{"course":{"lang":"la","language":"Latin","title":"Prīmus et Secundus Annus","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/la","source":"Paine and Mainwaring, Prīmus Annus (Oxford, 1912) and Secundus Annus (1917); Appleton and Jones, Puer Rōmānus (1913); D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (Boston, 1911); Ritchie, Fabulae Faciles (1903). Public domain. The teaching pages, the glosses and the narration are ours."},"unit":{"number":31,"id":"la.module.do.72-75","title":"Lessons LXXII–LXXV","stage":"Latin for Beginners II","situation":"The Irregular Verb Eō: Indirect Statements; Vocabulary Review: The Irregular Verb Ferō: The Dative with Compounds; Vocabulary Review: The Subjunctive in Indirect Questions; Vocabulary Review: The Dative of Purpose, or End for Which","outcome":"Lessons LXXII to LXXV of D'Ooge, read whole; with the Lentulus reader","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/la/31","lines":180},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/courses/la/30","next":"https://1732studios.com/courses/la/32","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/","sections":[{"title":"The Irregular Verb Eō: Indirect Statements (D'Ooge LXXII)","teaching":[{"title":"Latin reports without that","paragraphs":["Gallī sunt fortēs means \"The Gauls are brave.\"","Dīxit Gallōs esse fortīs is an indirect statement. It reports Gallī sunt fortēs without quoting its exact words.","English adds that. Latin does not."]},{"title":"Accusative subject, infinitive verb","paragraphs":["Gallī sunt fortēs has nominative Gallī and finite sunt.","After Dīxit, Gallī becomes accusative Gallōs and sunt becomes infinitive esse.","In an indirect statement, the subject is accusative and the verb is infinitive."]},{"title":"The infinitive marks the time","paragraphs":["Dīxit Gallōs esse fortīs uses present esse because the direct statement has sunt.","For erant, Latin uses perfect fuisse. For erunt, it uses future futūrōs esse.","Past Dīxit does not change the infinitive's tense. The infinitive marks the original statement's time."]}],"lines":[{"number":1,"id":"la.do.L72.x.1","source":"Gallī sunt fortēs","translation":"The Gauls are brave","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Gallī","gloss":"gallus: a Gaul"},{"text":"sunt","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"fortēs","gloss":"fortis: brave"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L72.x.1.m4a"},{"number":2,"id":"la.do.L72.x.2","source":"Gallī erant fortēs","translation":"The Gauls were brave","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Gallī","gloss":"gallus: a Gaul"},{"text":"erant","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"fortēs","gloss":"fortis: brave"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L72.x.2.m4a"},{"number":3,"id":"la.do.L72.x.3","source":"Gallī erunt fortēs","translation":"The Gauls will be brave","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Gallī","gloss":"gallus: a Gaul"},{"text":"erunt","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"fortēs","gloss":"fortis: brave"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L72.x.3.m4a"},{"number":4,"id":"la.do.L72.x.4","source":"Dīxit Gallōs esse fortīs","translation":"He says or He said the Gauls to be brave","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dīxit","gloss":"dico2: say, speak, tell"},{"text":"Gallōs","gloss":"Gallus: a Gaul"},{"text":"esse","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"fortīs","gloss":"fortis: brave"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L72.x.4.m4a"},{"number":5,"id":"la.do.L72.x.5","source":"Dīxit Gallōs fuisse fortīs","translation":"He says or He said the Gauls to have been brave","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dīxit","gloss":"dico2: say, speak, tell"},{"text":"Gallōs","gloss":"Gallus: a Gaul"},{"text":"fuisse","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"fortīs","gloss":"fortis: brave"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L72.x.5.m4a"},{"number":6,"id":"la.do.L72.x.6","source":"Dīxit Gallōs futūrōs esse fortīs","translation":"He says or He said the Gauls to be about to be brave","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dīxit","gloss":"dico2: say, speak, tell"},{"text":"Gallōs","gloss":"Gallus: a Gaul"},{"text":"futūrōs","gloss":"futurus: about to be"},{"text":"esse","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"fortīs","gloss":"fortis: brave"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L72.x.6.m4a"},{"number":7,"id":"la.do.L72.x.7","source":"postrīdiē eius diēī","translation":"on the next day (lit. on the next day of that day)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"postrīdiē","gloss":"postridie: on the next day"},{"text":"eius","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"diēī","gloss":"dies: day"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L72.x.7.m4a"},{"number":8,"id":"la.do.L72.x.8","source":"initā aestāte","translation":"at the beginning of summer","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"initā","gloss":"inito: enter"},{"text":"aestāte","gloss":"aestas: summer"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L72.x.8.m4a"},{"number":9,"id":"la.do.L72.x.9","source":"memoriā tenēre","translation":"to remember (lit. to hold by memory)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"memoriā","gloss":"memoria: memory"},{"text":"tenēre","gloss":"teneo: keep, hold"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L72.x.9.m4a"},{"number":10,"id":"la.do.L72.x.10","source":"per explōrātōrēs cognōscere","translation":"to learn through scouts","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"per","gloss":"through"},{"text":"explōrātōrēs","gloss":"explorator: scout, spy"},{"text":"cognōscere","gloss":"cognosco: learn; know"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L72.x.10.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":412,"text":"D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LXXII, §§412-421\n\n§412. Learn the principal parts and the conjugation of eō, go (§499).\n\na. Notice that ī-, the root of eō, is changed to e- before a vowel, excepting in iēns, the nominative of the present participle. In the perfect system -v- is regularly dropped.\n\n[ Conjugation given in §499:\n\nPRINCIPAL PARTS eō, īre, iī (īvī), ĭtum (n. perf. part.)\nPRES. STEM ī-\nPERF. STEM ī- or īv-\nPART. STEM it-\n\n        INDICATIVE       SUBJUNCTIVE                IMPERATIVE\n        SING.  PLUR.\nPres. eō   īmus        eam             2d Pers. ī     īte\n        īs   ītis\n        it   eunt\nImpf. ībam             īrem\nFut.    ībō              ----            2d Pers. ītō   ītōte\n                                         3d Pers. ītō   euntō\nPerf. iī (īvī)        ierim (īverim)\nPlup. ieram (īveram)  īssem (īvissem)\nF. P. ierō (īverō)\n\nINFINITIVE\nPres. īre\nPerf. īsse (īvisse)\nFut.    itūrus, -a, -um   esse\n\nPARTICIPLES\nPres. iēns, gen. euntis (§472)\nFut.    itūrus, -a, -um\nGer.    eundum\n\nGERUND\nGen.    eundī\nDat.    eundō\nAcc.    eundum\nAbl.    eundō\n\nSUPINE\nAcc.    [[itum]]\nAbl.    [[itū]] ]"},{"section":413,"text":"§413. Learn the meaning and principal parts of the following compounds of eō with prepositions:\n\nad´eō, adī´re, ad´iī, ad´itus, go to, visit, with the accusative ex´eō, exī´re, ex´iī, ex´itus, go forth, with ex or dē and the ablative of the place from which in´eō, inī´re, in´iī, in´itus, begin, enter upon, with the accusative red´eō, redī´re, red´iī, red´itus, return, with ad or in and the accusative of the place to which trāns´eō, trānsī´re, trāns´iī, trāns´itus, cross, with the accusative"},{"section":414,"text":"§414. Indirect Statements in English. Direct statements are those which the speaker or writer makes himself or which are quoted in his exact language. Indirect statements are those reported in a different form of words from that used by the speaker or writer. Compare the following direct and indirect statements:\n\n                    { 1. The Gauls are brave\nDirect statements   { 2. The Gauls were brave\n                    { 3. The Gauls will be brave\n\nIndirect statements { 1. He says that the Gauls are brave\n  after a verb in   { 2. He says that the Gauls were brave\n  the present tense { 3. He says that the Gauls will be brave\n\nIndirect statements { 1. He said that the Gauls were brave\n  after a verb in   { 2. He said that the Gauls had been brave\n  a past tense      { 3. He said that the Gauls would be brave\n\nWe see that in English\n\na. The indirect statement forms a clause introduced by the conjunction that.\n\nb. The verb is finite (cf. §173) and its subject is in the nominative.\n\nc. The tenses of the verbs originally used are changed after the past tense, He said."},{"section":415,"text":"§415. Indirect Statements in Latin. In Latin the direct and indirect statements above would be as follows:\n\n  DIRECT   { 1. Gallī sunt fortēs\nSTATEMENTS { 2. Gallī erant fortēs\n           { 3. Gallī erunt fortēs\n\n           { 1. Dīcit or Dīxit Gallōs esse fortīs\n           {    (He says or He said\n           {     the Gauls to be brave)[1]\n INDIRECT  { 2. Dīcit or Dīxit Gallōs fuisse fortīs\nSTATEMENTS {    (He says or He said\n           {     the Gauls to have been brave)[1]\n           { 3. Dīcit or Dīxit Gallōs futūrōs esse fortīs\n           {    (He says or He said\n           {     the Gauls to be about to be brave)[1]\n[1] These parenthetical renderings are not inserted as translations, but merely to show the literal meaning of the Latin.\n\nComparing these Latin indirect statements with the English in the preceding section, we observe three marked differences:\n\na. There is no conjunction corresponding to that.\n\nb. The verb is in the infinitive and its subject is in the accusative.\n\nc. The tenses of the infinitive are not changed after a past tense of the principal verb."},{"section":416,"text":"§416. RULE. Indirect Statements. When a direct statement becomes indirect, the principal verb is changed to the infinitive and its subject nominative becomes subject accusative of the infinitive."},{"section":417,"text":"§417. Tenses of the Infinitive. When the sentences in §415 were changed from the direct to the indirect form of statement, sunt became esse, erant became fuisse, and erunt became futūrōs esse."},{"section":418,"text":"§418. RULE. Infinitive Tenses in Indirect Statements. A present indicative of a direct statement becomes present infinitive of the indirect, a past indicative becomes perfect infinitive, and a future indicative becomes future infinitive.\n\nNOTE. When translating into Latin an English indirect statement, first decide what tense of the indicative would have been used in the direct form. That will show you what tense of the infinitive to use in the indirect."},{"section":419,"text":"§419. RULE. Verbs followed by Indirect Statements. The accusative-with-infinitive construction in indirect statements is found after verbs of saying, telling, knowing, thinking, and perceiving."},{"section":420,"text":"§420. Verbs regularly followed by indirect statements are:\n\na. Verbs of saying and telling:\n  dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictus, say\n  negō, negāre, negāvī, negātus, deny, say not\n  nūntiō, nūntiāre, nūntiāvī, nūntiātus, announce\n  respondeō, respondēre, respondī, respōnsus, reply\n\nb. Verbs of knowing:\n  cognōscō, cognōscere, cognōvī, cognitus, learn,\n    (in the perf.) know\n  sciō, scīre, scīvī, scītus, know\n\nc. Verbs of thinking: arbitror, arbitrārī, arbitrātus sum, think, consider exīstimō, exīstimāre, exīstimāvī, exīstimātus, think, believe iūdicō, iūdicāre, iūdicāvi, iūdicātus, judge, decide putō, putāre, putāvī, putātus, reckon, think spērō, spērāre, spērāvi, spērātus, hope\n\nd. Verbs of perceiving:\n  audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītus, hear\n  sentiō, sentīre, sēnsī, sēnsus, feel, perceive\n  videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsus, see\n  intellegō, intellegere, intellēxī, intellēctus, understand,\n    perceive\n\nLearn such of these verbs as are new to you."},{"section":421,"text":"§421. IDIOMS\n  postrīdiē eius diēī, on the next day\n    (lit. on the next day of that day)\n  initā aestāte, at the beginning of summer\n  memoriā tenēre, to remember (lit. to hold by memory)\n  per explōrātōrēs cognōscere, to learn through scouts"}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Latin into English (D'Ooge LXXII)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":11,"id":"la.do.L72.e1.5","source":"Caesar per explorātores cognōvit Gallōs flūmen trānsīsse.","translation":"Caesar learned through scouts that the Gauls had crossed the river.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Caesar","gloss":"Cæsar"},{"text":"per","gloss":"through"},{"text":"explorātores","gloss":"explorator: scout, spy"},{"text":"cognōvit","gloss":"cognosco: learn; know"},{"text":"Gallōs","gloss":"Gallus: a Gaul"},{"text":"flūmen","gloss":"flumen: river"},{"text":"trānsīsse.","gloss":"transeo: go across, cross"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L72.e1.5.m4a"},{"number":12,"id":"la.do.L72.e1.6","source":"Rōmānī audīvērunt Helvētiōs initā aestāte dē fīnibus suīs exitūrōs esse.","translation":"The Romans heard that the Helvetii, at the beginning of summer, would go out from their territory.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Rōmānī","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"audīvērunt","gloss":"audio: hear, listen to"},{"text":"Helvētiōs","gloss":"Helvetii: the Helvetii"},{"text":"initā","gloss":"inito: enter"},{"text":"aestāte","gloss":"aestas: summer"},{"text":"dē","gloss":"de: down from; concerning"},{"text":"fīnibus","gloss":"finis: end, limit; country, territory"},{"text":"suīs","gloss":"suus: his, her, hers, its, their, theirs"},{"text":"exitūrōs","gloss":"exeo: go out, go forth"},{"text":"esse.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L72.e1.6.m4a"},{"number":13,"id":"la.do.L72.e1.7","source":"Legātī respondērunt nēminem ante Caesarem illam īnsulam adīsse.","translation":"The ambassadors answered that no one before Caesar had gone to that island.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Legātī","gloss":"legatus: lieutenant, ambassador"},{"text":"respondērunt","gloss":"respondeo: respond, reply"},{"text":"nēminem","gloss":"nemo: no one"},{"text":"ante","gloss":"before"},{"text":"Caesarem","gloss":"Caesar: Cæsar"},{"text":"illam","gloss":"ille: that; he, she, it"},{"text":"īnsulam","gloss":"insula: island"},{"text":"adīsse.","gloss":"adeo: go to, approach, draw near, visit"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L72.e1.7.m4a"},{"number":14,"id":"la.do.L72.e1.8","source":"Prīncipēs Gallōrum dīcunt sē nūllum cōnsilium contrā Caesaris imperium initūrōs esse.","translation":"The chiefs of the Gauls say that they will form no plan against the authority of Caesar.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Prīncipēs","gloss":"princeps: chief"},{"text":"Gallōrum","gloss":"Gallus: a Gaul"},{"text":"dīcunt","gloss":"dico2: say, speak, tell"},{"text":"sē","gloss":"sui: of himself (herself, itself, themselves)"},{"text":"nūllum","gloss":"nullus: not any, none, no"},{"text":"cōnsilium","gloss":"consilium: plan"},{"text":"contrā","gloss":"contra: against, contrary to"},{"text":"Caesaris","gloss":"Caesar: Cæsar"},{"text":"imperium","gloss":"command, chief power; empire"},{"text":"initūrōs","gloss":"ineo: go into; enter upon, begin"},{"text":"esse.