{"course":{"lang":"la","language":"Latin","title":"Prīmus et Secundus Annus","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/la","source":"Paine and Mainwaring, Prīmus Annus (Oxford, 1912) and Secundus Annus (1917); Appleton and Jones, Puer Rōmānus (1913); D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (Boston, 1911); Ritchie, Fabulae Faciles (1903). Public domain. The teaching pages, the glosses and the narration are ours."},"unit":{"number":29,"id":"la.module.do.61-66","title":"Lessons LXI–LXVI","stage":"Latin for Beginners II","situation":"The Subjunctive Mood; The Subjunctive of Purpose; Inflection of the Imperfect Subjunctive the Sequence of Tenses; The Perfect and Pluperfect Subjunctive: Substantive Clauses of Purpose; The Subjunctive of Possum: Verbs of Fearing; The Participles","outcome":"Lessons LXI to LXVI of D'Ooge, read whole; with the Lentulus reader","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/la/29","lines":186},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/courses/la/28","next":"https://1732studios.com/courses/la/30","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/","sections":[{"title":"The Subjunctive Mood (D'Ooge LXI)","teaching":[{"title":"Fact or willing","paragraphs":["Statim proficīscimur presents the departure as fact. Statim proficīscāmur presents the same departure as willing.","Latin uses the indicative to assert or ask about facts. It uses the subjunctive for desire, purpose, possibility, expectation, and similar notions."]},{"title":"Possibility, expectation, and purpose","paragraphs":["Cotīdiē eum audīs presents hearing as fact. Cotīdiē eum audiās presents it as possible.","Mānsit dum nāvis pervēnit states the ship's arrival. Exspectāvit dum nāvis pervenīret presents the arrival as expected. pervenīret is imperfect subjunctive.","Caesar mittit hominēs quī pontem reperiunt states what the men do. Caesar hominēs mittit quī pontem reperiant gives their purpose.","The subjunctive occurs in independent and dependent clauses. It is far more common in dependent clauses, and its English translation varies with the construction."]},{"title":"The sign of the present subjunctive","paragraphs":["The present subjunctive comes from the present stem. Its mood sign is -ē- in the first conjugation and -ā- in the others.","In proficīscāmur and audiās, -ā- marks the present subjunctive. In reperiant, the same sign is short.","The mood sign takes the same personal endings as the indicative."]}],"lines":[{"number":1,"id":"la.do.L61.x.1","source":"Fortis est","translation":"He is brave","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Fortis","gloss":"brave"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L61.x.1.m4a"},{"number":2,"id":"la.do.L61.x.2","source":"Statim proficīscimur","translation":"We set out at once","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Statim","gloss":"immediately, at once"},{"text":"proficīscimur","gloss":"proficiscor: set out"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L61.x.2.m4a"},{"number":3,"id":"la.do.L61.x.3","source":"Statim proficīscāmur","translation":"Let us set out at once","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Statim","gloss":"immediately, at once"},{"text":"proficīscāmur","gloss":"proficiscor: set out"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L61.x.3.m4a"},{"number":4,"id":"la.do.L61.x.4","source":"Cotīdiē eum audīs","translation":"You hear him every day","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Cotīdiē","gloss":"cottidie: daily, every day"},{"text":"eum","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"audīs","gloss":"audio: hear, listen to"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L61.x.4.m4a"},{"number":5,"id":"la.do.L61.x.5","source":"Cotīdiē eum audiās","translation":"You can hear him every day","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Cotīdiē","gloss":"cottidie: daily, every day"},{"text":"eum","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"audiās","gloss":"audio: hear, listen to"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L61.x.5.m4a"},{"number":6,"id":"la.do.L61.x.6","source":"Mānsit dum nāvis pervēnit","translation":"He remained until the ship arrived","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mānsit","gloss":"maneo: remain"},{"text":"dum","gloss":"while, as long as"},{"text":"nāvis","gloss":"navis: ship"},{"text":"pervēnit","gloss":"pervenio: come through, arrive"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L61.x.6.m4a"},{"number":7,"id":"la.do.L61.x.7","source":"Exspectāvit dum nāvis pervenīret","translation":"He waited until the ship should arrive","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Exspectāvit","gloss":"exspecto: expect, wait"},{"text":"dum","gloss":"while, as long as"},{"text":"nāvis","gloss":"navis: ship"},{"text":"pervenīret","gloss":"pervenio: come through, arrive"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L61.x.7.m4a"},{"number":8,"id":"la.do.L61.x.8","source":"Caesar mittit hominēs quī pontem reperiunt","translation":"Cæsar sends men who find the bridge","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Caesar","gloss":"Cæsar"},{"text":"mittit","gloss":"mitto: send"},{"text":"hominēs","gloss":"homo: man, human being"},{"text":"quī","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"pontem","gloss":"pons: bridge"},{"text":"reperiunt","gloss":"reperio: find"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L61.x.8.m4a"},{"number":9,"id":"la.do.L61.x.9","source":"Caesar hominēs mittit quī pontem reperiant","translation":"Cæsar sends men who are to find (or to find) the bridge","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Caesar","gloss":"Cæsar"},{"text":"hominēs","gloss":"homo: man, human being"},{"text":"mittit","gloss":"mitto: send"},{"text":"quī","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"pontem","gloss":"pons: bridge"},{"text":"reperiant","gloss":"reperio: find"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L61.x.9.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":342,"text":"D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LXI, §§342-346\n\n§342. In addition to the indicative, imperative, and infinitive moods, which you have learned, Latin has a fourth mood called the subjunctive. The tenses of the subjunctive are\n\nPRESENT    }\nIMPERFECT  }  ACTIVE AND PASSIVE\nPERFECT    }\nPLUPERFECT }"},{"section":343,"text":"§343. The tenses of the subjunctive have the same time values as the corresponding tenses of the indicative, and, in addition, each of them may refer to future time. No meanings of the tenses will be given in the paradigms, as the translation varies with the construction used."},{"section":344,"text":"§344. The present subjunctive is inflected as follows:\n\n   CONJ. I    CONJ. II     CONJ. III                CONJ. IV\n   ACTIVE VOICE\n   SINGULAR\n1. a´mem      mo´neam      re´gam      ca´piam      au´diam\n2. a´mēs      mo´neās      re´gās      ca´piās      au´diās\n3. a´met      mo´neat      re´gat      ca´piat      au´diat\n\n   PLURAL\n1. amē´mus    moneā´mus    regā´mus    capiā´mus    audiā´mus\n2. amē´tis    moneā´tis    regā´tis    capiā´tis    audiā´tis\n3. a´ment     mo´neant     re´gant     ca´piant     au´diant\n\n   PASSIVE VOICE\n   SINGULAR\n1. a´mer      mo´near      re´gar      ca´piar      au´diar\n2. amē´ris    moneā´ris    regā´ris    capiā´ris    audiā´ris\n      (-re)        (-re)       (-re)        (-re)        (-re)\n3. amē´tur    moneā´tur    regā´tur    capiā´tur    audiā´tur\n\n   PLURAL\n1. amē´mur    moneā´mur    regā´mur    capiā´mur    audiā´mur\n2. amē´minī   moneā´minī   regā´minī   capiā´minī   audiā´minī\n3. amen´tur   monean´tur   regan´tur   capian´tur   audian´tur\n\na. The present subjunctive is formed from the present stem.\n\nb. The mood sign of the present subjunctive is -ē- in the first conjugation and -ā- in the others. It is shortened in the usual places (cf. §12), and takes the place of the final vowel of the stem in the first and third conjugations, but not in the second and fourth.\n\nc. The personal endings are the same as in the indicative.\n\nd. In a similar way inflect the present subjunctive of cūrō, iubeō, sūmō, iaciō, mūniō."},{"section":345,"text":"§345. The present subjunctive of the irregular verb sum is inflected as follows:\n\n      { 1.  sim            { 1.  sīmus\nSING. { 2.  sīs     PLURAL { 2.  sītis\n      { 3.  sit            { 3.  sint"},{"section":346,"text":"§346. The Indicative and Subjunctive Compared.\n\n1. The two most important of the finite moods are the indicative and the subjunctive. The indicative deals with facts either real or assumed. If, then, we wish to assert something as a fact or to inquire after a fact, we use the indicative.\n\n2. On the other hand, if we wish to express a desire or wish, a purpose, a possibility, an expectation, or some such notion, we must use the subjunctive. The following sentences illustrate the difference between the indicative and the subjunctive ideas.\n\nINDICATIVE IDEAS                SUBJUNCTIVE IDEAS\n\n1. He is brave                     1. May he be brave\n     Fortis est                         Fortis sit (idea of wishing)\n2. We set out at once              2. Let us set out at once\n     Statim proficīscimur               Statim proficīscāmur\n                                        (idea of willing)\n3. You hear him every day          3. You can hear him every day\n     Cotīdiē eum audīs                  Cotīdiē eum audiās\n                                         (idea of possibility)\n4. He remained until the ship      4. He waited until the ship\n       arrived                            should arrive\n     Mānsit dum nāvis pervēnit          Exspectāvit dum nāvis\n                                           pervenīret[1]\n                                        (idea of expectation)\n5. Cæsar sends men who find the    5. Cæsar sends men\n     bridge                             who are to find\n                                        (or to find) the bridge\n     Caesar mittit hominēs quī          Caesar hominēs mittit quī\n       pontem reperiunt                   pontem reperiant\n                                        (idea of purpose)\n[1] pervenīret, imperfect subjunctive.\n\nNOTE. From the sentences above we observe that the subjunctive may be used in either independent or dependent clauses; but it is far more common in the latter than in the former."}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Publius is Born Near Pompeii (Lentulus LXI)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":10,"id":"la.do.R61.1","source":"P. Cornēlius Lentulus, adulēscēns Rōmānus, amplissimā familiā nātus est; nam pater eius, Mārcus, erat dux perītissimus, cuius virtūte et cōnsiliō multae victōriae reportātae erant; atque mater eius, lūlia, ā clārissimīs maiōribus orta est.","translation":"P. Cornelius Lentulus, a Roman youth, was born of a most distinguished family; for his father, Marcus, was a most skillful leader, by whose courage and wisdom many victories had been won; and his mother, Julia, was sprung from most famous ancestors.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"P.","gloss":"P (a name)"},{"text":"Cornēlius","gloss":"Cornelius: Cornelius"},{"text":"Lentulus,","gloss":"Lentulus"},{"text":"adulēscēns","gloss":"adulescens: a youth, young man, young person"},{"text":"Rōmānus,","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"amplissimā","gloss":"amplus: large, ample; honorable, noble"},{"text":"familiā","gloss":"familia: servants, slaves; household, family"},{"text":"nātus","gloss":"natus: born, arisen"},{"text":"est;","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"nam","gloss":"for"},{"text":"pater","gloss":"father"},{"text":"eius,","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"Mārcus,","gloss":"Marcus: Marcus, Mark"},{"text":"erat","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"dux","gloss":"leader"},{"text":"perītissimus,","gloss":"peritus: skillful"},{"text":"cuius","gloss":"qui: whose?"},{"text":"virtūte","gloss":"virtus: manliness, courage"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"cōnsiliō","gloss":"consilium: plan"},{"text":"multae","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"victōriae","gloss":"victoria: victory"},{"text":"reportātae","gloss":"reporto: bring back, restore; win, gain"},{"text":"erant;","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"atque","gloss":"and"},{"text":"mater","gloss":"mother"},{"text":"eius,","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"lūlia,","gloss":"Iūlia: Julia (printed lūlia for Iūlia)"},{"text":"ā","gloss":"a: from, by, off"},{"text":"clārissimīs","gloss":"clarus: clear; famous, renowned; bright, shining"},{"text":"maiōribus","gloss":"majores: ancestors (pl.)"},{"text":"orta","gloss":"orior: arise, spring; begin; be born"},{"text":"est.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R61.1.m4a"},{"number":11,"id":"la.do.R61.2","source":"Nōn vērō in urbe sed rūrī Pūblius nātus est, et cum mātre habitābat in vīllā quae in maris lītore et sub radīcibus magnī montis sita erat.","translation":"Not in the city, however, but in the country was Publius born, and he lived with his mother in a villa which was situated on the shore of the sea and at the foot of a great mountain.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"vērō","gloss":"vero: truly, indeed, in fact; but, however"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"urbe","gloss":"urbs: city"},{"text":"sed","gloss":"but"},{"text":"rūrī","gloss":"rus: the country"},{"text":"Pūblius","gloss":"Publius: Publius (Roman praenomen)"},{"text":"nātus","gloss":"natus: born, arisen"},{"text":"est,","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"cum","gloss":"when; since; although"},{"text":"mātre","gloss":"mater: mother"},{"text":"habitābat","gloss":"habito: dwell, abide, inhabit"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"vīllā","gloss":"villa: farm, villa"},{"text":"quae","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"maris","gloss":"mare: sea"},{"text":"lītore","gloss":"litus3: seashore, beach"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"sub","gloss":"under, below, up to; at"},{"text":"radīcibus","gloss":"radix: root; foot"},{"text":"magnī","gloss":"magnus: great, large; strong, loud"},{"text":"montis","gloss":"mons: mountain"},{"text":"sita","gloss":"sino: allow, permit"},{"text":"erat.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R61.2.m4a"},{"number":12,"id":"la.do.R61.3","source":"Mōns autem erat Vesuvius et parva urbs Pompēiī octō mīlia passuum aberat.","translation":"Now the mountain was Vesuvius, and the little city of Pompeii was eight miles away.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mōns","gloss":"mons: mountain"},{"text":"autem","gloss":"but, moreover, now"},{"text":"erat","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"Vesuvius","gloss":"Vesuvius"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"parva","gloss":"parvus: small, little"},{"text":"urbs","gloss":"city"},{"text":"Pompēiī","gloss":"Pompeii: Pompeii"},{"text":"octō","gloss":"octo: eight"},{"text":"mīlia","gloss":"mille: thousand"},{"text":"passuum","gloss":"passus3: a pace"},{"text":"aberat.","gloss":"absum: be away, be absent, be distant"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R61.3.m4a"},{"number":13,"id":"la.do.R61.4","source":"In Italiā antīquā erant plūrimae quidem villae et pulchrae, sed inter hās omnīs nūlla erat pulchrior quam villa Mārcī Iūliaeque.","translation":"In ancient Italy there were very many villas, and beautiful ones, but among all these none was more beautiful than the villa of Marcus and Julia.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"In","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"Italiā","gloss":"Italia: Italy"},{"text":"antīquā","gloss":"antiquus: old, ancient"},{"text":"erant","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"plūrimae","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"quidem","gloss":"to be sure, certainly, indeed"},{"text":"villae","gloss":"villa: farm, villa"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"pulchrae,","gloss":"pulcher: pretty, beautiful"},{"text":"sed","gloss":"but"},{"text":"inter","gloss":"between, among"},{"text":"hās","gloss":"hic: this"},{"text":"omnīs","gloss":"omnis: every, all"},{"text":"nūlla","gloss":"nullus: not any, none, no"},{"text":"erat","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"pulchrior","gloss":"pulcher: pretty, beautiful"},{"text":"quam","gloss":"qui: who, which"},{"text":"villa","gloss":"villum: farm/country home/estate"},{"text":"Mārcī","gloss":"Marcus: Marcus, Mark"},{"text":"Iūliaeque.","gloss":"Julius: Julius"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R61.4.m4a"},{"number":14,"id":"la.do.R61.5","source":"Frōns vīllae mūrō a maris fluctibus mūniēbātur.","translation":"The front of the villa was protected by a wall from the waves of the sea.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Frōns","gloss":"frons: front"},{"text":"vīllae","gloss":"villa: farm, villa"},{"text":"mūrō","gloss":"murus: wall"},{"text":"a","gloss":"from, by, off"},{"text":"maris","gloss":"mare: sea"},{"text":"fluctibus","gloss":"fluctus: wave, billow"},{"text":"mūniēbātur.","gloss":"munio: fortify, defend"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R61.5.m4a"},{"number":15,"id":"la.do.R61.6","source":"Hinc mare et lītora et īnsulae longē lātēque cōnspicī ac saepe nāvēs longae et onerāriae poterant.","translation":"From here the sea and the shores and the islands could be seen far and wide, and often warships and merchant ships.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hinc","gloss":"from here, hence"},{"text":"mare","gloss":"sea"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"lītora","gloss":"litus3: seashore, beach"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"īnsulae","gloss":"insula: island"},{"text":"longē","gloss":"longus: long"},{"text":"lātēque","gloss":"latus: wide"},{"text":"cōnspicī","gloss":"conspicio: look at attentively, perceive, see"},{"text":"ac","gloss":"atque: and"},{"text":"saepe","gloss":"often"},{"text":"nāvēs","gloss":"navis: ship"},{"text":"longae","gloss":"longus: long"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"onerāriae","gloss":"oneraria: merchant vessel, transport"},{"text":"poterant.","gloss":"possum: be able, can"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R61.6.m4a"},{"number":16,"id":"la.do.R61.7","source":"Ā tergō et ab utrōque latere agrī ferācissimī patēbant.","translation":"In the rear and on either side most fertile fields stretched out.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ā","gloss":"a: from, by, off"},{"text":"tergō","gloss":"tergum: back"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ab","gloss":"from, by"},{"text":"utrōque","gloss":"uterque: each of two, each, both"},{"text":"latere","gloss":"latus2: side, flank"},{"text":"agrī","gloss":"ager: field"},{"text":"ferācissimī","gloss":"ferax: fertile"},{"text":"patēbant.","gloss":"pateo: lie open, be open; stretch, extend"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R61.7.m4a"},{"number":17,"id":"la.do.R61.8","source":"Undique erat magna variōrum flōrum cōpia et multa ingentium arborum genera quae aestāte umbram dēfessīs agricolīs grātissimam adferēbant.","translation":"On every side there was a great abundance of various flowers and many kinds of huge trees, which in summer brought shade most welcome to the weary farmers.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Undique","gloss":"from all sides"},{"text":"erat","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"magna","gloss":"magnus: great, large; strong, loud"},{"text":"variōrum","gloss":"varius: bright-colored"},{"text":"flōrum","gloss":"flos: flower"},{"text":"cōpia","gloss":"copia: plenty, abundance; troops, forces"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"multa","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"ingentium","gloss":"ingens: huge, vast"},{"text":"arborum","gloss":"arbor: tree"},{"text":"genera","gloss":"genus: kind, variety"},{"text":"quae","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"aestāte","gloss":"aestas: summer"},{"text":"umbram","gloss":"umbra: shade"},{"text":"dēfessīs","gloss":"defetiscor: become exhausted/suffer exhaustion, grow weary/faint/tired/weak"},{"text":"agricolīs","gloss":"agricola: farmer"},{"text":"grātissimam","gloss":"gratus: acceptable, pleasing"},{"text":"adferēbant.","gloss":"adfero: bring, convey; report, announce; render, give"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R61.8.m4a"},{"number":18,"id":"la.do.R61.9","source":"Praetereā erant in agrīs stabulīsque multa animālium genera, nōn sōlum equī et bovēs sed etiam rārae avēs.","translation":"Besides, there were in the fields and stables many kinds of animals, not only horses and oxen but also rare birds.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Praetereā","gloss":"praeterea: in addition, besides, moreover"},{"text":"erant","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"agrīs","gloss":"ager: field"},{"text":"stabulīsque","gloss":"stall/stable/enclosure/fold"},{"text":"multa","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"animālium","gloss":"animal: animal"},{"text":"genera,","gloss":"genus: kind, variety"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"sōlum","gloss":"alone, only"},{"text":"equī","gloss":"equus: horse"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"bovēs","gloss":"bos: ox, cow"},{"text":"sed","gloss":"but"},{"text":"etiam","gloss":"yet, still; also, besides"},{"text":"rārae","gloss":"rarus: rare"},{"text":"avēs.","gloss":"avis: bird"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R61.9.m4a"},{"number":19,"id":"la.do.R61.10","source":"Etiam erat magna piscīna plēna piscium; nam Rōmānī piscīs dīligenter colēbant.","translation":"There was also a great fishpond full of fish; for the Romans kept fish with care.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Etiam","gloss":"yet, still; also, besides"},{"text":"erat","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"magna","gloss":"magnus: great, large; strong, loud"},{"text":"piscīna","gloss":"piscina: fish pond"},{"text":"plēna","gloss":"plenus: full"},{"text":"piscium;","gloss":"piscis: fish"},{"text":"nam","gloss":"for"},{"text":"Rōmānī","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"piscīs","gloss":"piscis: fish"},{"text":"dīligenter","gloss":"diligenter: industriously, diligently"},{"text":"colēbant.","gloss":"colo: cultivate, till; honor, worship; devote one’s self to"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R61.10.