# Prīmus et Secundus Annus, Lessons LXVII–LXXI Latin for Beginners II The Irregular Verbs Volō, Nōlō, Mālō: The Ablative with a Participle, or Ablative Absolute; The Irregular Verb Fīō: The Subjunctive of Result; The Subjunctive of Characteristic or Description: The Predicate Accusative; The Constructions with the Conjunction cum: The Ablative of Specification; Vocabulary Review: The Gerund and Gerundive: The Predicate Genitive Source: https://1732studios.com/courses/la/30. Data: https://1732studios.com/courses/la/30.json. ## The Irregular Verbs Volō, Nōlō, Mālō: The Ablative with a Participle, or Ablative Absolute (D'Ooge LXVII) ### volunt with an infinitive volunt venīre means "they wish to come." volunt amīcōs venīre means "they wish their friends to come." volunt takes an infinitive alone or with its subject in the accusative. The indicative table places volunt among the irregular forms of volō, nōlō, and mālō. ### Indicative ### The relation sets the meaning Magistrō laudante omnēs puerī dīligenter labōrant means "with the teacher praising, all the boys labor diligently." Magistrō and laudante agree in the ablative. This ablative absolute gives the circumstance attending the boys' labor. Hīs rēbus cognitīs mīlitēs fūgērunt means "when this was known, the soldiers fled." An ablative absolute can express time, cause, concession, or condition. Its English translation normally uses a clause that states the precise relation. ### When the ablative is absolute In Gallī ā Caesare victi domum revertērunt, Gallī and victi belong to the subject and remain nominative. In Gallīs ā Caesare victīs exercitus domum revertit, exercitus is the subject. Gallīs and victīs are independent and form the ablative absolute. ### No participle from sum tē duce means "with you as leader." patre īnfirmō means "my father being weak." sum has no present participle. An ablative absolute can therefore contain two nouns or a noun and an adjective with no participle expressed. **1** volunt venīre they wish to come **2** volunt amīcōs venīre they wish their friends to come **3** Magistrō laudante omnēs puerī dīligenter labōrant with the teacher praising, or since the teacher praises, or the teacher praising, all the boys labor diligently **4** Caesare dūcente nēmō prōgredī timet with Cæsar leading, or when Cæsar leads, or if Cæsar leads, or Cæsar leading, no one fears to advance **5** Hīs rēbus cognitīs mīlitēs fūgērunt when this was known, or since this was known, or these things having been learned, the soldiers fled **6** Proeliō commissō multī vulnerātī sunt after the battle had begun, or when the battle had begun, or the battle having been joined, many were wounded **7** tē duce you (being) leader, with you as leader **8** patre īnfirmō my father (being) weak **9** Gallī ā Caesare victi domum revertērunt The Gauls, having been conquered by Cæsar, returned home **10** Gallīs ā Caesare victīs exercitus domum revertit The Gauls having been conquered by Cæsar, the army returned home ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LXVII, §§379-381 §379. Learn the principal parts and conjugation of volō, wish; nōlō (ne + volō), be unwilling; mālō (magis + volō), be more willing, prefer (§497). Note the irregularities in the present indicative, subjunctive, and infinitive, and in the imperfect subjunctive. (Cf. §354.) a. These verbs are usually followed by the infinitive with or without a subject accusative; as, volunt venīre, they wish to come; volunt amīcōs venīre, they wish their friends to come. The English usage is the same.[1] [1] Sometimes the subjunctive of purpose is used after these verbs. (See §366.) [ Conjugations given in §497: PRINCIPAL PARTS: volō, velle, voluī, ----, be willing, will, wish nōlō, nōlle, nōluī, ----, be unwilling, will not mālō, mālle, māluī, ----, be more willing, prefer INDICATIVE SINGULAR Pres. volō nōlō mālō vīs nōn vis māvīs vult nōn vult māvult PLURAL volumus nōlumus mālumus vultis nōn vultis māvul´tis volunt nōlunt mālunt Impf. volēbam nōlēbam mālēbam Fut. volam, volēs, etc. nōlam, nōlēs, etc. mālam, mālēs, etc. Perf. voluī nōluī māluī Plup. volueram nōlueram mālueram F.P. voluerō nōluerō māluerō SUBJUNCTIVE SINGULAR Pres. velim nōlim mālim velīs nōlīs mālīs velit nōlit mālit PLURAL velī´mus nōlī´mus mālī´mus velī´tis nōlī´tis mālī´tis velint nōlint mālint Impf. vellem nōllem māllem Perf. voluerim nōluerim māluerim Plup. voluissem nōluissem māluissem IMPERATIVE Pres. nōlī nōlīte Fut. nōlītō, etc. INFINITIVE Pres. velle nōlle mālle Perf. voluisse nōluisse māluisse PARTICIPLE Pres. volēns, -entis nōlēns, -entis ----] ``` ``` §380. Observe the following sentences: 1. Magistrō laudante omnēs puerī dīligenter labōrant, with the teacher praising, or since the teacher praises, or the teacher praising, all the boys labor diligently. 2. Caesare dūcente nēmō prōgredī timet, with Cæsar leading, or when Cæsar leads, or if Cæsar leads, or Cæsar leading, no one fears to advance. 3. Hīs rēbus cognitīs mīlitēs fūgērunt, when this was known, or since this was known, or these things having been learned, the soldiers fled. 4. Proeliō commissō multī vulnerātī sunt, after the battle had begun, or when the battle had begun, or the battle having been joined, many were wounded. a. One of the fundamental ablative relations is expressed in English by the preposition with (cf. §50). In each of the sentences above we have a noun and a participle in agreement in the ablative, and the translation shows that in each instance the ablative expresses attendant circumstance. For example, in the first sentence the circumstance attending or accompanying the diligent labor of the boys is the praise of the teacher. This is clearly a with relation, and the ablative is the case to use. b. We observe, further, that the ablative and its participle are absolutely independent grammatically of the rest of the sentence. If we were to express the thought in English in a similar way, we should use the nominative independent or absolute. In Latin the construction is called the Ablative Absolute, or the Ablative with a Participle. This form of expression is exceedingly common in Latin, but rather rare in English, so we must not, as a rule, employ the English absolute construction to translate the ablative abolute. The attendant circumstance may be one of time (when or after), or one of cause (since), or one of concession (though), or one of condition (if). In each case try to discover the precise relation, and translate the ablative and its participle by a clause which will best express the thought. ``` ``` §381. RULE. Ablative Absolute. The ablative of a noun or pronoun with a present or perfect participle in agreement is used to express attendant circumstance. NOTE 1. The verb sum has no present participle. In consequence we often find two nouns or a noun and an adjective in the ablative absolute with no participle expressed; as, tē duce, you (being) leader, with you as leader; patre īnfirmō, my father (being) weak. NOTE 2. Be very careful not to put in the ablative absolute a noun and participle that form the subject or object of a sentence. Compare a. The Gauls, having been conquered by Cæsar, returned home b. The Gauls having been conquered by Cæsar, the army returned home In a the subject is The Gauls having been conquered by Cæsar, and we translate, Gallī ā Caesare victi domum revertērunt In b the subject is the army. The Gauls having been conquered by Cæsar is nominative absolute in English, which requires the ablative absolute in Latin, and we translate, Gallīs ā Caesare victīs exercitus domum revertit NOTE 3. The fact that only deponent verbs have a perfect active participle (cf. §375.a) often compels a change of voice when translating from one language to the other. For example, we can translate Cæsar having encouraged the legions just as it stands, because hortor is a deponent verb. But if we wish to say Cæsar having conquered the Gauls, we have to change the voice of the participle to the passive because vincō is