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L72.e1.8.m4a"},{"number":15,"id":"la.do.L72.e1.9","source":"Arbitrāmur potentiam rēgīnae esse maiōrem quam cīvium.","translation":"We think that the power of the queen is greater than that of the citizens.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Arbitrāmur","gloss":"arbitror: think, suppose"},{"text":"potentiam","gloss":"potentia: power"},{"text":"rēgīnae","gloss":"regina: queen"},{"text":"esse","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"maiōrem","gloss":"magnus: great, large; strong, loud"},{"text":"quam","gloss":"than"},{"text":"cīvium.","gloss":"civis: citizen"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L72.e1.9.m4a"},{"number":16,"id":"la.do.L72.e1.10","source":"Rōmānī negant se lībertātem Gallīs ēreptūrōs esse.","translation":"The Romans deny that they will rob the Gauls of their liberty.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Rōmānī","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"negant","gloss":"nego: deny, say not"},{"text":"se","gloss":"sui: of himself (herself, itself, themselves)"},{"text":"lībertātem","gloss":"libertas: liberty"},{"text":"Gallīs","gloss":"Gallus: a Gaul"},{"text":"ēreptūrōs","gloss":"snatch away, take by force"},{"text":"esse.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L72.e1.10.m4a"},{"number":17,"id":"la.do.L72.e1.11","source":"Hīs rēbus cognitīs sēnsimus lēgātōs non vēnisse ad pācem petendam.","translation":"When these things had been learned, we perceived that the ambassadors had not come to seek peace.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hīs","gloss":"hic: this"},{"text":"rēbus","gloss":"res: thing, matter"},{"text":"cognitīs","gloss":"cognosco: learn; know"},{"text":"sēnsimus","gloss":"sentio: feel, know, perceive"},{"text":"lēgātōs","gloss":"legatus: lieutenant, ambassador"},{"text":"non","gloss":"not"},{"text":"vēnisse","gloss":"venio: come, go"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"pācem","gloss":"pax: peace"},{"text":"petendam.","gloss":"peto: aim at, assail, storm, attack; seek, ask"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L72.e1.11.m4a"},{"number":18,"id":"la.do.L72.e1.12","source":"Helvētii sciunt Rōmānōs priōrēs victōriās memoriā tenēre.","translation":"The Helvetii know that the Romans hold their former victories in memory.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Helvētii","gloss":"Helvetii: the Helvetii"},{"text":"sciunt","gloss":"scio: know"},{"text":"Rōmānōs","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"priōrēs","gloss":"prior: former"},{"text":"victōriās","gloss":"victoria: victory"},{"text":"memoriā","gloss":"memoria: memory"},{"text":"tenēre.","gloss":"teneo: keep, hold"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L72.e1.12.m4a"},{"number":19,"id":"la.do.L72.e1.13","source":"Sociī cum intellegerent multōs vulnerārī, statuērunt in suōs fīnīs redīre.","translation":"The allies, since they understood that many were being wounded, decided to return into their own territory.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Sociī","gloss":"socius: companion, ally"},{"text":"cum","gloss":"when; since; although"},{"text":"intellegerent","gloss":"intellego: perceive, understand"},{"text":"multōs","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"vulnerārī,","gloss":"vulnero: wound"},{"text":"statuērunt","gloss":"statuo: fix, decide"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"suōs","gloss":"suus: his, her, hers, its, their, theirs"},{"text":"fīnīs","gloss":"finis: end, limit; country, territory"},{"text":"redīre.","gloss":"redeo: go back, return"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L72.e1.13.m4a"},{"number":20,"id":"la.do.L72.e1.14","source":"Aliquis nūntiāvit Mārcum cōnsulem creātum esse.","translation":"Someone announced that Marcus had been made consul.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Aliquis","gloss":"aliqui: anyone/anybody/anything"},{"text":"nūntiāvit","gloss":"nuntio: report, announce"},{"text":"Mārcum","gloss":"Marcus: Marcus, Mark"},{"text":"cōnsulem","gloss":"consul: consul"},{"text":"creātum","gloss":"creo: make; elect, appoint"},{"text":"esse.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L72.e1.14.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ēreptūrōs","gloss":"snatch away, take by force"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Give the forms (D'Ooge LXXII)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":21,"id":"la.do.L72.e1.4","source":"Nē īrent, ī, ībant, ierat.","translation":"That they might not go, go (sing.), they were going, he had gone.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nē","gloss":"ne: in order that not, that"},{"text":"īrent,","gloss":"eo: go"},{"text":"ī,","gloss":"eo: go"},{"text":"ībant,","gloss":"eo: go"},{"text":"ierat.","gloss":"eo: go"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L72.e1.4.m4a"},{"number":22,"id":"la.do.L72.e1.1.hw","source":"eō","translation":"go","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"eō","gloss":"go"}],"audio":null},{"number":23,"id":"la.do.L72.e1.2.hw","source":"eō","translation":"go","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"eō","gloss":"go"}],"audio":null},{"number":24,"id":"la.do.L72.e1.3.hw","source":"eō","translation":"go","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"eō","gloss":"go"}],"audio":null}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"English into Latin (D'Ooge LXXII)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":25,"id":"la.do.L72.e2.1","source":"Puer est tardus. Dīcit puerum esse, fuisse, futūrum esse tardum.","translation":"The boy is slow. He says that the boy is, was, (and) will be slow.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Puer","gloss":"boy"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"tardus.","gloss":"slow"},{"text":"Dīcit","gloss":"dico2: say, speak, tell"},{"text":"puerum","gloss":"puer: boy"},{"text":"esse,","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"fuisse,","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"futūrum","gloss":"futurus: about to be"},{"text":"esse","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"tardum.","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L72.e2.1.m4a"},{"number":26,"id":"la.do.L72.e2.2","source":"Equus est, fuit, erit validus. Iūdicāvit equum esse, fuisse, futūrum esse validum.","translation":"The horse is, has been, (and) will be strong. He judged that the horse was, had been, (and) would be strong.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Equus","gloss":"horse"},{"text":"est,","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"fuit,","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"erit","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"validus.","gloss":"strong, able, well"},{"text":"Iūdicāvit","gloss":""},{"text":"equum","gloss":"equus: horse"},{"text":"esse,","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"fuisse,","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"futūrum","gloss":"futurus: about to be"},{"text":"esse","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"validum.","gloss":"validus: strong, able, well"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L72.e2.2.m4a"},{"number":27,"id":"la.do.L72.e2.3","source":"Arbitrāmur exercitum initā aestāte ex castrīs exitūrum esse.","translation":"We think that the army will go forth from the camp at the beginning of summer.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Arbitrāmur","gloss":"arbitror: think, suppose"},{"text":"exercitum","gloss":"exercitus2: army, infantry"},{"text":"initā","gloss":"inito: enter"},{"text":"aestāte","gloss":"aestas: summer"},{"text":"ex","gloss":"out of, from"},{"text":"castrīs","gloss":"castrum: fort; camp"},{"text":"exitūrum","gloss":"exeo: come/go/sail/march/move out/forth/away, leave"},{"text":"esse.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L72.e2.3.m4a"},{"number":28,"id":"la.do.L72.e2.4","source":"Postrīdiē eius diēī per explōrātōrēs cognōvimus oppidum hostium decem mīlia passuum abesse.","translation":"The next day we learned through scouts that the enemy’s town was ten miles off.[2]","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Postrīdiē","gloss":"postridie: on the next day"},{"text":"eius","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"diēī","gloss":"dies: day"},{"text":"per","gloss":"through"},{"text":"explōrātōrēs","gloss":"explorator: scout, spy"},{"text":"cognōvimus","gloss":""},{"text":"oppidum","gloss":"town"},{"text":"hostium","gloss":"hostis: enemy"},{"text":"decem","gloss":"ten"},{"text":"mīlia","gloss":"mille: thousand"},{"text":"passuum","gloss":"passus3: a pace"},{"text":"abesse.","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L72.e2.4.m4a"},{"number":29,"id":"la.do.L72.e2.5","source":"Rēx respondit ōrnāmenta esse rēgīnae.","translation":"The king replied that the ornaments belonged to[3] the queen.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Rēx","gloss":"rex: king"},{"text":"respondit","gloss":"respondeo: respond, reply"},{"text":"ōrnāmenta","gloss":"ornamentum: ornament, jewel"},{"text":"esse","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"rēgīnae.","gloss":"regina: queen"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L72.e2.5.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Publius Goes to Germany: Its Great Forests and Strange Animals (Lentulus LXXII)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":30,"id":"la.do.R72.1","source":"Initā aestāte Caesar litterīs certior fīēbat et per explōrātōrēs cognōscēbat plūrīs cīvitātēs Galliae novīs rēbus studēre, et contrā populum Rōmānum coniūrāre obsidēsque inter sē dare, atque cum hīs Germānōs quōsdam quoque sēsē coniūnctūrōs esse.","translation":"At the beginning of summer Caesar was being informed by letters, and was learning through scouts, that several states of Gaul were eager for revolution, and were conspiring against the Roman people and giving hostages among themselves, and that certain Germans too would join themselves with these.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Initā","gloss":"inito: enter"},{"text":"aestāte","gloss":"aestas: summer"},{"text":"Caesar","gloss":"Cæsar"},{"text":"litterīs","gloss":"littera: a letter"},{"text":"certior","gloss":"certus: fixed, certain, sure"},{"text":"fīēbat","gloss":"fio: become, be made"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"per","gloss":"through"},{"text":"explōrātōrēs","gloss":"explorator: scout, spy"},{"text":"cognōscēbat","gloss":"cognosco: learn; know"},{"text":"plūrīs","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"cīvitātēs","gloss":"civitas: citizenship; body of citizens, state"},{"text":"Galliae","gloss":"Gallia: Gaul"},{"text":"novīs","gloss":"novus: new"},{"text":"rēbus","gloss":"res: thing, matter"},{"text":"studēre,","gloss":"studeo: give attention to, be eager"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"contrā","gloss":"contra: against, contrary to"},{"text":"populum","gloss":"populus: people"},{"text":"Rōmānum","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"coniūrāre","gloss":"conjuro: unite by oath, conspire"},{"text":"obsidēsque","gloss":"obses: hostage"},{"text":"inter","gloss":"between, among"},{"text":"sē","gloss":"sui: of himself (herself, itself, themselves)"},{"text":"dare,","gloss":"do: give"},{"text":"atque","gloss":"and"},{"text":"cum","gloss":"when; since; although"},{"text":"hīs","gloss":"hic: this"},{"text":"Germānōs","gloss":"Germanus: German"},{"text":"quōsdam","gloss":"quidam: a certain one, a certain, a"},{"text":"quoque","gloss":"also; after"},{"text":"sēsē","gloss":"sui: of himself (herself, itself, themselves)"},{"text":"coniūnctūrōs","gloss":"connected word/proposition"},{"text":"esse.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R72.1.m4a"},{"number":31,"id":"la.do.R72.2","source":"Hīs litterīs nūntiīsque commōtus Caesar cōnstituit quam celerrimē in Gallōs proficīscī, ut eōs inopīnantīs opprimeret, et Labiēnum lēgātum cum duābus legiōnibus peditum et duōbus mīlibus equitum in Germānōs mittere. Itaque rē frūmentāriā comparātā castra mōvit.","translation":"Alarmed by these letters and messages, Caesar decided to set out against the Gauls as quickly as possible, in order to crush them unawares, and to send Labienus, his lieutenant, with two legions of infantry and two thousand horsemen against the Germans. And so, having provided a supply of grain, he moved his camp.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hīs","gloss":"hic: this"},{"text":"litterīs","gloss":"littera: a letter"},{"text":"nūntiīsque","gloss":"female messenger"},{"text":"commōtus","gloss":"commotus2: moved, excited"},{"text":"Caesar","gloss":"Cæsar"},{"text":"cōnstituit","gloss":"constituo: establish, determine, resolve"},{"text":"quam","gloss":"than"},{"text":"celerrimē","gloss":"celer: swift, quick"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"Gallōs","gloss":"Gallus: a Gaul"},{"text":"proficīscī,","gloss":"proficiscor: set out"},{"text":"ut","gloss":"that, in order that, that not"},{"text":"eōs","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"inopīnantīs","gloss":"inopinor: be in/on/there"},{"text":"opprimeret,","gloss":"opprimo: crush; surprise"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"Labiēnum","gloss":"Labienus: La-bi-enus"},{"text":"lēgātum","gloss":"legatus: lieutenant, ambassador"},{"text":"cum","gloss":"when; since; although"},{"text":"duābus","gloss":"duo: two"},{"text":"legiōnibus","gloss":"legio: legion"},{"text":"peditum","gloss":"pedes: foot soldier"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"duōbus","gloss":"duo: two"},{"text":"mīlibus","gloss":"mille: thousand"},{"text":"equitum","gloss":"eques: horseman, cavalryman"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"Germānōs","gloss":"Germanus: German"},{"text":"mittere.","gloss":"mitto: send"},{"text":"Itaque","gloss":"and so, therefore, accordingly"},{"text":"rē","gloss":"res: thing, matter"},{"text":"frūmentāriā","gloss":"frumentarius: pertaining to grain"},{"text":"comparātā","gloss":"comparo: prepare; provide, get"},{"text":"castra","gloss":"castrum: fort; camp"},{"text":"mōvit.","gloss":"moveo: move"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R72.2.m4a"},{"number":32,"id":"la.do.R72.3","source":"Ab utrōque rēs bene gesta est; nam Caesar tam celeriter in hostium fīnīs pervēnit ut spatium cōpiās cōgendī nōn darētur; et Labiēnus dē Germānīs tam grave supplicium sūmpsit ut nēmō ex eā gente in reliquum tempus Gallīs auxilium dare audēret.","translation":"By both the affair was well managed; for Caesar reached the territory of the enemy so quickly that no time was given for collecting forces; and Labienus inflicted so heavy a punishment on the Germans that no one of that nation for the time to come dared to give help to the Gauls.