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"lūlia","gloss":"Julia, from Iūlia"},{"word":"villa","gloss":"farm, from villum"},{"word":"onerāriae","gloss":"merchant vessel, transport, from oneraria"},{"word":"ferācissimī","gloss":"fertile, from ferax"},{"word":"stabulīsque","gloss":"stall"},{"word":"rārae","gloss":"rare, from rarus"},{"word":"piscīna","gloss":"fish pond"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"The Subjunctive of Purpose (D'Ooge LXII)","teaching":[{"title":"The subjunctive states the purpose","paragraphs":["Caesar hominēs mittit quī pontem reperiant means \"Cæsar sends men to find the bridge.\"","quī pontem reperiant is a purpose clause. It states Caesar's purpose for sending the men.","Latin puts the verb of a purpose clause in the subjunctive. Here reperiant states what Caesar wants the men to do."]},{"title":"The opening word marks the purpose","paragraphs":["quī and ut introduce a wanted purpose. The lines use quī pontem reperiant and ut domum revertantur.","quō introduces a wanted purpose that contains a comparative. quō facilius oppidum capiant contains facilius.","nē introduces an unwanted purpose. Fugiunt nē vulnerentur means \"They flee that they may not be wounded.\""]},{"title":"Latin does not use the infinitive","paragraphs":["English often expresses purpose with an infinitive. The first line translates quī pontem reperiant as \"to find the bridge.\"","Latin prose never uses an infinitive for purpose. It uses a purpose clause with a subjunctive verb."]}],"lines":[{"number":20,"id":"la.do.L62.x.1","source":"Caesar hominēs mittit quī pontem reperiant","translation":"Cæsar sends men to find the bridge","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Caesar","gloss":"Cæsar"},{"text":"hominēs","gloss":"homo: man, human being"},{"text":"mittit","gloss":"mitto: send"},{"text":"quī","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"pontem","gloss":"pons: bridge"},{"text":"reperiant","gloss":"reperio: find"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L62.x.1.m4a"},{"number":21,"id":"la.do.L62.x.2","source":"Caesar cōpiās cōgit quibus hostīs īnsequātur","translation":"Cæsar collects troops with which to pursue the foe","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Caesar","gloss":"Cæsar"},{"text":"cōpiās","gloss":"copia: plenty, abundance; troops, forces"},{"text":"cōgit","gloss":"cogo: collect; compel"},{"text":"quibus","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"hostīs","gloss":"hostis: enemy"},{"text":"īnsequātur","gloss":"insequor: pursue"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L62.x.2.m4a"},{"number":22,"id":"la.do.L62.x.3","source":"Pācem petunt ut domum revertantur","translation":"They ask for peace in order that they may return home","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Pācem","gloss":"pax: peace"},{"text":"petunt","gloss":"peto: aim at, assail, storm, attack; seek, ask"},{"text":"ut","gloss":"that, in order that, that not"},{"text":"domum","gloss":"domus: house, home"},{"text":"revertantur","gloss":"reverto: turn back, return"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L62.x.3.m4a"},{"number":23,"id":"la.do.L62.x.4","source":"Pontem faciunt quō facilius oppidum capiant","translation":"They build a bridge that they may take the town more easily (lit. by which the more easily)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Pontem","gloss":"pons: bridge"},{"text":"faciunt","gloss":"facio: make, do; cause, bring about"},{"text":"quō","gloss":"quo: whither, where; in order to, that"},{"text":"facilius","gloss":"facilis: facile, easy"},{"text":"oppidum","gloss":"town"},{"text":"capiant","gloss":"capio: take, seize, capture"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L62.x.4.m4a"},{"number":24,"id":"la.do.L62.x.5","source":"Fugiunt nē vulnerentur","translation":"They flee that they may not (or lest they) be wounded","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Fugiunt","gloss":"fugio: flee, run; avoid, shun"},{"text":"nē","gloss":"ne: in order that not, that"},{"text":"vulnerentur","gloss":"vulnero: wound"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L62.x.5.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":348,"text":"D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LXII, §§348-352\n\n§348. Observe the sentence\n\nCaesar hominēs mittit quī pontem reperiant,\nCæsar sends men to find the bridge\n\nThe verb reperiant in the dependent clause is in the subjunctive because it tells us what Cæsar wants the men to do; in other words, it expresses his will and the purpose in his mind. Such a use of the subjunctive is called the subjunctive of purpose."},{"section":349,"text":"§349. RULE. Subjunctive of Purpose. The subjunctive is used in a dependent clause to express the purpose of the action in the principal clause."},{"section":350,"text":"§350. A clause of purpose is introduced as follows:\n\nI. If something is wanted, by\n\nquī, the relative pronoun (as above)\nut, conj., in order that, that\nquō (abl. of quī, by which), in order that, that, used when\n  the purpose clause contains a comparative. The ablative quō\n  expresses the measure of difference. (Cf. §317.)\n\nII. If something is not wanted, by\n\nnē, conj., in order that not, that not, lest"},{"section":351,"text":"§351. EXAMPLES\n\n1. Caesar cōpiās cōgit quibus hostīs īnsequātur\n  Cæsar collects troops with which to pursue the foe\n\n2. Pācem petunt ut domum revertantur\n  They ask for peace in order that they may return home\n\n3. Pontem faciunt quō facilius oppidum capiant\n  They build a bridge that they may take the town more easily\n  (lit. by which the more easily)\n\n4. Fugiunt nē vulnerentur\n   They flee that they may not (or lest they) be wounded"},{"section":352,"text":"§352. Expression of Purpose in English. In English, purpose clauses are sometimes introduced by that or in order that, but much more frequently purpose is expressed in English by the infinitive, as We eat to live, She stoops to conquer. In Latin prose, on the other hand, purpose is never expressed by the infinitive. Be on your guard and do not let the English idiom betray you into this error."}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"English into Latin (D'Ooge LXII)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":25,"id":"la.do.L62.e2.1","source":"Helvētiī lēgātōs mittunt quī pācem petant.","translation":"The Helvetii send ambassadors to seek[1] peace.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Helvētiī","gloss":"Helvetii: the Helvetii"},{"text":"lēgātōs","gloss":"legatus: lieutenant, ambassador"},{"text":"mittunt","gloss":"mitto: send"},{"text":"quī","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"pācem","gloss":"pax: peace"},{"text":"petant.","gloss":"peto: attack"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L62.e2.1.m4a"},{"number":26,"id":"la.do.L62.e2.2","source":"Prīmā lūce proficīscuntur quō longius iter ante noctem faciant.","translation":"They are setting out at daybreak in order that they may make a longer march before night.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Prīmā","gloss":"primus: first"},{"text":"lūce","gloss":"lux: light"},{"text":"proficīscuntur","gloss":"proficiscor: set out"},{"text":"quō","gloss":"quo: whither, where; in order to, that"},{"text":"longius","gloss":"longus: long"},{"text":"iter","gloss":"march, journey, route"},{"text":"ante","gloss":"before"},{"text":"noctem","gloss":"nox: night"},{"text":"faciant.","gloss":"facio: do, make"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L62.e2.2.m4a"},{"number":27,"id":"la.do.L62.e2.3","source":"Mulierēs in silvam abdent nē capiantur.","translation":"They will hide the women in the forest (acc. with in) that they may not be captured.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mulierēs","gloss":"mulier: woman"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"silvam","gloss":"silva: wood, forest"},{"text":"abdent","gloss":""},{"text":"nē","gloss":"ne: in order that not, that"},{"text":"capiantur.","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L62.e2.3.m4a"},{"number":28,"id":"la.do.L62.e2.4","source":"Gallī multa bella gerunt ut patriam servitūte līberent.","translation":"The Gauls wage many wars to free[1] their fatherland from slavery.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Gallī","gloss":"gallus: a Gaul"},{"text":"multa","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"bella","gloss":"bellum: war"},{"text":"gerunt","gloss":"gero: bear, carry, wear"},{"text":"ut","gloss":"that, in order that, that not"},{"text":"patriam","gloss":"patria: fatherland"},{"text":"servitūte","gloss":"servitus: slavery"},{"text":"līberent.","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L62.e2.4.m4a"},{"number":29,"id":"la.do.L62.e2.5","source":"Rōmānīs fortiter resistent nē dēleantur.","translation":"They will resist the Romans[2] bravely lest they be destroyed.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Rōmānīs","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"fortiter","gloss":"strongly; bravely"},{"text":"resistent","gloss":"resisto: oppose, resist"},{"text":"nē","gloss":"ne: in order that not, that"},{"text":"dēleantur.","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L62.e2.5.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"His Life on the Farm (Lentulus LXII)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":30,"id":"la.do.R62.1","source":"Huius vīllae Dāvus, servus Mārcī, est vīlicus et cum Lesbiā uxōre omnia cūrat.","translation":"Of this villa Davus, the slave of Marcus, is the overseer, and with his wife Lesbia he looks after everything.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Huius","gloss":"hic: this"},{"text":"vīllae","gloss":"villa: farm, villa"},{"text":"Dāvus,","gloss":"Davus: Davus"},{"text":"servus","gloss":"slave, servant"},{"text":"Mārcī,","gloss":"Marcus: Marcus, Mark"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"vīlicus","gloss":"vilicus: steward, overseer of a farm"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"cum","gloss":"when; since; although"},{"text":"Lesbiā","gloss":"Lesbia: Lesbia"},{"text":"uxōre","gloss":"uxor: wife"},{"text":"omnia","gloss":"omnis: every, all"},{"text":"cūrat.","gloss":"curo: care for, attend to, look after"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R62.1.m4a"},{"number":31,"id":"la.do.R62.2","source":"Vīlicus et uxor in casā humilī, mediīs in agrīs sitā, habitant.","translation":"The overseer and his wife live in a humble cottage, situated in the middle of the fields.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Vīlicus","gloss":"vilicus: steward, overseer of a farm"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"uxor","gloss":"wife"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"casā","gloss":"casa: cottage"},{"text":"humilī,","gloss":"humilis: low, humble"},{"text":"mediīs","gloss":"medius: middle, middle part of"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"agrīs","gloss":"ager: field"},{"text":"sitā,","gloss":"sino: allow, permit"},{"text":"habitant.","gloss":"habito: dwell, abide, inhabit"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R62.2.m4a"},{"number":32,"id":"la.do.R62.3","source":"Ā prīmā lūce ūsque ad vesperum sē gravibus labōribus exercent ut omnī rēs bene gerant.","translation":"From dawn until evening they busy themselves with heavy labors, so that they may manage everything well.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ā","gloss":"a: from, by, off"},{"text":"prīmā","gloss":"primus: first"},{"text":"lūce","gloss":"lux: light"},{"text":"ūsque","gloss":"usque: all the way, even"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"vesperum","gloss":"vesper: evening"},{"text":"sē","gloss":"sui: of himself (herself, itself, themselves)"},{"text":"gravibus","gloss":"gravis: heavy, severe, serious"},{"text":"labōribus","gloss":"labor2: labor, toil"},{"text":"exercent","gloss":"exerceo: practice, drill, train"},{"text":"ut","gloss":"that, in order that, that not"},{"text":"omnī","gloss":"omnis: every, all"},{"text":"rēs","gloss":"res: thing, matter"},{"text":"bene","gloss":"well"},{"text":"gerant.","gloss":"gero: bear, carry on; wear"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R62.3.m4a"},{"number":33,"id":"la.do.R62.4","source":"Plūrima enim sunt officia Dāvī et Lesbiae.","translation":"For very many are the duties of Davus and Lesbia.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Plūrima","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"enim","gloss":"for, in fact, indeed."},{"text":"sunt","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"officia","gloss":"officium: duty"},{"text":"Dāvī","gloss":"Davus: Davus"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"Lesbiae.","gloss":"Lesbia: Lesbia"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R62.4.m4a"},{"number":34,"id":"la.do.R62.5","source":"Vīlicus servōs regit nē tardī sint; mittit aliōs quī agrōs arent, aliōs quī hortōs inrigent, et opera in tōtum diem impōnit.","translation":"The overseer directs the slaves so that they may not be slow; he sends some to plow the fields, others to water the gardens, and he assigns tasks for the whole day.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Vīlicus","gloss":"vilicus: steward, overseer of a farm"},{"text":"servōs","gloss":"servus: slave, servant"},{"text":"regit","gloss":"rego: govern, rule"},{"text":"nē","gloss":"ne: in order that not, that"},{"text":"tardī","gloss":"tardus: slow"},{"text":"sint;","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"mittit","gloss":"mitto: send"},{"text":"aliōs","gloss":"alius2: another, other"},{"text":"quī","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"agrōs","gloss":"ager: field"},{"text":"arent,","gloss":"aro: plow, till"},{"text":"aliōs","gloss":"alius2: another, other"},{"text":"quī","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"hortōs","gloss":"hortus: garden"},{"text":"inrigent,","gloss":"water/irrigate"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"opera","gloss":"opus: work, task"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"tōtum","gloss":"totus: all, the whole, entire"},{"text":"diem","gloss":"dies: day"},{"text":"impōnit.","gloss":"impono: place upon; impose, assign"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R62.5.m4a"},{"number":35,"id":"la.do.R62.6","source":"Lesbia autem omnibus vestīmenta parat, cibum coquit, pānem facit.","translation":"Lesbia, on the other hand, prepares clothing for all, cooks the food, and makes the bread.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Lesbia","gloss":"Lesbia"},{"text":"autem","gloss":"but, moreover, now"},{"text":"omnibus","gloss":"omnis: every, all"},{"text":"vestīmenta","gloss":"vestimentum: garment"},{"text":"parat,","gloss":"paro: prepare for, prepare; provide, procure"},{"text":"cibum","gloss":"cibus: food"},{"text":"coquit,","gloss":"coquo: cook"},{"text":"pānem","gloss":"panis: bread"},{"text":"facit.","gloss":"facio: make, do; cause, bring about"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R62.6.m4a"},{"number":36,"id":"la.do.R62.7","source":"Nōn longē ab hōrum casā et in summō colle situm surgēbat domicilium ipsīus dominī dominaeque amplissimum.","translation":"Not far from their cottage, and situated on the top of a hill, rose the very spacious dwelling of the master and mistress themselves.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"longē","gloss":"longus: long"},{"text":"ab","gloss":"from, by"},{"text":"hōrum","gloss":"hic: this"},{"text":"casā","gloss":"casa: cottage"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"summō","gloss":"summus: highest, greatest"},{"text":"colle","gloss":"collis: hill"},{"text":"situm","gloss":"sino: allow, permit"},{"text":"surgēbat","gloss":"surgo: rise"},{"text":"domicilium","gloss":"dwelling place; abode"},{"text":"ipsīus","gloss":"ipse: self; even, very"},{"text":"dominī","gloss":"dominus: master"},{"text":"dominaeque","gloss":"domina: lady of the house, mistress"},{"text":"amplissimum.","gloss":"amplus: large, ample; honorable, noble"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R62.7.m4a"},{"number":37,"id":"la.do.R62.8","source":"Ibi plūrīs annōs Pūblius cum mātre vītam fēlīcem agēbat; nam pater eius, Mārcus, in terrīs longinquīs gravia reī pūblicae bella gerēbat nec domum revertī poterat.","translation":"There for many years Publius lived a happy life with his mother; for his father, Marcus, was waging serious wars for the state in distant lands and could not return home.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ibi","gloss":"there, in that place"},{"text":"plūrīs","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"annōs","gloss":"annus: year"},{"text":"Pūblius","gloss":"Publius: Publius (Roman praenomen)"},{"text":"cum","gloss":"when; since; although"},{"text":"mātre","gloss":"mater: mother"},{"text":"vītam","gloss":"vita: life"},{"text":"fēlīcem","gloss":"felix: happy, lucky"},{"text":"agēbat;","gloss":"ago: drive, lead; do, perform"},{"text":"nam","gloss":"for"},{"text":"pater","gloss":"father"},{"text":"eius,","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"Mārcus,","gloss":"Marcus: Marcus, Mark"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"terrīs","gloss":"terra: land"},{"text":"longinquīs","gloss":"longinquus: distant, remote"},{"text":"gravia","gloss":"gravis: heavy, severe, serious"},{"text":"reī","gloss":"res: thing, matter"},{"text":"pūblicae","gloss":"publicus: public, belonging to the state"},{"text":"bella","gloss":"bellum: war"},{"text":"gerēbat","gloss":"gero: bear, carry on; wear"},{"text":"nec","gloss":"neque: neither, nor, and ... not"},{"text":"domum","gloss":"domus: house, home"},{"text":"revertī","gloss":"reverto: turn back, return"},{"text":"poterat.","gloss":"possum: be able, can"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R62.8.m4a"},{"number":38,"id":"la.do.R62.9","source":"Neque puerō quidem molestum est rūrī vīvere.","translation":"Nor indeed is it troublesome for a boy to live in the country.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Neque","gloss":"neither, nor, and ... not"},{"text":"puerō","gloss":"puer: boy"},{"text":"quidem","gloss":"to be sure, certainly, indeed"},{"text":"molestum","gloss":"molestus: troublesome, annoying"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"rūrī","gloss":"rus: the country"},{"text":"vīvere.","gloss":"vivo: live, be alive"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R62.9.m4a"},{"number":39,"id":"la.do.R62.10","source":"Eum multae rēs dēlectant.","translation":"Many things delight him.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Eum","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"multae","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"rēs","gloss":"res: thing, matter"},{"text":"dēlectant.","gloss":"delecto: delight"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R62.10.m4a"},{"number":40,"id":"la.do.R62.11","source":"Magnopere amat silvās, agrōs, equōs, bovēs, gallīnās, avīs, reliquaque animālia.","translation":"He greatly loves the woods, the fields, the horses, the oxen, the chickens, the birds, and the other animals.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Magnopere","gloss":"greatly, exceedingly"},{"text":"amat","gloss":"amo: love, like, be fond of"},{"text":"silvās,","gloss":"silva: wood, forest"},{"text":"agrōs,","gloss":"ager: field"},{"text":"equōs,","gloss":"equus: horse"},{"text":"bovēs,","gloss":"bos: ox, cow"},{"text":"gallīnās,","gloss":"gallina: hen, chicken"},{"text":"avīs,","gloss":"avis: bird"},{"text":"reliquaque","gloss":"reliquus: remaining, rest of; the rest"},{"text":"animālia.","gloss":"animal: animal"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R62.11.m4a"},{"number":41,"id":"la.do.R62.12","source":"Saepe plūrīs hōrās ad mare sedet quō melius fluctūs et nāvīs spectet.","translation":"Often he sits for many hours by the sea in order to watch the waves and the ships the better.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Saepe","gloss":"often"},{"text":"plūrīs","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"hōrās","gloss":"hora: hour"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"mare","gloss":"sea"},{"text":"sedet","gloss":"sedeo: sit"},{"text":"quō","gloss":"quo: whither, where; in order to, that"},{"text":"melius","gloss":"better"},{"text":"fluctūs","gloss":"fluctus: wave, billow"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"nāvīs","gloss":"navis: ship"},{"text":"spectet.","gloss":"specto: look at, witness"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R62.12.m4a"},{"number":42,"id":"la.do.R62.13","source":"Nec omnīnō sine comitibus erat, quod Lȳdia, Dāvī fīlia, quae erat eiusdem aetātis, cum eō adhūc infante lūdēbat, inter quōs cum annīs amīcitia crēscēbat.","translation":"Nor was he wholly without companions, because Lydia, the daughter of Davus, who was of the same age, used to play with him while he was still an infant, and between them friendship grew with the years.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nec","gloss":"neque: neither, nor, and ... not"},{"text":"omnīnō","gloss":"omnino: altogether, wholly, entirely"},{"text":"sine","gloss":"without"},{"text":"comitibus","gloss":"comes: companion, comrade"},{"text":"erat,","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"quod","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"Lȳdia,","gloss":"Lydia: Lydia"},{"text":"Dāvī","gloss":"Davus: Davus"},{"text":"fīlia,","gloss":"filia: daughter"},{"text":"quae","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"erat","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"eiusdem","gloss":"idem: the same"},{"text":"aetātis,","gloss":"aetas: age"},{"text":"cum","gloss":"when; since; although"},{"text":"eō","gloss":"is: he, she, it; that"},{"text":"adhūc","gloss":"adhuc: hitherto, as yet, thus far"},{"text":"infante","gloss":"infant"},{"text":"lūdēbat,","gloss":"ludo: play"},{"text":"inter","gloss":"between, among"},{"text":"quōs","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"cum","gloss":"when; since; although"},{"text":"annīs","gloss":"annus: year"},{"text":"amīcitia","gloss":"amicitia: friendship"},{"text":"crēscēbat.","gloss":"cresco: rise, grow, increase"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R62.13.m4a"},{"number":43,"id":"la.do.R62.14","source":"Lȳdia nūllum alium ducem dēligēbat et Pūblius ab puellae latere rārō discēdēbat.","translation":"Lydia chose no other leader, and Publius rarely left the girl's side.