not deponent, and say, the Gauls having been conquered by Cæsar (see translation above). ``` ## Latin into English (D'Ooge LXVII) **11** Sōle oriente, avēs cantāre incēpērunt. As the sun was rising, the birds began to sing. **12** Clāmōribus audītīs, barbarī prōgredī recūsābant. When the shouts had been heard, the barbarians refused to advance. **13** Caesare legiōnēs hortātō, mīlitēs paulō fortius pugnāvērunt. When Caesar had encouraged the legions, the soldiers fought a little more bravely. **14** Hīs rēbus cognitīs, Helvētiī fīnitimīs persuāsērunt ut sēcum iter facerent. When these things had been learned, the Helvetii persuaded their neighbors to march with them. **15** Labōribus cōnfectīs, mīlitēs ā Caesare quaerēbant ut sibi praemia daret. When the labors had been finished, the soldiers asked Caesar to give them rewards. **16** Conciliō convocātō, prīncipēs ita respondērunt. When the council had been called together, the chiefs answered thus. **17** Dux plūrīs diēs in Helvētiōrum fīnibus morāns multōs vīcōs incendit. The leader, delaying several days in the territory of the Helvetii, burned many villages. **18** Magnitūdine Germānōrum cognitā, quīdam ex Rōmānis timēbant. When the size of the Germans had been learned, certain of the Romans were afraid. **19** Mercātōribus rogātīs, Caesar nihilō plūs reperīre potuit. When the traders had been questioned, Caesar could find out nothing more. | word | gloss | |---|---| | hortātō | encouragement, urging | ## Give the forms (D'Ooge LXVII) **20** Ut nōlit, ut vellēmus, ut mālit. That he may be unwilling, that we might wish, that he may prefer. **21** mālō wish more, prefer **22** nōlō not to wish, be unwilling **23** nōlō not to wish, be unwilling ## English into Latin (D'Ooge LXVII) **24** Nōlēbat, nē mālint, voluērunt. He was unwilling, lest they prefer, they have wished. **25** Māvīs, ut nōllent, volunt. You prefer, that they might be unwilling, they wish. **26** Volumus, māluerant, ut mālit. We wish, they had preferred, that he may prefer. **27** Caesar, rūmōre audītō, legiōnibus imperāvit ut celerius prōgrederentur. Cæsar, when he heard the rumor, commanded (imperāre) the legions to advance more quickly. **28** Caesare duce, virī iter facere volēbant. Since Cæsar was leader, the men were willing to make the journey. **29** Paucī, rūmōribus quōs audīverant perterritī, domī manēre mālēbant. A few, terrified[2] by the reports which they had heard, preferred to remain at home. **30** Hīs relictīs, reliquī quam celerrimē properāvērunt. After these had been left behind, the rest hastened as quickly as possible. **31** Caesar, negōtiō susceptō, diūtius morārī nōluit. After Cæsar had undertaken the business, he was unwilling to delay longer.[3] ## Publius Goes to Rome to Finish his Education (Lentulus LXVII) **32** Iamque Pūblius, quīndecim annōs nātus, prīmīs litterārum elementīs cōnfectīs, Rōmam petere voluit ut scholās grammaticōrum et philosophōrum frequentāret. And now Publius, fifteen years old, having finished the first elements of letters, wished to go to Rome to attend the schools of the grammarians and philosophers. **33** Et facillimē patrī suō, qui ipse philosophiae studiō tenēbātur, persuāsit. And he very easily persuaded his father, who was himself held by a fondness for philosophy. **34** Itaque omnibus rēbus ad profectiōnem comparātīs, pater fīliusque equīs animōsīs vectī ad magnam urbem profectī sunt. And so, when everything had been got ready for the departure, father and son, riding on spirited horses, set out for the great city. **35** Eōs proficīscentīs Iūlia tōtaque familia vōtīs precibusque prōsecūtae sunt. As they set out, Julia and the whole household followed them with vows and prayers. **36** Tum per loca plāna et collis silvīs vestītōs viam ingressī sunt ad Nōlam, quod oppidum eōs hospitiō modicō excēpit. Then through level country and hills clothed with woods they took the road to Nola, which town received them with modest hospitality. **37** Nōlae duās hōrās morātī sunt, quod sōl merīdiānus ārdēbat. At Nola they stayed two hours, because the midday sun was blazing. **38** Tum rēctā viā circiter vīgintī mīlia passuum Capuam, ad īnsignem Campāniae urbem, contendērunt. Then by a straight road they hastened about twenty miles to Capua, the distinguished city of Campania. **39** Eō multā nocte dēfessī pervēnērunt. Postrīdiē eius diēī, somnō et cibō recreātī, Capuā discessērunt et viam Appiam ingressī, quae Capuam tangit et ūsque ad urbem Rōmam dūcit, ante merīdiem Sinuessam pervēnērunt, quod oppidum tangit mare. There, weary, they arrived late at night. On the day after that day, refreshed by sleep and food, they left Capua and, taking the Appian Way, which touches Capua and leads all the way to the city of Rome, they reached Sinuessa before noon, a town which touches the sea. **40** Inde prīmā lūce proficīscentēs Formiās properāvērunt, ubi Cicerō, ōrātor clarissimus, quī forte apud vīllam suam erat, eōs benignē excēpit. Setting out from there at dawn, they hastened to Formiae, where Cicero, the most famous orator, who happened to be at his villa, received them kindly. **41** Hinc itinere vīgintī quīnque mīlium passuum factō, Tarracīnam, oppidum in saxīs altissimīs situm, vīdērunt. From here, after a journey of twenty-five miles, they saw Tarracina, a town situated on very high rocks. **42** Iamque nōn longē aberant palūdēs magnae, quae multa mīlia passuum undique patent. And now not far off were the great marshes, which stretch many miles on every side. **43** Per eās pedestris via est gravis et in nāve viātōrēs vehuntur. Through these the road on foot is hard, and travelers are carried in a boat. **44** Itaque equīs relictīs Lentulus et Pūblius nāvem cōnscendērunt, et, ūnā nocte in trānsitū cōnsūmptā, Forum Appī vēnērunt. And so, leaving the horses, Lentulus and Publius boarded a boat and, having spent one night in the crossing, came to Forum Appii. **45** Tum brevī tempore Arīcia eōs excēpit. Then in a short time Aricia received them. **46** Hoc oppidum, in colle situm, ab urbe Romā sēdecim mīlia passuum abest. This town, situated on a hill, is sixteen miles from the city of Rome. **47** Inde dēclivis via ūsque ad latum campum dūcit ubi Rōma stat. From there the road slopes down all the way to the wide plain where Rome stands. **48** Quem ad locum ubi Pūblius vēnit et Rōmam adhūc remōtam, maximam tōtīus orbis terrārum urbem, cōnspēxit, summā admīrātiōne et gaudiō adfectus est. When Publius came to this place and caught sight of Rome, still distant, the greatest city of the whole world, he was filled with the greatest wonder and joy. **49** Sine morā dēscendērunt, et, mediō intervāllō quam celerrimē superātō, urbem portā Capēnā ingressī sunt. Without delay they went down, and, having covered the intervening space as quickly as possible, entered the city by the Capene gate. | word | gloss | |---|---| | elementīs | first principles, rudiments, from elementum | | scholās | school, from schola | | philosophiae | philosophy, from philosophia | | animōsīs | courageous, bold | | prōsecūtae | pursue, from prosequor | | plāna | level, flat, from planus | | circiter | about | | īnsignem | remarkable, noted, from insignis | | recreātī | restore, revive, from recreo | | pedestris | on foot, from pedester | | trānsitū | passage, from transitus | | dēclivis | sloping downward | | intervāllō | interval, distance, from intervallum | ## The Irregular Verb Fīō: The Subjunctive of Result (D'Ooge LXVIII) ### The result follows the cause Terror erat tantus ut omnēs fugerent means the terror was so great that all fled. Terror erat tantus names the cause. ut omnēs fugerent states its consequence. A clause that states this consequence is a result clause. ### Ut carries the result Result clauses begin with ut or ut nōn, and their verbs take the subjunctive. In Terror erat tantus ut nōn facile mīlitēs sēsē reciperent, ut nōn introduces the negative result and reciperent is subjunctive. After a verb of effecting or bringing about, the result