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ab","gloss":"from, by"},{"text":"utrōque","gloss":"uterque: each of two, each, both"},{"text":"rēs","gloss":"res: thing, matter"},{"text":"bene","gloss":"well"},{"text":"gesta","gloss":"gero: bear, carry on; wear"},{"text":"est;","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"nam","gloss":"for"},{"text":"Caesar","gloss":"Cæsar"},{"text":"tam","gloss":"so"},{"text":"celeriter","gloss":"quickly"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"hostium","gloss":"hostis: enemy"},{"text":"fīnīs","gloss":"finis: end, limit; country, territory"},{"text":"pervēnit","gloss":"pervenio: come through, arrive"},{"text":"ut","gloss":"that, in order that, that not"},{"text":"spatium","gloss":"room, space, distance; time"},{"text":"cōpiās","gloss":"copia: plenty, abundance; troops, forces"},{"text":"cōgendī","gloss":"cogo: collect; compel"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"darētur;","gloss":"do: give"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"Labiēnus","gloss":"Labienus: La-bi-enus"},{"text":"dē","gloss":"de: down from; concerning"},{"text":"Germānīs","gloss":"Germanus: German"},{"text":"tam","gloss":"so"},{"text":"grave","gloss":"gravis: heavy, severe, serious"},{"text":"supplicium","gloss":"punishment, torture"},{"text":"sūmpsit","gloss":"sumo: take up, assume"},{"text":"ut","gloss":"that, in order that, that not"},{"text":"nēmō","gloss":"nemo: no one"},{"text":"ex","gloss":"out of, from"},{"text":"eā","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"gente","gloss":"gens: race, tribe, nation"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"reliquum","gloss":"reliquus: remaining, rest of; the rest"},{"text":"tempus","gloss":"time"},{"text":"Gallīs","gloss":"Gallus: a Gaul"},{"text":"auxilium","gloss":"help, aid"},{"text":"dare","gloss":"do: give"},{"text":"audēret.","gloss":"audeo: dare"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R72.3.m4a"},{"number":33,"id":"la.do.R72.4","source":"Hoc iter in Germāniam Pūblius quoque fēcit et, cum ibi morārētur, multa mīrābilia vīdit.","translation":"This journey into Germany Publius also made, and while he was staying there he saw many wonderful things.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hoc","gloss":"hic: this"},{"text":"iter","gloss":"march, journey, route"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"Germāniam","gloss":"Germania: Germany"},{"text":"Pūblius","gloss":"Publius: Publius (Roman praenomen)"},{"text":"quoque","gloss":"also; after"},{"text":"fēcit","gloss":"facio: make, do; cause, bring about"},{"text":"et,","gloss":"and"},{"text":"cum","gloss":"when; since; although"},{"text":"ibi","gloss":"there, in that place"},{"text":"morārētur,","gloss":"moror: delay"},{"text":"multa","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"mīrābilia","gloss":"mirabilis: wonderful, marvelous"},{"text":"vīdit.","gloss":"video: see, perceive"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R72.4.m4a"},{"number":34,"id":"la.do.R72.5","source":"Praesertim vērō ingentem silvam mīrābātur, quae tantae magnitūdinis esse dīcēbātur ut nēmō eam trānsīre posset, nec quisquam scīret aut initium aut fīnem.","translation":"Especially, indeed, he wondered at a huge forest, which was said to be of such great size that no one could cross it, nor did anyone know either its beginning or its end.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Praesertim","gloss":"especially, chiefly"},{"text":"vērō","gloss":"vero: truly, indeed, in fact; but, however"},{"text":"ingentem","gloss":"ingens: huge, vast"},{"text":"silvam","gloss":"silva: wood, forest"},{"text":"mīrābātur,","gloss":"miror: wonder, marvel, admire"},{"text":"quae","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"tantae","gloss":"tantus: so great"},{"text":"magnitūdinis","gloss":"magnitudo: size, magnitude"},{"text":"esse","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"dīcēbātur","gloss":"dico2: say, speak, tell"},{"text":"ut","gloss":"that, in order that, that not"},{"text":"nēmō","gloss":"nemo: no one"},{"text":"eam","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"trānsīre","gloss":"transeo: go across, cross"},{"text":"posset,","gloss":"possum: be able, can"},{"text":"nec","gloss":"neque: neither, nor, and ... not"},{"text":"quisquam","gloss":"any one"},{"text":"scīret","gloss":"scio: know"},{"text":"aut","gloss":"or"},{"text":"initium","gloss":"entrance, beginning"},{"text":"aut","gloss":"or"},{"text":"fīnem.","gloss":"finis: end, limit; country, territory"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R72.5.m4a"},{"number":35,"id":"la.do.R72.6","source":"Quā dē rē plūra cognōverat ā mīlite quōdam quī ōlim captus ā Germānīs multōs annōs ibi incoluit.","translation":"About this matter he had learned more from a certain soldier who, once captured by the Germans, had lived there many years.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quā","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"dē","gloss":"de: down from; concerning"},{"text":"rē","gloss":"res: thing, matter"},{"text":"plūra","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"cognōverat","gloss":"cognosco: learn; know"},{"text":"ā","gloss":"a: from, by, off"},{"text":"mīlite","gloss":"miles: soldier"},{"text":"quōdam","gloss":"quidam: a certain one, a certain, a"},{"text":"quī","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"ōlim","gloss":"olim: formerly, once upon a time"},{"text":"captus","gloss":"capio: take, seize, capture"},{"text":"ā","gloss":"a: from, by, off"},{"text":"Germānīs","gloss":"Germanus: German"},{"text":"multōs","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"annōs","gloss":"annus: year"},{"text":"ibi","gloss":"there, in that place"},{"text":"incoluit.","gloss":"incolo: inhabit; dwell"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R72.6.m4a"},{"number":36,"id":"la.do.R72.7","source":"Ille dē silvā dīcēns, “Īnfīnītae magnitūdinis est haec silva,” inquit; “nee quisquam est huius Germāniae quī initium eius sciat aut ad fīnem adierit.","translation":"He, speaking about the forest, said, \"This forest is of boundless size; nor is there anyone of this part of Germany who knows its beginning or has gone to its end.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ille","gloss":"that; he, she, it"},{"text":"dē","gloss":"de: down from; concerning"},{"text":"silvā","gloss":"silva: wood, forest"},{"text":"dīcēns,","gloss":"dico2: say, speak, tell"},{"text":"“Īnfīnītae","gloss":"infinitus: boundless, endless"},{"text":"magnitūdinis","gloss":"magnitudo: size, magnitude"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"haec","gloss":"hic: this"},{"text":"silva,”","gloss":"wood, forest"},{"text":"inquit;","gloss":"inquam: say (defective)"},{"text":"“nee","gloss":"nec: and not, nor (printed nee for nec)"},{"text":"quisquam","gloss":"any one"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"huius","gloss":"hic: this"},{"text":"Germāniae","gloss":"Germania: Germany"},{"text":"quī","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"initium","gloss":"entrance, beginning"},{"text":"eius","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"sciat","gloss":"scio: know"},{"text":"aut","gloss":"or"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"fīnem","gloss":"finis: end, limit; country, territory"},{"text":"adierit.","gloss":"adeo: go to, approach, draw near, visit"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R72.7.m4a"},{"number":37,"id":"la.do.R72.8","source":"Nāscuntur illīc multa tālia animālium genera quālia reliquīs in locīs nōn inveniuntur.","translation":"There are born there many such kinds of animals as are not found in other places.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nāscuntur","gloss":"nascor: be born, spring from"},{"text":"illīc","gloss":"illic: yonder, there"},{"text":"multa","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"tālia","gloss":"talis: such"},{"text":"animālium","gloss":"animal: animal"},{"text":"genera","gloss":"genus: kind, variety"},{"text":"quālia","gloss":"qualis: of what sort, what kind of"},{"text":"reliquīs","gloss":"reliquus: remaining, rest of; the rest"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"locīs","gloss":"locus: place, spot"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"inveniuntur.","gloss":"invenio: find"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R72.8.m4a"},{"number":38,"id":"la.do.R72.9","source":"Sunt bovēs quī ūnum cornū habent; sunt etiam animālia quae appellantur alcēs.","translation":"There are oxen which have one horn; there are also animals which are called elks.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Sunt","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"bovēs","gloss":"bos: ox, cow"},{"text":"quī","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"ūnum","gloss":"unus: one; alone"},{"text":"cornū","gloss":"cornu: horn, wing"},{"text":"habent;","gloss":"habeo: have, hold; regard, consider, deem"},{"text":"sunt","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"etiam","gloss":"yet, still; also, besides"},{"text":"animālia","gloss":"animal: animal"},{"text":"quae","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"appellantur","gloss":"appello: call by name, name"},{"text":"alcēs.","gloss":"alces: elk"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R72.9.m4a"},{"number":39,"id":"la.do.R72.10","source":"Hae nūllōs crūrum articulōs habent.","translation":"These have no joints in their legs.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hae","gloss":"hic: this"},{"text":"nūllōs","gloss":"nullus: not any, none, no"},{"text":"crūrum","gloss":"crus: leg"},{"text":"articulōs","gloss":"articulus: joint"},{"text":"habent.","gloss":"habeo: have, hold; regard, consider, deem"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R72.10.m4a"},{"number":40,"id":"la.do.R72.11","source":"Itaque, sī forte concidērunt, sēsē ērigere nūllō modō possunt.","translation":"And so, if by chance they have fallen down, they can in no way raise themselves up.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Itaque,","gloss":"and so, therefore, accordingly"},{"text":"sī","gloss":"si: if"},{"text":"forte","gloss":"fors: chance"},{"text":"concidērunt,","gloss":"concido: fall down"},{"text":"sēsē","gloss":"sui: of himself (herself, itself, themselves)"},{"text":"ērigere","gloss":"erigo: raise up"},{"text":"nūllō","gloss":"nullus: not any, none, no"},{"text":"modō","gloss":"modus: measure; manner, way, mode"},{"text":"possunt.","gloss":"possum: be able, can"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R72.11.m4a"},{"number":41,"id":"la.do.R72.12","source":"Arborēs habent prō cubīlibus; ad eās sē applicant atque ita reclīnātae quiētem capiunt.","translation":"They have trees for beds; they lean against them, and so, reclining, they take their rest.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Arborēs","gloss":"arbor: tree"},{"text":"habent","gloss":"habeo: have, hold; regard, consider, deem"},{"text":"prō","gloss":"pro: before; in behalf of; instead of"},{"text":"cubīlibus;","gloss":"cubile: bed"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"eās","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"sē","gloss":"sui: of himself (herself, itself, themselves)"},{"text":"applicant","gloss":"adplico: connect, place near, bring into contact"},{"text":"atque","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ita","gloss":"thus, in this way, as follows"},{"text":"reclīnātae","gloss":"reclino: bend back"},{"text":"quiētem","gloss":"quies: rest, repose"},{"text":"capiunt.","gloss":"capio: take, seize, capture"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R72.12.m4a"},{"number":42,"id":"la.do.R72.13","source":"Tertium est genus eōrum quī ūrī appellantur.","translation":"There is a third kind, of those which are called uri.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Tertium","gloss":"Tertius: third"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"genus","gloss":"kind, variety"},{"text":"eōrum","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"quī","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"ūrī","gloss":"urion: wild ox"},{"text":"appellantur.","gloss":"appello: call by name, name"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R72.13.m4a"},{"number":43,"id":"la.do.R72.14","source":"Hī sunt paulō minōrēs elephantīs.","translation":"These are a little smaller than elephants.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hī","gloss":"hic: this"},{"text":"sunt","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"paulō","gloss":"paulum: a little, somewhat"},{"text":"minōrēs","gloss":"parvus: small, little"},{"text":"elephantīs.","gloss":"elephantus: elephant"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R72.14.m4a"},{"number":44,"id":"la.do.R72.15","source":"Magna vis eōrum est et magna vēlōcitās.","translation":"Great is their strength and great their speed.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Magna","gloss":"magnus: great, large; strong, loud"},{"text":"vis","gloss":"strength, power, might, violence"},{"text":"eōrum","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"magna","gloss":"magnus: great, large; strong, loud"},{"text":"vēlōcitās.","gloss":"velocitas: swiftness"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R72.15.m4a"},{"number":45,"id":"la.do.R72.16","source":"Neque hominī neque ferae parcunt.”","translation":"They spare neither man nor beast.\"","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Neque","gloss":"neither, nor, and ... not"},{"text":"hominī","gloss":"homo: man, human being"},{"text":"neque","gloss":"neither, nor, and ... not"},{"text":"ferae","gloss":"fera: a wild beast"},{"text":"parcunt.”","gloss":"parco: spare"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R72.16.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"coniūnctūrōs","gloss":"connected word"},{"word":"nūntiīsque","gloss":"female messenger"},{"word":"inopīnantīs","gloss":"be in, from inopinor"},{"word":"audēret","gloss":"dare, from audeo"},{"word":"Īnfīnītae","gloss":"boundless, endless, from infinitus"},{"word":"nee","gloss":"and not, nor, from nec"},{"word":"ūrī","gloss":"wild ox, from urion"},{"word":"vēlōcitās","gloss":"swiftness"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Vocabulary Review: The Irregular Verb Ferō: The Dative with Compounds (D'Ooge LXXIII)","teaching":[{"title":"The verb inside īnferunt","paragraphs":["Germānī Gallīs bellum īnferunt means \"the Germans make war upon the Gauls.\"","Īnferunt is a compound of in and ferō, \"bear.\"","Ferō has the principal parts ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus.","The infinitive forms show the stem change between present ferre and perfect tulisse."]},{"title":"Infinitive","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"A compound can take two objects","paragraphs":["Some verbs compounded with ad, ante, con, dē, in, inter, ob, post, prae, prō, sub, or super admit a dative indirect object.","A transitive compound may also take an accusative direct object.","Īnferunt takes dative Gallīs and accusative bellum in the same sentence."]},{"title":"Four expressions with ferō","paragraphs":["Molestē ferre means \"to be annoyed at\" or \"to be indignant at.\"","Sē cōnferre ad means \"to betake one's self to.\"","Alicui bellum īnferre means \"to make war upon some one.\"","Pedem referre means \"to retreat.