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Lȳdia","gloss":"Lydia: Lydia"},{"text":"nūllum","gloss":"nullus: not any, none, no"},{"text":"alium","gloss":"alius2: another, other"},{"text":"ducem","gloss":"dux: leader"},{"text":"dēligēbat","gloss":"deligo: choose, select"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"Pūblius","gloss":"Publius: Publius (Roman praenomen)"},{"text":"ab","gloss":"from, by"},{"text":"puellae","gloss":"puella: girl"},{"text":"latere","gloss":"latus2: side, flank"},{"text":"rārō","gloss":"raro: rarely"},{"text":"discēdēbat.","gloss":"discedo: depart, go away, leave"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R62.14.m4a"},{"number":44,"id":"la.do.R62.15","source":"Itaque sub clārō Italiae sōle Pūblius et Lȳdia, amīcī fidēlissimī, per campōs collīsque cotīdiē vagābantur.","translation":"And so under the bright sun of Italy Publius and Lydia, most faithful friends, wandered daily over the plains and hills.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Itaque","gloss":"and so, therefore, accordingly"},{"text":"sub","gloss":"under, below, up to; at"},{"text":"clārō","gloss":"clarus: clear; famous, renowned; bright, shining"},{"text":"Italiae","gloss":"Italia: Italy"},{"text":"sōle","gloss":"sol: sun"},{"text":"Pūblius","gloss":"Publius: Publius (Roman praenomen)"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"Lȳdia,","gloss":"Lydia: Lydia"},{"text":"amīcī","gloss":"amicus: friend"},{"text":"fidēlissimī,","gloss":"fidelis: faithful, true"},{"text":"per","gloss":"through"},{"text":"campōs","gloss":"campus: plain, field"},{"text":"collīsque","gloss":"collis: hill"},{"text":"cotīdiē","gloss":"cottidie: daily, every day"},{"text":"vagābantur.","gloss":"vagor: wander"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R62.15.m4a"},{"number":45,"id":"la.do.R62.16","source":"Modo in silvā fīnitimā lūdebant ubi Pūblius sagittīs celeribus avis dēiciēbat et Lȳdia corōnīs variōrum flōrum comās suās ōrnābat; modo aquam et cibum portābant ad Dāvum servōsque dēfessōs quī agrōs colēbant: modo in casā parvā aut hōrās lactās in lūdō cōnsūmēbant aut auxilium dabant Lesbiae, quae cibum virō et servīs parābat vel aliās rēs domesticās agēbat.","translation":"Now they played in the neighboring wood, where Publius brought down birds with swift arrows and Lydia adorned her hair with wreaths of various flowers; now they carried water and food to Davus and the weary slaves who were tilling the fields; now in the little cottage they either spent happy hours in play or gave help to Lesbia, who was preparing food for her husband and the slaves or attending to other household matters.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Modo","gloss":"only, merely, just now"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"silvā","gloss":"silva: wood, forest"},{"text":"fīnitimā","gloss":"finitimus: bordering upon, neighboring, near to"},{"text":"lūdebant","gloss":"ludo: play"},{"text":"ubi","gloss":"where"},{"text":"Pūblius","gloss":"Publius: Publius (Roman praenomen)"},{"text":"sagittīs","gloss":"sagitta: arrow"},{"text":"celeribus","gloss":"celer: swift, quick"},{"text":"avis","gloss":"bird"},{"text":"dēiciēbat","gloss":"deicio: hurl down; bring down, kill"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"Lȳdia","gloss":"Lydia: Lydia"},{"text":"corōnīs","gloss":"corona: wreath, garland, crown"},{"text":"variōrum","gloss":"varius: bright-colored"},{"text":"flōrum","gloss":"flos: flower"},{"text":"comās","gloss":"coma: hair"},{"text":"suās","gloss":"suus: his, her, hers, its, their, theirs"},{"text":"ōrnābat;","gloss":"orno: fit out, adorn"},{"text":"modo","gloss":"only, merely, just now"},{"text":"aquam","gloss":"aqua: water"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"cibum","gloss":"cibus: food"},{"text":"portābant","gloss":"porto: bear, carry"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"Dāvum","gloss":"Davus: Davus"},{"text":"servōsque","gloss":"servus: slave, servant"},{"text":"dēfessōs","gloss":"defetiscor: become exhausted/suffer exhaustion, grow weary/faint/tired/weak"},{"text":"quī","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"agrōs","gloss":"ager: field"},{"text":"colēbant:","gloss":"colo: cultivate, till; honor, worship; devote one’s self to"},{"text":"modo","gloss":"only, merely, just now"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"casā","gloss":"casa: cottage"},{"text":"parvā","gloss":"parvus: small, little"},{"text":"aut","gloss":"or"},{"text":"hōrās","gloss":"hora: hour"},{"text":"lactās","gloss":"lacta: milk"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"lūdō","gloss":"ludo: play"},{"text":"cōnsūmēbant","gloss":"consumo: consume, use up"},{"text":"aut","gloss":"or"},{"text":"auxilium","gloss":"help, aid"},{"text":"dabant","gloss":"do: give"},{"text":"Lesbiae,","gloss":"Lesbia: Lesbia"},{"text":"quae","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"cibum","gloss":"cibus: food"},{"text":"virō","gloss":"vir: man, hero"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"servīs","gloss":"servus: slave, servant"},{"text":"parābat","gloss":"paro: prepare for, prepare; provide, procure"},{"text":"vel","gloss":"even, actually"},{"text":"aliās","gloss":"alius2: another, other"},{"text":"rēs","gloss":"res: thing, matter"},{"text":"domesticās","gloss":"domesticus: of the house, domestic"},{"text":"agēbat.","gloss":"ago: drive, lead; do, perform"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R62.16.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"humilī","gloss":"low, humble, from humilis"},{"word":"inrigent","gloss":"water"},{"word":"rārō","gloss":"rarely"},{"word":"lactās","gloss":"milk, from lacta"},{"word":"domesticās","gloss":"of the house, domestic, from domesticus"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"English into Latin (D'Ooge LXIII)","teaching":[{"title":"A past action and its purpose","paragraphs":["Caesar mīlitēs hortātus est quō fortius pugnārent means \"Cæsar encouraged the soldiers in order that they might fight more bravely.\"","The encouragement is past. Its purpose is the soldiers' intended fighting, expressed by pugnārent."]},{"title":"How the imperfect subjunctive forms","paragraphs":["The imperfect subjunctive adds personal endings to the present active infinitive.","Amārent, monērent, regerent, caperent, and audīrent show the active plural pattern used in pugnārent.","Amārentur, monērentur, regerentur, caperentur, and audīrentur show the passive plural pattern used in caperentur and perterrērentur."]},{"title":"Past tense sets the sequence","paragraphs":["Present and future tenses are primary tenses. Tenses that refer to past time are secondary tenses.","Sequence of tenses is Latin's regular pairing of indicative and subjunctive tenses across principal and dependent clauses.","Hortātus est is secondary. The continuing purpose therefore takes the imperfect subjunctive pugnārent.","The sequence table sets out both pairs and separates continuing action from completed action."]}],"lines":[{"number":46,"id":"la.do.L63.e2.1","source":"Caesar mīlitēs hortātus est quō fortius pugnārent.","translation":"Cæsar encouraged the soldiers in order that they might fight more bravely.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Caesar","gloss":"Cæsar"},{"text":"mīlitēs","gloss":"miles: soldier"},{"text":"hortātus","gloss":"hortor: urge, incite, exhort, encourage"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"quō","gloss":"quo: whither, where; in order to, that"},{"text":"fortius","gloss":"fortis: brave"},{"text":"pugnārent.","gloss":"pugno: fight"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L63.e2.1.m4a"},{"number":47,"id":"la.do.L63.e2.2","source":"Helvētiī domōs suās relīquērunt ut bellum gererent.","translation":"The Helvetii left their homes to wage war.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Helvētiī","gloss":"Helvetii: the Helvetii"},{"text":"domōs","gloss":"domus: house, home"},{"text":"suās","gloss":"suus: his, her, hers, its, their, theirs"},{"text":"relīquērunt","gloss":"relinquo: leave behind, abandon"},{"text":"ut","gloss":"that, in order that, that not"},{"text":"bellum","gloss":"war"},{"text":"gererent.","gloss":"gero: bear, carry on; wear"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L63.e2.2.m4a"},{"number":48,"id":"la.do.L63.e2.3","source":"Explōrātōrēs statim profectī sunt nē ā Germānīs caperentur.","translation":"The scouts set out at once lest they should be captured by the Germans.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Explōrātōrēs","gloss":"explorator: scout, spy"},{"text":"statim","gloss":"immediately, at once"},{"text":"profectī","gloss":"proficiscor: set out"},{"text":"sunt","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"nē","gloss":"ne: in order that not, that"},{"text":"ā","gloss":"a: from, by, off"},{"text":"Germānīs","gloss":"Germanus: German"},{"text":"caperentur.","gloss":"capio: take hold, seize"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L63.e2.3.m4a"},{"number":49,"id":"la.do.L63.e2.4","source":"Caesar dē iīs supplicium sūmpsit quō reliquī magis perterrērentur.","translation":"Cæsar inflicted punishment on them in order that the others might be more terrified.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Caesar","gloss":"Cæsar"},{"text":"dē","gloss":"de: down from; concerning"},{"text":"iīs","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"supplicium","gloss":"punishment, torture"},{"text":"sūmpsit","gloss":"sumo: take up, assume"},{"text":"quō","gloss":"quo: whither, where; in order to, that"},{"text":"reliquī","gloss":"reliquus: remaining, rest of; the rest"},{"text":"magis","gloss":"more, in a higher degree"},{"text":"perterrērentur.","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L63.e2.4.m4a"},{"number":50,"id":"la.do.L63.e2.5","source":"Nūntiōs Rōmam mīsit quī victōriam nūntiārent.","translation":"He sent messengers to Rome to announce the victory.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nūntiōs","gloss":"nuntius: messenger"},{"text":"Rōmam","gloss":"Roma: Rome"},{"text":"mīsit","gloss":"mitto: send"},{"text":"quī","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"victōriam","gloss":"victoria: victory"},{"text":"nūntiārent.","gloss":"nuntio: announce/report/bring word/give warning"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L63.e2.5.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":354,"text":"D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LXIII, §§354-359\n\n§354. The imperfect subjunctive may be formed by adding the personal endings to the present active infinitive.\n\n   CONJ. I     CONJ. II     CONJ. III                 CONJ. IV\n   ACTIVE\n1. amā´rem     monē´rem     re´gerem     ca´perem     audī´rem\n2. amā´rēs     monē´rēs     re´gerēs     ca´perēs     audī´rēs\n3. amā´ret     monē´ret     re´geret     ca´peret     audī´ret\n\n1. amārē´mus   monērē´mus   regerē´mus   caperē´mus   audīrē´mus\n2. amārē´tis   monērē´tis   regerē´tis   caperē´tis   audīrē´tis\n3. amā´rent    monē´rent    re´gerent    ca´perent    audī´rent\n\n   PASSIVE\n1. amā´rer     monē´rer     re´gerer     ca´perer     audī´rer\n2. amārē´ris   monērē´ris   regerē´ris   caperē´ris   audīrē´ris\n        (-re)        (-re)        (-re)        (-re)        (-re)\n3. amārē´tur   monērē´tur   regerē´tur   caperē´tur   audīrē´tur\n\n1. amārē´mur   monērē´mur   regerē´mur   caperē´mur   audīrē´mur\n2. amārē´minī  monērē´minī  regerē´minī  caperē´minī  audīrē´minī\n3. amāren´tur  monēren´tur  regeren´tur  caperen´tur  audīren´tur\n\na. In a similar way inflect the imperfect subjunctive, active and passive, of cūrō, iubeō, sūmō, iaciō, mūniō."},{"section":355,"text":"§355. The imperfect subjunctive of the irregular verb sum is inflected as follows:\n\n      { 1. es´sem           { 1. essē´mus\nSING. { 2. es´sēs    PLURAL { 2. essē´tis\n      { 3. es´set           { 3. es´sent"},{"section":356,"text":"§356. The three great distinctions of time are present, past, and future. All tenses referring to present or future time are called primary tenses, and those referring to past time are called secondary tenses. Now it is a very common law of language that in a complex sentence the tense in the dependent clause should be of the same kind as the tense in the principal clause. In the sentence He says that he is coming, the principal verb, says, is present, that is, is in a primary tense; and is coming, in the dependent clause, is naturally also primary. If I change he says to he said,--in other words, if I make the principal verb secondary in character,--I feel it natural to change the verb in the dependent clause also, and I say, He said that he was coming. This following of a tense by another of the same kind is called tense sequence, from sequī, “to follow.”\n\nIn Latin the law of tense sequence is obeyed with considerable regularity, especially when an indicative in the principal clause is followed by a subjunctive in the dependent clause. Then a primary tense of the indicative is followed by a primary tense of the subjunctive, and a secondary tense of the indicative is followed by a secondary tense of the subjunctive. Learn the following table:"},{"section":357,"text":"§357. TABLE FOR SEQUENCE OF TENSES\n\nP R I M   +-------------------+---------------------+---------------------+ A R T  PRINCIPAL VERB IN THE       +---------------------+---------------------+ INDICATIVE Present Future Future perfect  DEPENDENT VERBS IN THE SUBJUNCTIVE Incomplete or Continuing Action Present  Completed Action Perfect\nS D E A C R O Y N-                                                                 Imperfect Perfect Pluperfect                                                                                        Imperfect                                                                   Pluperfect"},{"section":358,"text":"§358. RULE. Sequence of Tenses. Primary tenses are followed by primary tenses and secondary by secondary."},{"section":359,"text":"§359. EXAMPLES\n\nI. Primary tenses in principal and dependent clauses:\n\nMittit     }\nMittet     } hominēs ut agrōs vāstent\nMīserit    }\n\n     { sends            }       { that they may             }\nHe { will send        } men { in order to               }\n     { will have sent }       { to lay waste the fields }\n\nII. Secondary tenses in principal and dependent clauses:\n\nMittēbat}\nMīsit     } hominēs ut agrōs vāstārent\nMīserat }\n\n     { was sending        }       { that they might           }\nHe { sent or has sent } men { in order to               }\n     { had sent           }       { to lay waste the fields }"}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Marcus Lentulus, the Father of Publius, is Shipwrecked: Julia Receives a Letter from Him (Lentulus LXIII)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":51,"id":"la.do.R63.1","source":"Iam Pūblius decem annōs habēbat cum M. Cornēlius Lentulus, pater eius, quī quīnque annōs grave bellum in Asiā gerēbat, non sine glōriā domum revertēbātur.","translation":"Publius was now ten years old when M. Cornelius Lentulus, his father, who for five years had been waging a serious war in Asia, was returning home not without glory.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Iam","gloss":"jam: already, now"},{"text":"Pūblius","gloss":"Publius: Publius (Roman praenomen)"},{"text":"decem","gloss":"ten"},{"text":"annōs","gloss":"annus: year"},{"text":"habēbat","gloss":"habeo: have, hold; regard, consider, deem"},{"text":"cum","gloss":"when; since; although"},{"text":"M.","gloss":"M (a name)"},{"text":"Cornēlius","gloss":"Cornelius: Cornelius"},{"text":"Lentulus,","gloss":"Lentulus"},{"text":"pater","gloss":"father"},{"text":"eius,","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"quī","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"quīnque","gloss":"quinque: five"},{"text":"annōs","gloss":"annus: year"},{"text":"grave","gloss":"gravis: heavy, severe, serious"},{"text":"bellum","gloss":"war"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"Asiā","gloss":"asia: Asia"},{"text":"gerēbat,","gloss":"gero: bear, carry on; wear"},{"text":"non","gloss":"not"},{"text":"sine","gloss":"without"},{"text":"glōriā","gloss":"gloria: glory, fame"},{"text":"domum","gloss":"domus: house, home"},{"text":"revertēbātur.","gloss":"reverto: turn back, return"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R63.1.m4a"},{"number":52,"id":"la.do.R63.2","source":"Namque multa secunda proelia fēcerat, maximās hostium cōpiās dēlēverat, multās urbīs populo Rōmānō inimīcās cēperat.","translation":"For he had fought many successful battles, had destroyed very great forces of the enemy, and had taken many cities hostile to the Roman people.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Namque","gloss":"for, and in fact; seeing that"},{"text":"multa","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"secunda","gloss":"secundus: second; favorable"},{"text":"proelia","gloss":"proelium: battle"},{"text":"fēcerat,","gloss":"facio: make, do; cause, bring about"},{"text":"maximās","gloss":"magnus: great, large; strong, loud"},{"text":"hostium","gloss":"hostis: enemy"},{"text":"cōpiās","gloss":"copia: plenty, abundance; troops, forces"},{"text":"dēlēverat,","gloss":"deleo: blot out, destroy"},{"text":"multās","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"urbīs","gloss":"urbs: city"},{"text":"populo","gloss":"populus: people"},{"text":"Rōmānō","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"inimīcās","gloss":"inimicus: hostile"},{"text":"cēperat.","gloss":"capio: take, seize, capture"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R63.2.m4a"},{"number":53,"id":"la.do.R63.3","source":"Primum nūntius pervēnit quī ā Lentulō missus erat ut profectiōnem suam nūntiāret.","translation":"First a messenger arrived who had been sent by Lentulus to announce his departure.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Primum","gloss":"Primus: first"},{"text":"nūntius","gloss":"nuntius: messenger"},{"text":"pervēnit","gloss":"pervenio: come through, arrive"},{"text":"quī","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"ā","gloss":"a: from, by, off"},{"text":"Lentulō","gloss":"Lentulus: Lentulus"},{"text":"missus","gloss":"mitto: send"},{"text":"erat","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"ut","gloss":"that, in order that, that not"},{"text":"profectiōnem","gloss":"profectio: departure"},{"text":"suam","gloss":"suus: his, her, hers, its, their, theirs"},{"text":"nūntiāret.","gloss":"nuntio: report, announce"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R63.3.m4a"},{"number":54,"id":"la.do.R63.4","source":"Deinde plūrīs diēs reditum virī optimī māter fīliusque exspectābant et animīs sollicitis deōs immortālīs frūstrā colēbant.","translation":"Then for many days mother and son awaited the return of that excellent man, and with anxious hearts vainly worshipped the immortal gods.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Deinde","gloss":"then, in the next place"},{"text":"plūrīs","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"diēs","gloss":"dies: day"},{"text":"reditum","gloss":"reditus: return, going back"},{"text":"virī","gloss":"vir: man, hero"},{"text":"optimī","gloss":"bonus: good, kind"},{"text":"māter","gloss":"mater: mother"},{"text":"fīliusque","gloss":"filius: son"},{"text":"exspectābant","gloss":"exspecto: expect, wait"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"animīs","gloss":"animus: mind, heart; spirit, feeling"},{"text":"sollicitis","gloss":"sollicitus: disturbed, anxious"},{"text":"deōs","gloss":"deus: god"},{"text":"immortālīs","gloss":"immortalis: immortal"},{"text":"frūstrā","gloss":"frustra: in vain"},{"text":"colēbant.","gloss":"colo: cultivate, till; honor, worship; devote one’s self to"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R63.4.m4a"},{"number":55,"id":"la.do.R63.5","source":"Tum dēmum hās litterās summo cum gaudiō accēpērunt:","translation":"Then at last with the greatest joy they received this letter:","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Tum","gloss":"then, at that time"},{"text":"dēmum","gloss":"demum: at last, not till then"},{"text":"hās","gloss":"hic: this"},{"text":"litterās","gloss":"littera: a letter"},{"text":"summo","gloss":"summus: highest, greatest"},{"text":"cum","gloss":"when; since; although"},{"text":"gaudiō","gloss":"gaudium: joy"},{"text":"accēpērunt:","gloss":"accipio: receive, accept"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R63.5.m4a"},{"number":56,"id":"la.do.R63.6","source":"“Mārcus Iūliae suac salūtem dīcit.","translation":"\"Marcus sends greeting to his Julia.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"“Mārcus","gloss":"Marcus: Marcus, Mark"},{"text":"Iūliae","gloss":"Julia: Julia"},{"text":"suac","gloss":"suus: his, her, its, their own (printed suac for suae)"},{"text":"salūtem","gloss":"salus: safety"},{"text":"dīcit.","gloss":"dico2: say, speak, tell"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R63.6.m4a"},{"number":57,"id":"la.do.R63.7","source":"Sī valēs, bene est; ego valeō.","translation":"If you are well, it is well; I am well.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Sī","gloss":"si: if"},{"text":"valēs,","gloss":"valeo: be strong; to be most powerful, have great influence"},{"text":"bene","gloss":"well"},{"text":"est;","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"ego","gloss":"I"},{"text":"valeō.","gloss":"valeo: be strong; to be most powerful, have great influence"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R63.7.m4a"},{"number":58,"id":"la.do.R63.8","source":"Ex Graeciā, quō praeter spem et opīniōnem hodiē pervēnī, hās litterās ad tē scribō.","translation":"From Greece, where beyond hope and expectation I arrived to-day, I write this letter to you.