmus, -a, -um    }
  above                 higher            { summus, -a, -um      }
                                              highest
```

```
§313. Plūs, more (plural more, many, several), is declined as follows:

        SINGULAR                 PLURAL
        MASC. AND FEM.  NEUT.    MASC. AND FEM.  NEUT.
Nom.         ----       plūs     plūrēs          plūra
Gen.         ----       plūris   plūrium         plūrium
Dat.         ----       ----     plūribus        plūribus
Acc.         ----       plūs     plūrīs, -ēs     plūra
Abl.         ----       plūre    plūribus        plūribus

a. In the singular plūs is used only as a neuter substantive.
```

## English into Latin (D'Ooge LV)

**11** Reliquae mulierēs ex aedificiīs suīs fūgērunt et sē abdidērunt.  
The remaining women fled from their dwellings and hid themselves.

**12** Perterritae erant et capī et in servitūtem trādī nōn cupīvērunt.  
They were terrified and did not wish to be captured and given over into slavery.

**13** Nihil potest esse peius servitūte.  
Nothing can be worse than slavery.

**14** Servitūs est peior morte.  
Slavery is worse than death.

**15** In imperiō Rōmānō plūrimī occīsī sunt quia servī esse recūsāvērunt.  
In the Roman empire a great many were killed because they refused to be slaves.

**16** Patriam trādere est pessimum scelus.  
To surrender the fatherland is the worst crime.

| word | gloss |
|---|---|
| abdidērunt | hide, from abdo |

## Irregular Comparison of Adjectives, concluded: ­Ablative of the Measure of Difference (D'Ooge LVI)

### Capite states the difference

Galba est altior capite quam Sextus means "Galba is a head taller than Sextus."

Capite is ablative and means "by a head." It states the measure of difference in height between Galba and Sextus.

This construction is the ablative of the measure of difference.

### Multō states the measure

Illud iter ad Italiam est multō brevius means "That route to Italy is much shorter."

Multō is ablative and means "by much." With comparatives and words implying comparison, the ablative states the measure of difference.

The common forms state measures such as "by much" and "by a little."

### Ablative of the Measure of Difference

**17** Galba est altior capite quam Sextus  
Galba is a head taller (taller by a head) than Sextus.

**18** Illud iter ad Italiam est multō brevius  
That route to Italy is much shorter (shorter by much)

```
D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LVI, §§315-317

§315. The following adjectives are irregular in the formation of the superlative and have no positive. Forms rarely used are in parentheses.

COMPARATIVE              SUPERLATIVE
citerior, hither      (citimus, hithermost)
interior, inner       (intimus, inmost)
prior, former          prīmus, first
propior, nearer        proximus, next, nearest
ulterior, further      ultimus, furthest
```

```
§316. In the sentence Galba is a head taller than Sextus, the phrase a head taller expresses the measure of difference in height between Galba and Sextus. The Latin form of expression would be Galba is taller than Sextus by a head. This is clearly an ablative relation, and the construction is called the ablative of the measure of difference.

EXAMPLES

Galba est altior capite quam Sextus
  Galba is a head taller (taller by a head) than Sextus.
Illud iter ad Italiam est multō brevius
  That route to Italy is much shorter (shorter by much)
```

```
§317. RULE. Ablative of the Measure of Difference. With comparatives and words implying comparison the ablative is used to denote the measure of difference.