clause can be its object. Terror fēcit ut omnēs fugerent means terror caused all to flee. Here ut omnēs fugerent is the object of fēcit. ### Tam separates result from purpose Tam graviter vulnerātus est ut caperētur means he was so severely wounded that he was captured. Tam in the principal clause points to ut caperētur as a result. Without tam, Graviter vulnerātus est ut caperētur means he was severely wounded in order that he might be captured. Both affirmative clauses use ut. A negative purpose clause uses nē, while a negative result clause uses ut nōn. **50** Terror erat tantus ut omnēs fugerent the terror was so great that all fled **51** Terror erat tantus ut nōn facile mīlitēs sēsē reciperent the terror was so great that the soldiers did not easily recover themselves **52** Terror fēcit ut omnēs fugerent terror caused all to flee (lit. made that all fled) **53** Tam graviter vulnerātus est ut caperētur He was so severely wounded that he was captured **54** Graviter vulnerātus est ut caperētur He was severely wounded in order that he might be captured ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LXVIII, §§383-387 §383. The verb fīō, be made, happen, serves as the passive of faciō, make, in the present system. The rest of the verb is formed regularly from faciō. Learn the principal parts and conjugation (§500). Observe that the i is long except before -er and in fit. a. The compounds of facio with prepositions usually form the passive regularly, as, Active cōnficiō, cōnficere, cōnfēcī, cōnfectus Passive cōnficior, cōnficī, cōnfectus sum [ Conjugation given in §500: PRINCIPAL PARTS fīō, fierī, factus sum INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE IMPERATIVE Pres. fīō ---- fīam 2d Pers. fī fīte fīs ---- fit fīunt Impf. fīēbam fierem Fut. fīam ---- INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE Perf. factus, -a, -um sum factus, -a, -um sim Plup. factus, -a, -um eram factus, -a, -um essem F.P. factus, -a, -um erō INFINITIVE PARTICIPLES Pres. fierī Perf. factus, -a, -um Perf. factus, -a, -um esse Ger. faciendus, -a, -um Fut. [[factum īrī]]] ``` ``` §384. Observe the following sentences: 1. Terror erat tantus ut omnēs fugerent, the terror was so great that all fled. 2. Terror erat tantus ut nōn facile mīlitēs sēsē reciperent, the terror was so great that the soldiers did not easily recover themselves. 3. Terror fēcit ut omnēs fugerent, terror caused all to flee (lit. made that all fled). a. Each of these sentences is complex, containing a principal clause and a subordinate clause. b. The principal clause names a cause and the subordinate clause states the consequence or result of this cause. c. The subordinate clause has its verb in the subjunctive, though it is translated like an indicative. The construction is called the subjunctive of consequence or result, and the clause is called a consecutive or result clause. d. In the last example the clause of result is the object of the verb fēcit. e. The conjunction introducing the consecutive or result clause is ut = so that; negative, ut nōn = so that not. ``` ``` §385. RULE. Subjunctive of Result. Consecutive clauses of result are introduced by ut or ut nōn and have the verb in the subjunctive. ``` ``` §386. RULE. Object clauses of result with ut or ut nōn are found after verbs of effecting or bringing about. ``` ``` §387. Purpose and Result Clauses Compared. There is great similarity in the expression of purpose and of result in Latin. If the sentence is affirmative, both purpose and result clauses may be introduced by ut; but if the sentence is negative, the purpose clause has nē and the result clause ut nōn. Result clauses are often preceded in the main clause by such words as tam, ita, sic (so), and these serve to point them out. Compare a. Tam graviter vulnerātus est ut caperētur He was so severely wounded that he was captured b. Graviter vulnerātus est ut caperētur He was severely wounded in order that he might be captured Which sentence contains a result clause, and how is it pointed out? ``` ## Latin into English (D'Ooge LXVIII) **55** Mīlitēs erant tam tardī ut ante noctem in castra nōn pervenīrent. The soldiers were so slow that they did not reach the camp before night. **56** Sōl facit ut omnia sint pulchra. The sun causes all things to be beautiful. **57** Eius modī perīcula erant ut nēmō proficīscī vellet. The dangers were of such a kind that no one wished to set out. **58** Equitēs hostium cum equitātū nostrō in itinere contendērunt, ita tamen ut nostrī omnibus in partibus superiōrēs essent. The horsemen of the enemy contended with our cavalry on the march, yet in such a way that our men were superior in all parts. **59** Virtūs mīlitum nostrōrum fēcit ut hostēs nē ūnum quidem impetum sustinērent. The courage of our soldiers brought it about that the enemy did not withstand even one attack. **60** Hominēs erant tam audācēs ut nūllō modō continērī possent. The men were so bold that they could in no way be restrained. **61** Spatium erat tam parvum ut mīlitēs tēla iacere nōn facile possent. The space was so small that the soldiers could not easily throw their weapons. **62** Hōc proeliō factō barbarī ita perterritī sunt ut ab ultimīs gentibus lēgātī ad Caesarem mitterentur. When this battle had been fought, the barbarians were so thoroughly frightened that ambassadors were sent to Caesar from the most distant tribes. **63** Hoc proelium factum est nē lēgātī ad Caesarem mitterentur. This battle was fought so that ambassadors might not be sent to Caesar. ## Give the forms (D'Ooge LXVIII) **64** fīō become, be made **65** fīō become, be made **66** fīō become, be made ## English into Latin (D'Ooge LXVIII) **67** Fīet, fīēbant, ut fīat. It will happen, they were being made, that it may happen. **68** Fit, fīet, fierī. It happens, he will be made, to happen. **69** Fīunt, fīēbāmus, nē fīat. They are made, we were being made, lest it happen. **70** Mīlitēs tam fortēs sunt ut vincant. The soldiers are so brave that they conquer. **71** Mīlitēs fortēs sunt ut vincant. The soldiers are brave in order that they may conquer. **72** Mūnītiō tam valida facta est ut capī nōn posset. The fortification was made so strong that it could not be taken. **73** Mūnītiō valida facta est nē caperētur. The fortification was made strong in order that it might not be taken. **74** Oppidō captō, oppidānī timēbant nē servī fierent. After the town was taken,[3] the townsmen feared that they would be made slaves. **75** Quae cīvitās tam īnfīrma est ut sē dēfendere nōlit? What state is so weak that it is unwilling to defend itself? ## Publius Puts on the Toga Virilis (Lentulus LXVIII) **76** Pūblius iam tōtum annum Rōmae morābātur multaque urbis spectācula vīderat et multōs sibi amīcōs parāverat. Publius had now been staying at Rome a whole year, and had seen many sights of the city and had won many friends for himself. **77** Eī omnēs favēbant; dē eō omnēs bene spērāre poterant. All favored him; all could have good hopes of him. **78** Cotīdiē Pūblius scholas philosophōrum et grammaticōrum tantō studiō frequentābat ut aliīs clārum exemplum praebēret. Daily Publius attended the schools of the philosophers and grammarians with such zeal that he set a shining example to the others. **79** Saepe erat cum patre in cūriā; quae rēs effēcit ut summōs reī pūblicae virōs et audīret et vidēret. Often he was with his father in the senate house; which fact brought it about that he both heard and saw the highest men of the state. **80** Ubi sēdecim annōs natus est, bullam auream et togam praetextam mōre Rōmānō dēposuit atque virīlem togam sūmpsit. When he was sixteen years old, he laid aside the golden locket and the purple-bordered toga according to Roman custom and put on the toga of manhood. **81** Virīlis autem toga erat omnīnō alba, sed praetexta clāvum purpureum in margine habēbat. Dēpōnere togam praetextam et sūmere togam virīlem erat rēs grātissima puerō Rōmānō, quod posteā vir et cīvis Rōmānus habēbātur. Now the toga of manhood