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ex","gloss":"out of, from"},{"text":"Graeciā,","gloss":"Graecia: Greece"},{"text":"quō","gloss":"quo: whither, where; in order to, that"},{"text":"praeter","gloss":"beyond, contrary to"},{"text":"spem","gloss":"spes: hope"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"opīniōnem","gloss":"opinio: opinion, supposition, expectation"},{"text":"hodiē","gloss":"hodie: to-day"},{"text":"pervēnī,","gloss":"pervenio: come through, arrive"},{"text":"hās","gloss":"hic: this"},{"text":"litterās","gloss":"littera: a letter"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"tē","gloss":"tu: thou, you"},{"text":"scribō.","gloss":"scribo: write"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R63.8.m4a"},{"number":59,"id":"la.do.R63.9","source":"Namque nāvis nostra frācta est; nōs autem—dīs est gratia—incolumes sumus.","translation":"For our ship has been wrecked; we, however, thanks be to the gods, are unharmed.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Namque","gloss":"for, and in fact; seeing that"},{"text":"nāvis","gloss":"navis: ship"},{"text":"nostra","gloss":"noster: our, ours"},{"text":"frācta","gloss":"frango: break"},{"text":"est;","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"nōs","gloss":"nos: we"},{"text":"autem—dīs","gloss":"but, moreover, now; deus: god"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"gratia—incolumes","gloss":"thanks, gratitude; incolumis: unharmed"},{"text":"sumus.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R63.9.m4a"},{"number":60,"id":"la.do.R63.10","source":"Ex Asiae portū nāvem lēnī ventō solvimus.","translation":"From a harbor of Asia we set sail with a gentle wind.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ex","gloss":"out of, from"},{"text":"Asiae","gloss":"asia: Asia"},{"text":"portū","gloss":"portus: harbor"},{"text":"nāvem","gloss":"navis: ship"},{"text":"lēnī","gloss":"lenis: mild, gentle"},{"text":"ventō","gloss":"ventus: wind"},{"text":"solvimus.","gloss":"solvo: loosen, unbind"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R63.10.m4a"},{"number":61,"id":"la.do.R63.11","source":"Postquam altum mare tenuimus nec iam ūllae terrae appāruērunt, caelum undique et undique fluctūs, subitō magna tempestās coorta est et nāvem vehementissimē adflīxit.","translation":"After we were well out to sea and no longer did any land appear, sky on every side and on every side waves, suddenly a great storm arose and battered the ship most violently.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Postquam","gloss":"after, as soon as"},{"text":"altum","gloss":"altus: high, tall, deep"},{"text":"mare","gloss":"sea"},{"text":"tenuimus","gloss":"teneo: keep, hold"},{"text":"nec","gloss":"neque: neither, nor, and ... not"},{"text":"iam","gloss":"jam: already, now"},{"text":"ūllae","gloss":"ullus: any"},{"text":"terrae","gloss":"terra: land"},{"text":"appāruērunt,","gloss":"appareo: appear"},{"text":"caelum","gloss":"sky, heavens"},{"text":"undique","gloss":"from all sides"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"undique","gloss":"from all sides"},{"text":"fluctūs,","gloss":"fluctus: wave, billow"},{"text":"subitō","gloss":"subito: suddenly"},{"text":"magna","gloss":"magnus: great, large; strong, loud"},{"text":"tempestās","gloss":"tempestas: storm, tempest"},{"text":"coorta","gloss":"coorior: rise, break forth"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"nāvem","gloss":"navis: ship"},{"text":"vehementissimē","gloss":"vehemently, vigorously"},{"text":"adflīxit.","gloss":"adfligo: dash upon, strike upon; harass, distress"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R63.11.m4a"},{"number":62,"id":"la.do.R63.12","source":"Ventīs fluctibusque adflīctātī nec sōlem discernere nec cursum tenēre poterāmus et omnia praesentem mortem intentābant.","translation":"Tossed about by the winds and waves, we could neither make out the sun nor hold our course, and everything threatened instant death.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ventīs","gloss":"ventus: wind"},{"text":"fluctibusque","gloss":"fluctus: wave, billow"},{"text":"adflīctātī","gloss":"shatter, damage, strike repeatedly, buffet, wreck"},{"text":"nec","gloss":"neque: neither, nor, and ... not"},{"text":"sōlem","gloss":"sol: sun"},{"text":"discernere","gloss":"discerno: separate; distinguish"},{"text":"nec","gloss":"neque: neither, nor, and ... not"},{"text":"cursum","gloss":"cursus: course"},{"text":"tenēre","gloss":"teneo: keep, hold"},{"text":"poterāmus","gloss":"possum: be able, can"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"omnia","gloss":"omnis: every, all"},{"text":"praesentem","gloss":"praesens: present, immediate"},{"text":"mortem","gloss":"mors: death"},{"text":"intentābant.","gloss":"intento: aim; threaten"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R63.12.m4a"},{"number":63,"id":"la.do.R63.13","source":"Trīs diēs et trīs noctīs sine rēmīs vēlīsque agimur.","translation":"For three days and three nights we are driven without oars or sails.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Trīs","gloss":"tres: three"},{"text":"diēs","gloss":"dies: day"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"trīs","gloss":"tres: three"},{"text":"noctīs","gloss":"nox: night"},{"text":"sine","gloss":"without"},{"text":"rēmīs","gloss":"remus: oar"},{"text":"vēlīsque","gloss":"velum: sail"},{"text":"agimur.","gloss":"ago: drive, lead; do, perform"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R63.13.m4a"},{"number":64,"id":"la.do.R63.14","source":"Quārtō diē prīmum terra vīsa est et violenter in saxa, quae nōn longē ā lītore aberant, dēiectī sumus.","translation":"On the fourth day land was seen for the first time, and we were violently thrown upon rocks which were not far from the shore.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quārtō","gloss":"quartus: fourth"},{"text":"diē","gloss":"dies: day"},{"text":"prīmum","gloss":"primus: first"},{"text":"terra","gloss":"land"},{"text":"vīsa","gloss":"video: see, perceive"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"violenter","gloss":"violently, furiously"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"saxa,","gloss":"saxum: rock, stone"},{"text":"quae","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"longē","gloss":"longus: long"},{"text":"ā","gloss":"a: from, by, off"},{"text":"lītore","gloss":"litus3: seashore, beach"},{"text":"aberant,","gloss":"absum: be away, be absent, be distant"},{"text":"dēiectī","gloss":"deicio: hurl down; bring down, kill"},{"text":"sumus.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R63.14.m4a"},{"number":65,"id":"la.do.R63.15","source":"Tum vērō maiōra perīcula timēbāmus; sed nauta quīdam, vir fortissimus, ex nāve in fluctūs īrātōs dēsiluit ut fūnem ad lītus portāret; quam rem summō labōre vix effēcit.","translation":"Then indeed we feared greater dangers; but a certain sailor, a most brave man, leaped from the ship into the angry waves to carry a rope to the shore; a thing which he barely accomplished with the greatest effort.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Tum","gloss":"then, at that time"},{"text":"vērō","gloss":"vero: truly, indeed, in fact; but, however"},{"text":"maiōra","gloss":"magnus: great, large; strong, loud"},{"text":"perīcula","gloss":"periculum: danger, peril"},{"text":"timēbāmus;","gloss":"timeo: fear; be afraid"},{"text":"sed","gloss":"but"},{"text":"nauta","gloss":"sailor"},{"text":"quīdam,","gloss":"quidam: a certain one, a certain, a"},{"text":"vir","gloss":"man, hero"},{"text":"fortissimus,","gloss":"fortis: brave"},{"text":"ex","gloss":"out of, from"},{"text":"nāve","gloss":"navis: ship"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"fluctūs","gloss":"fluctus: wave, billow"},{"text":"īrātōs","gloss":"irascor: get/be/become angry"},{"text":"dēsiluit","gloss":"desilio: leap down, dismount"},{"text":"ut","gloss":"that, in order that, that not"},{"text":"fūnem","gloss":"funis: rope"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"lītus","gloss":"litus3: seashore, beach"},{"text":"portāret;","gloss":"porto: bear, carry"},{"text":"quam","gloss":"than"},{"text":"rem","gloss":"res: thing, matter"},{"text":"summō","gloss":"summus: highest, greatest"},{"text":"labōre","gloss":"labor2: labor, toil"},{"text":"vix","gloss":"scarcely, hardly"},{"text":"effēcit.","gloss":"efficio: work out; make, cause"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R63.15.m4a"},{"number":66,"id":"la.do.R63.16","source":"Ita omnēs servātī sumus.","translation":"So we were all saved.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ita","gloss":"thus, in this way, as follows"},{"text":"omnēs","gloss":"omnis: every, all"},{"text":"servātī","gloss":"servo: save, preserve"},{"text":"sumus.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R63.16.m4a"},{"number":67,"id":"la.do.R63.17","source":"Grātiās igitur et honōrem Neptūnō dēbēmus, quī deus nōs ē perīculō ēripuit.","translation":"Therefore we owe thanks and honor to Neptune, the god who snatched us from danger.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Grātiās","gloss":"gratia: thanks, gratitude"},{"text":"igitur","gloss":"therefore, then"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"honōrem","gloss":"honor: honor"},{"text":"Neptūnō","gloss":"Neptunus: Neptune"},{"text":"dēbēmus,","gloss":"debeo: owe, ought"},{"text":"quī","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"deus","gloss":"god"},{"text":"nōs","gloss":"nos: we"},{"text":"ē","gloss":"ex: out of, from"},{"text":"perīculō","gloss":"periculum: danger, peril"},{"text":"ēripuit.","gloss":"eripio: snatch from"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R63.17.m4a"},{"number":68,"id":"la.do.R63.18","source":"Nunc Athēnīs sum, quō cōnfūgī ut mihi paucās hōrās ad quiētem darem.","translation":"Now I am at Athens, where I have taken refuge to give myself a few hours for rest.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nunc","gloss":"now, the present moment"},{"text":"Athēnīs","gloss":"Athenae: Athens"},{"text":"sum,","gloss":"be; exist"},{"text":"quō","gloss":"quo: whither, where; in order to, that"},{"text":"cōnfūgī","gloss":"confugio: flee for refuge, flee"},{"text":"ut","gloss":"that, in order that, that not"},{"text":"mihi","gloss":"ego: I"},{"text":"paucās","gloss":"paucus: few, only a few"},{"text":"hōrās","gloss":"hora: hour"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"quiētem","gloss":"quies: rest, repose"},{"text":"darem.","gloss":"do: give"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R63.18.m4a"},{"number":69,"id":"la.do.R63.19","source":"Quam prīmum autem aliam nāvem condūcam ut iter ad Italiam reliquum cōnficiam et domum ad meōs cārōs revertar.","translation":"But as soon as possible I shall hire another ship to finish the remainder of the journey to Italy and return home to my dear ones.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quam","gloss":"than"},{"text":"prīmum","gloss":"primus: first"},{"text":"autem","gloss":"but, moreover, now"},{"text":"aliam","gloss":"alius2: another, other"},{"text":"nāvem","gloss":"navis: ship"},{"text":"condūcam","gloss":"conduco: hire"},{"text":"ut","gloss":"that, in order that, that not"},{"text":"iter","gloss":"march, journey, route"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"Italiam","gloss":"Italia: Italy"},{"text":"reliquum","gloss":"reliquus: remaining, rest of; the rest"},{"text":"cōnficiam","gloss":"conficio: make, complete, accomplish, finish"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"domum","gloss":"domus: house, home"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"meōs","gloss":"meus: my, mine"},{"text":"cārōs","gloss":"carus: dear"},{"text":"revertar.","gloss":"reverto: turn back, return"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R63.19.m4a"},{"number":70,"id":"la.do.R63.20","source":"Salūtā nostrum Pūblium amīcissimē et valētūdinem tuam cūrā dīligenter. Kalendīs Mārtiīs.”","translation":"Greet our Publius most affectionately, and look after your health with care. The first of March.\"","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Salūtā","gloss":"saluto: greet, salute"},{"text":"nostrum","gloss":"noster: our"},{"text":"Pūblium","gloss":"Publius: Publius"},{"text":"amīcissimē","gloss":"amicus: friend"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"valētūdinem","gloss":"valetudo: health"},{"text":"tuam","gloss":"tuus: your, yours"},{"text":"cūrā","gloss":"cura: care, trouble"},{"text":"dīligenter.","gloss":"diligenter: industriously, diligently"},{"text":"Kalendīs","gloss":"Kalendae: Kalends (pl.), 1st of month"},{"text":"Mārtiīs.”","gloss":"Martius: of Mars"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R63.20.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"profectiōnem","gloss":"departure, from profectio"},{"word":"sollicitis","gloss":"disturbed, anxious, from sollicitus"},{"word":"immortālīs","gloss":"immortal"},{"word":"autem—dīs","gloss":"god, from but, moreover, now; deus"},{"word":"gratia—incolumes","gloss":"unharmed, from thanks, gratitude; incolumis"},{"word":"coorta","gloss":"rise, break forth, from coorior"},{"word":"vehementissimē","gloss":"vehemently, vigorously"},{"word":"adflīctātī","gloss":"shatter, damage"},{"word":"discernere","gloss":"separate, from discerno"},{"word":"intentābant","gloss":"aim, from intento"},{"word":"violenter","gloss":"violently, furiously"},{"word":"cōnfūgī","gloss":"flee for refuge, flee, from confugio"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"The Perfect and Pluperfect Subjunctive: Substantive Clauses of Purpose (D'Ooge LXIV)","teaching":[{"title":"A purpose clause follows the command","paragraphs":["Imperātor mīlitibus imperāvit ut currerent means \"The general ordered the soldiers to run.\"","English uses the infinitive to run after ordered. Latin uses ut currerent, with a subjunctive verb, as the object of imperāvit.","After a verb of commanding, urging, asking, persuading, or advising, Latin uses a purpose clause as its object. Its verb is subjunctive."]},{"title":"Nē makes the purpose negative","paragraphs":["Nōbīs persuādēbit nē proficīscāmur means \"He will persuade us not to set out.\"","Ut introduces something to be done. Nē introduces something not to be done."]},{"title":"Iubeō and imperō differ","paragraphs":["Iubeō eum venīre means \"I order him to come.\" Iubeō takes the infinitive venīre.","Imperō eī ut veniat means \"I give orders to him that he is to come.\" Imperō takes the dative eī for the person ordered.","Imperō takes the subjunctive purpose clause ut veniat for the order."]}],"lines":[{"number":71,"id":"la.do.L64.x.1","source":"Imperātor mīlitibus imperāvit ut currerent","translation":"The general ordered the soldiers to run","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Imperātor","gloss":"imperator: commander in chief, general"},{"text":"mīlitibus","gloss":"miles: soldier"},{"text":"imperāvit","gloss":"impero: command, order"},{"text":"ut","gloss":"that, in order that, that not"},{"text":"currerent","gloss":"curro: run"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L64.x.1.m4a"},{"number":72,"id":"la.do.L64.x.2","source":"Hortātus est ut fortiter resisterent","translation":"He urged them to resist bravely","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hortātus","gloss":"hortor: urge, incite, exhort, encourage"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"ut","gloss":"that, in order that, that not"},{"text":"fortiter","gloss":"strongly; bravely"},{"text":"resisterent","gloss":"resisto: oppose, resist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L64.x.2.m4a"},{"number":73,"id":"la.do.L64.x.3","source":"Petīvit ut līberīs cibum darent","translation":"He asked them to give the children food","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Petīvit","gloss":"peto: aim at, assail, storm, attack; seek, ask"},{"text":"ut","gloss":"that, in order that, that not"},{"text":"līberīs","gloss":"liberi: children"},{"text":"cibum","gloss":"cibus: food"},{"text":"darent","gloss":"do: give"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L64.x.3.m4a"},{"number":74,"id":"la.do.L64.x.4","source":"Nōbīs persuādēbit nē proficīscāmur","translation":"He will persuade us not to set out","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nōbīs","gloss":"nos: we"},{"text":"persuādēbit","gloss":"persuadeo: persuade, advise"},{"text":"nē","gloss":"ne: in order that not, that"},{"text":"proficīscāmur","gloss":"proficiscor: set out"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L64.x.4.m4a"},{"number":75,"id":"la.do.L64.x.5","source":"Monet ut domī maneāmus","translation":"He advises us to remain at home","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Monet","gloss":"moneo: remind, advise, warn"},{"text":"ut","gloss":"that, in order that, that not"},{"text":"domī","gloss":"domus: house, home"},{"text":"maneāmus","gloss":"maneo: remain"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L64.x.5.m4a"},{"number":76,"id":"la.do.L64.x.6","source":"Iubeō eum venīre","translation":"I order him to come","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Iubeō","gloss":"jubeo: order, command"},{"text":"eum","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"venīre","gloss":"venio: come, go"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L64.x.6.m4a"},{"number":77,"id":"la.do.L64.x.7","source":"Imperō eī ut veniat","translation":"I give orders to him that he is to come","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Imperō","gloss":"impero: command, order"},{"text":"eī","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"ut","gloss":"that, in order that, that not"},{"text":"veniat","gloss":"venio: come, go"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L64.x.7.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":361,"text":"D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LXIV, §§361-367\n\n§361. The perfect and the pluperfect subjunctive active are inflected as follows:\n\n   CONJ. I       CONJ. II      CONJ. III                 CONJ. IV\n   PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE\n   SINGULAR\n1. amā´verim     monu´erim     rē´xerim     cē´perim     audī´verim\n2. amā´veris     monu´eris     rē´xeris     cē´peris     audī´veris\n3. amā´verit     monu´erit     rē´xerit     cē´perit     audī´verit\n\n   PLURAL\n1. amāve´rimus   monue´rimus   rēxe´rimus   cēpe´rimus   audīve´rimus\n2. amāve´ritis   monue´ritis   rēxe´ritis   cēpe´ritis   audīve´ritis\n3. amā´verint    monu´erint    rē´xerint    cē´perint    audī´verint\n\n   PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE\n   SINGULAR\n1. amāvis´sem    monuis´sem    rēxis´sem    cēpis´sem    audīvis´sem\n2. amāvis´sēs    monuis´sēs    rēxis´sēs    cēpis´sēs    audīvis´sēs\n3. amāvis´set    monuis´set    rēxis´set    cēpis´set    audīvis´set\n\n   PLURAL\n1. amāvissē´mus  monuissē´mus  rēxissē´mus  cēpissē´mus  audīvissē´mus\n2. amāvissē´tis  monuissē´tis  rēxissē´tis  cēpissē´tis  audīvissē´tis\n3. amāvis´sent   monuis´sent   rēxis´sent   cēpis´sent   audīvis´sent\n\na. Observe that these two tenses, like the corresponding ones in the indicative, are formed from the perfect stem.\n\nb. Observe that the perfect subjunctive active is like the future perfect indicative active, excepting that the first person singular ends in -m and not in -ō.\n\nc. Observe that the pluperfect subjunctive active may be formed by adding -issem, -issēs, etc. to the perfect stem.\n\nd. In a similar way inflect the perfect and pluperfect subjunctive active of cūrō, iubeō, sūmō, iaciō, mūniō."},{"section":362,"text":"§362. The passive of the perfect subjunctive is formed by combining the perfect passive participle with sim, the present subjunctive of sum.\n\n   CONJ. I       CONJ. II      CONJ. III                 CONJ. IV\n   PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE\n   SINGULAR\n1. amā´tus sim   mo´nitus sim  rēc´tus sim  cap´tus sim  audī´tus sim\n2. amā´tus sīs   mo´nitus sīs  rēc´tus sīs  cap´tus sīs  audī´tus sīs\n3. amā´tus sit   mo´nitus sit  rēc´tus sit  cap´tus sit  audī´tus sit\n\n   PLURAL\n1. amā´tī sīmus  mo´nitī s.    rēc´tī s.    cap´tī s.    audī´tī s.\n2. amā´tī sītis  mo´nitī s.    rēc´tī s.    cap´tī s.    audī´tī s.\n3. amā´tī sint   mo´nitī sint  rēc´tī sint  cap´tī sint  audī´tī sint"},{"section":363,"text":"§363. The passive of the pluperfect subjunctive is formed by combining the perfect passive participle with essem, the imperfect subjunctive of sum.\n\n   CONJ. I        CONJ. II        CONJ. III                 CONJ. IV\n   PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE\n   SINGULAR\n1. amātus essem   monitus essem   rēctus essem   captus e.  audītus e.\n2. amātus essēs   monitus essēs   rēctus essēs   captus e.  audītus e.\n3. amātus esset   monitus esset   rēctus esset   captus e.  audītus e.\n\n   PLURAL\n1. amātī essēmus  monitī essēmus  rēctī essēmus  captī e.   audītī e.\n2. amātī essētis  monitī essētis  rēctī essētis  captī e.   audītī e.\n3. amātī essent   monitī essent   rēctī essent   captī e.   audītī e.\n\na. In a similar way inflect the perfect and pluperfect subjunctive passive of cūrō, iubeō, sūmō, iaciō, mūniō."},{"section":364,"text":"§364. The perfect and pluperfect subjunctive of the irregular verb sum are inflected as follows:\n\nPERFECT               PLUPERFECT\nfu´erim  fue´rimus    fuis´sem  fuissē´mus\nfu´eris  fue´ritis    fuis´sēs  fuissē´tis\nfu´erit  fu´erint     fuis´set  fuis´sent"},{"section":365,"text":"§365. A substantive clause is a clause used like a noun, as,\n\nThat the men are afraid is clear enough (clause as subject) He ordered them to call on him (clause as object)\n\nWe have already had many instances of infinitive clauses used in this way (cf. §213), and have noted the similarity between Latin and English usage in this respect. But the Latin often uses the subjunctive in substantive clauses, and this marks an important difference between the two languages."},{"section":366,"text":"§366. RULE. Substantive Clauses of Purpose. A substantive clause of purpose with the subjunctive is used as the object of verbs of commanding, urging, asking, persuading, or advising, where in English we should usually have the infinitive.\n\nEXAMPLES\n\n1. The general ordered the soldiers to run\n     Imperātor mīlitibus imperāvit ut currerent\n2. He urged them to resist bravely\n     Hortātus est ut fortiter resisterent\n3. He asked them to give the children food\n     Petīvit ut līberīs cibum darent\n4. He will persuade us not to set out\n     Nōbīs persuādēbit nē proficīscāmur\n5. He advises us to remain at home\n     Monet ut domī maneāmus\n\na. The object clauses following these verbs all express the purpose or will of the principal subject that something be done or not done. (Cf. §348.)"},{"section":367,"text":"§367. The following verbs are used with object clauses of purpose. Learn the list and the principal parts of the new ones.