\""]}],"lines":[{"number":46,"id":"la.do.L73.x.1","source":"Haec rēs exercituī magnam calamitātem attulit","translation":"this circumstance brought great disaster to the army","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Haec","gloss":"hic: this"},{"text":"rēs","gloss":"res: thing, matter"},{"text":"exercituī","gloss":"exercitus2: army"},{"text":"magnam","gloss":"magnus: great, large; strong, loud"},{"text":"calamitātem","gloss":"calamitas: loss, disaster, defeat"},{"text":"attulit","gloss":"attulo: bring/carry/bear to"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L73.x.1.m4a"},{"number":47,"id":"la.do.L73.x.2","source":"Germānī Gallīs bellum īnferunt","translation":"the Germans make war upon the Gauls","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Germānī","gloss":"Germanus: German"},{"text":"Gallīs","gloss":"Gallus: a Gaul"},{"text":"bellum","gloss":"war"},{"text":"īnferunt","gloss":"infero: bring against or upon, inflict"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L73.x.2.m4a"},{"number":48,"id":"la.do.L73.x.3","source":"Hae cōpiae proeliō nōn intererant","translation":"these troops did not take part in the battle","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hae","gloss":"hic: this"},{"text":"cōpiae","gloss":"copia: plenty, abundance; troops, forces"},{"text":"proeliō","gloss":"proelium: battle"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"intererant","gloss":"intersum: be present, take part in"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L73.x.3.m4a"},{"number":49,"id":"la.do.L73.x.4","source":"Equitēs fugientibus hostibus occurrunt","translation":"the horsemen meet the fleeing enemy","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Equitēs","gloss":"eques: horseman, cavalryman"},{"text":"fugientibus","gloss":"fugio: flee, run; avoid, shun"},{"text":"hostibus","gloss":"hostis: enemy"},{"text":"occurrunt","gloss":"obcurro: hurt"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L73.x.4.m4a"},{"number":50,"id":"la.do.L73.x.5","source":"Galba cōpiīs fīlium praefēcit","translation":"Galba put his son in command of the troops","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Galba","gloss":"Galba"},{"text":"cōpiīs","gloss":"copia: plenty, abundance; troops, forces"},{"text":"fīlium","gloss":"filius: son"},{"text":"praefēcit","gloss":"praeficio: place in command"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L73.x.5.m4a"},{"number":51,"id":"la.do.L73.x.6","source":"molestē ferre","translation":"to be annoyed at, to be indignant at","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"molestē","gloss":"molestus: troublesome, annoying"},{"text":"ferre","gloss":"fero: bear"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L73.x.6.m4a"},{"number":52,"id":"la.do.L73.x.7","source":"sē cōnferre ad","translation":"to betake one's self to","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"sē","gloss":"sui: of himself (herself, itself, themselves)"},{"text":"cōnferre","gloss":"confero: bring together"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L73.x.7.m4a"},{"number":53,"id":"la.do.L73.x.8","source":"alicui bellum īnferre","translation":"to make war upon some one","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"alicui","gloss":"aliqui: anyone/anybody/anything"},{"text":"bellum","gloss":"war"},{"text":"īnferre","gloss":"infero: bring against or upon, inflict"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L73.x.8.m4a"},{"number":54,"id":"la.do.L73.x.9","source":"pedem referre","translation":"to retreat (lit. to bear back the foot)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"pedem","gloss":"pes: foot"},{"text":"referre","gloss":"refero: bear back; report"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L73.x.9.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":423,"text":"D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LXXIII, §§423-427\n\n§423. Review the word lists in §§513, 514."},{"section":424,"text":"§424. Learn the principal parts and conjugation of the verb ferō, bear (§498).\n\n1. Learn the principal parts and meanings of the following compounds of ferō, bear:\n\nad´ferō, adfer´re, at´tulī, adlā´tus, bring to; report cōn´ferō, cōnfer´re, con´tulī, conlā´tus, bring together, collect dē´ferō, dēfer´re, dē´tulī, dēlā´tus, bring to; report; grant, confer īn´ferō, īnfer´re, in´tulī, inlā´tus, bring in, bring against re´ferō, refer´re, ret´tulī, relā´tus, bear back, report\n\n[ Conjugation given in §498:\n\nPRINCIPAL PARTS ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus\nPRES. STEM  fer-    PERF. STEM  tul-    PART. STEM  lāt-\n\nINDICATIVE\n        ACTIVE                    PASSIVE\nPres. ferō      ferimus         feror        ferimur\n        fers      fertīs          ferris, -re  ferimimī\n        fert      ferunt          fertur       feruntur\nImpf. ferēbam                   ferēbar\nFut.    feram, ferēs, etc.        ferar, ferēris, etc.\nPerf. tulī                      lātus, -a, -um sum\nPlup. tuleram                   lātus, -a, -um eram\nF.P.    tulerō                    lātus, -a, -um erō\n\nSUBJUNCTIVE\nPres. feram, ferās, etc.        ferar, ferāris, etc.\nImpf. ferrem                    ferrer\nPerf. tulerim                   lātus, -a, -um sim\nPlup. tulissem                  lātus, -a, -um essem\n\nIMPERATIVE\nPres. 2d Pers.    fer     ferte     ferre    feriminī\nFut. 2d Pers.     fertō   fertōte   fertor\n     3d Pers.     fertō   ferunto   fertor   feruntor\n\nINFINITIVE\nPres. ferre                     ferrī\nPerf. tulisse                   lātus, -a, -um esse\nFut.    lātūrus, -a, -um esse     ----\n\nPARTICIPLES\nPres. ferēns, -entis    Pres. ----\nFut.    lātūrus, -a, -um  Ger.    ferendus, -a, -um\nPerf. ----              Perf. lātus, -a, -um\n\nGERUND\nGen. ferendī\nDat. ferendō\nAcc. ferendum\nAbl. ferendō\n\nSUPINE (Active Voice)\nAcc. [[lātum]]\nAbl. [[lātū]] ]"},{"section":425,"text":"§425. The dative is the case of the indirect object. Many intransitive verbs take an indirect object and are therefore used with the dative (cf. §153). Transitive verbs take a direct object in the accusative; but sometimes they have an indirect object or dative as well. The whole question, then, as to whether or not a verb takes the dative, depends upon its capacity for governing an indirect object. A number of verbs, some transitive and some intransitive, which in their simple form would not take an indirect object, when compounded with certain prepositions, have a meaning which calls for an indirect object. Observe the following sentences:\n\n1. Haec rēs exercituī magnam calamitātem attulit, this circumstance brought great disaster to the army.\n\n2. Germānī Gallīs bellum īnferunt, the Germans make war upon the Gauls.\n\n3. Hae cōpiae proeliō nōn intererant, these troops did not take part in the battle.\n\n4. Equitēs fugientibus hostibus occurrunt, the horsemen meet the fleeing enemy.\n\n5. Galba cōpiīs fīlium praefēcit, Galba put his son in command of the troops.\n\nIn each sentence there is a dative, and in each a verb combined with a preposition. In no case would the simple verb take the dative."},{"section":426,"text":"§426. RULE. Dative with Compounds. Some verbs compounded with ad, ante, con, dē, in, inter, ob, post, prae, prō, sub, super, admit the dative of the indirect object. Transitive compounds may take both an accusative and a dative.\n\nNOTE 1. Among such verbs are[1]\n[1] But the accusative with ad or in is used with some of these, when the idea of motion to or against is strong.\n\nad´ferō, adfer´re, at´tulī, adlā´tus, bring to; report ad´sum, ades´se, ad´fuī, adfutū´rus, assist; be present dē´ferō, dēfer´re, dē´tulī, dēlātus, report; grant, confer dē´sum, dees´se, dē´fuī,----, be wanting, be lacking īn´ferō, īnfer´re, in´tulī, inlā´tus, bring against, bring upon inter´sum, interes´se, inter´fuī, interfutū´rus, take part in occur´rō, occur´rere, occur´rī, occur´sus, run against, meet praefi´ciō, praefi´cere, praefē´cī, praefec´tus, appoint over, place in command of prae´sum, praees´se, prae´fuī, ----, be over, be in command"},{"section":427,"text":"§427. IDIOMS\n\ngraviter or molestē ferre, to be annoyed at, to be indignant at,\n  followed by the accusative and infinitive\nsē cōnferre ad or in, with the accusative,\n  to betake one’s self to\nalicui bellum īnferre, to make war upon some one\npedem referre, to retreat (lit. to bear back the foot)"}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Latin into English (D'Ooge LXXIII)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":55,"id":"la.do.L73.e1.4","source":"Cum nāvigia insulae adpropinquārent, barbarī terrōre commōtī pedem referre cōnātī sunt.","translation":"When the boats were approaching the island, the barbarians, moved by terror, tried to retreat.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Cum","gloss":"when; since; although"},{"text":"nāvigia","gloss":"navigium: boat, ship"},{"text":"insulae","gloss":"insula: island"},{"text":"adpropinquārent,","gloss":"adpropinquo: draw near, approach"},{"text":"barbarī","gloss":"barbarus: strange, foreign, barbarous"},{"text":"terrōre","gloss":"terror: terror, fear"},{"text":"commōtī","gloss":"commoveo: shake/stir up, agitate"},{"text":"pedem","gloss":"pes: foot"},{"text":"referre","gloss":"refero: bear back; report"},{"text":"cōnātī","gloss":"conor: attempt, try"},{"text":"sunt.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L73.e1.4.m4a"},{"number":56,"id":"la.do.L73.e1.5","source":"Gallī molestē ferēbant Rōmānōs agrōs vastāre.","translation":"The Gauls took it ill that the Romans were laying waste their fields.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Gallī","gloss":"gallus: a Gaul"},{"text":"molestē","gloss":"molestus: troublesome, annoying"},{"text":"ferēbant","gloss":"fero: bear"},{"text":"Rōmānōs","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"agrōs","gloss":"ager: field"},{"text":"vastāre.","gloss":"vasto: lay waste, devastate"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L73.e1.5.m4a"},{"number":57,"id":"la.do.L73.e1.6","source":"Caesar sociīs imperāvit nē fīnitimis suīs bellum īnferrent.","translation":"Caesar commanded the allies not to make war on their neighbors.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Caesar","gloss":"Cæsar"},{"text":"sociīs","gloss":"socius: companion, ally"},{"text":"imperāvit","gloss":"impero: command, order"},{"text":"nē","gloss":"ne: in order that not, that"},{"text":"fīnitimis","gloss":"finitimus: bordering upon, neighboring, near to"},{"text":"suīs","gloss":"suus: his, her, hers, its, their, theirs"},{"text":"bellum","gloss":"war"},{"text":"īnferrent.","gloss":"infero: bring against or upon, inflict"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L73.e1.6.m4a"},{"number":58,"id":"la.do.L73.e1.7","source":"Explorātōrēs, qui Caesarī occurrērunt, dīxērunt exercitum hostium vulneribus dēfessum sēsē in alium locum contulisse.","translation":"The scouts who met Caesar said that the army of the enemy, worn out by wounds, had betaken itself to another place.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Explorātōrēs,","gloss":"explorator: scout, spy"},{"text":"qui","gloss":"who, which, what, that"},{"text":"Caesarī","gloss":"Caesar: Cæsar"},{"text":"occurrērunt,","gloss":"obcurro: hurt"},{"text":"dīxērunt","gloss":"dico2: say, speak, tell"},{"text":"exercitum","gloss":"exercitus2: army, infantry"},{"text":"hostium","gloss":"hostis: enemy"},{"text":"vulneribus","gloss":"vulnus: wound"},{"text":"dēfessum","gloss":"defetiscor: become exhausted/suffer exhaustion, grow weary/faint/tired/weak"},{"text":"sēsē","gloss":"sui: of himself (herself, itself, themselves)"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"alium","gloss":"alius2: another, other"},{"text":"locum","gloss":"locus: place, spot"},{"text":"contulisse.","gloss":"confero: bring together"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L73.e1.7.m4a"},{"number":59,"id":"la.do.L73.e1.8","source":"Hostes sciēbant Rōmānōs frūmentō egēre et hanc rem Caesarī summum perīculum adlātūram esse.","translation":"The enemy knew that the Romans lacked grain and that this fact would bring the greatest danger to Caesar.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hostes","gloss":"hostis: enemy"},{"text":"sciēbant","gloss":"scio: know"},{"text":"Rōmānōs","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"frūmentō","gloss":"frumentum: grain"},{"text":"egēre","gloss":"egeo: lack, need, be without"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"hanc","gloss":"hic: this"},{"text":"rem","gloss":"res: thing, matter"},{"text":"Caesarī","gloss":"Caesar: Cæsar"},{"text":"summum","gloss":"summus: highest, greatest"},{"text":"perīculum","gloss":"periculum: danger, peril"},{"text":"adlātūram","gloss":"adfero: bring, convey; report, announce; render, give"},{"text":"esse.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L73.e1.8.m4a"},{"number":60,"id":"la.do.L73.e1.9","source":"Impedīmentīs in ūnum locum conlātis, aliquī mīlitum flūmen quod nōn longē aberat trānsiērunt.","translation":"When the baggage had been collected in one place, some of the soldiers crossed the river which was not far off.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Impedīmentīs","gloss":"impedimentum: hindrance"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"ūnum","gloss":"unus: one; alone"},{"text":"locum","gloss":"locus: place, spot"},{"text":"conlātis,","gloss":"confero: bring together"},{"text":"aliquī","gloss":"aliqui: anyone/anybody/anything"},{"text":"mīlitum","gloss":"miles: soldier"},{"text":"flūmen","gloss":"flumen: river"},{"text":"quod","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"longē","gloss":"longus: long"},{"text":"aberat","gloss":"absum: be away, be absent, be distant"},{"text":"trānsiērunt.","gloss":"transeo: go across, cross"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L73.e1.9.m4a"},{"number":61,"id":"la.do.L73.e1.10","source":"Hōs rēx hortātus est ut ōrāculum adīrent et rēs audītās ad sē referrent.","translation":"The king urged these men to go to the oracle and report to him the things they had heard.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hōs","gloss":"hic: this"},{"text":"rēx","gloss":"rex: king"},{"text":"hortātus","gloss":"hortor: urge, incite, exhort, encourage"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"ut","gloss":"that, in order that, that not"},{"text":"ōrāculum","gloss":"oraculum: oracle"},{"text":"adīrent","gloss":"adeo: go to, approach, draw near, visit"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"rēs","gloss":"res: thing, matter"},{"text":"audītās","gloss":"audio: hear, listen to"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"sē","gloss":"sui: of himself (herself, itself, themselves)"},{"text":"referrent.","gloss":"refero: bear back; report"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L73.e1.10.m4a"},{"number":62,"id":"la.do.L73.e1.11","source":"Quem imperātor illī legiōnī praefēcit? Pūblius illī legiōnī pracerat.","translation":"Whom did the commander put in charge of that legion? Publius was in command of that legion.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quem","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"imperātor","gloss":"imperator: commander in chief, general"},{"text":"illī","gloss":"ille: that; he, she, it"},{"text":"legiōnī","gloss":"legio: legion"},{"text":"praefēcit?","gloss":"praeficio: place in command"},{"text":"Pūblius","gloss":"Publius: Publius (Roman praenomen)"},{"text":"illī","gloss":"ille: that; he, she, it"},{"text":"legiōnī","gloss":"legio: legion"},{"text":"pracerat.","gloss":"praesum: be at the head of, be in command of (printed pracerat for praeerat)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L73.e1.11.m4a"},{"number":63,"id":"la.do.L73.e1.12","source":"Cum esset Caesar in citeriōre Galliā, crēbrī ad eum rūmōrēs adferēbantur litterīsque quoque certior fīēbat Gallōs obsidēs inter sē dare.","translation":"When Caesar was in nearer Gaul, frequent rumors were brought to him, and by letters too he was informed that the Gauls were giving hostages among themselves.