was wholly white, but the praetexta had a purple stripe on the border. To lay aside the purple-bordered toga and put on the toga of manhood was a most welcome thing to a Roman boy, because afterwards he was regarded as a man and a Roman citizen. **82** Hīs rēbus gestīs Lentulus ad uxōrem suam hās litterās scrīpsit: When these things had been done, Lentulus wrote this letter to his wife: **83** “Mārcus Iūliae suae salūtem dīcit. "Marcus sends greeting to his Julia. **84** Sī valēs, bene est; ego valeō. If you are well, it is well; I am well. **85** Accēpī tuās litterās. I have received your letter. **86** Hās nunc Rōmā per servum fidēlissimum mittō ut dē Pūbliō nostrō quam celerrimē sciās. This one I now send from Rome by a most faithful slave, so that you may know about our Publius as quickly as possible. **87** Nam hodiē eī togam virīlem dedī. For to-day I gave him the toga of manhood. **88** Ante lucem surrēxī et prīmum bullam auream dē collō eius remōvī. I rose before daylight and first removed the golden locket from his neck. **89** Hāc Laribus cōnsecrātā et sacrīs factīs, eum togā virīlī vestīvī. When this had been consecrated to the Lares and the sacred rites performed, I clothed him in the toga of manhood. **90** Interim plūrēs amīcī cum multitūdine optimōrum cīvium et honestōrum clientium pervēnerant quī Pūblium domō in forum dēdūcerent. Meanwhile many friends, with a crowd of the best citizens and honorable clients, had arrived to escort Publius from the house into the forum. **91** Ibi in cīvitātem receptus est et nōmen, Pūblius Cornēlius Lentulus, apud cīvīs Rōmānōs ascrīptum est. There he was received into the citizenship, and his name, Publius Cornelius Lentulus, was enrolled among the Roman citizens. **92** Omnēs eī amīcissimī fuērunt et magna de eō praedīcunt. All were most friendly to him and predict great things of him. **93** Sapientior enim aequālibus est et magnum ingenium habet. Cūrā ut valeās.” For he is wiser than those of his own age and has great talent. Take care that you keep well." | word | gloss | |---|---| | margine | edge, border, from margo | | cōnsecrātā | consecrate, devote, from consecro | | ascrīptum | add, insert | ## The Subjunctive of Characteristic or Description: The Predicate Accusative (D'Ooge LXIX) ### A fact and a description Caesar est is quī nōs dūcit means Caesar is the man who is leading us. The relative clause with indicative dūcit states a fact. Caesar est is quī nōs dūcat means Caesar is the man to lead us. The relative clause with subjunctive dūcat describes Caesar. This use is the subjunctive of characteristic or description. Nihil videō quod timeam, I see nothing to fear, follows the same rule. ### Two accusatives become nominatives Rōmānī Caesarem cōnsulem fēcērunt means the Romans made Caesar consul. Caesarem is the direct object. Cōnsulem is the predicate accusative. Both words refer to Caesar. Cōnsulem completes the predicate with the direct object. In Caesar cōnsul ā Rōmānīs factus est, both accusatives become nominatives because the verb is passive. The paired sentences show the same persons and roles in active and passive forms. ### From the book **94** Quis est quī suam domum nōn amet? who is there who does not love his own home? **95** Erant quī hoc facere nōllent there were (some) who were unwilling to do this **96** Tū nōn is es quī amīcōs trādās you are not such a one as to, or you are not the man to, betray your friends **97** Nihil videō quod timeam I see nothing to fear **98** Caesar est is quī nōs dūcit Cæsar is the man who is leading us **99** Caesar est is quī nōs dūcat Cæsar is the man to lead us **100** Rōmānī Caesarem cōnsulem fēcērunt the Romans made Cæsar consul **101** Caesar cōnsul ā Rōmānīs factus est Cæsar was made consul by the Romans ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LXIX, §§389-393 §389. Akin to the subjunctive of consequence or result is the use of the subjunctive in clauses of characteristic or description. This construction is illustrated in the following sentences: 1. Quis est quī suam domum nōn amet? who is there who does not love his own home? 2. Erant quī hoc facere nōllent, there were (some) who were unwilling to do this. 3. Tū nōn is es quī amīcōs trādās, you are not such a one as to, or you are not the man to, betray your friends. 4. Nihil videō quod timeam, I see nothing to fear (nothing of such as character as to fear it). a. Each of these examples contains a descriptive relative clause which tells what kind of a person or thing the antecedent is. To express this thought the subjunctive is used. A relative clause that merely states a fact and does not describe the antecedent uses the indicative. Compare the sentences Cæsar is the man who is leading us, Caesar est is quī nōs dūcit (mere statement of fact, no description, with the indicative) Cæsar is the man to lead us, Caesar est is quī nōs dūcat (descriptive relative clause with the subjunctive) b. Observe that in this construction a demonstrative pronoun and a relative, as is quī, are translated such a one as to, the man to. c. In which of the following sentences would you use the indicative and in which the subjunctive? These are not the men who did this These are not the men to do this ``` ``` §390. RULE. Subjunctive of Characteristic. A relative clause with the subjunctive is often used to describe an antecedent. This is called the subjunctive of characteristic or description. ``` ``` §391. Observe the sentences 1. Rōmānī Caesarem cōnsulem fēcērunt, the Romans made Cæsar consul. 2. Caesar cōnsul ā Rōmānīs factus est, Cæsar was made consul by the Romans. a. Observe in 1 that the transitive verb fēcērunt, made, has two objects: (1) the direct object, Caesarem; (2) a second object, cōnsulem, referring to the same person as the direct object and completing the predicate. The second accusative is called a Predicate Accusative. b. Observe in 2 that when the verb is changed to the passive both of the accusatives become nominatives, the direct object becoming the subject and the predicate accusative the predicate nominative. ``` ``` §392. RULE. Two Accusatives. Verbs of making, choosing, calling, showing, and the like, may take a predicate accusative along with the direct object. With the passive voice the two accusatives become nominatives. ``` ``` §393. The verbs commonly found with two accusatives are creo, creāre, creāvī, creātus, choose appellō, appellāre, appellāvī, appellātus } nōminō, nōmināre, nōmināvī, nōminātus } call vocō, vocāre, vocāvī, vocātus } faciō, facere, fēcī, factus, make ``` ## Latin into English (D'Ooge LXIX) **102** In Germāniae silvis sunt multa genera ferārum quae reliquīs in locīs nōn vīsa sint. In the forests of Germany there are many kinds of wild beasts which have not been seen in other places. **103** Erant itinera duo quibus Helvētiī domō discēdere possent. There were two routes by which the Helvetii could depart from home. **104** Erat manus nūlla, nūllum oppidum, nūllum praesidium quod sē armīs dēfenderet. There was no band, no town, no garrison which could defend itself with arms. **105** Tōtō frūmentō raptō, domī nihil erat quō mortem prohibēre possent. When all the grain had been seized, there was nothing at home with which they could keep off death. **106** Rōmānī Galbam ducem creāvērunt et summā celeritāte profectī sunt. The Romans made Galba leader and set out with the greatest speed. **107** Neque erat tantae multitūdinis quisquam quī morārī vellet. Nor was there anyone of so great a multitude who wished to delay. **108** Germānī nōn iī sunt quī adventum Caesaris vereantur. The Germans are not the kind of men to fear the arrival of Caesar. **109** Cōnsulibus occīsīs erant quī vellent cum rēgem creāre. When the consuls had been killed, there were those who wished to make him king. **110** Pāce factā erat nēmō quī arma trādere nōllet. When peace had been made, there was no one who was unwilling to hand over his arms. **111** Inter Helvētiōs quis erat quī nōbilior illō esset? Among the