\n\nhortor, urge\nimperō, order (with the dative of the person ordered and a\n  subjunctive clause of the thing ordered done)\nmoneō, advise\npetō, quaerō, rogō, ask, seek\npersuādeō, persuade (with the same construction as imperō)\npostulō, demand, require\nsuādeō, advise (cf. persuādeō)\n\nN.B. Remember that iubeō, order, takes the infinitive as in English. (Cf. §213.1.) Compare the sentences\n\nIubeō eum venīre, I order him to come\nImperō eī ut veniat, I give orders to him that he is to come\n\nWe ordinarily translate both of these sentences like the first, but the difference in meaning between iubeō and imperō in the Latin requires the infinitive in the one case and the subjunctive in the other."}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Latin into English (D'Ooge LXIV)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":78,"id":"la.do.L64.e1.1","source":"Petit atque hortātur ut ipse dīcat.","translation":"He asks and urges that he himself may speak.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Petit","gloss":"peto: aim at, assail, storm, attack; seek, ask"},{"text":"atque","gloss":"and"},{"text":"hortātur","gloss":"hortor: urge, incite, exhort, encourage"},{"text":"ut","gloss":"that, in order that, that not"},{"text":"ipse","gloss":"self; even, very"},{"text":"dīcat.","gloss":"dico2: say, speak, tell"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L64.e1.1.m4a"},{"number":79,"id":"la.do.L64.e1.2","source":"Caesar Helvētiīs imperāvit nē per prōvinciam iter facerent.","translation":"Caesar commanded the Helvetii not to march through the province.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Caesar","gloss":"Cæsar"},{"text":"Helvētiīs","gloss":"Helvetii: the Helvetii"},{"text":"imperāvit","gloss":"impero: command, order"},{"text":"nē","gloss":"ne: in order that not, that"},{"text":"per","gloss":"through"},{"text":"prōvinciam","gloss":"provincia: province"},{"text":"iter","gloss":"march, journey, route"},{"text":"facerent.","gloss":"facio: make, do; cause, bring about"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L64.e1.2.m4a"},{"number":80,"id":"la.do.L64.e1.3","source":"Caesar nōn iussit Helvētiōs per prōvinciam iter facere.","translation":"Caesar did not order the Helvetii to march through the province.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Caesar","gloss":"Cæsar"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"iussit","gloss":"jubeo: order, command"},{"text":"Helvētiōs","gloss":"Helvetii: the Helvetii"},{"text":"per","gloss":"through"},{"text":"prōvinciam","gloss":"provincia: province"},{"text":"iter","gloss":"march, journey, route"},{"text":"facere.","gloss":"facio: make, do; cause, bring about"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L64.e1.3.m4a"},{"number":81,"id":"la.do.L64.e1.4","source":"Ille cīvibus persuāsit ut dē fīnibus suīs discēderent.","translation":"He persuaded the citizens to depart from their territory.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ille","gloss":"that; he, she, it"},{"text":"cīvibus","gloss":"civis: citizen"},{"text":"persuāsit","gloss":"persuadeo: persuade, advise"},{"text":"ut","gloss":"that, in order that, that not"},{"text":"dē","gloss":"de: down from; concerning"},{"text":"fīnibus","gloss":"finis: end, limit; country, territory"},{"text":"suīs","gloss":"suus: his, her, hers, its, their, theirs"},{"text":"discēderent.","gloss":"discedo: depart, go away, leave"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L64.e1.4.m4a"},{"number":82,"id":"la.do.L64.e1.5","source":"Caesar prīncipēs monēbit nē proelium committant.","translation":"Caesar will warn the chiefs not to join battle.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Caesar","gloss":"Cæsar"},{"text":"prīncipēs","gloss":"princeps: chief"},{"text":"monēbit","gloss":"moneo: remind, advise, warn"},{"text":"nē","gloss":"ne: in order that not, that"},{"text":"proelium","gloss":"battle"},{"text":"committant.","gloss":"committo: intrust, commit"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L64.e1.5.m4a"},{"number":83,"id":"la.do.L64.e1.6","source":"Postulāvit nē cum Helvētiīs aut cum eōrum sociīs bellum gererent.","translation":"He demanded that they should not wage war with the Helvetii or with their allies.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Postulāvit","gloss":"postulo: demand"},{"text":"nē","gloss":"ne: in order that not, that"},{"text":"cum","gloss":"when; since; although"},{"text":"Helvētiīs","gloss":"Helvetii: the Helvetii"},{"text":"aut","gloss":"or"},{"text":"cum","gloss":"when; since; although"},{"text":"eōrum","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"sociīs","gloss":"socius: companion, ally"},{"text":"bellum","gloss":"war"},{"text":"gererent.","gloss":"gero: bear, carry on; wear"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L64.e1.6.m4a"},{"number":84,"id":"la.do.L64.e1.7","source":"Ab iīs quaesīvī nē proficīscerentur.","translation":"I asked them not to set out.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ab","gloss":"from, by"},{"text":"iīs","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"quaesīvī","gloss":"quaero: ask, inquire, seek"},{"text":"nē","gloss":"ne: in order that not, that"},{"text":"proficīscerentur.","gloss":"proficiscor: set out"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L64.e1.7.m4a"},{"number":85,"id":"la.do.L64.e1.8","source":"Iīs persuādēre nōn potuī ut domī manērent.","translation":"I could not persuade them to remain at home.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Iīs","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"persuādēre","gloss":"persuadeo: persuade, advise"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"potuī","gloss":"possum: be able, can"},{"text":"ut","gloss":"that, in order that, that not"},{"text":"domī","gloss":"domus: house, home"},{"text":"manērent.","gloss":"maneo: remain"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L64.e1.8.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"English into Latin (D'Ooge LXIV)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":86,"id":"la.do.L64.e2.1","source":"Quis Caesarī imperāvit ut iter faceret? Quis Caesarem iter facere iussit?","translation":"Who ordered Cæsar to make the march? (Write this sentence both with imperō and with iubeō.)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quis","gloss":"who?"},{"text":"Caesarī","gloss":"Caesar: Cæsar"},{"text":"imperāvit","gloss":"impero: command, order"},{"text":"ut","gloss":"that, in order that, that not"},{"text":"iter","gloss":"march, journey, route"},{"text":"faceret?","gloss":"facio: make, do; cause, bring about"},{"text":"Quis","gloss":"who?"},{"text":"Caesarem","gloss":"Caesar: Cæsar"},{"text":"iter","gloss":"march, journey, route"},{"text":"facere","gloss":"facio: make, do; cause, bring about"},{"text":"iussit?","gloss":"jubeo: order, command"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L64.e2.1.m4a"},{"number":87,"id":"la.do.L64.e2.2","source":"Explōrātōrēs perfidī eī persuāsērunt ut prīmā lūce proficīscerētur.","translation":"The faithless scouts persuaded him to set out at daybreak.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Explōrātōrēs","gloss":"explorator: scout, spy"},{"text":"perfidī","gloss":""},{"text":"eī","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"persuāsērunt","gloss":"persuadeo: persuade, advise"},{"text":"ut","gloss":"that, in order that, that not"},{"text":"prīmā","gloss":"primus: first"},{"text":"lūce","gloss":"lux: light"},{"text":"proficīscerētur.","gloss":"proficiscor: set out"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L64.e2.2.m4a"},{"number":88,"id":"la.do.L64.e2.3","source":"Ab eō petent nē supplicium sūmat.","translation":"They will ask him not to inflict punishment.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ab","gloss":"from, by"},{"text":"eō","gloss":"is: he, she, it; that"},{"text":"petent","gloss":""},{"text":"nē","gloss":"ne: in order that not, that"},{"text":"supplicium","gloss":"punishment, torture"},{"text":"sūmat.","gloss":"sumo: take up"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L64.e2.3.m4a"},{"number":89,"id":"la.do.L64.e2.4","source":"Postulāvit ut ad castra venīrent.","translation":"He demanded that they come to the camp.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Postulāvit","gloss":"postulo: demand"},{"text":"ut","gloss":"that, in order that, that not"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"castra","gloss":"castrum: fort; camp"},{"text":"venīrent.","gloss":"venio: come"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L64.e2.4.m4a"},{"number":90,"id":"la.do.L64.e2.5","source":"Eōs monuit ut omnia dīcerent.","translation":"He advised them to tell everything (omnia).","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Eōs","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"monuit","gloss":"moneo: remind, advise, warn"},{"text":"ut","gloss":"that, in order that, that not"},{"text":"omnia","gloss":"omnis: every, all"},{"text":"dīcerent.","gloss":"dico2: say, speak, tell"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L64.e2.5.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lentulus Reaches Home: Publius Visits Pompeii with his Father (Lentulus LXIV)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":91,"id":"la.do.R64.1","source":"Post paucōs diēs nāvis M. Cornēlī Lentulī portum Mīsēnī petiit, quī portus nōn longē ā Pompēiīs situs est; quō in portū classis Rōmānā pōnēbātur et ad pugnās nāvālīs ōrnābātur.","translation":"After a few days the ship of M. Cornelius Lentulus made for the harbor of Misenum, which harbor is situated not far from Pompeii; and in this harbor the Roman fleet was stationed and fitted out for naval battles.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Post","gloss":"behind, after"},{"text":"paucōs","gloss":"pauci: few, only a few"},{"text":"diēs","gloss":"dies: day"},{"text":"nāvis","gloss":"navis: ship"},{"text":"M.","gloss":"M (a name)"},{"text":"Cornēlī","gloss":"Cornelius: Cornelius"},{"text":"Lentulī","gloss":"Lentulus: Lentulus"},{"text":"portum","gloss":"portus: harbor"},{"text":"Mīsēnī","gloss":"Misenum: Misenum"},{"text":"petiit,","gloss":"peto: aim at, assail, storm, attack; seek, ask"},{"text":"quī","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"portus","gloss":"harbor"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"longē","gloss":"longus: long"},{"text":"ā","gloss":"a: from, by, off"},{"text":"Pompēiīs","gloss":"Pompeii: Pompeii"},{"text":"situs","gloss":"sino: allow, permit"},{"text":"est;","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"quō","gloss":"quo: whither, where; in order to, that"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"portū","gloss":"portus: harbor"},{"text":"classis","gloss":"fleet"},{"text":"Rōmānā","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"pōnēbātur","gloss":"pono: place, put"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"pugnās","gloss":"pugna: battle"},{"text":"nāvālīs","gloss":"navalis: naval"},{"text":"ōrnābātur.","gloss":"orno: fit out, adorn"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R64.1.m4a"},{"number":92,"id":"la.do.R64.2","source":"Ibi nāvēs omnium generum cōnspicī poterant.","translation":"There ships of every kind could be seen.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ibi","gloss":"there, in that place"},{"text":"nāvēs","gloss":"navis: ship"},{"text":"omnium","gloss":"omnis: every, all"},{"text":"generum","gloss":"genus: kind, variety"},{"text":"cōnspicī","gloss":"conspicio: look at attentively, perceive, see"},{"text":"poterant.","gloss":"possum: be able, can"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R64.2.m4a"},{"number":93,"id":"la.do.R64.3","source":"Iamque incrēdibilī celeritāte nāvis longa quā Lentulus vehēbātur lītorī adpropinquāvit; nam nōn sōlum ventō sed etiam rēmīs impellēbātur.","translation":"And now with incredible speed the warship in which Lentulus was sailing drew near the shore; for it was driven not only by the wind but also by oars.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Iamque","gloss":"jamque: now, already, by/even now"},{"text":"incrēdibilī","gloss":"incredibilis: incredible"},{"text":"celeritāte","gloss":"celeritas: speed"},{"text":"nāvis","gloss":"navis: ship"},{"text":"longa","gloss":"longus: long"},{"text":"quā","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"Lentulus","gloss":"Lentulus"},{"text":"vehēbātur","gloss":"veho: convey, carry"},{"text":"lītorī","gloss":"litus3: seashore, beach"},{"text":"adpropinquāvit;","gloss":"adpropinquo: draw near, approach"},{"text":"nam","gloss":"for"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"sōlum","gloss":"alone, only"},{"text":"ventō","gloss":"ventus: wind"},{"text":"sed","gloss":"but"},{"text":"etiam","gloss":"yet, still; also, besides"},{"text":"rēmīs","gloss":"remus: oar"},{"text":"impellēbātur.","gloss":"impello: strike against; impel, drive, propel"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R64.3.m4a"},{"number":94,"id":"la.do.R64.4","source":"In altā puppe stābat gubernātor et nōn procul aliquī mīlitēs Rōmānī cum armīs splendidīs, inter quōs clārissimus erat Lentulus.","translation":"On the high stern stood the pilot, and not far off some Roman soldiers with splendid arms, among whom the most distinguished was Lentulus.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"In","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"altā","gloss":"altus: high, tall, deep"},{"text":"puppe","gloss":"puppis: stern"},{"text":"stābat","gloss":"sto: stand"},{"text":"gubernātor","gloss":"gubernator: pilot"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"procul","gloss":"far, afar off"},{"text":"aliquī","gloss":"aliqui: anyone/anybody/anything"},{"text":"mīlitēs","gloss":"miles: soldier"},{"text":"Rōmānī","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"cum","gloss":"when; since; although"},{"text":"armīs","gloss":"arma: arms"},{"text":"splendidīs,","gloss":"splendidus: brilliant, gorgeous, splendid"},{"text":"inter","gloss":"between, among"},{"text":"quōs","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"clārissimus","gloss":"clarus: clear; famous, renowned; bright, shining"},{"text":"erat","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"Lentulus.","gloss":"Lentulus"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R64.4.m4a"},{"number":95,"id":"la.do.R64.5","source":"Deinde servī rēmīs contendere cessāvērunt; nautae vēlum contrāxērunt et ancorās iēcērunt.","translation":"Then the slaves ceased to strain at the oars; the sailors furled the sail and cast the anchors.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Deinde","gloss":"then, in the next place"},{"text":"servī","gloss":"servus: slave, servant"},{"text":"rēmīs","gloss":"remus: oar"},{"text":"contendere","gloss":"contendo: strain, struggle; hasten"},{"text":"cessāvērunt;","gloss":"cesso: delay, cease"},{"text":"nautae","gloss":"nauta: sailor"},{"text":"vēlum","gloss":"velum: sail"},{"text":"contrāxērunt","gloss":"contraho: draw together"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ancorās","gloss":"ancora: anchor"},{"text":"iēcērunt.","gloss":"jacio: throw, hurl"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R64.5.m4a"},{"number":96,"id":"la.do.R64.6","source":"Lentulus statim ē nāvī ēgressus est et ad villam suam properāvit.","translation":"Lentulus at once went out of the ship and hastened to his villa.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Lentulus","gloss":"Lentulus"},{"text":"statim","gloss":"immediately, at once"},{"text":"ē","gloss":"ex: out of, from"},{"text":"nāvī","gloss":"navis: ship"},{"text":"ēgressus","gloss":"egredior: move out, disembark"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"villam","gloss":"villa: farm, villa"},{"text":"suam","gloss":"suus: his, her, hers, its, their, theirs"},{"text":"properāvit.","gloss":"propero: hurry, speed up"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R64.6.m4a"},{"number":97,"id":"la.do.R64.7","source":"Eum Iūlia, Pūblius, tōtaque familia excēpērunt. Quī complexūs, quanta gaudia fuērunt!","translation":"Julia, Publius, and the whole household welcomed him. What embraces, what great joys there were!","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Eum","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"Iūlia,","gloss":"Julia: Julia"},{"text":"Pūblius,","gloss":"Publius: Publius (Roman praenomen)"},{"text":"tōtaque","gloss":"totus: all, the whole, entire"},{"text":"familia","gloss":"servants, slaves; household, family"},{"text":"excēpērunt.","gloss":"excipio: welcome, receive"},{"text":"Quī","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"complexūs,","gloss":"complexus2: embrace"},{"text":"quanta","gloss":"quantus: as great as"},{"text":"gaudia","gloss":"gaudium: joy"},{"text":"fuērunt!","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R64.7.m4a"},{"number":98,"id":"la.do.R64.8","source":"Postrīdiē eius diēī Lentulus fīliō suō dīxit, “Venī, mī Pūblī, mēcum.","translation":"On the day after that day Lentulus said to his son, \"Come with me, my Publius.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Postrīdiē","gloss":"postridie: on the next day"},{"text":"eius","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"diēī","gloss":"dies: day"},{"text":"Lentulus","gloss":"Lentulus"},{"text":"fīliō","gloss":"filius: son"},{"text":"suō","gloss":"suus: his, her, hers, its, their, theirs"},{"text":"dīxit,","gloss":"dico2: say, speak, tell"},{"text":"“Venī,","gloss":"venio: come, go"},{"text":"mī","gloss":"meus: my"},{"text":"Pūblī,","gloss":"Publius: Publius (Roman praenomen)"},{"text":"mēcum.","gloss":"ego: I"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R64.8.m4a"},{"number":99,"id":"la.do.R64.9","source":"Pompēiōs iter hodiē faciam.","translation":"To-day I shall make a journey to Pompeii.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Pompēiōs","gloss":"Pompeii: Pompeii"},{"text":"iter","gloss":"march, journey, route"},{"text":"hodiē","gloss":"hodie: to-day"},{"text":"faciam.","gloss":"facio: make, do; cause, bring about"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R64.9.m4a"},{"number":100,"id":"la.do.R64.10","source":"Māter tua suādet ut frūctūs et cibāria emam.","translation":"Your mother advises that I buy fruit and provisions.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Māter","gloss":"mater: mother"},{"text":"tua","gloss":"tuus: your, yours"},{"text":"suādet","gloss":"suadeo: advise, recommend"},{"text":"ut","gloss":"that, in order that, that not"},{"text":"frūctūs","gloss":"fructus2: fruit"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"cibāria","gloss":"cibaria: food, provisions"},{"text":"emam.","gloss":"emo: buy, purchase"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R64.10.m4a"},{"number":101,"id":"la.do.R64.11","source":"Namque plūrīs amīcōs ad cēnam vocāvimus et multīs rēbus egēmus.","translation":"For we have invited many friends to dinner and we need many things.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Namque","gloss":"for, and in fact; seeing that"},{"text":"plūrīs","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"amīcōs","gloss":"amicus: friend"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"cēnam","gloss":"cena: dinner"},{"text":"vocāvimus","gloss":"voco: call, summon, invite"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"multīs","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"rēbus","gloss":"res: thing, matter"},{"text":"egēmus.","gloss":"egeo: lack, need, be without"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R64.11.m4a"},{"number":102,"id":"la.do.R64.12","source":"Ea hortātur ut quam prīmum proficīscāmur.”","translation":"She urges that we set out as soon as possible.\"","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ea","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"hortātur","gloss":"hortor: urge, incite, exhort, encourage"},{"text":"ut","gloss":"that, in order that, that not"},{"text":"quam","gloss":"than"},{"text":"prīmum","gloss":"primus: first"},{"text":"proficīscāmur.”","gloss":"proficiscor: set out"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R64.12.m4a"},{"number":103,"id":"la.do.R64.13","source":"“Libenter, mī pater,” inquit Pūblius.","translation":"\"Gladly, my father,\" said Publius.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"“Libenter,","gloss":"willingly, gladly"},{"text":"mī","gloss":"ego: I"},{"text":"pater,”","gloss":"father"},{"text":"inquit","gloss":"inquam: say (defective)"},{"text":"Pūblius.","gloss":"Publius: Publius (Roman praenomen)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R64.13.m4a"},{"number":104,"id":"la.do.R64.14","source":"“Tēcum esse mihi semper est grātum; nec Pompēiōs umquam vīdī.","translation":"\"To be with you is always pleasant to me; and I have never seen Pompeii.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"“Tēcum","gloss":"tu: thou, you"},{"text":"esse","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"mihi","gloss":"ego: I"},{"text":"semper","gloss":"always"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"grātum;","gloss":"gratus: acceptable, pleasing"},{"text":"nec","gloss":"neque: neither, nor, and ... not"},{"text":"Pompēiōs","gloss":"Pompeii: Pompeii"},{"text":"umquam","gloss":"ever, at any time"},{"text":"vīdī.","gloss":"video: see, perceive"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R64.14.m4a"},{"number":105,"id":"la.do.R64.15","source":"Sine morā proficīscī parātus sum.”","translation":"I am ready to set out without delay.\"","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Sine","gloss":"without"},{"text":"morā","gloss":"mora: delay"},{"text":"proficīscī","gloss":"proficiscor: set out"},{"text":"parātus","gloss":"paro: prepare for, prepare; provide, procure"},{"text":"sum.”","gloss":"be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R64.15.m4a"},{"number":106,"id":"la.do.R64.16","source":"Tum celeriter currum cōnscendērunt et ad urbis mūrōs vectī sunt.","translation":"Then they quickly mounted the carriage and were driven to the walls of the city.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Tum","gloss":"then, at that time"},{"text":"celeriter","gloss":"quickly"},{"text":"currum","gloss":"currus: chariot"},{"text":"cōnscendērunt","gloss":"conscendo: climb up, ascend"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"urbis","gloss":"urbs: city"},{"text":"mūrōs","gloss":"murus: wall"},{"text":"vectī","gloss":"veho: convey, carry"},{"text":"sunt.