a. Especially common in this construction are the neuter ablatives

eō, by this, by that           nihilō,[1] by nothing
hōc, by this                   paulō, by a little
multō, by much
[1] nihil was originally nihilum and declined like pīlum. There is no plural.
```

## Latin into English (D'Ooge LVI)

**19** Barbarī proelium committere statuērunt eō magis quod Rōmānī īnfīrmī esse vidēbantur.  
The barbarians decided to join battle, the more so because the Romans seemed to be weak.

**20** Meum cōnsilium est multō melius quam tuum quia multō facilius est.  
My plan is much better than yours because it is much easier.

**21** Haec via est multō lātior quam illa.  
This road is much wider than that one.

**22** Barbarī erant nihilō tardiōrēs quam Rōmānī.  
The barbarians were no slower than the Romans.

**23** Tuus equus est paulō celerior quam meus.  
Your horse is a little swifter than mine.

**24** Iī quī paulō fortiōrēs erant prohibuērunt reliquōs aditum relinquere.  
Those who were a little braver prevented the rest from leaving the approach.

**25** Inter illās cīvitātēs Germānia mīlitēs habet optimōs.  
Among those states Germany has the best soldiers.

**26** Propior via quae per hanc vallem dūcit est inter portum et lacum.  
The nearer road, which leads through this valley, is between the harbor and the lake.

**27** Servī, quī agrōs citeriōrēs incolēbant, priōrēs dominōs relinquere nōn cupīvērunt, quod eōs amābant.  
The slaves who inhabited the fields on this side did not wish to leave their former masters, because they loved them.

**28** Ultimae Germāniae partēs numquam in fidem Rōmānōrum vēnērunt.  
The farthest parts of Germany never came under the protection of the Romans.

**29** Nam trāns Rhēnum aditus erat multō difficilior exercituī Rōmānō.  
For across the Rhine the approach was much more difficult for the Roman army.

| word | gloss |
|---|---|
| Propior | nearer |
| citeriōrēs | clown |
| Ultimae | far |

## English into Latin (D'Ooge LVI)

**30** Alia via multō difficilior per citeriōrem Galliam relicta est.  
Another way much more difficult (more difficult by much) was left through hither Gaul.

**31** Antīquīs temporibus nūlla cīvitās erat validior imperiō Rōmānō.  
In ancient times no state was stronger than the Roman empire.

**32** Cīvitātēs ulteriōris Galliae obsidēs Caesarī dare nōn cupīvērunt.  
The states of further Gaul did not wish to give hostages to Cæsar.

**33** Servitūs est nihilō melior morte.  
Slavery is no better (better by nothing) than death.

**34** Optimī cīvēs ā pessimīs nōn amantur.  
The best citizens are not loved by the worst.

**35** Hostēs ācrēs statim in proximam silvam sē recēpērunt, nam recentibus Caesaris victōriīs perterritī erant.  
The active enemy immediately withdrew into the nearest forest, for they were terrified by Cæsar’s recent victories.

| word | gloss |
|---|---|
| obsidēs | hostage, from obses |

## Latin into English (D'Ooge LVII)

### An ablative form used as an adverb

Prīmō barbarī esse superiōrēs vidēbantur means At first the barbarians seemed to be superior.

Prīmō is the ablative singular neuter of prīmus, first. Here it serves as an adverb meaning at first.

### Case forms used as adverbs

Inter omnīs gentīs Rōmānī plūrimum valēbant means Among all tribes the Romans were the most powerful.

Plūrimum is the accusative singular neuter of plūrimus, most. Here it serves as an adverb meaning most.

Some adjectives use an accusative or ablative singular neuter form as an adverb instead of a usual adverb form.

The table pairs prīmus and plūrimus with the case forms that serve as their adverbs.

### From the book

**36** Nūlla rēs melius gesta est quam proelium illud ubi Marius multō minōre exercitū multō maiōrēs cōpiās Germānōrum in fugam dedit.  
No affair was better managed than that battle where Marius with a much smaller army put to flight much larger forces of the Germans.

**37** Audācter in Rōmānōrum cohortīs hostēs impetūs fēcērunt  
The enemy boldly made attacks on the cohorts of the Romans.

**38** Marius autem omnēs hōs fortissimē sustinuit.  
Marius, however, most bravely withstood all these.

**39** Barbarī nihilō fortiōrēs erant quam Rōmānī.  
The barbarians were no braver than the Romans.

**40** Prīmō barbarī esse superiōrēs vidēbantur, tum Rōmānī ācrius contendērunt.  
At first the barbarians seemed to be superior; then the Romans contended more fiercely.

**41** Dēnique, ubi iam diūtissimē paene aequō proeliō pugnātum est, barbarī fugam petiērunt.  
At last, when the fighting had now gone on for a very long time in an almost equal battle, the barbarians sought flight.

**42** Quaedam Germānōrum gentēs, simul atque rūmōrem illīus calamitātis audīvērunt, sēsē in ultimīs regiōnibus fīnium suōrum abdidērunt.  
Certain tribes of the Germans, as soon as they heard the rumor of that disaster, hid themselves in the farthest regions of their territory.

**43** Rōmānī saepius quam hostēs vīcērunt, quod meliōra arma habēbant.  
The Romans conquered more often than the enemy, because they had better arms.

**44** Inter omnīs gentīs Rōmānī plūrimum valēbant.  
Among all tribes the Romans were the most powerful.

**45** Hae cohortēs simul atque in aequiōrem regiōnem sē recēpērunt, castra sine ūllā difficultāte posuērunt.  
These cohorts, as soon as they withdrew into more level country, pitched camp without any difficulty.