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Cum","gloss":"when; since; although"},{"text":"esset","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"Caesar","gloss":"Cæsar"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"citeriōre","gloss":"citer: near/on this side"},{"text":"Galliā,","gloss":"Gallia: Gaul"},{"text":"crēbrī","gloss":"creber: frequent"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"eum","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"rūmōrēs","gloss":"rumor: rumor, report"},{"text":"adferēbantur","gloss":"adfero: bring, convey; report, announce; render, give"},{"text":"litterīsque","gloss":"littera: a letter"},{"text":"quoque","gloss":"also; after"},{"text":"certior","gloss":"certus: fixed, certain, sure"},{"text":"fīēbat","gloss":"fio: become, be made"},{"text":"Gallōs","gloss":"Gallus: a Gaul"},{"text":"obsidēs","gloss":"obses: hostage"},{"text":"inter","gloss":"between, among"},{"text":"sē","gloss":"sui: of himself (herself, itself, themselves)"},{"text":"dare.","gloss":"do: give"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L73.e1.12.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"pracerat","gloss":"be at the head of, from praesum"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Give the forms (D'Ooge LXXIII)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":64,"id":"la.do.L73.e1.1.hw","source":"ferō","translation":"bear","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ferō","gloss":"bear"}],"audio":null},{"number":65,"id":"la.do.L73.e1.2.hw","source":"ferō","translation":"bear","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ferō","gloss":"bear"}],"audio":null},{"number":66,"id":"la.do.L73.e1.3.hw","source":"ferō","translation":"bear","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ferō","gloss":"bear"}],"audio":null}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"English into Latin (D'Ooge LXXIII)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":67,"id":"la.do.L73.e2.1","source":"Gallī sociīs Caesaris bellum īnferent.","translation":"The Gauls will make war upon Cæsar’s allies.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Gallī","gloss":"gallus: a Gaul"},{"text":"sociīs","gloss":"socius: companion, ally"},{"text":"Caesaris","gloss":"Caesar: Cæsar"},{"text":"bellum","gloss":"war"},{"text":"īnferent.","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L73.e2.1.m4a"},{"number":68,"id":"la.do.L73.e2.2","source":"Audīvimus Gallōs sociīs Caesaris bellum inlātūrōs esse.","translation":"We heard that the Gauls would make war upon Cæsar’s allies.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Audīvimus","gloss":"audio: hear, listen to"},{"text":"Gallōs","gloss":"Gallus: a Gaul"},{"text":"sociīs","gloss":"socius: companion, ally"},{"text":"Caesaris","gloss":"Caesar: Cæsar"},{"text":"bellum","gloss":"war"},{"text":"inlātūrōs","gloss":""},{"text":"esse.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L73.e2.2.m4a"},{"number":69,"id":"la.do.L73.e2.3","source":"Pūblius eī proeliō nōn interfuit.","translation":"Publius did not take part in that battle.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Pūblius","gloss":"Publius: Publius (Roman praenomen)"},{"text":"eī","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"proeliō","gloss":"proelium: battle"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"interfuit.","gloss":"intersum: be/lie between, be in the midst"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L73.e2.3.m4a"},{"number":70,"id":"la.do.L73.e2.4","source":"Certiōrēs factī sumus Pūblium eī proeliō nōn interfuisse.","translation":"We have been informed that Publius did not take part in that battle.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Certiōrēs","gloss":"certus: fixed, certain, sure"},{"text":"factī","gloss":"facio: do, make"},{"text":"sumus","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"Pūblium","gloss":"Publius: Publius"},{"text":"eī","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"proeliō","gloss":"proelium: battle"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"interfuisse.","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L73.e2.4.m4a"},{"number":71,"id":"la.do.L73.e2.5","source":"Vir quī equitātuī praeerat vulnerātus est et pedem referre incēpit.","translation":"The man who was in command of the cavalry was wounded and began to retreat.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Vir","gloss":"man, hero"},{"text":"quī","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"equitātuī","gloss":"equitatus: cavalry"},{"text":"praeerat","gloss":"praesum: be over, be in command of"},{"text":"vulnerātus","gloss":"vulnero: wound"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"pedem","gloss":"pes: foot"},{"text":"referre","gloss":"refero: bear back; report"},{"text":"incēpit.","gloss":"incipio: begin"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L73.e2.5.m4a"},{"number":72,"id":"la.do.L73.e2.6","source":"Caesar tē cohortī nōn praefēcit ut exercituī calamitātem īnferrēs.","translation":"Cæsar did not place you in command of the cohort to bring[3] disaster upon the army.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Caesar","gloss":"Cæsar"},{"text":"tē","gloss":"tu: thou, you"},{"text":"cohortī","gloss":""},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"praefēcit","gloss":"praeficio: place in command"},{"text":"ut","gloss":"that, in order that, that not"},{"text":"exercituī","gloss":"exercitus2: army"},{"text":"calamitātem","gloss":"calamitas: loss, disaster, defeat"},{"text":"īnferrēs.","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L73.e2.6.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"The Storming of a City (Lentulus LXXIII)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":73,"id":"la.do.R73.1","source":"Pūblius plūrīs diēs in Germāniā morātus in Galliam rediit, et ad Caesaris castra sē contulit.","translation":"Publius, having stayed several days in Germany, returned to Gaul and betook himself to Caesar's camp.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Pūblius","gloss":"Publius: Publius (Roman praenomen)"},{"text":"plūrīs","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"diēs","gloss":"dies: day"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"Germāniā","gloss":"Germania: Germany"},{"text":"morātus","gloss":"moror: delay"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"Galliam","gloss":"Gallia: Gaul"},{"text":"rediit,","gloss":"redeo: go back, return"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"Caesaris","gloss":"Caesar: Cæsar"},{"text":"castra","gloss":"castrum: fort; camp"},{"text":"sē","gloss":"sui: of himself (herself, itself, themselves)"},{"text":"contulit.","gloss":"confero: bring together"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R73.1.m4a"},{"number":74,"id":"la.do.R73.2","source":"Ille quia molestē ferēbat Gallōs eius regiōnis obsidēs dare recūsāvisse et exercituī frūmentum praebēre nōluisse, cōnstituit eīs bellum īnferre.","translation":"The latter, because he took it ill that the Gauls of that region had refused to give hostages and had been unwilling to furnish grain to the army, decided to make war on them.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ille","gloss":"that; he, she, it"},{"text":"quia","gloss":"because"},{"text":"molestē","gloss":"molestus: troublesome, annoying"},{"text":"ferēbat","gloss":"fero: bear"},{"text":"Gallōs","gloss":"Gallus: a Gaul"},{"text":"eius","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"regiōnis","gloss":"regio: region, district"},{"text":"obsidēs","gloss":"obses: hostage"},{"text":"dare","gloss":"do: give"},{"text":"recūsāvisse","gloss":"recuso: refuse"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"exercituī","gloss":"exercitus2: army"},{"text":"frūmentum","gloss":"frumentum: grain"},{"text":"praebēre","gloss":"praebeo: offer, give"},{"text":"nōluisse,","gloss":"nolo: not to wish, be unwilling"},{"text":"cōnstituit","gloss":"constituo: establish, determine, resolve"},{"text":"eīs","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"bellum","gloss":"war"},{"text":"īnferre.","gloss":"infero: bring against or upon, inflict"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R73.2.m4a"},{"number":75,"id":"la.do.R73.3","source":"Agrīs vāstātīs, vīcīs incēnsīs, pervēnit ad oppidum validissimum quod et nātūrā et arte mūnītum erat.","translation":"Having laid waste the fields and burned the villages, he came to a very strong town which was fortified both by nature and by art.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Agrīs","gloss":"ager: field"},{"text":"vāstātīs,","gloss":"vasto: lay waste, devastate"},{"text":"vīcīs","gloss":"vicus: village"},{"text":"incēnsīs,","gloss":"incendo: set fire to, burn"},{"text":"pervēnit","gloss":"pervenio: come through, arrive"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"oppidum","gloss":"town"},{"text":"validissimum","gloss":"validus: strong, able, well"},{"text":"quod","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"nātūrā","gloss":"natura: nature"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"arte","gloss":"ars: art, skill"},{"text":"mūnītum","gloss":"munio: fortify, defend"},{"text":"erat.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R73.3.m4a"},{"number":76,"id":"la.do.R73.4","source":"Cingēbātur mūrō vīgintī quīnque pedēs altō.","translation":"It was surrounded by a wall twenty-five feet high.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Cingēbātur","gloss":"cingo: gird, surround"},{"text":"mūrō","gloss":"murus: wall"},{"text":"vīgintī","gloss":"viginti: twenty"},{"text":"quīnque","gloss":"quinque: five"},{"text":"pedēs","gloss":"pes: foot"},{"text":"altō.","gloss":"altus: high, tall, deep"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R73.4.m4a"},{"number":77,"id":"la.do.R73.5","source":"Ā lateribus duōsitum, praeruptō fastīgiō ad plānitiem vergēgat; ā quārtō tantum latere aditus erat facilis.","translation":"On two sides it was protected by its position; on the third, with a steep pitch, it sloped down to the plain; only on the fourth side was the approach easy.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ā","gloss":"a: from, by, off"},{"text":"lateribus","gloss":"latus2: side, flank"},{"text":"duōsitum,","gloss":"duo, situs: on two (sides), situated (printed duōsitum for duōbus situm)"},{"text":"praeruptō","gloss":"praeruptus: broken off, steep"},{"text":"fastīgiō","gloss":"fastigium: top; slope, descent"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"plānitiem","gloss":"planities: plain"},{"text":"vergēgat;","gloss":"incline, lie, slope"},{"text":"ā","gloss":"a: from, by, off"},{"text":"quārtō","gloss":"quartus: fourth"},{"text":"tantum","gloss":"tantus: so great"},{"text":"latere","gloss":"latus2: side, flank"},{"text":"aditus","gloss":"aditus2: approach, access; entrance"},{"text":"erat","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"facilis.","gloss":"facile, easy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R73.5.m4a"},{"number":78,"id":"la.do.R73.6","source":"Hoc oppidum oppugnāre, cum opus esset difficillimum, tamen cōnstituit Caesar.","translation":"To attack this town, though the task was most difficult, Caesar nevertheless decided.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hoc","gloss":"hic: this"},{"text":"oppidum","gloss":"town"},{"text":"oppugnāre,","gloss":"oppugno: storm, assail"},{"text":"cum","gloss":"when; since; although"},{"text":"opus","gloss":"work, task"},{"text":"esset","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"difficillimum,","gloss":"difficilis: difficult"},{"text":"tamen","gloss":"yet, nevertheless"},{"text":"cōnstituit","gloss":"constituo: establish, determine, resolve"},{"text":"Caesar.","gloss":"Cæsar"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R73.6.m4a"},{"number":79,"id":"la.do.R73.7","source":"Et castrīs mūnītīs Pūbliō negōtium dedit ut rēs ad oppugnandum necessāriās parāret.","translation":"And when the camp had been fortified, he gave Publius the task of preparing the things necessary for the assault.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"castrīs","gloss":"castrum: fort; camp"},{"text":"mūnītīs","gloss":"munio: fortify, defend"},{"text":"Pūbliō","gloss":"Publius: Publius"},{"text":"negōtium","gloss":"negotium: business, affair, matter"},{"text":"dedit","gloss":"do: give"},{"text":"ut","gloss":"that, in order that, that not"},{"text":"rēs","gloss":"res: thing, matter"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"oppugnandum","gloss":"oppugno: storm, assail"},{"text":"necessāriās","gloss":"necessarius: needful, necessary"},{"text":"parāret.","gloss":"paro: prepare for, prepare; provide, procure"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R73.7.m4a"},{"number":80,"id":"la.do.R73.8","source":"Rōmānōrum autem oppugnātiō est haec.","translation":"Now the Romans' method of assault is this.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Rōmānōrum","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"autem","gloss":"but, moreover, now"},{"text":"oppugnātiō","gloss":"oppugnatio: storming, assault"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"haec.","gloss":"hic: this"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R73.8.m4a"},{"number":81,"id":"la.do.R73.9","source":"Prīmum turrēs aedificantur quibus mīlitēs in summum mūrum ēvādere possint; vīneae fīunt quibus tēctī mīlitēs ad mūrum succēdant; pluteī parantur post quōs mīlitēs tormenta administrent; sunt quoque arietēs quī mūrum et portās discutiant.","translation":"First towers are built by which the soldiers may get out on to the top of the wall; sheds are made under whose cover the soldiers may come up to the wall; screens are prepared behind which the soldiers may work the engines; there are also battering-rams to shatter the wall and gates.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Prīmum","gloss":"primus: first"},{"text":"turrēs","gloss":"turris: tower"},{"text":"aedificantur","gloss":"aedifico: build"},{"text":"quibus","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"mīlitēs","gloss":"miles: soldier"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"summum","gloss":"summus: highest, greatest"},{"text":"mūrum","gloss":"murus: wall"},{"text":"ēvādere","gloss":"evado: go forth, escape"},{"text":"possint;","gloss":"possum: be able, can"},{"text":"vīneae","gloss":"vinea: shed"},{"text":"fīunt","gloss":"fio: become, be made"},{"text":"quibus","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"tēctī","gloss":"tego: cover, protect"},{"text":"mīlitēs","gloss":"miles: soldier"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"mūrum","gloss":"murus: wall"},{"text":"succēdant;","gloss":"succedo: follow, succeed"},{"text":"pluteī","gloss":"pluteus: shield, parapet"},{"text":"parantur","gloss":"paro: prepare for, prepare; provide, procure"},{"text":"post","gloss":"behind, after"},{"text":"quōs","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"mīlitēs","gloss":"miles: soldier"},{"text":"tormenta","gloss":"tormentum: engine of war"},{"text":"administrent;","gloss":"administro: manage, direct"},{"text":"sunt","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"quoque","gloss":"also; after"},{"text":"arietēs","gloss":"aries: battering-ram"},{"text":"quī","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"mūrum","gloss":"murus: wall"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"portās","gloss":"porta: gate"},{"text":"discutiant.","gloss":"discutio: shatter, dash to pieces"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R73.9.m4a"},{"number":82,"id":"la.do.R73.10","source":"Hīs omnibus rēbus comparātīs, deinde agger ab eā parte ubi aditus est facillimus exstruitur et cum vīneīs ad ipsum oppidum agitur.","translation":"When all these things have been got ready, then a mound is built up on that side where the approach is easiest and is pushed forward with the sheds to the town itself.