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R64.16.m4a"},{"number":107,"id":"la.do.R64.17","source":"Stabiānā portā urbem ingressī sunt.","translation":"They entered the city by the Stabian gate.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Stabiānā","gloss":"Stabiānā (a name)"},{"text":"portā","gloss":"porta: gate"},{"text":"urbem","gloss":"urbs: city"},{"text":"ingressī","gloss":"ingradior: be in/on/there"},{"text":"sunt.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R64.17.m4a"},{"number":108,"id":"la.do.R64.18","source":"Pūblius strātās viās mīrātur et saxa altiōra quae in mediō disposita erant et altās orbitās quās rotae inter haec saxa fēcerant.","translation":"Publius wonders at the paved streets and the higher stones which had been set in the middle, and the deep ruts which the wheels had made between these stones.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Pūblius","gloss":"Publius: Publius (Roman praenomen)"},{"text":"strātās","gloss":"stratus: paved"},{"text":"viās","gloss":"via: way, road, street"},{"text":"mīrātur","gloss":"miror: wonder, marvel, admire"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"saxa","gloss":"saxum: rock, stone"},{"text":"altiōra","gloss":"altus: high, tall, deep"},{"text":"quae","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"mediō","gloss":"medius: middle, middle part of"},{"text":"disposita","gloss":"dispositus: rich/wealthy"},{"text":"erant","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"altās","gloss":"altus: high, tall, deep"},{"text":"orbitās","gloss":"orbita: rut"},{"text":"quās","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"rotae","gloss":"rota: wheel"},{"text":"inter","gloss":"between, among"},{"text":"haec","gloss":"hic: this"},{"text":"saxa","gloss":"saxum: rock, stone"},{"text":"fēcerant.","gloss":"facio: make, do; cause, bring about"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R64.18.m4a"},{"number":109,"id":"la.do.R64.19","source":"Etiam strepitum mīrātur, multitūdinem, carrōs, fontīs, domōs, tabernās, forum cum statuīs, templīs, reliquīsque aedificiīs pūblicīs.","translation":"He wonders also at the noise, the crowd, the wagons, the fountains, the houses, the shops, the forum with its statues, temples, and the other public buildings.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Etiam","gloss":"yet, still; also, besides"},{"text":"strepitum","gloss":"strepitus: noise, din"},{"text":"mīrātur,","gloss":"miror: wonder, marvel, admire"},{"text":"multitūdinem,","gloss":"multitudo: multitude"},{"text":"carrōs,","gloss":"carrus: cart, wagon"},{"text":"fontīs,","gloss":"fons: fountain"},{"text":"domōs,","gloss":"domus: house, home"},{"text":"tabernās,","gloss":"taberna: shop, stall"},{"text":"forum","gloss":"market place"},{"text":"cum","gloss":"when; since; although"},{"text":"statuīs,","gloss":"statua: statue"},{"text":"templīs,","gloss":"templum: temple, shrine"},{"text":"reliquīsque","gloss":"reliquus: remaining, rest of; the rest"},{"text":"aedificiīs","gloss":"aedificium: building, dwelling"},{"text":"pūblicīs.","gloss":"publicus: public, belonging to the state"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R64.19.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"classis","gloss":"fleet"},{"word":"incrēdibilī","gloss":"incredible, from incredibilis"},{"word":"ancorās","gloss":"anchor, from ancora"},{"word":"complexūs","gloss":"embrace"},{"word":"frūctūs","gloss":"fruit"},{"word":"cibāria","gloss":"food, provisions"},{"word":"strātās","gloss":"paved, from stratus"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Latin into English (D'Ooge LXV)","teaching":[{"title":"Ut after fear means that not","paragraphs":["Caesar verēbātur ut supplicium captīvōrum Gallīs placēret.","\"Caesar feared that the punishment of the captives would not please the Gauls.\"","After verēbātur, ut means \"that not,\" and placēret is subjunctive."]},{"title":"Nē after fear means that or lest","paragraphs":["Rōmānī ipsī magnopere verēbantur nē Helvētiī iter per prōvinciam facerent.","\"The Romans themselves greatly feared that the Helvetii would march through the province.\"","After verēbantur, nē means \"that\" or \"lest,\" and facerent is subjunctive.","Verbs of fearing take a subjunctive clause with ut for \"that not\" or nē for \"that\" or \"lest.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":110,"id":"la.do.L65.e1.1","source":"Caesar verēbātur ut supplicium captīvōrum Gallīs placēret.","translation":"Caesar feared that the punishment of the captives would not please the Gauls.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Caesar","gloss":"Cæsar"},{"text":"verēbātur","gloss":"vereor: fear; reverence, respect"},{"text":"ut","gloss":"that, in order that, that not"},{"text":"supplicium","gloss":"punishment, torture"},{"text":"captīvōrum","gloss":"captivus: captive, prisoner"},{"text":"Gallīs","gloss":"Gallus: a Gaul"},{"text":"placēret.","gloss":"placeo: be pleasing to, please"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L65.e1.1.m4a"},{"number":111,"id":"la.do.L65.e1.2","source":"Rōmānī ipsī magnopere verēbantur nē Helvētiī iter per prōvinciam facerent.","translation":"The Romans themselves greatly feared that the Helvetii would march through the province.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Rōmānī","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"ipsī","gloss":"ipse: self; even, very"},{"text":"magnopere","gloss":"greatly, exceedingly"},{"text":"verēbantur","gloss":"vereor: fear; reverence, respect"},{"text":"nē","gloss":"ne: in order that not, that"},{"text":"Helvētiī","gloss":"Helvetii: the Helvetii"},{"text":"iter","gloss":"march, journey, route"},{"text":"per","gloss":"through"},{"text":"prōvinciam","gloss":"provincia: province"},{"text":"facerent.","gloss":"facio: make, do; cause, bring about"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L65.e1.2.m4a"},{"number":112,"id":"la.do.L65.e1.3","source":"Timēbant ut satis reī frūmentāriae mittī posset.","translation":"They feared that enough grain supplies could not be sent.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Timēbant","gloss":"timeo: fear; be afraid"},{"text":"ut","gloss":"that, in order that, that not"},{"text":"satis","gloss":"enough, sufficiently"},{"text":"reī","gloss":"res: thing, matter"},{"text":"frūmentāriae","gloss":"frumentarius: pertaining to grain"},{"text":"mittī","gloss":"mitto: send"},{"text":"posset.","gloss":"possum: be able, can"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L65.e1.3.m4a"},{"number":113,"id":"la.do.L65.e1.4","source":"Vereor ut hostium impetum sustinēre possim.","translation":"I fear that I cannot withstand the attack of the enemy.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Vereor","gloss":"fear; reverence, respect"},{"text":"ut","gloss":"that, in order that, that not"},{"text":"hostium","gloss":"hostis: enemy"},{"text":"impetum","gloss":"impetus: attack"},{"text":"sustinēre","gloss":"sustineo: sustain"},{"text":"possim.","gloss":"possum: be able, can"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L65.e1.4.m4a"},{"number":114,"id":"la.do.L65.e1.5","source":"Timuit nē impedīmenta ab hostibus capta essent.","translation":"He feared that the baggage had been captured by the enemy.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Timuit","gloss":"timeo: fear; be afraid"},{"text":"nē","gloss":"ne: in order that not, that"},{"text":"impedīmenta","gloss":"impedimentum: hindrance"},{"text":"ab","gloss":"from, by"},{"text":"hostibus","gloss":"hostis: enemy"},{"text":"capta","gloss":"capio: take, seize, capture"},{"text":"essent.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L65.e1.5.m4a"},{"number":115,"id":"la.do.L65.e1.6","source":"Caesar numquam timuit nē legiōnēs vincerentur.","translation":"Caesar never feared that the legions would be conquered.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Caesar","gloss":"Cæsar"},{"text":"numquam","gloss":"never"},{"text":"timuit","gloss":"timeo: fear; be afraid"},{"text":"nē","gloss":"ne: in order that not, that"},{"text":"legiōnēs","gloss":"legio: legion"},{"text":"vincerentur.","gloss":"vinco: conquer"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L65.e1.6.m4a"},{"number":116,"id":"la.do.L65.e1.7","source":"Legiōnēs pugnāre nōn timuērunt.","translation":"The legions did not fear to fight.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Legiōnēs","gloss":"legio: legion"},{"text":"pugnāre","gloss":"pugno: fight"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"timuērunt.","gloss":"timeo: fear; be afraid"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L65.e1.7.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":369,"text":"D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LXV, §§369-372\n\n§369. Learn the subjunctive of possum (§495), and note especially the position of the accent."},{"section":370,"text":"§370. Subjunctive after Verbs of Fearing. We have learned that what we want done or not done is expressed in Latin by a subjunctive clause of purpose. In this class belong also clauses after verbs of fearing, for we fear either that something will happen or that it will not, and we either want it to happen or we do not. If we want a thing to happen and fear that it will not, the purpose clause is introduced by ut. If we do not want it to happen and fear that it will, nē is used. Owing to a difference between the English and Latin idiom we translate ut after a verb of fearing by that not, and nē by that or lest."},{"section":371,"text":"§371. EXAMPLES\n\ntimeō     }      { veniat\ntimēbō    } ut {\ntimuerō }      { vēnerit\n\nI fear, shall fear, shall have feared, that he will not come, has not come\n\ntimēbam    }      { venīret\ntimuī      } ut {\ntimueram }      { vēnisset\n\nI was fearing, feared, had feared, that he would not come, had not come\n\nThe same examples with nē instead of ut would be translated I fear that or lest he will come, has come, etc."},{"section":372,"text":"§372. RULE. Subjunctive after Verbs of Fearing. Verbs of fearing are followed by a substantive clause of purpose introduced by ut (that not) or nē (that or lest)."}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"English into Latin (D'Ooge LXV)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":117,"id":"la.do.L65.e2.1","source":"Timēmus ut veniant.","translation":"We fear that they are not coming.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Timēmus","gloss":"timeo: fear; be afraid"},{"text":"ut","gloss":"that, in order that, that not"},{"text":"veniant.","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L65.e2.1.m4a"},{"number":118,"id":"la.do.L65.e2.2","source":"Timēmus nē veniant.","translation":"We fear lest they are coming.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Timēmus","gloss":"timeo: fear; be afraid"},{"text":"nē","gloss":"ne: in order that not, that"},{"text":"veniant.","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L65.e2.2.m4a"},{"number":119,"id":"la.do.L65.e2.3","source":"Timēbāmus nē vēnissent.","translation":"We feared that they had come.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Timēbāmus","gloss":"timeo: fear; be afraid"},{"text":"nē","gloss":"ne: in order that not, that"},{"text":"vēnissent.","gloss":"venio: come, go"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L65.e2.3.m4a"},{"number":120,"id":"la.do.L65.e2.4","source":"Timēbāmus ut vēnissent.","translation":"We feared that they had not come.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Timēbāmus","gloss":"timeo: fear; be afraid"},{"text":"ut","gloss":"that, in order that, that not"},{"text":"vēnissent.","gloss":"venio: come, go"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L65.e2.4.m4a"},{"number":121,"id":"la.do.L65.e2.5","source":"Magnopere timēbant ut castra dēfendī possent.","translation":"They feared greatly that the camp could not be defended.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Magnopere","gloss":"greatly, exceedingly"},{"text":"timēbant","gloss":"timeo: fear; be afraid"},{"text":"ut","gloss":"that, in order that, that not"},{"text":"castra","gloss":"castrum: fort; camp"},{"text":"dēfendī","gloss":"defendo: defend"},{"text":"possent.","gloss":"possum: be able, can"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L65.e2.5.m4a"},{"number":122,"id":"la.do.L65.e2.6","source":"Ferē omnēs castra relinquere timēbant.","translation":"Almost all feared[1] to leave the camp.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ferē","gloss":"fere: nearly, almost"},{"text":"omnēs","gloss":"omnis: every, all"},{"text":"castra","gloss":"castrum: fort; camp"},{"text":"relinquere","gloss":"relinquo: leave, abandon"},{"text":"timēbant.","gloss":"timeo: fear; be afraid"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L65.e2.6.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"A Day at Pompeii (Lentulus LXV)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":123,"id":"la.do.R65.1","source":"Apud forum ē currū dēscendērunt et Lentulus dīxit, “Hīc sunt multa tabernārum genera, mī Pūblī.","translation":"At the forum they got down from the carriage, and Lentulus said, \"Here are many kinds of shops, my Publius.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Apud","gloss":"among"},{"text":"forum","gloss":"market place"},{"text":"ē","gloss":"ex: out of, from"},{"text":"currū","gloss":"currus: chariot"},{"text":"dēscendērunt","gloss":"descendo: climb down, descend"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"Lentulus","gloss":"Lentulus"},{"text":"dīxit,","gloss":"dico2: say, speak, tell"},{"text":"“Hīc","gloss":"hic: here"},{"text":"sunt","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"multa","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"tabernārum","gloss":"taberna: shop, stall"},{"text":"genera,","gloss":"genus: kind, variety"},{"text":"mī","gloss":"ego: I"},{"text":"Pūblī.","gloss":"Publius: Publius (Roman praenomen)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R65.1.m4a"},{"number":124,"id":"la.do.R65.2","source":"Ecce, trāns viam est popīna! Hoc genus tabernārum cibāria vēndit.","translation":"Look, across the street is a cook-shop! This kind of shop sells provisions.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ecce,","gloss":"see! behold! there! here!"},{"text":"trāns","gloss":"trans: across"},{"text":"viam","gloss":"via: way, road, street"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"popīna!","gloss":"popina: restaurant"},{"text":"Hoc","gloss":"hic: this"},{"text":"genus","gloss":"kind, variety"},{"text":"tabernārum","gloss":"taberna: shop, stall"},{"text":"cibāria","gloss":"cibaria: food, provisions"},{"text":"vēndit.","gloss":"vendo: sell"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R65.2.m4a"},{"number":125,"id":"la.do.R65.3","source":"Frūctūs quoque ante iānuam stant.","translation":"Fruit too stands before the door.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Frūctūs","gloss":"fructus2: fruit"},{"text":"quoque","gloss":"also; after"},{"text":"ante","gloss":"before"},{"text":"iānuam","gloss":"janua: door"},{"text":"stant.","gloss":"sto: stand"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R65.3.m4a"},{"number":126,"id":"la.do.R65.4","source":"Ibi cibāria mea emam.”","translation":"There I shall buy my provisions.\"","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ibi","gloss":"there, in that place"},{"text":"cibāria","gloss":"cibaria: food, provisions"},{"text":"mea","gloss":"meus: my, mine"},{"text":"emam.”","gloss":"emo: buy, purchase"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R65.4.m4a"},{"number":127,"id":"la.do.R65.5","source":"“Optimē,” respondit Pūblius.","translation":"\"Very good,\" answered Publius.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"“Optimē,”","gloss":"optime: very well, best of all"},{"text":"respondit","gloss":"respondeo: respond, reply"},{"text":"Pūblius.","gloss":"Publius: Publius (Roman praenomen)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R65.5.m4a"},{"number":128,"id":"la.do.R65.6","source":"“At ubi, mī pater, crūstula emere possumus?","translation":"\"But where, my father, can we buy pastry?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"“At","gloss":"but"},{"text":"ubi,","gloss":"where"},{"text":"mī","gloss":"ego: I"},{"text":"pater,","gloss":"father"},{"text":"crūstula","gloss":"crustulum: pastry, cake"},{"text":"emere","gloss":"emo: buy, purchase"},{"text":"possumus?","gloss":"possum: be able, can"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R65.6.m4a"},{"number":129,"id":"la.do.R65.7","source":"Namque māter nōbīs imperāvit ut haec quoque parārēmus.","translation":"For mother ordered us to get these too.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Namque","gloss":"for, and in fact; seeing that"},{"text":"māter","gloss":"mater: mother"},{"text":"nōbīs","gloss":"nos: we"},{"text":"imperāvit","gloss":"impero: command, order"},{"text":"ut","gloss":"that, in order that, that not"},{"text":"haec","gloss":"hic: this"},{"text":"quoque","gloss":"also; after"},{"text":"parārēmus.","gloss":"paro: prepare for, prepare; provide, procure"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R65.7.m4a"},{"number":130,"id":"la.do.R65.8","source":"Timeō ut ista popīna vēndat crūstula.”","translation":"I fear that cook-shop of yours does not sell pastry.\"","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Timeō","gloss":"timeo: fear; be afraid"},{"text":"ut","gloss":"that, in order that, that not"},{"text":"ista","gloss":"iste: that; he, she, it"},{"text":"popīna","gloss":"popina: restaurant"},{"text":"vēndat","gloss":"vendo: sell"},{"text":"crūstula.”","gloss":"crustulum: pastry, cake"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R65.8.m4a"},{"number":131,"id":"la.do.R65.9","source":"“Bene dīcis,” inquit Lentulus.","translation":"\"You are right,\" said Lentulus.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"“Bene","gloss":"well"},{"text":"dīcis,”","gloss":"dico2: say, speak, tell"},{"text":"inquit","gloss":"inquam: say (defective)"},{"text":"Lentulus.","gloss":"Lentulus"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R65.9.m4a"},{"number":132,"id":"la.do.R65.10","source":"“At nōnne vidēs illum fontem ā dextrā ubi aqua per leōnis caput fluit?","translation":"\"But do you not see that fountain on the right where the water flows through the lion's head?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"“At","gloss":"but"},{"text":"nōnne","gloss":"nonne: not?"},{"text":"vidēs","gloss":"video: see, perceive"},{"text":"illum","gloss":"ille: that; he, she, it"},{"text":"fontem","gloss":"fons: fountain"},{"text":"ā","gloss":"a: from, by, off"},{"text":"dextrā","gloss":"dexter: right"},{"text":"ubi","gloss":"where"},{"text":"aqua","gloss":"water"},{"text":"per","gloss":"through"},{"text":"leōnis","gloss":"leo2: lion"},{"text":"caput","gloss":"head"},{"text":"fluit?","gloss":"fluo: flow"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R65.10.m4a"},{"number":133,"id":"la.do.R65.11","source":"In illō ipsō locō est taberna pīstōris quī sine dubiō vēndit crūstula.”","translation":"In that very place is a baker's shop which without doubt sells pastry.\"","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"In","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"illō","gloss":"ille: that; he, she, it"},{"text":"ipsō","gloss":"ipse: self; even, very"},{"text":"locō","gloss":"locus: place, spot"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"taberna","gloss":"shop, stall"},{"text":"pīstōris","gloss":"pistor: baker"},{"text":"quī","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"sine","gloss":"without"},{"text":"dubiō","gloss":"dubius: doubtful"},{"text":"vēndit","gloss":"vendo: sell"},{"text":"crūstula.”","gloss":"crustulum: pastry, cake"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R65.11.m4a"},{"number":134,"id":"la.do.R65.12","source":"Brevī tempore omnia erant parāta, iamque quīnta hōra erat.","translation":"In a short time everything was ready, and it was now the fifth hour.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Brevī","gloss":"brevis: short, brief"},{"text":"tempore","gloss":"tempus: time"},{"text":"omnia","gloss":"omnis: every, all"},{"text":"erant","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"parāta,","gloss":"paro: prepare for, prepare; provide, procure"},{"text":"iamque","gloss":"jamque: now, already, by/even now"},{"text":"quīnta","gloss":"quintus: fifth"},{"text":"hōra","gloss":"hora: hour"},{"text":"erat.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R65.12.m4a"},{"number":135,"id":"la.do.R65.13","source":"Deinde Lentulus et fīlius ad caupōnam properāvērunt, quod famē et sitī urgēbantur.","translation":"Then Lentulus and his son hastened to an inn, because they were pressed by hunger and thirst.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Deinde","gloss":"then, in the next place"},{"text":"Lentulus","gloss":"Lentulus"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"fīlius","gloss":"filius: son"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"caupōnam","gloss":"caupona: inn"},{"text":"properāvērunt,","gloss":"propero: hurry, speed up"},{"text":"quod","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"famē","gloss":"fames: hunger"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"sitī","gloss":"sitis: thirst"},{"text":"urgēbantur.","gloss":"urgeo: press upon, crowd, hem in"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R65.13.m4a"},{"number":136,"id":"la.do.R65.14","source":"Ibi sub arboris umbrā sēdērunt et puerō imperāvērunt ut sibi cibum et vīnum daret.","translation":"There they sat under the shade of a tree and ordered the boy to give them food and wine.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ibi","gloss":"there, in that place"},{"text":"sub","gloss":"under, below, up to; at"},{"text":"arboris","gloss":"arbor: tree"},{"text":"umbrā","gloss":"umbra: shade"},{"text":"sēdērunt","gloss":"sedeo: sit"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"puerō","gloss":"puer: boy"},{"text":"imperāvērunt","gloss":"impero: command, order"},{"text":"ut","gloss":"that, in order that, that not"},{"text":"sibi","gloss":"sui: of himself (herself, itself, themselves)"},{"text":"cibum","gloss":"cibus: food"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"vīnum","gloss":"vinum: wine"},{"text":"daret.","gloss":"do: give"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R65.14.m4a"},{"number":137,"id":"la.do.R65.15","source":"Huic imperiō puer celeriter pāruit.","translation":"This order the boy quickly obeyed.