```
D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LVII, §§319-325

§319. Adverbs are generally derived from adjectives, as in English (e.g. adj. sweet, adv. sweetly). Like adjectives, they can be compared; but they have no declension.
```

```
§320. Adverbs derived from adjectives of the first and second declensions are formed and compared as follows:

        POSITIVE                COMPARATIVE  SUPERLATIVE
Adj.    cārus, dear             cārior       cārissimus
Adv.    cārē, dearly            cārius       cārissimē

Adj.    pulcher, beautiful      pulchrior    pulcherrimus
Adv.    pulchrē, beautifully    pulchrius    pulcherrimē

Adj.    līber, free             līberior     līberrimus
Adv.    līberē, freely          līberius     līberrimē

a. The positive of the adverb is formed by adding -ē to the base of the positive of the adjective. The superlative of the adverb is formed from the superlative of the adjective in the same way.

b. The comparative of any adverb is the neuter accusative singular of the comparative of the adjective.
```

```
§321. Adverbs derived from adjectives of the third declension are formed like those described above in the comparative and superlative. The positive is usually formed by adding -iter to the base of adjectives of three endings or of two endings, and -ter to the base of those of one ending;[1] as,
[1] This is a good working rule, though there are some exceptions to it.

        POSITIVE              COMPARATIVE  SUPERLATIVE
Adj.    fortis, brave         fortior      fortissimus
Adv.    fortiter, bravely     fortius      fortissimē

Adj.    audāx, bold           audācior     audācissimus
Adv.    audācter, boldly      audācius     audācissimē
```

```
§322. Case Forms as Adverbs. As we learned above, the neuter accusative of comparatives is used adverbially. So in the positive or superlative some adjectives, instead of following the usual formation, use the accusative or the ablative singular neuter adverbially; as,

Adj.    facilis, easy               prīmus, first
Adv.    facile (acc.), easily       prīmum (acc.), first
                                    prīmō (abl.), at first
Adj.    multus, many                plūrimus, most
Adv.    multum (acc.), much         plūrimum (acc.), most
        multō (abl.), by much
```

```
§323. Learn the following irregular comparisons:

bene, well             melius, better      optimē, best
diū, long (time)     diūtius, longer     diūtissimē, longest
magnopere, greatly     magis, more         maximē, most
parum, little          minus, less         minimē, least
prope, nearly, near    propius, nearer     proximē, nearest
saepe, often           saepius, oftener    saepissimē, oftenest
```

```
§324. Form adverbs from the following adjectives, using the regular rules, and compare them: laetus, superbus, molestus, amīcus, ācer, brevis, gravis, recēns.
```