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hīs","gloss":"hic: this"},{"text":"omnibus","gloss":"omnis: every, all"},{"text":"rēbus","gloss":"res: thing, matter"},{"text":"comparātīs,","gloss":"comparo: prepare; provide, get"},{"text":"deinde","gloss":"then, in the next place"},{"text":"agger","gloss":"mound"},{"text":"ab","gloss":"from, by"},{"text":"eā","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"parte","gloss":"pars: part, region, direction"},{"text":"ubi","gloss":"where"},{"text":"aditus","gloss":"aditus2: approach, access; entrance"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"facillimus","gloss":"facilis: facile, easy"},{"text":"exstruitur","gloss":"exstruo: build up, erect"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"cum","gloss":"when; since; although"},{"text":"vīneīs","gloss":"vinea: shed"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"ipsum","gloss":"ipse: self; even, very"},{"text":"oppidum","gloss":"town"},{"text":"agitur.","gloss":"ago: drive, lead; do, perform"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R73.10.m4a"},{"number":83,"id":"la.do.R73.11","source":"Tum turris in aggere prōmovētur; arietibus quī sub vīneīs conlocātī erant mūrus et portae discutiuntur; ballistīs, catapultīs, reliquīsque tormentīs lapidēs et tēla in oppidum coniciuntur.","translation":"Then a tower is moved forward on the mound; by the battering-rams which had been placed under the sheds the wall and gates are shattered; by ballistae, catapults, and the other engines stones and weapons are hurled into the town.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Tum","gloss":"then, at that time"},{"text":"turris","gloss":"tower"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"aggere","gloss":"agger: mound"},{"text":"prōmovētur;","gloss":"promoveo: move forward, advance"},{"text":"arietibus","gloss":"aries: battering-ram"},{"text":"quī","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"sub","gloss":"under, below, up to; at"},{"text":"vīneīs","gloss":"vinea: shed"},{"text":"conlocātī","gloss":"conloco: arrange, station, place"},{"text":"erant","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"mūrus","gloss":"murus: wall"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"portae","gloss":"porta: gate"},{"text":"discutiuntur;","gloss":"discutio: shatter, dash to pieces"},{"text":"ballistīs,","gloss":"ballista: ballista"},{"text":"catapultīs,","gloss":"catapulta: catapult"},{"text":"reliquīsque","gloss":"reliquus: remaining, rest of; the rest"},{"text":"tormentīs","gloss":"tormentum: engine of war"},{"text":"lapidēs","gloss":"lapis: stone"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"tēla","gloss":"telum: weapon of offense, spear"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"oppidum","gloss":"town"},{"text":"coniciuntur.","gloss":"conicio: hurl"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R73.11.m4a"},{"number":84,"id":"la.do.R73.12","source":"Postrēmō cum iam turris et agger altitūdinem mūrī adaequant et arietēs moenia perfrēgērunt, signō datō mīlitēs inruunt et oppidum expugnant.","translation":"Finally, when the tower and mound now reach the height of the wall and the rams have broken through the fortifications, at a given signal the soldiers rush in and take the town by storm.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Postrēmō","gloss":"postremo: at last, finally"},{"text":"cum","gloss":"when; since; although"},{"text":"iam","gloss":"jam: already, now"},{"text":"turris","gloss":"tower"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"agger","gloss":"mound"},{"text":"altitūdinem","gloss":"altitudo: height"},{"text":"mūrī","gloss":"murus: wall"},{"text":"adaequant","gloss":"adaequo: make equal, make level with"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"arietēs","gloss":"aries: battering-ram"},{"text":"moenia","gloss":"walls, fortifications"},{"text":"perfrēgērunt,","gloss":"perfringo: shatter"},{"text":"signō","gloss":"signum: signal, sign, standard"},{"text":"datō","gloss":"do: give"},{"text":"mīlitēs","gloss":"miles: soldier"},{"text":"inruunt","gloss":"inruo: rush in"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"oppidum","gloss":"town"},{"text":"expugnant.","gloss":"expugno: take by storm, capture"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R73.12.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"duōsitum","gloss":"on two, situated, from duo, situs"},{"word":"praeruptō","gloss":"broken off, steep, from praeruptus"},{"word":"fastīgiō","gloss":"top, from fastigium"},{"word":"plānitiem","gloss":"plain, from planities"},{"word":"vergēgat","gloss":"incline, lie"},{"word":"oppugnātiō","gloss":"storming, assault"},{"word":"vīneae","gloss":"shed, from vinea"},{"word":"succēdant","gloss":"follow, succeed, from succedo"},{"word":"pluteī","gloss":"shield, parapet, from pluteus"},{"word":"administrent","gloss":"manage, direct, from administro"},{"word":"arietēs","gloss":"battering-ram, from aries"},{"word":"discutiant","gloss":"shatter, dash to pieces, from discutio"},{"word":"agger","gloss":"mound"},{"word":"prōmovētur","gloss":"move forward, advance, from promoveo"},{"word":"ballistīs","gloss":"ballista, from ballista"},{"word":"catapultīs","gloss":"catapult, from catapulta"},{"word":"altitūdinem","gloss":"height, from altitudo"},{"word":"adaequant","gloss":"make equal, make level with, from adaequo"},{"word":"perfrēgērunt","gloss":"shatter, from perfringo"},{"word":"inruunt","gloss":"rush in, from inruo"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Vocabulary Review: The Subjunctive in Indirect Questions (D'Ooge LXXIV)","teaching":[{"title":"A reported question","paragraphs":["Quis Gallōs vincit means \"Who is conquering the Gauls.\"","Rogat quis Gallōs vincat means \"He asks who is conquering the Gauls.\"","An indirect question reports a question instead of asking it directly."]},{"title":"The verb changes its mood","paragraphs":["The direct question uses indicative vincit. The indirect question uses subjunctive vincat.","Ubī est Rōma and Rogat ubi sit Rōma show the same change from est to sit."]},{"title":"The tense follows sequence","paragraphs":["Rogat quis Gallōs vincat and Rogat ubi sit Rōma use the present subjunctive after rogat.","Rogavit quis Gallōs vinceret and Rogāvit ubi esset Rōma use the imperfect subjunctive after past verbs.","These tenses follow the sequence of tenses."]}],"lines":[{"number":85,"id":"la.do.L74.x.1","source":"Quis Gallōs vincit?","translation":"Who is conquering the Gauls?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quis","gloss":"who?"},{"text":"Gallōs","gloss":"Gallus: a Gaul"},{"text":"vincit?","gloss":"vincio: bind, tie, fetter"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L74.x.1.m4a"},{"number":86,"id":"la.do.L74.x.2","source":"Rogat quis Gallōs vincat","translation":"He asks who is conquering the Gauls","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Rogat","gloss":"rogo: ask"},{"text":"quis","gloss":"who?"},{"text":"Gallōs","gloss":"Gallus: a Gaul"},{"text":"vincat","gloss":"vinco: conquer"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L74.x.2.m4a"},{"number":87,"id":"la.do.L74.x.3","source":"Rogavit quis Gallōs vinceret","translation":"He asked who was conquering the Gauls","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Rogavit","gloss":"rogo: ask"},{"text":"quis","gloss":"who?"},{"text":"Gallōs","gloss":"Gallus: a Gaul"},{"text":"vinceret","gloss":"vinco: conquer"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L74.x.3.m4a"},{"number":88,"id":"la.do.L74.x.4","source":"Ubī est Rōma?","translation":"Where is Rome?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ubī","gloss":"Ubius: Ubius (a name)"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"Rōma?","gloss":"Roma: Rome"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L74.x.4.m4a"},{"number":89,"id":"la.do.L74.x.5","source":"Rogat ubi sit Rōma","translation":"He asks where Rome is","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Rogat","gloss":"rogo: ask"},{"text":"ubi","gloss":"where"},{"text":"sit","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"Rōma","gloss":"Roma: Rome"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L74.x.5.m4a"},{"number":90,"id":"la.do.L74.x.6","source":"Rogāvit ubi esset Rōma","translation":"He asked where Rome was","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Rogāvit","gloss":"rogo: ask"},{"text":"ubi","gloss":"where"},{"text":"esset","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"Rōma","gloss":"Roma: Rome"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L74.x.6.m4a"},{"number":91,"id":"la.do.L74.x.7","source":"Caesarne Gallōs vīcit?","translation":"Did Cæsar conquer the Gauls?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Caesarne","gloss":"Caesar: Cæsar"},{"text":"Gallōs","gloss":"Gallus: a Gaul"},{"text":"vīcit?","gloss":"vinco: conquer"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L74.x.7.m4a"},{"number":92,"id":"la.do.L74.x.8","source":"Rogat num Caesar Gallōs vīcerit","translation":"He asks whether Cæsar conquered the Gauls","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Rogat","gloss":"rogo: ask"},{"text":"num","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"Caesar","gloss":"Cæsar"},{"text":"Gallōs","gloss":"Gallus: a Gaul"},{"text":"vīcerit","gloss":"vinco: conquer"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L74.x.8.m4a"},{"number":93,"id":"la.do.L74.x.9","source":"Rogāvit num Caesar Gallōs vīcisset","translation":"He asked whether Cæsar had conquered the Gauls","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Rogāvit","gloss":"rogo: ask"},{"text":"num","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"Caesar","gloss":"Cæsar"},{"text":"Gallōs","gloss":"Gallus: a Gaul"},{"text":"vīcisset","gloss":"vinco: conquer"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L74.x.9.m4a"},{"number":94,"id":"la.do.L74.x.10","source":"dē tertiā vigiliā","translation":"about the third watch","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"dē","gloss":"de: down from; concerning"},{"text":"tertiā","gloss":"tertius: third"},{"text":"vigiliā","gloss":"vigilia: watch (fourth part of the night), vigil, wakefulness"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L74.x.10.m4a"},{"number":95,"id":"la.do.L74.x.11","source":"iniūriās alicui īnferre","translation":"to inflict injuries upon some one","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"iniūriās","gloss":"injuria: wrong, injury"},{"text":"alicui","gloss":"aliqui: anyone/anybody/anything"},{"text":"īnferre","gloss":"infero: bring against or upon, inflict"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L74.x.11.m4a"},{"number":96,"id":"la.do.L74.x.12","source":"facere verba prō","translation":"to speak in behalf of","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"facere","gloss":"facio: make, do; cause, bring about"},{"text":"verba","gloss":"verbum: word"},{"text":"prō","gloss":"pro: before; in behalf of; instead of"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L74.x.12.m4a"},{"number":97,"id":"la.do.L74.x.13","source":"in reliquum tempus","translation":"for the future","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"reliquum","gloss":"reliquus: remaining, rest of; the rest"},{"text":"tempus","gloss":"time"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L74.x.13.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":429,"text":"D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LXXIV, §§429-433\n\n§429. Review the word lists in §§517, 518."},{"section":430,"text":"§430. When we report a statement instead of giving it directly, we have an indirect statement. (Cf. §414.) So, if we report a question instead of asking it directly, we have an indirect question.\n\nDIRECT QUESTION                  INDIRECT QUESTION\nWho conquered the Gauls?      He asked who conquered the Gauls\n\na. An indirect question depends, usually as object, upon a verb of asking (as petō, postulō, quaerō, rogō) or upon some verb or expression of saying or mental action. (Cf. §420.)"},{"section":431,"text":"§431. Compare the following direct and indirect questions:\n\nDIRECT INDIRECT\n\nQuis Gallōs vincit?      {  a. Rogat quis Gallōs vincat\nWho is conquering the    {       He asks who is conquering the\n  Gauls?                 {       Gauls\n                         {  b. Rogavit quis Gallōs vinceret\n                         {       He asked who was conquering\n                         {       the Gauls\n\n                         {  a. Rogat ubi sit Rōma\nUbī est Rōma?            {       He asks where Rome is\nWhere is Rome?           {  b. Rogāvit ubi esset Rōma\n                         {        He asked where Rome was\n\n                         {  a. Rogat num Caesar Gallōs vīcerit\n                         {       He asks whether Cæsar conquered\nCaesarne Gallōs vīcit? {       the Gauls\nDid Cæsar conquer the    {  b. Rogāvit num Caesar Gallōs\n  Gauls?                 {         vīcisset\n                         {       He asked whether Cæsar had\n                         {       conquered the Gauls\n\na. The verb in a direct question is in the indicative mood, but the mood is subjunctive in an indirect question.\n\nb. The tense of the subjunctive follows the rules for tense sequence.\n\nc. Indirect questions are introduced by the same interrogative words as introduce direct questions, excepting thatyes-or-no direct questions (cf. §210) on becoming indirect are usually introduced by num, whether."},{"section":432,"text":"§432. RULE. Indirect Questions. In an indirect question the verb is in the subjunctive and its tense is determined by the law for tense sequence."},{"section":433,"text":"§433. IDIOMS\n\ndē tertiā vigiliā, about the third watch iniūriās alicui īnferre, to inflict injuries upon some one facere verba prō, with the ablative, to speak in behalf of in reliquum tempus, for the future"}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Latin into English (D'Ooge LXXIV)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":98,"id":"la.do.L74.e1.1","source":"Rēx rogāvit quid lēgātī postulārent et cūr ad sē vēnissent.","translation":"The king asked what the ambassadors demanded and why they had come to him.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Rēx","gloss":"rex: king"},{"text":"rogāvit","gloss":"rogo: ask"},{"text":"quid","gloss":"quis: what?"},{"text":"lēgātī","gloss":"legatus: lieutenant, ambassador"},{"text":"postulārent","gloss":"postulo: demand"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"cūr","gloss":"cur: why"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"sē","gloss":"sui: of himself (herself, itself, themselves)"},{"text":"vēnissent.","gloss":"venio: come, go"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L74.e1.1.m4a"},{"number":99,"id":"la.do.L74.e1.2","source":"Quaesīvit quoque num nec recentīs iniūriās nec dubiam Rōmānōrum amīcitiam memoriā tenērent.","translation":"He asked also whether they held in memory neither the recent wrongs nor the doubtful friendship of the Romans.