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Huic","gloss":"hic: this"},{"text":"imperiō","gloss":"imperium: command, chief power; empire"},{"text":"puer","gloss":"boy"},{"text":"celeriter","gloss":"quickly"},{"text":"pāruit.","gloss":"pareo: obey"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R65.15.m4a"},{"number":138,"id":"la.do.R65.16","source":"Tum laetī sē ex labōre refēcērunt.","translation":"Then, glad, they refreshed themselves after their labor.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Tum","gloss":"then, at that time"},{"text":"laetī","gloss":"laetus: happy, glad"},{"text":"sē","gloss":"sui: of himself (herself, itself, themselves)"},{"text":"ex","gloss":"out of, from"},{"text":"labōre","gloss":"labor2: labor, toil"},{"text":"refēcērunt.","gloss":"reficio: make again, repair"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R65.16.m4a"},{"number":139,"id":"la.do.R65.17","source":"Post prandium prefectī sunt ut alia urbis spectācula vidērent.","translation":"After lunch they set out to see the other sights of the city.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Post","gloss":"behind, after"},{"text":"prandium","gloss":"luncheon"},{"text":"prefectī","gloss":"proficīscor: set out (printed prefectī for profectī)"},{"text":"sunt","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"ut","gloss":"that, in order that, that not"},{"text":"alia","gloss":"alius2: another, other"},{"text":"urbis","gloss":"urbs: city"},{"text":"spectācula","gloss":"spectaculum: show, spectacle"},{"text":"vidērent.","gloss":"video: see, perceive"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R65.17.m4a"},{"number":140,"id":"la.do.R65.18","source":"Illō tempore fuērunt Pompēiīs multa templa, duo theātra, thermae magnumque amphitheātrum, quae omnia post paucōs annōs flammīs atque incendiīs Vesuvī et terrae mōtū dēlēta sunt.","translation":"At that time there were at Pompeii many temples, two theaters, baths, and a great amphitheater, all of which after a few years were destroyed by the flames and fires of Vesuvius and by an earthquake.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Illō","gloss":"ille: that; he, she, it"},{"text":"tempore","gloss":"tempus: time"},{"text":"fuērunt","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"Pompēiīs","gloss":"Pompeii: Pompeii"},{"text":"multa","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"templa,","gloss":"templum: temple, shrine"},{"text":"duo","gloss":"two"},{"text":"theātra,","gloss":"theatrum: theater"},{"text":"thermae","gloss":"baths"},{"text":"magnumque","gloss":"magnus: great, large; strong, loud"},{"text":"amphitheātrum,","gloss":"amphitheatrum: amphitheater"},{"text":"quae","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"omnia","gloss":"omnis: every, all"},{"text":"post","gloss":"behind, after"},{"text":"paucōs","gloss":"pauci: few, only a few"},{"text":"annōs","gloss":"annus: year"},{"text":"flammīs","gloss":"flamma: fire, flame"},{"text":"atque","gloss":"and"},{"text":"incendiīs","gloss":"incendium: flame, fire"},{"text":"Vesuvī","gloss":"Vesuvī (a name)"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"terrae","gloss":"terra: land"},{"text":"mōtū","gloss":"moveo: move"},{"text":"dēlēta","gloss":"deleo: blot out, destroy"},{"text":"sunt.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R65.18.m4a"},{"number":141,"id":"la.do.R65.19","source":"Ante hanc calamitātem autem hominēs nihil dē monte veritī sunt.","translation":"Before this disaster, however, men feared nothing from the mountain.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ante","gloss":"before"},{"text":"hanc","gloss":"hic: this"},{"text":"calamitātem","gloss":"calamitas: loss, disaster, defeat"},{"text":"autem","gloss":"but, moreover, now"},{"text":"hominēs","gloss":"homo: man, human being"},{"text":"nihil","gloss":"nothing"},{"text":"dē","gloss":"de: down from; concerning"},{"text":"monte","gloss":"mons: mountain"},{"text":"veritī","gloss":"vereor: fear; reverence, respect"},{"text":"sunt.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R65.19.m4a"},{"number":142,"id":"la.do.R65.20","source":"In amphitheātrō quidem Pūblius morārī cupīvit ut spectācula gladiātōria vidēret, quae in illum ipsum diem prōscrīpta erant et iam rē vērā incēperant.","translation":"In the amphitheater indeed Publius wished to linger to see the gladiatorial shows, which had been announced for that very day and had now in fact begun.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"In","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"amphitheātrō","gloss":"amphitheatrum: amphitheater"},{"text":"quidem","gloss":"to be sure, certainly, indeed"},{"text":"Pūblius","gloss":"Publius: Publius (Roman praenomen)"},{"text":"morārī","gloss":"moror: delay"},{"text":"cupīvit","gloss":"cupio: desire, wish"},{"text":"ut","gloss":"that, in order that, that not"},{"text":"spectācula","gloss":"spectaculum: show, spectacle"},{"text":"gladiātōria","gloss":"gladiatorius: gladiatorial"},{"text":"vidēret,","gloss":"video: see, perceive"},{"text":"quae","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"illum","gloss":"ille: that; he, she, it"},{"text":"ipsum","gloss":"ipse: self; even, very"},{"text":"diem","gloss":"dies: day"},{"text":"prōscrīpta","gloss":"proscribo: proclaim, publish"},{"text":"erant","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"iam","gloss":"jam: already, now"},{"text":"rē","gloss":"res: thing, matter"},{"text":"vērā","gloss":"verus: true, real"},{"text":"incēperant.","gloss":"incipio: begin"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R65.20.m4a"},{"number":143,"id":"la.do.R65.21","source":"Sed Lentulus dīxit, “Morārī, Pūblī, vereor ut possīmus.","translation":"But Lentulus said, \"I fear, Publius, that we cannot linger.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Sed","gloss":"but"},{"text":"Lentulus","gloss":"Lentulus"},{"text":"dīxit,","gloss":"dico2: say, speak, tell"},{"text":"“Morārī,","gloss":"moror: delay"},{"text":"Pūblī,","gloss":"Publius: Publius (Roman praenomen)"},{"text":"vereor","gloss":"fear; reverence, respect"},{"text":"ut","gloss":"that, in order that, that not"},{"text":"possīmus.","gloss":"possum: be able, can"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R65.21.m4a"},{"number":144,"id":"la.do.R65.22","source":"Iam decima hōra est et via est longa.","translation":"It is now the tenth hour, and the road is long.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Iam","gloss":"jam: already, now"},{"text":"decima","gloss":"decimus: tenth"},{"text":"hōra","gloss":"hora: hour"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"via","gloss":"way, road, street"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"longa.","gloss":"longus: long"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R65.22.m4a"},{"number":145,"id":"la.do.R65.23","source":"Tempus suādet ut quam prīmum domum revertāmur.”","translation":"The time advises that we return home as soon as possible.\"","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Tempus","gloss":"time"},{"text":"suādet","gloss":"suadeo: advise, recommend"},{"text":"ut","gloss":"that, in order that, that not"},{"text":"quam","gloss":"than"},{"text":"prīmum","gloss":"primus: first"},{"text":"domum","gloss":"domus: house, home"},{"text":"revertāmur.”","gloss":"reverto: turn back, return"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R65.23.m4a"},{"number":146,"id":"la.do.R65.24","source":"Itaque servō imperāvit ut equōs iungeret, et sōlis occāsū ad vīllam pervēnērunt.","translation":"And so he ordered the slave to yoke the horses, and at sunset they reached the villa.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Itaque","gloss":"and so, therefore, accordingly"},{"text":"servō","gloss":"servus2: slave"},{"text":"imperāvit","gloss":"impero: command, order"},{"text":"ut","gloss":"that, in order that, that not"},{"text":"equōs","gloss":"equus: horse"},{"text":"iungeret,","gloss":"jungo: join; yoke, harness"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"sōlis","gloss":"sol: sun"},{"text":"occāsū","gloss":"occasus2: going down, setting"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"vīllam","gloss":"villa: farm, villa"},{"text":"pervēnērunt.","gloss":"pervenio: come through, arrive"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R65.24.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"popīna","gloss":"restaurant"},{"word":"pīstōris","gloss":"baker, from pistor"},{"word":"caupōnam","gloss":"inn, from caupona"},{"word":"refēcērunt","gloss":"make again, repair, from reficio"},{"word":"iungeret","gloss":"join, from jungo"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"The Participles (D'Ooge LXVI)","teaching":[{"title":"The present action happens at the same time","paragraphs":["mīlitēs īnsequentēs cēpērunt multōs means \"the soldiers, while pursuing, captured many.\"","īnsequentēs is present active. Its action happens at the same time as the action of cēpērunt."]},{"title":"A participle changes to agree","paragraphs":["Mīlitēs currentēs erant dēfessī means \"the soldiers who were running were weary.\" currentēs agrees with Mīlitēs like an adjective.","Present active participles decline like adjectives of the third declension. The forms of amāns show the endings for each case, number, and gender."]},{"title":"The forms of amāns","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"Masc. and fem","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"Neut","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"Masc. and fem. neut","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"The future action happens later","paragraphs":["Caesar profectūrus Rōmam nōn exspectāvit means \"Cæsar, when about to set out for Rome, did not wait.\"","profectūrus is future active. Its action happens after the action of exspectāvit."]},{"title":"A deponent perfect has active meaning","paragraphs":["Imperātor trīduum morātus profectus est means \"the general, having delayed three days, set out.\"","morātus is the perfect participle of a deponent verb. Its form is passive, but its meaning is active.","Latin participles often become English relative clauses or clauses beginning with when, since, after, or though."]}],"lines":[{"number":147,"id":"la.do.L66.x.1","source":"mīlitēs īnsequentēs cēpērunt multōs","translation":"the soldiers, while pursuing, captured many","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"mīlitēs","gloss":"miles: soldier"},{"text":"īnsequentēs","gloss":"insequor: pursue"},{"text":"cēpērunt","gloss":"capio: take, seize, capture"},{"text":"multōs","gloss":"multus: much; many"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L66.x.1.m4a"},{"number":148,"id":"la.do.L66.x.2","source":"Mīlitēs currentēs erant dēfessī","translation":"the soldiers who were running (lit. running) were weary","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mīlitēs","gloss":"miles: soldier"},{"text":"currentēs","gloss":"curro: run"},{"text":"erant","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"dēfessī","gloss":"defetiscor: become exhausted/suffer exhaustion, grow weary/faint/tired/weak"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L66.x.2.m4a"},{"number":149,"id":"la.do.L66.x.3","source":"Caesar profectūrus Rōmam nōn exspectāvit","translation":"Cæsar, when about to set out (lit. about to set out) for Rome, did not wait","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Caesar","gloss":"Cæsar"},{"text":"profectūrus","gloss":"proficiscor: set out"},{"text":"Rōmam","gloss":"Roma: Rome"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"exspectāvit","gloss":"exspecto: expect, wait"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L66.x.3.m4a"},{"number":150,"id":"la.do.L66.x.4","source":"Oppidum captum vīdimus","translation":"we saw the town which had been captured (lit. captured town)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Oppidum","gloss":"town"},{"text":"captum","gloss":"capio: take, seize, capture"},{"text":"vīdimus","gloss":"video: see, perceive"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L66.x.4.m4a"},{"number":151,"id":"la.do.L66.x.5","source":"Imperātor trīduum morātus profectus est","translation":"the general, since (when, or after) he had delayed (lit. the general, having delayed) three days, set out","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Imperātor","gloss":"imperator: commander in chief, general"},{"text":"trīduum","gloss":"triduum: three days’ time, three days"},{"text":"morātus","gloss":"moror: delay"},{"text":"profectus","gloss":"proficiscor: set out"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L66.x.5.m4a"},{"number":152,"id":"la.do.L66.x.6","source":"Mīlitēs vīctī terga nōn vertērunt","translation":"the soldiers, though they were conquered (lit. the soldiers conquered), did not retreat","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mīlitēs","gloss":"miles: soldier"},{"text":"vīctī","gloss":"vivo: live, be alive"},{"text":"terga","gloss":"tergum: back"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"vertērunt","gloss":"verto: turn, change"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L66.x.6.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":374,"text":"D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LXVI, §§374-377\n\n§374. The Latin verb has the following Participles:[1]\n[1] Review §203.\n\n          CONJ. I   CONJ. II   CONJ. III           CONJ. IV\n          ACTIVE\nPRESENT   amāns     monēns     regēns    capiēns   audiēns\nFUTURE    amātūrus  monitūrus  rēctūrus  captūrus  audītūrus\n\n          PASSIVE\nPERFECT   amātus    monitus    rēctus    captus    audītus\nFUTURE[2] amandus   monendus   regendus  capiendus  audiendus\n\n          CONJ. I            CONJ. II\n          ACTIVE\nPRESENT   amāns              monēns\n            loving             advising\nFUTURE    amātūrus           monitūrus\n            about to love      about to advise\n\n          PASSIVE\nPERFECT   amātus             monitus\n            loved, having    advised, having been advised\n            been loved\nFUTURE[2] amandus            monendus\n            to be loved      to be advised\n\n          CONJ. III                            CONJ. IV\n          ACTIVE\nPRESENT   regēns             capiēns           audiēns\n            ruling             taking           hearing\nFUTURE    rēctūrus           captūrus          audītūrus\n            about to rule     about to take      about to hear\n\n          PASSIVE\nPERFECT   rēctus             captus              audītus\n            ruled, having      taken, having       heard, havinh\n            been ruled         been taken          been heard\nFUTURE[2] regendus           capiendus           audiendus\n            to be ruled        to be taken         to be heard\n[2] The future passive participle is often called the gerundive.\n\na. The present active and future passive participles are formed from the present stem, and the future active and perfect passive participles are formed from the participial stem.\n\nb. The present active participle is formed by adding -ns to the present stem. In -iō verbs of the third conjugation, and in the fourth conjugation, the stem is modified by the addition of -ē-, as capi-ē-ns, audi-ē-ns. It is declined like an adjective of one ending of the third declension. (Cf. §256.)\n\n       amāns, loving\n       BASE amant- STEM amanti-\n       SINGULAR                   PLURAL\n       MASC. AND FEM.  NEUT.      MASC. AND FEM.  NEUT.\nNom. amāns           amāns      amantēs         amantia\nGen. amantis         amantis    amantium        amantium\nDat. amantī          amantī     amantibus       amantibus\nAcc. amantem         amāns      amantīs         amantia\n                                    or -ēs\nAbl. amantī          amantī     amantibus       amantibus\n         or -e         or -e\n\n(1) When used as an adjective the ablative singular ends in -ī; when used as a participle or as a substantive, in -e.\n\n(2) In a similar way decline monēns, regēns, capiēns, audiēns.\n\nc. The future active participle is formed by adding -ūrus to the base of the participial stem. We have already met this form combined with esse to produce the future active infinitive. (Cf. §206.)\n\nd. For the perfect passive participle see §201. The future passive participle or gerundive is formed by adding -ndus to the present stem.\n\ne. All participles in -us are declined like bonus.\n\nf. Participles agree with nouns or pronouns like adjectives.\n\ng. Give all the participles of the following verbs: cūrō, iubeō, sūmō, iaciō, mūniō."},{"section":375,"text":"§375. Participles of Deponent Verbs. Deponent verbs have the participles of the active voice as well as of the passive; consequently every deponent verb has four participles, as,\n\n              Pres. Act. hortāns, urging\n               Fut. Act. hortātūrus, about to urge\n   Perf. Pass. (in form) hortātus, having urged\nFut. Pass. (Gerundive) hortandus, to be urged\n\na. Observe that the perfect participle of deponent verbs is passive in form but active in meaning. No other verbs have a perfect active participle. On the other hand, the future passive participle of deponent verbs is passive in meaning as in other verbs.\n\nb. Give the participles of cōnor, vereor, sequor, patior, partior."},{"section":376,"text":"§376. Tenses of the Participle. The tenses express time as follows:\n\n1. The present active participle corresponds to the English present active participle in -ing, but can be used only of an action occurring at the same time as the action of the main verb; as, mīlitēs īnsequentēs cēpērunt multōs, the soldiers, while pursuing, captured many. Here the pursuing and the capturing are going on together.\n\n2. The perfect participle (excepting of deponents) is regularly passive and corresponds to the English past participle with or without the auxiliary having been; as, audītus, heard or having been heard.\n\n3. The future active participle, translated about to, etc., denotes time after the action of the main verb."},{"section":377,"text":"§377. Review §§203, 204, and, note the following model sentences:\n\n1. Mīlitēs currentēs erant dēfessī, the soldiers who were running (lit. running) were weary.\n\n2. Caesar profectūrus Rōmam nōn exspectāvit, Cæsar, when about to set out (lit. about to set out) for Rome, did not wait.\n\n3. Oppidum captum vīdimus, we saw the town which had been captured (lit. captured town).\n\n4. Imperātor trīduum morātus profectus est, the general, since (when, or after) he had delayed (lit. the general, having delayed) three days, set out.\n\n5. Mīlitēs vīctī terga nōn vertērunt, the soldiers, though they were conquered (lit. the soldiers conquered), did not retreat.\n\nIn each of these sentences the literal translation of the participle is given in parentheses. We note, however, that its proper translation usually requires a clause beginning with some conjunction (when, since, after, though, etc.), or a relative clause. Consider, in each case, what translation will best bring out the thought, and do not, as a rule, translate the participle literally."}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Latin into English (D'Ooge LXVI)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":153,"id":"la.do.L66.e1.1","source":"Puer timēns nē capiātur fugit.","translation":"The boy, fearing that he may be captured, flees.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Puer","gloss":"boy"},{"text":"timēns","gloss":"timeo: fear; be afraid"},{"text":"nē","gloss":"ne: in order that not, that"},{"text":"capiātur","gloss":"capio: take, seize, capture"},{"text":"fugit.","gloss":"fugio: flee, run; avoid, shun"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L66.e1.1.m4a"},{"number":154,"id":"la.do.L66.e1.2","source":"Aquila īrā commōta avīs reliquās interficere cōnāta erat.","translation":"The eagle, moved by anger, had tried to kill the other birds.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Aquila","gloss":"eagle"},{"text":"īrā","gloss":"ira: wrath, anger"},{"text":"commōta","gloss":"commoveo: shake/stir up, agitate"},{"text":"avīs","gloss":"avis: bird"},{"text":"reliquās","gloss":"reliquus: remaining, rest of; the rest"},{"text":"interficere","gloss":"interficio: kill"},{"text":"cōnāta","gloss":"conor: attempt, try"},{"text":"erat.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L66.e1.2.m4a"},{"number":155,"id":"la.do.L66.e1.3","source":"Mīlitēs ab hostibus pressī tēla iacere nōn potuērunt.","translation":"The soldiers, hard pressed by the enemy, could not throw their weapons.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mīlitēs","gloss":"miles: soldier"},{"text":"ab","gloss":"from, by"},{"text":"hostibus","gloss":"hostis: enemy"},{"text":"pressī","gloss":"premo: press hard, harass"},{"text":"tēla","gloss":"telum: weapon of offense, spear"},{"text":"iacere","gloss":"jacio: throw, hurl"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"potuērunt.","gloss":"possum: be able, can"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L66.e1.3.m4a"},{"number":156,"id":"la.do.L66.e1.4","source":"Caesar decimam legiōnem laudātūrus ad prīmum agmen prōgressus est.","translation":"Caesar, about to praise the tenth legion, advanced to the front of the column.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Caesar","gloss":"Cæsar"},{"text":"decimam","gloss":"decimus: tenth"},{"text":"legiōnem","gloss":"legio: legion"},{"text":"laudātūrus","gloss":"laudo: praise"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"prīmum","gloss":"primus: first"},{"text":"agmen","gloss":"line of march, column"},{"text":"prōgressus","gloss":"progredior: move forward, advance"},{"text":"est.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L66.e1.4.m4a"},{"number":157,"id":"la.do.L66.e1.5","source":"Imperātor hortātus equitēs ut fortiter pugnārent signum proeliō dedit.","translation":"The commander, having urged the horsemen to fight bravely, gave the signal for battle.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Imperātor","gloss":"imperator: commander in chief, general"},{"text":"hortātus","gloss":"hortor: urge, incite, exhort, encourage"},{"text":"equitēs","gloss":"eques: horseman, cavalryman"},{"text":"ut","gloss":"that, in order that, that not"},{"text":"fortiter","gloss":"strongly; bravely"},{"text":"pugnārent","gloss":"pugno: fight"},{"text":"signum","gloss":"signal, sign, standard"},{"text":"proeliō","gloss":"proelium: battle"},{"text":"dedit.","gloss":"do: give"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L66.e1.5.m4a"},{"number":158,"id":"la.do.L66.e1.6","source":"Mīlitēs hostīs octō milia passuum īnsecūtī multīs cum captīvīs ad castra revertērunt.","translation":"The soldiers, having pursued the enemy eight miles, returned to camp with many captives.