```
§325. RULE. Adverbs. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.
```

| word | gloss |
|---|---|
| rūmōrem | rumor, report, from rumor |
| ultimīs | far |

## English into Latin (D'Ooge LVII)

**46** Quaedam gentēs ab hostibus suīs facile superantur.  
Some nations are easily overcome by their enemies.

**47** Germānia est multō maior quam Gallia.  
Germany is much larger than Gaul.

**48** Nōnne Rōmānī inter gentēs Italiae plūrimum valēbant?  
Were not the Romans the most powerful among the tribes of Italy?

**49** Propter vulnera mīles corpus suum ex fossā summā cum difficultāte trāxit.  
On account of (his) wounds the soldier dragged his body from the ditch with the greatest difficulty.

**50** Neque currere neque pugnāre poterat.  
He was able neither to run nor to fight.

**51** Quis eum servāvit? Eques quīdam negōtium audācter suscēpit.  
Who saved him? A certain horseman boldly undertook the matter.

**52** Rūmōrēs dē morte mīlitis nōn erant vērī.  
The rumors concerning the soldier’s death were not true.

## Numerals: The Partitive Genitive (D'Ooge LVIII)

### The numbers through twenty

decem mīlia mīlitum means ten thousand soldiers. Decem is the cardinal numeral ten.

The cardinal numeral table gives the Latin forms from one through twenty, including decem.

### The Cardinal Numerals

### The plural of one

ūna castra means one camp. Castra is plural in form but singular in meaning, so ūnus also takes a plural form.

Gallī ūnī means only the Gauls. Here the plural of ūnus means only.

### A part of a whole

Omnium avium aquila est vēlōcissima means of all birds the eagle is the swiftest.

The eagle is one member of the whole group, omnium avium. Latin puts that whole group in the genitive.

This use of the genitive is the partitive genitive.

### Numbers take two patterns

Ūna ex captīvīs means one of the captives. Cardinal numbers other than mīlle regularly use the ablative with ex or dē.

mīlle mīlitēs means a thousand soldiers. Singular mīlle is usually an adjective and does not change its form.

decem mīlia mīlitum means ten thousand soldiers. Plural mīlia is a noun and takes the partitive genitive mīlitum.

**53** ūna castra  
one camp

**54** Gallī ūnī  
only the Gauls

**55** Omnium avium aquila est vēlōcissima  
Of all birds the eagle is the swiftest

**56** Hoc ōrāculum erat omnium clārissimum  
This oracle was the most famous of all

**57** mīlle mīlitēs  
a thousand soldiers

**58** decem mīlia mīlitum  
ten thousand soldiers

**59** Fortissimī hōrum sunt Germānī  
The bravest of these are the Germans

**60** Decem mīlia hostium interfecta sunt  
Ten thousand (lit. thousands) of the enemy were slain

**61** Ūna ex captīvīs erat soror rēgis  
One of the captives was the king’s sister

```
D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LVIII, §§327-331

§327. The Latin numeral adjectives may be classified as follows:

1. Cardinal Numerals, answering the question how many? as, ūnus, one; duo, two; etc.

2. Ordinal Numerals, derived in most cases from the cardinals and answering the question in what order? as, prīmus, first; secundus, second; etc.

3. Distributive Numerals, answering the question how many at a time? as, singulī, one at a time.
```

```
§328. The Cardinal Numerals. The first twenty of the cardinals are as follows:

1, ūnus         6, sex        11, ūndecim          16, sēdecim
2, duo          7, septem     12, duodecim         17, septendecim
3, trēs         8, octō       13, tredecim         18, duodēvīgintī
4, quattuor     9, novem      14, quattuordecim    19, ūndēvīgintī
5, quīnque     10, decem      15, quīndecim        20, vīgintī

a. Learn also centum = 100, ducentī = 200, mīlle = 1000.
```

```
§329. Declension of the Cardinals. Of the cardinals only ūnus, duo, trēs, the hundreds above one hundred, and mīlle used as a noun, are declinable.