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quaesīvit","gloss":"quaero: ask, inquire, seek"},{"text":"quoque","gloss":"also; after"},{"text":"num","gloss":"whether"},{"text":"nec","gloss":"neque: neither, nor, and ... not"},{"text":"recentīs","gloss":"recens: recent"},{"text":"iniūriās","gloss":"injuria: wrong, injury"},{"text":"nec","gloss":"neque: neither, nor, and ... not"},{"text":"dubiam","gloss":"dubius: doubtful"},{"text":"Rōmānōrum","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"amīcitiam","gloss":"amicitia: friendship"},{"text":"memoriā","gloss":"memoria: memory"},{"text":"tenērent.","gloss":"teneo: keep, hold"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L74.e1.2.m4a"},{"number":100,"id":"la.do.L74.e1.3","source":"Vidētisne quae oppida hostēs oppugnāverint?","translation":"Do you see what towns the enemy have attacked?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Vidētisne","gloss":"video: see, perceive"},{"text":"quae","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"oppida","gloss":"oppidum: town"},{"text":"hostēs","gloss":"hostis: enemy"},{"text":"oppugnāverint?","gloss":"oppugno: storm, assail"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L74.e1.3.m4a"},{"number":101,"id":"la.do.L74.e1.4","source":"Nōnne scītis cūr Gallī sub montem sēse contulerint?","translation":"Do you not know why the Gauls have betaken themselves to the foot of the mountain?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nōnne","gloss":"nonne: not?"},{"text":"scītis","gloss":"scio: know"},{"text":"cūr","gloss":"cur: why"},{"text":"Gallī","gloss":"gallus: a Gaul"},{"text":"sub","gloss":"under, below, up to; at"},{"text":"montem","gloss":"mons: mountain"},{"text":"sēse","gloss":"sui: of himself (herself, itself, themselves)"},{"text":"contulerint?","gloss":"confero: bring together"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L74.e1.4.m4a"},{"number":102,"id":"la.do.L74.e1.5","source":"Audīvimus quās iniūrias tibi Germānī intulissent.","translation":"We heard what wrongs the Germans had inflicted on you.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Audīvimus","gloss":"audio: hear, listen to"},{"text":"quās","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"iniūrias","gloss":"injuria: wrong, injury"},{"text":"tibi","gloss":"tu: thou, you"},{"text":"Germānī","gloss":"Germanus: German"},{"text":"intulissent.","gloss":"infero: bring against or upon, inflict"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L74.e1.5.m4a"},{"number":103,"id":"la.do.L74.e1.6","source":"Dē tertiā vigiliā imperātor mīsit hominēs quī cognōscerent quae esset nātūra montis.","translation":"About the third watch the commander sent men to find out what the nature of the mountain was.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dē","gloss":"de: down from; concerning"},{"text":"tertiā","gloss":"tertius: third"},{"text":"vigiliā","gloss":"vigilia: watch (fourth part of the night), vigil, wakefulness"},{"text":"imperātor","gloss":"imperator: commander in chief, general"},{"text":"mīsit","gloss":"mitto: send"},{"text":"hominēs","gloss":"homo: man, human being"},{"text":"quī","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"cognōscerent","gloss":"cognosco: learn; know"},{"text":"quae","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"esset","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"nātūra","gloss":"natura: nature"},{"text":"montis.","gloss":"mons: mountain"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L74.e1.6.m4a"},{"number":104,"id":"la.do.L74.e1.7","source":"Prō hīs ōrātor verba fēcit et rogāvit cūr cōnsulēs nāvīs ad plēnem summī perīculī locum mittere vellent.","translation":"On behalf of these the orator spoke and asked why the consuls wished to send ships to a place full of the greatest danger.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Prō","gloss":"pro: before; in behalf of; instead of"},{"text":"hīs","gloss":"hic: this"},{"text":"ōrātor","gloss":"orator: orator"},{"text":"verba","gloss":"verbum: word"},{"text":"fēcit","gloss":"facio: make, do; cause, bring about"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"rogāvit","gloss":"rogo: ask"},{"text":"cūr","gloss":"cur: why"},{"text":"cōnsulēs","gloss":"consul: consul"},{"text":"nāvīs","gloss":"navis: ship"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"plēnem","gloss":"abundantly/fully/clearly"},{"text":"summī","gloss":"summus: highest, greatest"},{"text":"perīculī","gloss":"periculum: danger, peril"},{"text":"locum","gloss":"locus: place, spot"},{"text":"mittere","gloss":"mitto: send"},{"text":"vellent.","gloss":"volo: will, be willing; wish"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L74.e1.7.m4a"},{"number":105,"id":"la.do.L74.e1.8","source":"Lēgātīs convocātīs dēmōnstrāvit quid fierī vellet.","translation":"When the lieutenants had been called together, he showed what he wished to be done.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Lēgātīs","gloss":"legatus: lieutenant, ambassador"},{"text":"convocātīs","gloss":"convoco: call together, summon"},{"text":"dēmōnstrāvit","gloss":"demonstro: point out, explain"},{"text":"quid","gloss":"quis: what?"},{"text":"fierī","gloss":"fio: become, be made"},{"text":"vellet.","gloss":"volo: will, be willing; wish"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L74.e1.8.m4a"},{"number":106,"id":"la.do.L74.e1.9","source":"Nūntius referēbat quid in Gallōrum conciliō dē armīs trādendīs dictum esset.","translation":"The messenger was reporting what had been said in the council of the Gauls about handing over their arms.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nūntius","gloss":"nuntius: messenger"},{"text":"referēbat","gloss":"refero: bear back; report"},{"text":"quid","gloss":"quis: what?"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"Gallōrum","gloss":"Gallus: a Gaul"},{"text":"conciliō","gloss":"concilium: council, assembly"},{"text":"dē","gloss":"de: down from; concerning"},{"text":"armīs","gloss":"arma: arms"},{"text":"trādendīs","gloss":"trado: give over, surrender, deliver"},{"text":"dictum","gloss":"dico2: say, speak, tell"},{"text":"esset.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L74.e1.9.m4a"},{"number":107,"id":"la.do.L74.e1.10","source":"Moneō nē in reliquum tempus peditēs et equitēs trāns flūmen dūcās.","translation":"I warn you not to lead the foot soldiers and horsemen across the river for the rest of the time.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Moneō","gloss":"moneo: remind, advise, warn"},{"text":"nē","gloss":"ne: in order that not, that"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"reliquum","gloss":"reliquus: remaining, rest of; the rest"},{"text":"tempus","gloss":"time"},{"text":"peditēs","gloss":"pedes: foot soldier"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"equitēs","gloss":"eques: horseman, cavalryman"},{"text":"trāns","gloss":"trans: across"},{"text":"flūmen","gloss":"flumen: river"},{"text":"dūcās.","gloss":"duco: lead, conduct"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L74.e1.10.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"plēnem","gloss":"abundantly"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"English into Latin (D'Ooge LXXIV)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":108,"id":"la.do.L74.e2.1","source":"Quem collem occupāvērunt? Videō quem collem occupāverint.","translation":"What hill did they seize? I see what hill they seized.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quem","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"collem","gloss":"collis: hill"},{"text":"occupāvērunt?","gloss":"occupo: seize, take possession of"},{"text":"Videō","gloss":"video: see, perceive"},{"text":"quem","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"collem","gloss":"collis: hill"},{"text":"occupāverint.","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L74.e2.1.m4a"},{"number":109,"id":"la.do.L74.e2.2","source":"Quis hās iniūriās clientibus nostrīs intulit?","translation":"Who has inflicted these injuries upon our dependents?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quis","gloss":"who?"},{"text":"hās","gloss":"hic: this"},{"text":"iniūriās","gloss":"injuria: wrong, injury"},{"text":"clientibus","gloss":"cliens: retainer, dependent"},{"text":"nostrīs","gloss":"noster: our, ours"},{"text":"intulit?","gloss":"infero: bring/carry in, import"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L74.e2.2.m4a"},{"number":110,"id":"la.do.L74.e2.3","source":"Rogāvērunt quis eās iniūriās clientibus suīs intulisset.","translation":"They asked who had inflicted those injuries upon their dependents.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Rogāvērunt","gloss":"rogo: ask, ask for"},{"text":"quis","gloss":"who?"},{"text":"eās","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"iniūriās","gloss":"injuria: wrong, injury"},{"text":"clientibus","gloss":"cliens: retainer, dependent"},{"text":"suīs","gloss":"suus: his, her, hers, its, their, theirs"},{"text":"intulisset.","gloss":"infero: bring/carry in, import"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L74.e2.3.m4a"},{"number":111,"id":"la.do.L74.e2.4","source":"Quō dē tertiā vigiliā īstī? Scīs quō ierim.","translation":"Whither did you go about the third watch? You know whither I went.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quō","gloss":"quo: whither, where; in order to, that"},{"text":"dē","gloss":"de: down from; concerning"},{"text":"tertiā","gloss":"tertius: third"},{"text":"vigiliā","gloss":"vigilia: watch (fourth part of the night), vigil, wakefulness"},{"text":"īstī?","gloss":""},{"text":"Scīs","gloss":"scio: know, understand"},{"text":"quō","gloss":"quo: whither, where; in order to, that"},{"text":"ierim.","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L74.e2.4.m4a"},{"number":112,"id":"la.do.L74.e2.5","source":"Quō tempore puerī domum rediērunt? Rogābō quō tempore puerī domum redierint.","translation":"At what time did the boys return home? I will ask at what time the boys returned home.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quō","gloss":"qui2: who"},{"text":"tempore","gloss":"tempus: time"},{"text":"puerī","gloss":"puer: boy"},{"text":"domum","gloss":"domus: house, home"},{"text":"rediērunt?","gloss":"redeo: return, go back, give back"},{"text":"Rogābō","gloss":""},{"text":"quō","gloss":"qui2: who"},{"text":"tempore","gloss":"tempus: time"},{"text":"puerī","gloss":"puer: boy"},{"text":"domum","gloss":"domus: house, home"},{"text":"redierint.","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L74.e2.5.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"The City is Taken: The Captives Are Questioned (Lentulus LXXIV)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":113,"id":"la.do.R74.1","source":"Omnibus rēbus necessāriīs ad oppugnandum ā Pūbliō comparātīs, dēlīberātur in conciliō quod cōnsilium oppidī expugnandī ineant.","translation":"When all the things necessary for the assault had been got ready by Publius, it is deliberated in council what plan for storming the town they should adopt.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Omnibus","gloss":"omnis: every, all"},{"text":"rēbus","gloss":"res: thing, matter"},{"text":"necessāriīs","gloss":"necessarius: needful, necessary"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"oppugnandum","gloss":"oppugno: storm, assail"},{"text":"ā","gloss":"a: from, by, off"},{"text":"Pūbliō","gloss":"Publius: Publius"},{"text":"comparātīs,","gloss":"comparo: prepare; provide, get"},{"text":"dēlīberātur","gloss":"delibero: weigh, deliberate, ponder"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"conciliō","gloss":"concilium: council, assembly"},{"text":"quod","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"cōnsilium","gloss":"consilium: plan"},{"text":"oppidī","gloss":"oppidum: town"},{"text":"expugnandī","gloss":"expugno: take by storm, capture"},{"text":"ineant.","gloss":"ineo: go into; enter upon, begin"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R74.1.m4a"},{"number":114,"id":"la.do.R74.2","source":"Tum ūnus ex centuriōnibus, vir reī mīlitāris perītissimus, “Ego suādeō,” inquit, “ut ab eā parte, ubi aditus sit facillimus, aggerem exstruāmus et turrim prōmoveāmus atque ariete admōtō simul mūrum discutere cōnēmur.” Hoc cōnsilium cum omnibus placēret, Caesar concilium dīmīsit.","translation":"Then one of the centurions, a man most skilled in military affairs, said, \"I advise that on that side where the approach is easiest we build up a mound and move forward a tower, and, bringing up a battering-ram, try at the same time to shatter the wall.\" Since this plan pleased all, Caesar dismissed the council.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Tum","gloss":"then, at that time"},{"text":"ūnus","gloss":"unus: one; alone"},{"text":"ex","gloss":"out of, from"},{"text":"centuriōnibus,","gloss":"centurio2: centurion, captain"},{"text":"vir","gloss":"man, hero"},{"text":"reī","gloss":"res: thing, matter"},{"text":"mīlitāris","gloss":"militaris: military"},{"text":"perītissimus,","gloss":"peritus: skillful"},{"text":"“Ego","gloss":"I"},{"text":"suādeō,”","gloss":"suadeo: advise, recommend"},{"text":"inquit,","gloss":"inquam: say (defective)"},{"text":"“ut","gloss":"that, in order that, that not"},{"text":"ab","gloss":"from, by"},{"text":"eā","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"parte,","gloss":"pars: part, region, direction"},{"text":"ubi","gloss":"where"},{"text":"aditus","gloss":"aditus2: approach, access; entrance"},{"text":"sit","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"facillimus,","gloss":"facilis: facile, easy"},{"text":"aggerem","gloss":"agger: mound"},{"text":"exstruāmus","gloss":"pile/build up, raise, build, construct"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"turrim","gloss":"turris: tower"},{"text":"prōmoveāmus","gloss":"move forward"},{"text":"atque","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ariete","gloss":"aries: battering-ram"},{"text":"admōtō","gloss":"admoveo: move to; apply, employ"},{"text":"simul","gloss":"at the same time"},{"text":"mūrum","gloss":"murus: wall"},{"text":"discutere","gloss":"discutio: shatter, dash to pieces"},{"text":"cōnēmur.”","gloss":"conor: attempt, try"},{"text":"Hoc","gloss":"hic: this"},{"text":"cōnsilium","gloss":"consilium: plan"},{"text":"cum","gloss":"when; since; although"},{"text":"omnibus","gloss":"omnis: every, all"},{"text":"placēret,","gloss":"placeo: be pleasing to, please"},{"text":"Caesar","gloss":"Cæsar"},{"text":"concilium","gloss":"council, assembly"},{"text":"dīmīsit.","gloss":"dimitto: send away, dismiss, disband"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R74.2.m4a"},{"number":115,"id":"la.do.R74.3","source":"Deinde mīlitēs hortātus ut priōrēs victōriās memoriā tenērent, iussit aggerem exstruī, turrim et arietem admovērī.","translation":"Then, having urged the soldiers to hold their former victories in memory, he ordered the mound to be built up, and the tower and battering-ram to be brought up.