Helvetii who was there who was nobler than he? ## English into Latin (D'Ooge LXIX) **112** Rōmānī urbem Rōmam appellāvērunt. The Romans called the city Rome. **113** Urbs Rōma ā Rōmānīs appellāta est. The city was called Rome by the Romans. **114** Meliōrēs cīvēs eum rēgem creāre volēbant. The better citizens wished to choose him king. **115** Mīles fortis nōn is erat quī curreret. The brave soldier was not the man to run. **116** Erat nēmō quī mē amīcum appellāret. There was no one [3]to call me friend. **117** Hī nōn iī sunt quī amīcōs suōs trādant. These are not the men to[4] betray their friends. **118** Erant quī eum omnium fortissimum appellārent. There were (some) who called him the bravest of all. ## Publius Joins Cæsar’s Army in Gaul (Lentulus LXIX) **119** Pūblius iam adulēscēns postquam togam virīlem sūmpsit, aliīs rēbus studēre incēpit et praesertim ūsū armōrum sē dīligenter exercuit. Publius, now a young man, after he put on the toga of manhood, began to devote himself to other things, and especially trained himself diligently in the use of arms. **120** Magis magisque amāvit illās artīs quae mīlitārem animum dēlectant. More and more he loved those arts which delight the military spirit. **121** Iamque erant quī eī cursum mīlitārem praedīcerent. And now there were those who predicted for him a military career. **122** Nec sine causā, quod certē patris īsigne exemplum ita multum trahēbat. Paucīs ante annīs C. Iūlius Caesar, ducum Rōmānōrum maximus, cōnsul creātus erat et hōc tempore in Galliā bellum grave gerēbat. Nor without reason, because certainly his father's distinguished example had so much drawing power. A few years before, C. Julius Caesar, the greatest of Roman leaders, had been made consul and at this time was waging a serious war in Gaul. **123** Atque in exercitū eius plūrēs adulēscentēs mīlitābant, apud quōs erat amīcus quīdam Pūblī. And in his army many young men were serving, among whom was a certain friend of Publius. **124** Ille Pūblium crēbrīs litterīs vehementer hortābātur ut iter in Galliam faceret. He in frequent letters strongly urged Publius to make the journey into Gaul. **125** Neque Pūblius recūsāvit, et, multīs amīcīs ad portam urbis prōsequentibus, ad Caesaris castra profectus est. Nor did Publius refuse, and, with many friends escorting him to the gate of the city, he set out for Caesar's camp. **126** Quārtō diē postquam iter ingressus est, ad Alpīs, montīs altissimōs, pervēnit. On the fourth day after he began the journey, he reached the Alps, very high mountains. **127** Hīs summā difficultāte superātīs, tandem Gallōrum in fīnibus erat. When these had been crossed with the greatest difficulty, at last he was in the territory of the Gauls. **128** Prīmō autem veritus est ut castrīs Rōmānīs adpropinquāre posset, quod Gallī, maximīs cōpiīs coāctīs, Rōmānōs obsidēbant et viās omnīs iam clauserant. At first, however, he feared that he could not approach the Roman camp, because the Gauls, having collected very great forces, were besieging the Romans and had already closed all the roads. **129** Hīs rēbus commōtus Pūblius vestem Gallicam induit nē ā Gallīs caperētur, et ita per hostium cōpiās incolumis ad castra pervenīre potuit. Alarmed by these things, Publius put on Gallic dress so that he might not be captured by the Gauls, and so was able to reach the camp unharmed through the forces of the enemy. **130** Intrā mūnītiōnes acceptus, ā Caesare benignē exceptus est. Admitted within the fortifications, he was kindly received by Caesar. **131** Imperātor fortem adulēscentem amplissimīs verbīs laudāvit et eum tribūnum mīlītum creāvit. The commander praised the brave young man in the most generous words and made him a military tribune. **132** Exercitus quī in hostium fīnibus bellum genit multīs perīcuīs circumdatus est. Quae perīcula ut vītāret, Rōmāni summam cūram adhībēre solēbant. An army which is waging war in the territory of the enemy is surrounded by many dangers. To avoid these dangers, the Romans were accustomed to use the greatest care. **133** Adpropinquanteēs cōpiīs hostium agmen ita dispōnēbant ut imperātor ipse cum plāribus legiōnibus expedītīs prīmum agmen dūceret. When approaching the forces of the enemy, they arranged the column so that the commander himself with several legions in light marching order led the van. **134** Post eās cōpiās impedīmenta tōtīus exercitūs conlocābant. Tum legiōnēs quae proximē cōnscrīptae erant tōtum agmen claudēbant. Behind these forces they placed the baggage of the whole army. Then the legions which had been most recently enrolled closed the whole column. **135** Equitēs quoque in omnīs partīs dīmittēbantur quī loca explōrārent; et centuriōnēs praemittēbantur ut locum castrīs idōneum dēligerent. Horsemen too were sent out in all directions to explore the country; and centurions were sent ahead to choose a place suitable for a camp. **136** Locus habēbatur idōneus castrīs quī facile dēfendī posset et prope aquam esset. A place was considered suitable for a camp which could easily be defended and was near water. **137** Quā dē causā castra in colle ab utrāque parte arduō, ā fronte lēniter dēclīvī saepe pōnēbantur; vel locus palūdibus cīnctus vel in flūminis rīpīs situs dēligēbātur. For this reason the camp was often pitched on a hill steep on either side and gently sloping in front; or a place surrounded by marshes or situated on the banks of a river was chosen. **138** Ad locum postquam exercitus pervēnit, aliī mīlitum in armīs erant, aliī castra mūnīre incipiēbant. After the army reached the place, some of the soldiers were under arms, others began to fortify the camp. **139** Nam quō tūtiōrēs ab hostibus mīlitēs essent, nēve incautī et imparātī opprimerentur, castra fossā lātā et vāllō altō mūniēbant. For, in order that the soldiers might be safer from the enemy and might not be overwhelmed off guard and unprepared, they fortified the camp with a wide ditch and a high rampart. **140** In castrīs portae quattuor erant ut ēruptiō mīlitum omnīs in partīs fierī posset. In the camp there were four gates, so that a sally of the soldiers could be made in all directions. **141** In angulīs castrōrum erant turrēs dē quibus tēla in hostīs coniciēbantur. Tālibus in castrīs quālia dēscrīpsimus Pūblius ā Caesare exceptus est. At the corners of the camp there were towers from which weapons were hurled at the enemy. In such a camp as we have described Publius was received by Caesar. | word | gloss | |---|---| | ūsū | use, advantage, from usus | | mīlitārem | military, from militaris | | mīlitābant | serve as a soldier, from milito | | genit | begotten | | perīcuīs | die, pass away | | circumdatus | place around, surround, from circumdo | | plāribus | more, from plūs | | expedītīs | without baggage, from expeditus | | cōnscrīptae | enroll, enlist, from conscribo | | praemittēbantur | send ahead or forward | | arduō | steep, from arduus | | nēve | and not, and that not | | incautī | off one’s guard, from incautus | | imparātī | unprepared, from imparatus | | ēruptiō | sally | ## The Constructions with the Conjunction cum: The Ablative of Specification (D'Ooge LXX) ### Cum fixes the time Caesarem vīdī tum cum in Galliā eram means "I saw Cæsar at the time when I was in Gaul." Cum in Galliā eram states a fact and fixes the time of Caesarem vīdī. Eram is indicative. ### Cum describes the circumstances Caesar in eōs impetum fēcit cum pācem peterent means "Cæsar made an attack upon them when they were seeking peace." Cum pācem peterent describes the circumstances of the attack. Peterent is subjunctive. Cum takes the subjunctive unless it means when and fixes the time of the main action. Cum means since when its clause gives a cause. It means although when its clause states a concession. ### The ablative names the respect Oppidum erat parvum magnitūdine sed magnum multitūdine hominum means "the town was small in size but great in population." Magnitūdine tells in what respect the town was small. Multitūdine tells in what