a. ūnus is one of the nine irregular adjectives, and is declined like nūllus (cf. §§109, 470). The plural of ūnus is used to agree with a plural noun of a singular meaning, as, ūna castra, one camp; and with other nouns in the sense of only, as, Gallī ūnī, only the Gauls.

b. Learn the declension of duo, two; trēs, three; and mīlle, a thousand. (§479.)

c. The hundreds above one hundred are declined like the plural of bonus; as,

ducentī,    -ae,   -a
ducentōrum, -ārum, -ōrum
  etc.        etc.   etc.
```

```
§330. We have already become familiar with sentences like the following:

Omnium avium aquila est vēlōcissima
  Of all birds the eagle is the swiftest
Hoc ōrāculum erat omnium clārissimum
  This oracle was the most famous of all

In such sentences the genitive denotes the whole, and the word it modifies denotes a part of that whole. Such a genitive, denoting the whole of which a part is taken, is called a partitive genitive.
```

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§331. RULE. Partitive Genitive. Words denoting a part are often used with the genitive of the whole, known as the partitive genitive.

a. Words denoting a part are especially pronouns, numerals, and other adjectives. But cardinal numbers excepting mīlle regularly take the ablative with ex or dē instead of the partitive genitive.

b. Mīlle, a thousand, in the singular is usually an indeclinable adjective (as, mīlle mīlitēs, a thousand soldiers), but in the plural it is a declinable noun and takes the partitive genitive (as, decem mīlia mīlitum, ten thousand soldiers).

EXAMPLES:

Fortissimī hōrum sunt Germānī
  The bravest of these are the Germans
Decem mīlia hostium interfecta sunt
  Ten thousand (lit. thousands) of the enemy were slain
Ūna ex captīvīs erat soror rēgis
  One of the captives was the king’s sister
```

## Latin into English (D'Ooge LVIII)

**62** Caesar maximam partem aedificiōrum incendit.  
Caesar burned the greatest part of the buildings.

**63** Magna pars mūnītiōnis aquā flūminis dēlēta est.  
A great part of the fortification was destroyed by the water of the river.

**64** Gallī huius regiōnis quīnque mīlia hominum coēgerant.  
The Gauls of this region had collected five thousand men.

**65** Duo ex meīs frātribus eundem rūmōrem audīvērunt.  
Two of my brothers heard the same rumor.

**66** Quis Rōmānōrum erat clarior Caesare?  
Who of the Romans was more famous than Caesar?

**67** Quīnque cohortēs ex illā legiōne castra quam fortissimē dēfendēbant.  
Five cohorts from that legion were defending the camp as bravely as possible.

**68** Hic locus aberat aequō spatiō ab castrīs Caesaris et castrīs Germānōrum.  
This place was an equal distance from the camp of Caesar and the camp of the Germans.

**69** Caesar simul atque pervēnit, plūs commeātūs ab sociīs postulāvit.  
Caesar, as soon as he arrived, demanded more supplies from the allies.

**70** Nōnne mercātōrēs magnitūdinem īnsulae cognōverant? Longitūdinem sed nōn lātitūdinem cognōverant.  
Had not the traders learned the size of the island? They had learned its length but not its breadth.

**71** Paucī hostium obtinēbant collem quem explōrātōrēs nostrī vīdērunt.  
A few of the enemy were holding the hill which our scouts saw.

| word | gloss |
|---|---|
| mūnītiōnis | fortification, from munitio |
| commeātūs | provisions |
| Longitūdinem | length, from longitudo |
| lātitūdinem | width, from latitudo |

## English into Latin (D'Ooge LVIII)

**72** Duōs frātrēs habeō, et ūnus ex iīs Rōmae habitat.  
I have two brothers, and one of them lives at Rome.

**73** Caesar id ipsum oppidum tribus legiōnibus oppugnāvit.  
Cæsar stormed that very town with three legions.

**74** Ūnā hōrā magnam partem mūnītiōnis dēlēvit.  
In one hour he destroyed a great part of the fortification.

**75** Hostēs ubi portās nōn diūtius dēfendere poterant, sē ad collem recēpērunt quī parvō spatiō aberat.  
When the enemy could no longer[2] defend the gates, they retreated to a hill which was not far distant.[3]