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mīlitēs","gloss":"miles: soldier"},{"text":"hostīs","gloss":"hostis: enemy"},{"text":"octō","gloss":"octo: eight"},{"text":"milia","gloss":"milium: millet"},{"text":"passuum","gloss":"passus3: a pace"},{"text":"īnsecūtī","gloss":"insequor: pursue"},{"text":"multīs","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"cum","gloss":"when; since; although"},{"text":"captīvīs","gloss":"captivus: captive, prisoner"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"castra","gloss":"castrum: fort; camp"},{"text":"revertērunt.","gloss":"reverto: turn back, return"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L66.e1.6.m4a"},{"number":159,"id":"la.do.L66.e1.7","source":"Sōl oriēns multōs interfectōs vīdit.","translation":"The rising sun saw many slain.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Sōl","gloss":"sol: sun"},{"text":"oriēns","gloss":"orior: arise, spring; begin; be born"},{"text":"multōs","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"interfectōs","gloss":"interficio: kill"},{"text":"vīdit.","gloss":"video: see, perceive"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L66.e1.7.m4a"},{"number":160,"id":"la.do.L66.e1.8","source":"Rōmānī cōnsilium audāx suspicātī barbaris sēsē nōn commīsērunt.","translation":"The Romans, suspecting a bold plan, did not entrust themselves to the barbarians.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Rōmānī","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"cōnsilium","gloss":"consilium: plan"},{"text":"audāx","gloss":"audax: bold, audacious"},{"text":"suspicātī","gloss":"suspicor: suspect, surmise, suppose"},{"text":"barbaris","gloss":"barbarus: strange, foreign, barbarous"},{"text":"sēsē","gloss":"sui: of himself (herself, itself, themselves)"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"commīsērunt.","gloss":"committo: intrust, commit"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L66.e1.8.m4a"},{"number":161,"id":"la.do.L66.e1.9","source":"Nāvis ē portū ēgressa nūllō in perīculō erat.","translation":"The ship, having gone out of the harbor, was in no danger.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nāvis","gloss":"navis: ship"},{"text":"ē","gloss":"ex: out of, from"},{"text":"portū","gloss":"portus: harbor"},{"text":"ēgressa","gloss":"egredior: move out, disembark"},{"text":"nūllō","gloss":"nullus: not any, none, no"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"perīculō","gloss":"periculum: danger, peril"},{"text":"erat.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L66.e1.9.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"English into Latin (D'Ooge LXVI)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":162,"id":"la.do.L66.e2.1","source":"Exercitus per fīnēs hostium iter faciēns in maximō perīculō erat.","translation":"The army was in very great danger while marching through the enemy’s country.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Exercitus","gloss":"exercitus2: army, infantry"},{"text":"per","gloss":"through"},{"text":"fīnēs","gloss":"finis: boundary, end, limit, goal"},{"text":"hostium","gloss":"hostis: enemy"},{"text":"iter","gloss":"march, journey, route"},{"text":"faciēns","gloss":""},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"maximō","gloss":"magnus: great, large; strong, loud"},{"text":"perīculō","gloss":"periculum: danger, peril"},{"text":"erat.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L66.e2.1.m4a"},{"number":163,"id":"la.do.L66.e2.2","source":"Longitūdine viae perterritī domum dēsīderābant.","translation":"Frightened by the length of the way, they longed for home.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Longitūdine","gloss":""},{"text":"viae","gloss":"via: way, road, street"},{"text":"perterritī","gloss":"perterreo: terrify, frighten"},{"text":"domum","gloss":"domus: house, home"},{"text":"dēsīderābant.","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L66.e2.2.m4a"},{"number":164,"id":"la.do.L66.e2.3","source":"Explōrātōrēs profectūrī clāmōrēs victōriae audīvērunt.","translation":"When the scouts were about to set out, they heard the shouts of victory.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Explōrātōrēs","gloss":"explorator: scout, spy"},{"text":"profectūrī","gloss":""},{"text":"clāmōrēs","gloss":"clamor: shout, outcry/protest"},{"text":"victōriae","gloss":"victoria: victory"},{"text":"audīvērunt.","gloss":"audio: hear, listen to"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L66.e2.3.m4a"},{"number":165,"id":"la.do.L66.e2.4","source":"Multōs diēs morātī aedificia incendimus et discessimus.","translation":"When we had delayed many days, we set fire to the buildings and departed.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Multōs","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"diēs","gloss":"dies: day"},{"text":"morātī","gloss":"moror: delay"},{"text":"aedificia","gloss":"aedificium: building"},{"text":"incendimus","gloss":""},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"discessimus.","gloss":"discedo: go/march off, depart, withdraw"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L66.e2.4.m4a"},{"number":166,"id":"la.do.L66.e2.5","source":"Rōmae vīvēns ōrātōrēs multō meliōrēs quam hōs audīvī.","translation":"While living at Rome I heard orators much better than these.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Rōmae","gloss":"Roma: Rome"},{"text":"vīvēns","gloss":""},{"text":"ōrātōrēs","gloss":"orator: speaker, orator"},{"text":"multō","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"meliōrēs","gloss":""},{"text":"quam","gloss":"than"},{"text":"hōs","gloss":"hic: this"},{"text":"audīvī.","gloss":"audio: hear, listen, accept, agree with"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L66.e2.5.m4a"},{"number":167,"id":"la.do.L66.e2.6","source":"Mīlitēs trāns flūmen pugnantēs nihilō fortiōrēs sunt quam nōs.","translation":"The soldiers who are fighting across the river are no braver than we.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mīlitēs","gloss":"miles: soldier"},{"text":"trāns","gloss":"trans: across"},{"text":"flūmen","gloss":"flumen: river"},{"text":"pugnantēs","gloss":""},{"text":"nihilō","gloss":"nihilum: nothing"},{"text":"fortiōrēs","gloss":"fortis: brave"},{"text":"sunt","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"quam","gloss":"than"},{"text":"nōs.","gloss":"nos: we"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L66.e2.6.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lentulus Engages a Tutor for his Son (Lentulus LXVI)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":168,"id":"la.do.R66.1","source":"Ā prīmīs annīs quidem Iūlia ipsa fīlium suum docuerat, et Pūblius nōn sōlum pūrē et Latīnē loquī poterat sed etiam commodē legēbat et scrībēbat.","translation":"From his earliest years indeed Julia herself had taught her son, and Publius not only could speak pure Latin but also read and wrote with ease.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ā","gloss":"a: from, by, off"},{"text":"prīmīs","gloss":"primus: first"},{"text":"annīs","gloss":"annus: year"},{"text":"quidem","gloss":"to be sure, certainly, indeed"},{"text":"Iūlia","gloss":"Julia: Julia"},{"text":"ipsa","gloss":"ipse: self; even, very"},{"text":"fīlium","gloss":"filius: son"},{"text":"suum","gloss":"suus: his, her, hers, its, their, theirs"},{"text":"docuerat,","gloss":"doceo: teach"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"Pūblius","gloss":"Publius: Publius (Roman praenomen)"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"sōlum","gloss":"alone, only"},{"text":"pūrē","gloss":"purely"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"Latīnē","gloss":"Latine: in Latin"},{"text":"loquī","gloss":"loquor: talk, speak"},{"text":"poterat","gloss":"possum: be able, can"},{"text":"sed","gloss":"but"},{"text":"etiam","gloss":"yet, still; also, besides"},{"text":"commodē","gloss":"commode: conveniently, fitly"},{"text":"legēbat","gloss":"lego2: read"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"scrībēbat.","gloss":"scribo: write"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R66.1.m4a"},{"number":169,"id":"la.do.R66.2","source":"Iam Ennium aliōsque poētās lēgerat.","translation":"He had already read Ennius and other poets.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Iam","gloss":"jam: already, now"},{"text":"Ennium","gloss":"Ennius: Ennius"},{"text":"aliōsque","gloss":"elsewhere, another direction"},{"text":"poētās","gloss":"poeta: poet"},{"text":"lēgerat.","gloss":"lego2: read"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R66.2.m4a"},{"number":170,"id":"la.do.R66.3","source":"Nunc vērō Pūblius duodecim annōs habēbat; itaque eī pater bonum magistrum, virum omnī doctrīnā et virtūte ōrnātissimum, parāvit, quī Graeca, mūsicam, aliāsque artīs docēret. Namque illīs temporibus omnēs ferē gentēs Graecē loquēbantur.","translation":"But now Publius was twelve years old; so his father procured for him a good teacher, a man most distinguished for every kind of learning and virtue, to teach him Greek, music, and the other arts. For in those times almost all nations spoke Greek.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nunc","gloss":"now, the present moment"},{"text":"vērō","gloss":"vero: truly, indeed, in fact; but, however"},{"text":"Pūblius","gloss":"Publius: Publius (Roman praenomen)"},{"text":"duodecim","gloss":"twelve"},{"text":"annōs","gloss":"annus: year"},{"text":"habēbat;","gloss":"habeo: have, hold; regard, consider, deem"},{"text":"itaque","gloss":"and so, therefore, accordingly"},{"text":"eī","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"pater","gloss":"father"},{"text":"bonum","gloss":"bonus: good, kind"},{"text":"magistrum,","gloss":"magister: master, commander; teacher"},{"text":"virum","gloss":"vir: man, hero"},{"text":"omnī","gloss":"omnis: every, all"},{"text":"doctrīnā","gloss":"doctrina: teaching, learning, wisdom"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"virtūte","gloss":"virtus: manliness, courage"},{"text":"ōrnātissimum,","gloss":"orno: fit out, adorn"},{"text":"parāvit,","gloss":"paro: prepare for, prepare; provide, procure"},{"text":"quī","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"Graeca,","gloss":"Graece: in Greek"},{"text":"mūsicam,","gloss":"musica: music"},{"text":"aliāsque","gloss":"alius2: another, other"},{"text":"artīs","gloss":"ars: art, skill"},{"text":"docēret.","gloss":"doceo: teach"},{"text":"Namque","gloss":"for, and in fact; seeing that"},{"text":"illīs","gloss":"ille: that; he, she, it"},{"text":"temporibus","gloss":"tempus: time"},{"text":"omnēs","gloss":"omnis: every, all"},{"text":"ferē","gloss":"fere: nearly, almost"},{"text":"gentēs","gloss":"gens: race, tribe, nation"},{"text":"Graecē","gloss":"Graece: in Greek"},{"text":"loquēbantur.","gloss":"loquor: talk, speak"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R66.3.m4a"},{"number":171,"id":"la.do.R66.4","source":"Cum Pūbliō aliī puerī, Lentulī amīcōrum fīliī, discēbant.","translation":"Along with Publius other boys, the sons of Lentulus's friends, were learning.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Cum","gloss":"when; since; although"},{"text":"Pūbliō","gloss":"Publius: Publius"},{"text":"aliī","gloss":"alius2: another, other"},{"text":"puerī,","gloss":"puer: boy"},{"text":"Lentulī","gloss":"Lentulus: Lentulus"},{"text":"amīcōrum","gloss":"amicus: friend"},{"text":"fīliī,","gloss":"filius: son"},{"text":"discēbant.","gloss":"disco: learn"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R66.4.m4a"},{"number":172,"id":"la.do.R66.5","source":"Nam saepe apud Rōmānōs mōs erat nōn in lūdum fīliōs mittere sed domī per magistrum docēre.","translation":"For often among the Romans it was the custom not to send their sons to school but to have them taught at home by a tutor.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nam","gloss":"for"},{"text":"saepe","gloss":"often"},{"text":"apud","gloss":"among"},{"text":"Rōmānōs","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"mōs","gloss":"mos: custom, habit"},{"text":"erat","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"lūdum","gloss":"ludus: play; school"},{"text":"fīliōs","gloss":"filius: son"},{"text":"mittere","gloss":"mitto: send"},{"text":"sed","gloss":"but"},{"text":"domī","gloss":"domus: house, home"},{"text":"per","gloss":"through"},{"text":"magistrum","gloss":"magister: master, commander; teacher"},{"text":"docēre.","gloss":"doceo: teach"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R66.5.m4a"},{"number":173,"id":"la.do.R66.6","source":"Cotīdiē discipulī cum magistrō in peristȳlō Mārcī domūs sedēbant.","translation":"Daily the pupils sat with the teacher in the peristyle of Marcus's house.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Cotīdiē","gloss":"cottidie: daily, every day"},{"text":"discipulī","gloss":"discipulus: pupil, disciple"},{"text":"cum","gloss":"when; since; although"},{"text":"magistrō","gloss":"magister: master, commander; teacher"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"peristȳlō","gloss":"peristylum: peristyle"},{"text":"Mārcī","gloss":"Marcus: Marcus, Mark"},{"text":"domūs","gloss":"domus: house, home"},{"text":"sedēbant.","gloss":"sedeo: sit"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R66.6.m4a"},{"number":174,"id":"la.do.R66.7","source":"Omnēs puerī bullam auream, orīginis honestae signum, in collō gerēbant, et omnēs togā praetextā amictī erant, quod nōndum sēdecim annōs nātī sunt.","translation":"All the boys wore on the neck a golden locket, the sign of honorable birth, and all were clothed in the purple-bordered toga, because they were not yet sixteen years old.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Omnēs","gloss":"omnis: every, all"},{"text":"puerī","gloss":"puer: boy"},{"text":"bullam","gloss":"bulla: bulla"},{"text":"auream,","gloss":"aureus: golden"},{"text":"orīginis","gloss":"origo: source, origin"},{"text":"honestae","gloss":"honestus: respected, honorable"},{"text":"signum,","gloss":"signal, sign, standard"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"collō","gloss":"collum: neck"},{"text":"gerēbant,","gloss":"gero: bear, carry on; wear"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"omnēs","gloss":"omnis: every, all"},{"text":"togā","gloss":"toga: toga"},{"text":"praetextā","gloss":"praetexta: toga bordered with purple worn by children over 16 and magistrates"},{"text":"amictī","gloss":"amicio: throw around, wrap"},{"text":"erant,","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"quod","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"nōndum","gloss":"not yet"},{"text":"sēdecim","gloss":"sedecim: sixteen"},{"text":"annōs","gloss":"annus: year"},{"text":"nātī","gloss":"natus: born, arisen"},{"text":"sunt.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R66.7.m4a"},{"number":175,"id":"la.do.R66.8","source":"Discipulī. Salvē, magister.","translation":"PUPILS. Good morning, teacher.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Discipulī.","gloss":"discipulus: pupil, disciple"},{"text":"Salvē,","gloss":"salve: hail, greetings"},{"text":"magister.","gloss":"master, commander; teacher"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R66.8.m4a"},{"number":176,"id":"la.do.R66.9","source":"Magister. Vōs quoque omnēs, salvēte. Tabulāsne portāvistis et stilōs?","translation":"TEACHER. Good morning to all of you too. Have you brought your tablets and styluses?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Magister.","gloss":"master, commander; teacher"},{"text":"Vōs","gloss":"tu: thou, you"},{"text":"quoque","gloss":"also; after"},{"text":"omnēs,","gloss":"omnis: every, all"},{"text":"salvēte.","gloss":"salveo: save"},{"text":"Tabulāsne","gloss":"writing tablet (wax covered board)"},{"text":"portāvistis","gloss":"carry, bring"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"stilōs?","gloss":"stilus: iron pencil, style"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R66.9.m4a"},{"number":177,"id":"la.do.R66.10","source":"D. Portāvimus.","translation":"We have.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"D.","gloss":"a. d.: ante diem (in a Roman date)"},{"text":"Portāvimus.","gloss":"porto: bear, carry"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R66.10.m4a"},{"number":178,"id":"la.do.R66.11","source":"M. Iam fābulam Aesōpī discēmus.","translation":"Now we shall learn a fable of Aesop.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"M.","gloss":"M (a name)"},{"text":"Iam","gloss":"jam: already, now"},{"text":"fābulam","gloss":"fabula: story, tale, fable"},{"text":"Aesōpī","gloss":"Aesopus: Æsop"},{"text":"discēmus.","gloss":"disco: learn"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R66.11.m4a"},{"number":179,"id":"la.do.R66.12","source":"Ego legam, vōs in tabulīs scrībite.","translation":"I shall read; you write on your tablets.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ego","gloss":"I"},{"text":"legam,","gloss":"lego2: read"},{"text":"vōs","gloss":"tu: thou, you"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"tabulīs","gloss":"tabula: tablet"},{"text":"scrībite.","gloss":"scribo: write"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R66.12.m4a"},{"number":180,"id":"la.do.R66.13","source":"Et tū, Pūblī, dā mihi ē capsā Aesōpī volūmen.","translation":"And you, Publius, give me the volume of Aesop from the book-box.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"tū,","gloss":"tu: thou, you"},{"text":"Pūblī,","gloss":"Publius: Publius (Roman praenomen)"},{"text":"dā","gloss":"do: give"},{"text":"mihi","gloss":"ego: I"},{"text":"ē","gloss":"ex: out of, from"},{"text":"capsā","gloss":"capsa: box"},{"text":"Aesōpī","gloss":"Aesopus: Æsop"},{"text":"volūmen.","gloss":"volumen: roll, book"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R66.13.m4a"},{"number":181,"id":"la.do.R66.14","source":"Iam audīte omnēs: Vulpēs et Ūva.","translation":"Now listen, all of you: The Fox and the Grapes.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Iam","gloss":"jam: already, now"},{"text":"audīte","gloss":"audio: hear, listen to"},{"text":"omnēs:","gloss":"omnis: every, all"},{"text":"Vulpēs","gloss":"vulpis: fox"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"Ūva.","gloss":"uva: grape, bunch of grapes"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R66.14.m4a"},{"number":182,"id":"la.do.R66.15","source":"Vulpēs ōlim famē coācta ūvam dēpendentem vīdit.","translation":"A fox, once driven by hunger, saw a bunch of grapes hanging down.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Vulpēs","gloss":"vulpis: fox"},{"text":"ōlim","gloss":"olim: formerly, once upon a time"},{"text":"famē","gloss":"fames: hunger"},{"text":"coācta","gloss":"cogo: collect; compel"},{"text":"ūvam","gloss":"uva: grape, bunch of grapes"},{"text":"dēpendentem","gloss":"dependeo: hang from, hang down"},{"text":"vīdit.","gloss":"video: see, perceive"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R66.15.m4a"},{"number":183,"id":"la.do.R66.16","source":"Ad ūvam saliēbat, sūmere cōnāns.","translation":"She kept jumping at the grapes, trying to take them.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"ūvam","gloss":"uva: grape, bunch of grapes"},{"text":"saliēbat,","gloss":"salio: jump"},{"text":"sūmere","gloss":"sumo: take up, assume"},{"text":"cōnāns.","gloss":"conor: attempt, try"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R66.16.m4a"},{"number":184,"id":"la.do.R66.17","source":"Frūstrā diū cōnāta, tandem īrāta erat et salīre cessāns dīxit: “Illa ūva est acerba; acerbam ūvam nihil moror.”","translation":"After trying in vain for a long time, at last she was angry and, ceasing to jump, said: \"Those grapes are sour; I care nothing for sour grapes.\"","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Frūstrā","gloss":"frustra: in vain"},{"text":"diū","gloss":"diu: for a long time, long"},{"text":"cōnāta,","gloss":"conor: attempt, try"},{"text":"tandem","gloss":"at length, finally"},{"text":"īrāta","gloss":"irascor: get/be/become angry"},{"text":"erat","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"salīre","gloss":"salio: jump"},{"text":"cessāns","gloss":"cesso: delay, cease"},{"text":"dīxit:","gloss":"dico2: say, speak, tell"},{"text":"“Illa","gloss":"ille: that; he, she, it"},{"text":"ūva","gloss":"uva: grape, bunch of grapes"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"acerba;","gloss":"acerbus: bitter, sour"},{"text":"acerbam","gloss":"acerbus: bitter, sour"},{"text":"ūvam","gloss":"uva: grape, bunch of grapes"},{"text":"nihil","gloss":"nothing"},{"text":"moror.”","gloss":"delay"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R66.17.m4a"},{"number":185,"id":"la.do.R66.18","source":"Omniane scrīpsistis, puerī?","translation":"Have you written it all, boys?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Omniane","gloss":"omnis: every, all"},{"text":"scrīpsistis,","gloss":"scribo: write"},{"text":"puerī?","gloss":"puer: boy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R66.18.m4a"},{"number":186,"id":"la.do.R66.19","source":"D. Omnia, magister.","translation":"All of it, teacher.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"D.","gloss":"a. d.: ante diem (in a Roman date)"},{"text":"Omnia,","gloss":"omnis: every, all"},{"text":"magister.","gloss":"master, commander; teacher"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R66.19.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"pūrē","gloss":"purely"},{"word":"Latīnē","gloss":"in Latin"},{"word":"aliōsque","gloss":"elsewhere, another direction"},{"word":"doctrīnā","gloss":"teaching, learning"},{"word":"mūsicam","gloss":"music, from musica"},{"word":"peristȳlō","gloss":"peristyle, from peristylum"},{"word":"bullam","gloss":"bulla, from bulla"},{"word":"orīginis","gloss":"source, origin, from origo"},{"word":"sēdecim","gloss":"sixteen"},{"word":"Tabulāsne","gloss":"writing tablet"},{"word":"portāvistis","gloss":"carry, bring"},{"word":"volūmen","gloss":"roll, book"},{"word":"Vulpēs","gloss":"fox, from vulpis"},{"word":"Ūva","gloss":"grape, bunch of grapes"},{"word":"acerba","gloss":"bitter, sour, from acerbus"}],"paradigms":[]}]}