respect it was great. Homō erat corpore īnfīrmus sed validus animō means "the man was weak in body but strong in courage." Corpore and animō have the same use. The ablative of specification denotes the respect in which something is true. ### Four idioms The idiom aliquem certiōrem facere means "to inform some one." Certior fierī means "to be informed." Iter dare means "to give a right of way" or "allow to pass." Obsidēs inter sē dare means "to give hostages to each other." **142** Caesarem vīdī tum cum in Galliā eram I saw Cæsar at the time when I was in Gaul **143** Caesar in eōs impetum fēcit cum pācem peterent Cæsar made an attack upon them when they were seeking peace **144** Hoc erat difficile cum paucī sine vulneribus essent this was difficult, since only a few were without wounds **145** Cum prīmī ōrdinēs fūgissent, tamen reliquī fortiter cōnsistēbant though the front ranks had fled, yet the rest bravely stood their ground **146** cum in Galliā eram when I was in Gaul **147** Oppidum erat parvum magnitūdine sed magnum multitūdine hominum the town was small in size but great in population **148** Homō erat corpore īnfīrmus sed validus animō the man was weak in body but strong in courage **149** aliquem certiōrem facere to inform some one (lit. to make some one more certain) **150** certior fierī to be informed (lit. to be made more certain) **151** iter dare to give a right of way, allow to pass **152** obsidēs inter sē dare to give hostages to each other ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LXX, §§395-399 §395. The conjunction cum has the following meanings and constructions: cum TEMPORAL = when, followed by the indicative or the subjunctive cum CAUSAL = since, followed by the subjunctive cum CONCESSIVE = although, followed by the subjunctive As you observe, the mood after cum is sometimes indicative and sometimes subjunctive. The reason for this will be made clear by a study of the following sentences: 1. Caesarem vīdī tum cum in Galliā eram, I saw Cæsar at the time when I was in Gaul. 2. Caesar in eōs impetum fēcit cum pācem peterent, Cæsar made an attack upon them when they were seeking peace. 3. Hoc erat difficile cum paucī sine vulneribus essent, this was difficult, since only a few were without wounds. 4. Cum prīmī ōrdinēs fūgissent, tamen reliquī fortiter cōnsistēbant, though the front ranks had fled, yet the rest bravely stood their ground. a. The underlying principle is one already familiar to you (cf. §389.a). When the cum clause states a fact and simply fixes the time at which the main action took place, the indicative mood is used. So, in the first example, cum in Galliā eram fixes the time when I saw Cæsar. b. On the other hand, when the cum clause describes the circumstances under which the main act took place, the subjunctive mood is used. So, in the second example, the principal clause states that Cæsar made an attack, and the cum clause describes the circumstances under which this act occurred. The idea of time is also present, but it is subordinate to the idea of description. Sometimes the descriptive clause is one of cause and we translate cum by since; sometimes it denotes concession and cum is translated although. ``` ``` §396. RULE. Constructions with Cum. The conjunction cum means when, since, or although. It is followed by the subjunctive unless it means when and its clause fixes the time at which the main action took place. NOTE. Cum in clauses of description with the subjunctive is much more common than its use with the indicative. ``` ``` §397. Note the following sentences: 1. Oppidum erat parvum magnitūdine sed magnum multitūdine hominum, the town was small in size but great in population. 2. Homō erat corpore īnfīrmus sed validus animō, the man was weak in body but strong in courage. a. Observe that magnitūdine, multitūdine, corpore, and animō tell in what respect something is true. The relation is one covered by the ablative case, and the construction is called the ablative of specification. ``` ``` §398. RULE. Ablative of Specification. The ablative is used to denote in what respect something is true. ``` ``` §399. IDIOMS aliquem certiōrem facere, to inform some one (lit. to make some one more certain) certior fierī, to be informed (lit. to be made more certain) iter dare, to give a right of way, allow to pass obsidēs inter sē dare, to give hostages to each other ``` ## Latin into English (D'Ooge LXX) **153** Helvētiī cum patrum nostrōrum tempore domō prefectī essent, cōnsulis exercitum in fugam dederant. When the Helvetii had set out from home in the time of our fathers, they had put the consul's army to flight. **154** Cum Caesar in Galliam vēnit, Helvētiī aliōs agrōs petēbant. When Caesar came into Gaul, the Helvetii were seeking other lands. **155** Caesar cum in citeriōre Gallia esset, tamen dē Helvētiōrum cōnsiliīs certior fīēbat. Although Caesar was in nearer Gaul, still he was being informed of the plans of the Helvetii. **156** Cum Helvētiī bellō clārissimī essent, Caesar iter per prōvinciam dare recūsāvit. Since the Helvetii were most famous in war, Caesar refused to grant a passage through the province. **157** Lēgātus cum haec audīvisset, Caesarem certiōrem fecit. When the lieutenant had heard these things, he informed Caesar. **158** Cum principēs inter sē obsidēs darent, Rōmānī bellum parāvērunt. Since the chiefs were giving hostages among themselves, the Romans prepared for war. **159** Caesar, cum id nūntiātum esset, mātūrat ab urbe proficīscī. Caesar, when this had been announced, hastens to set out from the city. **160** Nē virtūte quidem Gallī erant parēs Germānis. Not even in courage were the Gauls equal to the Germans. **161** Caesar neque corpore neque animō īnfīrmus erat. Caesar was weak neither in body nor in mind. **162** Illud bellum tum incēpit cum Caesar fuit cōnsul. That war began at the time when Caesar was consul. ## English into Latin (D'Ooge LXX) **163** Id proelium tum factum est cum Rōmae eram. That battle was fought at the time when (tum cum) I was at Rome. **164** Cum equitēs numerō paucī essent, tamen nōn terga vertērunt. Though the horsemen were few in number, nevertheless they did not retreat. **165** Cum castra satis mūnīta essent, hostēs domum revertērunt. When the camp had been sufficiently fortified, the enemy returned home. **166** Cum gentēs obsidēs inter sē dent, Caesarem certiōrem faciēmus. Since the tribes are giving hostages to each other, we shall inform Cæsar. **167** Gallī et Germānī linguā et lēgibus dissimillimī sunt. The Gauls and the Germans are very unlike in language and laws. ## The Rival Centurions (Lentulus LXX) **168** Illīs in castrīs erant duo centuriōnēs, fortissimī virī, T. Pullō et L. Vorēnus, quōrum neuter alterī virtūte cēdere volēbat. In that camp there were two centurions, most brave men, T. Pullo and L. Vorenus, neither of whom was willing to yield to the other in courage. **169** Inter eōs iam multōs annōs īnfēnsum certāmen gerēbātur. Between them for many years now a bitter rivalry had been carried on. **170** Tum dēmum fīnis contrōversiae hōc modō factus est. Then at last an end was made of the dispute in this way. **171** Diē tertiō postquam Pūblius pervēnit, hostēs, maiōribus cōpiīs coāctīs, ācerrimum impetum in castra fēcērunt. On the third day after Publius arrived, the enemy, having collected larger forces, made a most fierce attack on the camp. **172** Tum Pullō, cum Rōmānī tardiōrēs vidērentur, “Cūr dubitās,” inquit, “Vorēne? Then Pullo, when the Romans seemed rather slow, said, "Why do you hesitate, Vorenus? **173** Quam commodiōrem occāsiōnem exspectās? What more favorable opportunity are you waiting for? **174** Hic diēs dē virtūte nostrā iūdicābit.” This day will decide about our courage." **175** Haec cum dīxisset, extrā mūnītiōnēs prōcessit et in eam hostium partem quae cōfertissima vidēbātur inrūpit. When he had said this, he advanced outside the fortifications and rushed into that part of the enemy which seemed thickest. **176** Neque Vorēnus