**76** Ibi tria mīlia eōrum Rōmānīs fortiter restitērunt.  
There three thousand of them bravely resisted the Romans.[4]

## Numerals, continued: The Accusative of Extent (D'Ooge LIX)

### Extent without per

Vir tōtum diem cucurrit means "the man ran for a whole day."

Caesar mūrum decem pedēs mōvit means "Cæsar moved the wall ten feet."

Tōtum diem states duration. Decem pedēs states distance. Both are accusative, and neither needs a preposition.

Per tōtum diem and per decem pedēs are correct, but Latin usually omits per.

### Duration and distance

The accusative expresses duration of time and extent of space.

It answers how long or how far. The ablative of time answers when or within what time.

**77** per plūrimōs annōs  
for a great many years

**78** per tōtum diem  
for a whole day

**79** per decem pedēs  
for ten feet

**80** Vir tōtum diem cucurrit  
the man ran for a whole day

**81** Caesar mūrum decem pedēs mōvit  
Cæsar moved the wall ten feet

```
D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LIX, §§333-336

§333. Learn the first twenty of the ordinal numerals (§478). The ordinals are all declined like bonus.
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§334. The distributive numerals are declined like the plural of bonus. The first three are

singulī, -ae, -a, one each, one by one
bīnī, -ae, -a, two each, two by two
ternī, -ae, -a, three each, three by three
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§335. We have learned that, besides its use as object, the accusative is used to express space relations not covered by the ablative. We have had such expressions as per plūrimōs annōs, for a great many years; per tōtum diem, for a whole day. Here the space relation is one of extent of time. We could also say per decem pedēs, for ten feet, where the space relation is one of extent of space. While this is correct Latin, the usual form is to use the accusative with no preposition, as,

Vir tōtum diem cucurrit, the man ran for a whole day Caesar mūrum decem pedēs mōvit, Cæsar moved the wall ten feet
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§336. RULE. Accusative of Extent. Duration of time and extent of space are expressed by the accusative.

a. This accusative answers the questions how long? how far?

b. Distinguish carefully between the accusative of time how long and the ablative of time when, or within which.

Select the accusatives of time and space and the ablatives of time in the following:

When did the general arrive? He arrived at two o’clock. How long had he been marching? For four days. How far did he march? He marched sixty-five miles. Where has he pitched his camp? Three miles from the river, and he will remain there several days. The wall around the camp is ten feet high. When did the war begin? In the first year after the king’s death.
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## Latin into English (D'Ooge LIX)

**82** Caesar bellum in Gallia septem annōs gessit.  
Caesar waged war in Gaul for seven years.

**83** Prīmō annō Helvētiōs vīcit, et eōdem annō multae Germanōrum gentēs eī sēsē dēdidērunt.  
In the first year he conquered the Helvetii, and in the same year many tribes of the Germans surrendered themselves to him.

**84** Multōs iam annōs Germānī Gallōs vexabant et ducēs Germānī cōpiās suās trāns Rhēnum saepe trādūcēbant.  
For many years now the Germans had been harassing the Gauls, and the German leaders often led their forces across the Rhine.

**85** Nōn singulī veniēbant, sed multa milia hominum in Galliam contendēbant.  
They did not come one at a time, but many thousands of men hastened into Gaul.

**86** Quā dē causā prīncipēs Galliae concilium convocāvērunt atque statuērunt legates ad Caesarem mittere.  
For this reason the chiefs of Gaul called a council together and decided to send ambassadors to Caesar.

**87** Caesar, simul atque hunc rūmōrem audīvit, cōpiās suās sine morā coēgit.  
Caesar, as soon as he heard this rumor, collected his forces without delay.

**88** Primā lūce fortiter cum Germanīs proelium commīsit.  
At dawn he bravely joined battle with the Germans.

**89** Tōtum diem ācriter pugnātum est.  
The whole day there was fierce fighting.

**90** Caesar ipse ā dextrō cornū acicm dūxit.  
Caesar himself led the battle line from the right wing.

**91** Magna pars exercitūs Germānī cecidit.  
A great part of the German army fell.

**92** Post magnam caedem paucī multa milia passuum ad flūmen fūgērunt.  
After the great slaughter a few fled many miles to the river.

| word | gloss |
|---|---|
| vexabant | annoy, ravage, from vexo |
| trādūcēbant | bring across, move |
| milia | millet, from milium |
| concilium | council, assembly |
| legates | envoy, ambassador |

## English into Latin (D'Ooge LIX)

**93** Caesar duo mīlia passuum ā flūmine castra posuit.  
Cæsar pitched camp two miles from the river.

**94** Castra fossā quīndecim pedēs lātā et vāllō novem pedēs altō mūnīvit.  
He fortified the camp with a ditch fifteen feet wide and a rampart nine feet high.

**95** Castra hostium magnō spatiō aberant.  
The camp of the enemy was a great way off (was distant by a great space).

**96** Posterō diē decem mīlia passuum tribus hōrīs properāvit.  
On the next day he hastened ten miles in three hours.

**97** Subitō hostēs cum omnibus cōpiīs impetum in novissimum agmen fēcērunt.  
Suddenly the enemy with all their forces made an attack upon (in with acc.) the rear.

**98** Duās hōrās Rōmānī ā barbarīs premēbantur.  
For two hours the Romans were hard pressed by the barbarians.

**99** Tribus hōrīs barbarī fugiēbant.  
In three hours the barbarians were fleeing.

## Latin into English (D'Ooge LX)

### A passive form carries an active meaning

Trēs ex lēgātīs, contrā Caesaris opīniōnem, iter facere per hostium fīnīs verēbantur.

Three of the lieutenants, contrary to Caesar's expectation, feared to march through the territory of the enemy.

Verēbantur is deponent. Its form is passive, but its meaning is active: "they feared."

### Perfect deponents keep the active meaning

Imperātor eōs hortātus est et iīs persuādēre cōnātus est, sed nōn potuit.

The commander encouraged them and tried to persuade them, but could not.

Hortātus est and cōnātus est are perfect deponent forms. Their form is passive, while their meaning remains active.

The three rows group deponents by conjugation and give each verb's principal parts.

### Three prepositions take the accusative

In the opening line, contrā takes opīniōnem and per takes fīnīs. Both nouns are accusative.

Contrā Caesaris opīniōnem means "contrary to Caesar's expectation." Per hostium fīnīs means "through the territory of the enemy."

Quam ob rem means "why." Ob takes rem, another accusative form.

**100** Trēs ex lēgātīs, contrā Caesaris opīniōnem, iter facere per hostium fīnīs verēbantur.  
Three of the lieutenants, contrary to Caesar's expectation, feared to march through the territory of the enemy.

**101** Quis eōs hortātus est? Imperātor eōs hortātus est et iīs persuādēre cōnātus est, sed nōn potuit.  
Who encouraged them? The commander encouraged them and tried to persuade them, but could not.

**102** Quid lēgātōs perterruit? Aut timor hostium, quī undique premēbant, aut longitūdō viae eōs perterruit.  
What frightened the lieutenants? Either the fear of the enemy, who were pressing on every side, or the length of the road frightened them.

**103** Tamen omnēs ferē Caesarem multō magis quam hostīs veritī sunt.  
Yet almost all feared Caesar much more than the enemy.

**104** Fortissimae gentēs Galliae ex Germānīs oriēbantur.  
The bravest tribes of Gaul sprang from the Germans.

**105** Quam ob rem tam fortēs erant? Quia nec vīnum nec alia quae virtūtem dēlent ad sē portārī patiēbantur.  
Why were they so brave? Because they allowed neither wine nor other things which destroy courage to be brought to them.