quidem tum vāllō sēsē continet, sed Pullōnem subsequitur. Nor indeed does Vorenus then keep himself within the rampart, but follows Pullo. **177** Tum Pullō pīlum in hostīs immittit atque ūnum ex multitūdine prōcurrentem trāicit. Then Pullo hurls his spear at the enemy and pierces one of the multitude who is running forward. **178** Hunc percussum et exanimātum hostēs scūtīs prōtegunt et in Pullōnem omnēs tēla coniciunt. The enemy protect this man, struck and lifeless, with their shields, and all hurl their weapons at Pullo. **179** Eius scūtum trānsfīgitur et tēlum in balteō dēfīgitur. His shield is pierced through and a weapon is lodged in his belt. **180** Hic cāsus vāgīnam āvertit et dextram manum eius gladium ēdūcere cōnantis morātur. This accident turns aside his scabbard and delays his right hand as he tries to draw his sword. **181** Eum ita impedītum hostēs circumsistunt. The enemy surround him thus hampered. **182** Tum vēro eī labōrantī Vorēnus, cum sit inimīcus, tamen auxilium dat. Then indeed Vorenus, though he is his rival, still gives him help in his trouble. **183** Ad hunc cōnfestim ā Pullōne omnis multitūdō sē convertit. To him at once the whole multitude turns from Pullo. **184** Gladiō comminus pugnat Vorēnus, atque, ūnō interfectō, reliquōs paulum prōpellit. Vorenus fights hand to hand with his sword, and, having killed one, drives the rest back a little. **185** Sed īnstāns cupidius īnfēlīx, pede sē fallente, concidit. But pressing on too eagerly, the unlucky man, his foot slipping, falls. **186** Huic rūrsus circumventō auxilium dat Pullō, atque ambō incolumēs, plūribus interfectīs, summā cum laude intrā mūnītiōnēs sē recipiunt. To him in turn, surrounded, Pullo gives help, and both unharmed, having killed several, withdraw within the fortifications with the greatest praise. **187** Sic inimīcōrum alter alterī auxilium dedit nec de eōrum virtūte quisquam iūdicāre potuit. Thus of the two rivals each gave help to the other, and no one could judge concerning their courage. | word | gloss | |---|---| | īnfēnsum | hostile, from infensus | | contrōversiae | dispute, quarrel, from controversia | | commodiōrem | suitable, fit, from commodus | | inrūpit | burst in, break in, from inrumpo | | Pullōnem | chicken, young hen | | prōcurrentem | run forward, from procurro | | percussum | pierced, from percussus | | prōtegunt | cover, protect, from protego | | trānsfīgitur | transfix, from transfigo | | balteō | belt, sword belt, from balteus | | dēfīgitur | fasten, fix, from defigo | | circumsistunt | stand around, surround, from circumsisto | | cōnfestim | immediately | | Pullōne | chicken, young hen, from Pullus | ## Vocabulary Review: The Gerund and Gerundive: The Predicate Genitive (D'Ooge LXXI) ### The gerund has the missing cases Superandō Gallōs Caesar magnam glōriam reportāvit means "By overcoming the Gauls Cæsar won great glory." Latin cannot use the infinitive for overcoming here because the infinitive has no ablative form. A gerund is a Latin verbal noun with the genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative forms missing from the infinitive. Superandō is ablative of means: by overcoming. ### The four case forms Ad audiendum vēnērunt uses the accusative audiendum after ad. Audiendī causā vēnērunt uses the genitive audiendī before causā. The forms audiendī, audiendō, audiendum, audiendō correspond to the genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative. ### Conj. IV ### The gerundive replaces the gerund Cōnsilium gerendī bellum means "the plan of waging war." Gerendī is a gerund, and bellum is its direct object. Cōnsilium bellī gerendī means "the plan of the war to be waged." Gerendī is a gerundive agreeing with bellī. Latin generally replaces a gerund with a direct object by a gerundive agreeing with that noun. The exceptions are the genitive and ablative without a preposition, though the gerundive remains more usual. ### Two constructions state purpose Ad audiendum vēnērunt and Audiendī causā vēnērunt both mean "They came to hear." Ad urbem videndam vēnērunt and Urbis videndae causā vēnērunt both mean "They came to see the city." Purpose uses ad with the accusative, or the genitive followed by causā. The purpose table sets both constructions beside their gerundive forms. ### Gerund or Gerundive of Purpose **188** Superandō Gallōs Caesar magnam glōriam reportāvit By overcoming the Gauls Cæsar won great glory **189** cōnsilium gerendī bellum the plan of waging war **190** cōnsilium bellī gerendī the plan of the war to be waged **191** Ad audiendum vēnērunt They came to hear **192** Audiendī causā vēnērunt They came to hear **193** Ad urbem videndam vēnērunt They came to see the city **194** Urbis videndae causā vēnērunt They came to see the city **195** vēnērunt ut audīrent They came to hear **196** vēnērunt ut urbem vidērent. They came to see the city **197** equus Galbae Galba’s horse **198** equus est Galbae the horse is Galba's **199** alīcui negōtium dare to employ someone (lit. to give business to some one) **200** novīs rēbus studēre to be eager for a revolution (lit. to be eager for new things) **201** reī mīlitāris perītissimus very skillful in the art of war **202** sē suaque omnia themselves and all their possessions ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LXXI, §§401-410 §401. Review the word lists in §§510, 511. ``` ``` §402. The Gerund. Suppose we had to translate the sentence By overcoming the Gauls Cæsar won great glory We can see that overcoming here is a verbal noun corresponding to the English infinitive in -ing, and that the thought calls for the ablative of means. To translate this by the Latin infinitive would be impossible, because the infinitive is indeclinable and therefore has no ablative case form. Latin, however, has another verbal noun of corresponding meaning, called the gerund, declined as a neuter of the second declension in the genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative singular, and thus supplying the cases that the infinitive lacks.[1] Hence, to decline in Latin the verbal noun overcoming, we should use the infinitive for the nominative and the gerund for the other cases, as follows: [1] Sometimes, however, the infinitive is used as an accusative. Nom. superāre, overcoming, to overcome INFINITIVE Gen. superandī, of overcoming } Dat. superandō, for overcoming } Acc. superandum, overcoming } GERUND Abl. superandō, by overcoming } Like the infinitive, the gerund governs the same case as the verb from which it is derived. So the sentence given above becomes in Latin Superandō Gallōs Caesar magnam glōriam reportāvit ``` ``` §403. The gerund[2] is formed by adding -ndī, -ndō, -ndum, -ndō, to the present stem, which is shortened or otherwise changed, as shown below: [2] The gerund is the neuter singular of the future passive participle used as a noun, and has the same formation. (Cf. §374.d.) PARADIGM OF THE GERUND CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV Gen. amandī monendī regendī capiendī audiendī Dat. amandō monendō regendō capiendō audiendō Acc. amandum monendum regendum capiendum audiendum Abl. amandō monendō regendō capiendō audiendō a. Give the gerund of cūrō, dēleō, sūmō, iaciō, veniō. b. Deponent verbs have the gerund of the active voice (see §493). Give the gerund of cōnor, vereor, sequor, patior, partior. ``` ``` §404. The Gerundive. The gerundive is the name given to the future passive participle (§374.d) when the participle approaches the meaning of a verbal noun and is translated like a gerund. It is the adjective corresponding to the gerund. For example, to translate the plan of waging war, we may use the gerund with its direct object and say cōnsilium gerendī bellum; or we may use the gerundive and say cōnsilium bellī gerendī, which means, literally, the plan of the war to be waged, but which came to have the same force as the gerund with its object, and was even preferred to it. ``` ``` §405. Compare the following parallel uses of the gerund and gerundive: GERUND GERUNDIVE Gen. Spēs faciendī pācem Spēs faciendae pācis Dat. Locus idōneus pugnandō Locus idōneus castrīs pōnendīs A place suitable for A place suitable for fighting pitching camp Acc. Mīsit equitēs ad īnsequendum Mīsit equitēs ad īnsequendōs hostīs He sent horsemen to pursue He sent horsemen to pursue the enemy Abl. Nārrandō fābulās magister Nārrandīs fābulīs magister puerīs placuit puerīs placuit The teacher pleased the The teacher pleased the boys by telling stories boys by telling stories a. We observe (1) That the gerund is a noun and the gerundive an adjective. (2) That the gerund, being a noun, may stand alone or with an object. (3) That the gerundive, being an adjective, is used only in agreement with a noun. ``` ``` §406. RULE. Gerund and Gerundive. 1. The Gerund is a verbal noun and is used only in the genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative singular. The constructions of these cases are in general the same as those of other nouns. 2. The Gerundive is a verbal adjective and must be used instead of gerund + object excepting in the genitive and in the ablative without a preposition. Even in these instances the gerundive construction is more usual. ``` ``` §407. RULE. Gerund or Gerundive of Purpose. The accusative of the gerund or gerundive with ad, or the genitive with causā[3] (= for the sake of), is used to express purpose. [3] causā always follows the genitive. GERUND GERUNDIVE Ad audiendum vēnērunt or Ad urbem videndam vēnērunt or Audiendī causā vēnērunt Urbis videndae causā vēnērunt They came to hear They came to see the city NOTE. These sentences might, of course, be written with the subjunctive of purpose,--vēnērunt ut audīrent; vēnērunt ut urbem vidērent. In short expressions, however, the gerund and gerundive of purpose are rather more common. ``` ``` §408. We have learned that the word denoting the owner or possessor of something is in the genitive, as, equus Galbae, Galba’s horse. If, now, we wish to express the idea the horse is Galba’s, Galba remains the possessor, and hence in the genitive as before, but now stands in the predicate, as, equus est Galbae. Hence this is called the predicate genitive. ``` ``` §409. RULE. Predicate Genitive. The possessive genitive often stands in the predicate, especially after the forms of sum, and is then called the predicate genitive. ``` ``` §410. IDIOMS alīcui negōtium dare, to employ someone (lit. to give business to some one) novīs rēbus studēre, to be eager for a revolution (lit. to be eager for new things) reī mīlitāris perītissimus, very skillful in the art of war sē suaque omnia, themselves and all their possessions ``` ## Latin into English (D'Ooge LXXI) **203** Caesar cum in Galliā bellum gereret, militibus decimae legiōnis maximē fāvit quia reī mīlitāris perītissimī erant. When Caesar was waging war in Gaul, he especially favored the soldiers of the tenth legion because they were most skilled in military affairs. **204** Sociīs negōtium dedit reī frumentāriae cūrandae. He gave the allies the task of attending to the grain supply. **205** Lēgāti nōn sōlum audiendī causā sed etiam dicendī causā vēnērunt. The ambassadors came not only for the sake of hearing but also for the sake of speaking. **206** Imperātor iussit explōrātōres locum idōneum mūnindō reperīre. The commander ordered the scouts to find a place suitable for fortifying. **207** Nuper hae gentēs novīs rēbus studēbant; mox iīs persuādēbō ut Caesarī sē suaque omnia dēdant. Lately these tribes were eager for revolution; soon I shall persuade them to surrender themselves and all their possessions to Caesar. **208** Iubēre est regīnae et pārēre est multitūdinis. To command is the queen's part, and to obey is the multitude's. **209** Hōc proeliō factō quīdam ex hostibus ad pācem petendam venērunt. When this battle had been fought, certain of the enemy came to seek peace. **210** Erant quī arma trādere nōllent. There were some who were unwilling to hand over their arms. **211** Hostēs tam celeriter prōgressī sunt ut spatium pīla in hostīs iaciendī non darētur. The enemy advanced so quickly that no time was given for throwing spears at the enemy. **212** Spatium neque arma capiendī neque auxilī petendī datum est. Time was given neither for taking up arms nor for seeking aid. | word | gloss | |---|---| | mūnindō | fortify | ## English into Latin (D'Ooge LXXI) **213** Haec ōrnāmenta sunt Cornēliae. These ornaments [6]belong to Cornelia. **214** Virī reī mīlitāris perītissimī ad oppidum capiendum missī sunt. Men very skillful in the art of war were sent [7]to capture the town. **215** Explōrātōrēs collem idōneum mūniendō flūminī proximum repperērunt. The scouts found a hill suitable for fortifying very near to the river. **216** Mox equitātus commeātūs petendī causā veniet. Soon the cavalry will come [8]to seek supplies. **217** Mēns Gallōrum novīs rēbus et bellīs suscipiendīs studet. The mind of the Gauls is eager for revolution and for undertaking wars. **218** Aciem dūcere est imperātōris. To lead the line of battle [8]belongs to the general. **219** Cui negōtium dabimus reī frūmentāriae cūrandae? [10]Whom shall we employ to look after the grain supply? ## The Enemy Besieging the Camp Are Repulsed (Lentulus LXXI) **220** Cum iam sex hōrās pugnatum esset ac nōn sōlum vīrēs sed etiam tēla Rōmānōs dēficerent, atque hostēs ācrius instārent, et vāllum scindere fossamque complēre incēpissent, Caesar, vir reī mīlitāris perītissimus, suīs imperāvit ut proelium paulisper intermitterent, et, signō datō, ex castrīs ērumperent. Quod iussī sunt faciunt, et subitō ex omnibus portīs ērumpunt. When the fighting had now gone on for six hours, and not only strength but also weapons were failing the Romans, and the enemy were pressing on more fiercely and had begun to cut down the rampart and fill up the ditch, Caesar, a man most skilled in military affairs, commanded his men to break off the battle for a little while and, when the signal was given, to burst out of the camp. What they were ordered they do, and suddenly burst out from all the gates. **221** Atque tam celeriter mīlitēs concurrērunt et tam propinquī erant hostēs ut spatium pīla coniciendī nōn darētur. And so quickly did the soldiers charge, and so near were the enemy, that no room was given for hurling spears. **222** Itaque reiectīs pīlīs comminus gladiīs pugnātum est. And so, the spears being thrown aside, the fighting was hand to hand with swords. **223** Diū et audācter hostēs restitērunt et in extrēmā spē salūtis tantam virtūtem praestitērunt ut ā dextrō cornū vehementer multitūdine suōrum aciem Rōmanam premerent. Id imperātor cum animadvertisset, Pūblium adulēscentem cum equitātū mīsit quī labōrantibus auxilium daret. Long and boldly the enemy resisted, and in their last hope of safety showed such courage that on the right wing they pressed the Roman line hard with the multitude of their men. When the commander had noticed this, he sent the young Publius with the cavalry to give help to those in trouble. **224** Eius impetum sustinēre nōn potuērunt hostēs et omnēs terga vertērunt. The enemy could not withstand his attack, and all turned their backs. **225** Eōs in fugam datōs Pūblius subsecūtus est ūsque ad flūmen Rhēnum, quod ab eō locō quīnque mīlia passuum aberat. When they had been put to flight, Publius pursued them all the way to the river Rhine, which was five miles from that place. **226** Ibi paucī salūtem sibi repperērunt. There a few found safety for themselves. **227** Omnibus reliquīs interfectīs, Pūblius et equitēs in castra sēsē recēpērunt. When all the rest had been killed, Publius and the horsemen withdrew into camp. **228** Dē hāc calamitāte fīnitimae gentēs cum certiōrēs factae essent, ad Caesarem lēgātōs mīsērunt et sē suaque omnia dēdidērunt. When the neighboring tribes had been informed of this disaster, they sent ambassadors to Caesar and surrendered themselves and all their possessions. | word | gloss | |---|---| | suōrum | his men, his friends, from suum |