**106** Caesar ex mercātōribus dē īnsulā Britanniā quaesīvit, sed nihil cognōscere potuit.  
Caesar asked the traders about the island of Britain, but could learn nothing.

**107** Itaque ipse statuit hanc terram petere, et mediā ferē aestāte cum multīs nāvibus longīs profectus est.  
And so he himself decided to make for this land, and about midsummer he set out with many warships.

**108** Magnā celeritāte iter confēcit et in opportūnissimō locō ēgressus est.  
He finished the journey with great speed and landed in a most favorable place.

**109** Barbarī summīs vīribus eum ab īnsulā prohibēre cōnātī sunt.  
The barbarians with their utmost strength tried to keep him from the island.

**110** Ille autem barbarōs multa mīlia passuum īnsecūtus est; tamen sine equitātū eōs cōnsequī nōn potuit.  
He, however, pursued the barbarians many miles; yet without cavalry he could not overtake them.

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D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LX, §§338-340

§338. A number of verbs are passive in form but active in meaning; as, hortor, I encourage; vereor, I fear. Such verbs are called deponent because they have laid aside (dē-pōnere, to lay aside) the active forms.

a. Besides having all the forms of the passive, deponent verbs have also the future active infinitive and a few other active forms which will be noted later. (Sec§§375, 403.b.)
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§339. The principal parts of deponents are of course passive in form, as,

Conj. I         hortor, hortārī, hortātus sum, encourage
Conj. II        vereor, verērī, veritus sum, fear
Conj. III (a) sequor, sequī, secūtus sum, follow
          (b) patior, patī, passus sum, suffer, allow
Conj. IV        partior, partīrī, partītus sum, share, divide

Learn the synopses of these verbs. (See §493.) Patior is conjugated like the passive of capiō (§492).
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§340. PREPOSITIONS WITH THE ACCUSATIVE

The prepositions with the accusative that occur most frequently are

ante, before
apud, among
circum, around
contrā, against, contrary to
extrā, outside of
in, into, in, against, upon
inter, between, among
intrā, within
ob, on account of (quam ob rem, wherefore, therefore)
per, through, by means of
post, after, behind
propter, on account of, because of
trāns, across, over

a. Most of these you have had before. Review the old ones and learn the new ones. Review the list of prepositions governing the ablative, §209.
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| word | gloss |
|---|---|
| hortātus | urge, incite, from hortor |

## English into Latin (D'Ooge LX)

**111** Contrā opīniōnem nostram hostēs fūgērunt et equitātus eōs subsecūtus est.  
Contrary to our expectation, the enemy fled and the cavalry followed close after them.

**112** Ex omnibus partibus multitūdinis clāmōrēs eōrum quī vulnerābantur ortī sunt.  
From all parts of the multitude the shouts arose of those who were being wounded.

**113** Caesar equitātum longius īnsequī nōn passus est.  
Cæsar did not allow the cavalry to pursue too far.[1]

**114** Equitātus prīmā hōrā profectus est et quārtā hōrā ad castra revertēbātur.  
The cavalry set out at the first hour and was returning[2] to camp at the fourth hour.

**115** Circum castra Rōmāna erat vāllum duodecim pedēs altum.  
Around the Roman camp was a rampart twelve feet high.

**116** Caesar trēs diēs reī frūmentāriae causā morābitur.  
Cæsar will delay three days because of the grain supply.

**117** Omnēs ferē lēgātī hostēs veritī sunt et iter morārī cōnātī sunt.  
Nearly all the lieutenants feared the enemy and attempted to delay the march.

| word | gloss |
|---|---|
| subsecūtus | follow close after, from subsequor |
| frūmentāriae | pertaining to grain, from frumentarius |