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Deinde","gloss":"then, in the next place"},{"text":"mīlitēs","gloss":"miles: soldier"},{"text":"hortātus","gloss":"hortor: urge, incite, exhort, encourage"},{"text":"ut","gloss":"that, in order that, that not"},{"text":"priōrēs","gloss":"prior: former"},{"text":"victōriās","gloss":"victoria: victory"},{"text":"memoriā","gloss":"memoria: memory"},{"text":"tenērent,","gloss":"teneo: keep, hold"},{"text":"iussit","gloss":"jubeo: order, command"},{"text":"aggerem","gloss":"agger: mound"},{"text":"exstruī,","gloss":"exstruo: build up, erect"},{"text":"turrim","gloss":"turris: tower"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"arietem","gloss":"aries: battering-ram"},{"text":"admovērī.","gloss":"admoveo: move to; apply, employ"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R74.3.m4a"},{"number":116,"id":"la.do.R74.4","source":"Neque oppidānīs cōnsilium dēfuit.","translation":"Nor were the townsmen without a plan.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Neque","gloss":"neither, nor, and ... not"},{"text":"oppidānīs","gloss":"oppidanus: townsman"},{"text":"cōnsilium","gloss":"consilium: plan"},{"text":"dēfuit.","gloss":"desum: be wanting, lack"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R74.4.m4a"},{"number":117,"id":"la.do.R74.5","source":"Aliī ignem et omne genus tēlōrum dē mūrō in turrim coniēcērunt, aliī ingentia saxa in vīneās et arietem dēvolvērunt.","translation":"Some hurled fire and every kind of weapon from the wall on to the tower; others rolled huge rocks down on the sheds and the battering-ram.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Aliī","gloss":"alius2: another, other"},{"text":"ignem","gloss":"ignis: fire"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"omne","gloss":"omnis: every, all"},{"text":"genus","gloss":"kind, variety"},{"text":"tēlōrum","gloss":"telum: weapon of offense, spear"},{"text":"dē","gloss":"de: down from; concerning"},{"text":"mūrō","gloss":"murus: wall"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"turrim","gloss":"turris: tower"},{"text":"coniēcērunt,","gloss":"conicio: hurl"},{"text":"aliī","gloss":"alius2: another, other"},{"text":"ingentia","gloss":"ingens: huge, vast"},{"text":"saxa","gloss":"saxum: rock, stone"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"vīneās","gloss":"vinea: shed"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"arietem","gloss":"aries: battering-ram"},{"text":"dēvolvērunt.","gloss":"roll/fall/tumble down"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R74.5.m4a"},{"number":118,"id":"la.do.R74.6","source":"Diū utrimque ācerrimē pugnātum est.","translation":"Long and most fiercely was the fighting on both sides.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Diū","gloss":"diu: for a long time, long"},{"text":"utrimque","gloss":"on each side, on either hand"},{"text":"ācerrimē","gloss":"acer2: sharp, keen, eager"},{"text":"pugnātum","gloss":"pugno: fight"},{"text":"est.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R74.6.m4a"},{"number":119,"id":"la.do.R74.7","source":"Nē vulnerātī quidem pedem rettulērunt.","translation":"Not even the wounded gave ground.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nē","gloss":"ne: in order that not, that"},{"text":"vulnerātī","gloss":"vulnero: wound"},{"text":"quidem","gloss":"to be sure, certainly, indeed"},{"text":"pedem","gloss":"pes: foot"},{"text":"rettulērunt.","gloss":"refero: bear back; report"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R74.7.m4a"},{"number":120,"id":"la.do.R74.8","source":"Tandem, dē tertiā vigiliā, Pūblius, quem Caesar illī operī praefēcerat, nūntiāvit partem mūrī ictibus arietis labefactam concidisse.","translation":"At last, about the third watch, Publius, whom Caesar had put in charge of that work, announced that a part of the wall, shaken by the blows of the ram, had fallen down.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Tandem,","gloss":"at length, finally"},{"text":"dē","gloss":"de: down from; concerning"},{"text":"tertiā","gloss":"tertius: third"},{"text":"vigiliā,","gloss":"vigilia: watch (fourth part of the night), vigil, wakefulness"},{"text":"Pūblius,","gloss":"Publius: Publius (Roman praenomen)"},{"text":"quem","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"Caesar","gloss":"Cæsar"},{"text":"illī","gloss":"ille: that; he, she, it"},{"text":"operī","gloss":"opus: work, task"},{"text":"praefēcerat,","gloss":"praeficio: place in command"},{"text":"nūntiāvit","gloss":"nuntio: report, announce"},{"text":"partem","gloss":"pars: part, region, direction"},{"text":"mūrī","gloss":"murus: wall"},{"text":"ictibus","gloss":"ictus2: blow"},{"text":"arietis","gloss":"aries: battering-ram"},{"text":"labefactam","gloss":"labefacio: make unsteady/totter"},{"text":"concidisse.","gloss":"concido: fall down"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R74.8.m4a"},{"number":121,"id":"la.do.R74.9","source":"Quā rē audītā Caesar signum dat; mīlitēs inruunt et magnā cum caede hostium oppidum capiunt.","translation":"When this was heard, Caesar gives the signal; the soldiers rush in and take the town with great slaughter of the enemy.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quā","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"rē","gloss":"res: thing, matter"},{"text":"audītā","gloss":"audio: hear, listen to"},{"text":"Caesar","gloss":"Cæsar"},{"text":"signum","gloss":"signal, sign, standard"},{"text":"dat;","gloss":"do: give"},{"text":"mīlitēs","gloss":"miles: soldier"},{"text":"inruunt","gloss":"inruo: rush in"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"magnā","gloss":"magnus: great, large; strong, loud"},{"text":"cum","gloss":"when; since; although"},{"text":"caede","gloss":"caedes: slaughter"},{"text":"hostium","gloss":"hostis: enemy"},{"text":"oppidum","gloss":"town"},{"text":"capiunt.","gloss":"capio: take, seize, capture"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R74.9.m4a"},{"number":122,"id":"la.do.R74.10","source":"Postrīdiē eius diēī, hōc oppidō expugnātō, captīvōrum quī nōbilissimī sunt ad imperātōrem ante praetōrium addūcuntur.","translation":"On the day after that day, this town having been stormed, those of the captives who are the noblest are brought before the commander in front of the headquarters.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Postrīdiē","gloss":"postridie: on the next day"},{"text":"eius","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"diēī,","gloss":"dies: day"},{"text":"hōc","gloss":"hic: this"},{"text":"oppidō","gloss":"oppidum: town"},{"text":"expugnātō,","gloss":"expugno: take by storm, capture"},{"text":"captīvōrum","gloss":"captivus: captive, prisoner"},{"text":"quī","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"nōbilissimī","gloss":"nobilis: well known, noble"},{"text":"sunt","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"imperātōrem","gloss":"imperator: commander in chief, general"},{"text":"ante","gloss":"before"},{"text":"praetōrium","gloss":"praetorium: prætorium"},{"text":"addūcuntur.","gloss":"adduco: lead to; move, induce"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R74.10.m4a"},{"number":123,"id":"la.do.R74.11","source":"Ipse, lōrīcā aurātā et paludāmentō purpureō īnsignis, captīvōs per interpretem in hunc modum interrogat: Vōs quī estis?","translation":"He himself, conspicuous in a gilded coat of mail and a purple cloak, questions the captives through an interpreter in this manner: Who are you?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ipse,","gloss":"self; even, very"},{"text":"lōrīcā","gloss":"lorica: coat of mail, corselet"},{"text":"aurātā","gloss":"aurata: kind of fish, gilthead, dorado"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"paludāmentō","gloss":"paludamentum: military cloak"},{"text":"purpureō","gloss":"purpureus: purple, dark red"},{"text":"īnsignis,","gloss":"insignis: remarkable, noted"},{"text":"captīvōs","gloss":"captivus: captive, prisoner"},{"text":"per","gloss":"through"},{"text":"interpretem","gloss":"interpres: interpreter"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"hunc","gloss":"hic: this"},{"text":"modum","gloss":"modus: measure; manner, way, mode"},{"text":"interrogat:","gloss":"interrogo: question"},{"text":"Vōs","gloss":"tu: thou, you"},{"text":"quī","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"estis?","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R74.11.m4a"},{"number":124,"id":"la.do.R74.12","source":"Interpres. Rogat imperātor quī sītis.","translation":"INTERPRETER. The commander asks who you are.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Interpres.","gloss":"interpreter"},{"text":"Rogat","gloss":"rogo: ask"},{"text":"imperātor","gloss":"imperator: commander in chief, general"},{"text":"quī","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"sītis.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R74.12.m4a"},{"number":125,"id":"la.do.R74.13","source":"Captīvī. Fīliī rēgis sumus.","translation":"CAPTIVES. We are the sons of the king.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Captīvī.","gloss":"captivus: captive, prisoner"},{"text":"Fīliī","gloss":"filius: son"},{"text":"rēgis","gloss":"rex: king"},{"text":"sumus.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R74.13.m4a"},{"number":126,"id":"la.do.R74.14","source":"Interpres. Dīcunt sē fīliōs esse rēgis.","translation":"INTERPRETER. They say that they are the sons of the king.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Interpres.","gloss":"interpreter"},{"text":"Dīcunt","gloss":"dico2: say, speak, tell"},{"text":"sē","gloss":"sui: of himself (herself, itself, themselves)"},{"text":"fīliōs","gloss":"filius: son"},{"text":"esse","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"rēgis.","gloss":"rex: king"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R74.14.m4a"},{"number":127,"id":"la.do.R74.15","source":"Imperātor. Cūr mihi tantās iniūriās intulistis?","translation":"COMMANDER. Why have you inflicted such great wrongs on me?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Imperātor.","gloss":"imperator: commander in chief, general"},{"text":"Cūr","gloss":"cur: why"},{"text":"mihi","gloss":"ego: I"},{"text":"tantās","gloss":"tantus: so great"},{"text":"iniūriās","gloss":"injuria: wrong, injury"},{"text":"intulistis?","gloss":"infero: bring against or upon, inflict"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R74.15.m4a"},{"number":128,"id":"la.do.R74.16","source":"Interpres. Rogat cūr sibi tantās iniūriās intuleritis.","translation":"INTERPRETER. He asks why you have inflicted such great wrongs on him.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Interpres.","gloss":"interpreter"},{"text":"Rogat","gloss":"rogo: ask"},{"text":"cūr","gloss":"cur: why"},{"text":"sibi","gloss":"sui: of himself (herself, itself, themselves)"},{"text":"tantās","gloss":"tantus: so great"},{"text":"iniūriās","gloss":"injuria: wrong, injury"},{"text":"intuleritis.","gloss":"bring/carry in, import"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R74.16.m4a"},{"number":129,"id":"la.do.R74.17","source":"Captīvī. Iniūriās eī nōn intulimus sed prō patriā bellum gessimus.","translation":"CAPTIVES. We have not inflicted wrongs on him, but have waged war for our fatherland.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Captīvī.","gloss":"captivus: captive, prisoner"},{"text":"Iniūriās","gloss":"injuria: wrong, injury"},{"text":"eī","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"intulimus","gloss":"infero: bring against or upon, inflict"},{"text":"sed","gloss":"but"},{"text":"prō","gloss":"pro: before; in behalf of; instead of"},{"text":"patriā","gloss":"patria: fatherland"},{"text":"bellum","gloss":"war"},{"text":"gessimus.","gloss":"gero: bear, carry on; wear"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R74.17.m4a"},{"number":130,"id":"la.do.R74.18","source":"Semper voluimus Rōmānīs esse amīcī, sed Rōmānī sine causā nōs domō patriāque expellere cōnātī sunt.","translation":"We have always wished to be friends to the Romans, but the Romans without cause have tried to drive us from our home and fatherland.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Semper","gloss":"always"},{"text":"voluimus","gloss":"volo: will, be willing; wish"},{"text":"Rōmānīs","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"esse","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"amīcī,","gloss":"amicus: friend"},{"text":"sed","gloss":"but"},{"text":"Rōmānī","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"sine","gloss":"without"},{"text":"causā","gloss":"causa: cause, reason"},{"text":"nōs","gloss":"nos: we"},{"text":"domō","gloss":"domus: house, home"},{"text":"patriāque","gloss":"native land"},{"text":"expellere","gloss":"expello: drive out"},{"text":"cōnātī","gloss":"conor: attempt, try"},{"text":"sunt.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R74.18.m4a"},{"number":131,"id":"la.do.R74.19","source":"Interpres. Negant sē iniūriās tibi intulisse, sed prō patriā bellum gessisse. Semper sē voluisse amīcōs Rōmānīs esse, sed Rōmānōs sine causā sē domō patriāque expellere cōnātōs esse.","translation":"INTERPRETER. They deny that they have inflicted wrongs on you, but say that they have waged war for their fatherland. They say that they have always wished to be friends to the Romans, but that the Romans without cause have tried to drive them from their home and fatherland.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Interpres.","gloss":"interpreter"},{"text":"Negant","gloss":"nego: deny, say not"},{"text":"sē","gloss":"sui: of himself (herself, itself, themselves)"},{"text":"iniūriās","gloss":"injuria: wrong, injury"},{"text":"tibi","gloss":"tu: thou, you"},{"text":"intulisse,","gloss":"infero: bring against or upon, inflict"},{"text":"sed","gloss":"but"},{"text":"prō","gloss":"pro: before; in behalf of; instead of"},{"text":"patriā","gloss":"patria: fatherland"},{"text":"bellum","gloss":"war"},{"text":"gessisse.","gloss":"gero: bear, carry on; wear"},{"text":"Semper","gloss":"always"},{"text":"sē","gloss":"sui: of himself (herself, itself, themselves)"},{"text":"voluisse","gloss":"volo: will, be willing; wish"},{"text":"amīcōs","gloss":"amicus: friend"},{"text":"Rōmānīs","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"esse,","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"sed","gloss":"but"},{"text":"Rōmānōs","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"sine","gloss":"without"},{"text":"causā","gloss":"causa: cause, reason"},{"text":"sē","gloss":"sui: of himself (herself, itself, themselves)"},{"text":"domō","gloss":"domus: house, home"},{"text":"patriāque","gloss":"native land"},{"text":"expellere","gloss":"expello: drive out"},{"text":"cōnātōs","gloss":"conor: attempt, try"},{"text":"esse.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R74.19.m4a"},{"number":132,"id":"la.do.R74.20","source":"Imperātor. Manēbitisne in reliquum tempus in fidē, hāc rebelliōne condōnātā?","translation":"COMMANDER. Will you remain loyal for the time to come, if this rebellion is pardoned?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Imperātor.","gloss":"imperator: commander in chief, general"},{"text":"Manēbitisne","gloss":"morning, morn"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"reliquum","gloss":"reliquus: remaining, rest of; the rest"},{"text":"tempus","gloss":"time"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"fidē,","gloss":"fides: faith, trust; promise, word; protection"},{"text":"hāc","gloss":"hic: this"},{"text":"rebelliōne","gloss":"rebellio: renewal of war, rebellion"},{"text":"condōnātā?","gloss":"condono: pardon"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R74.20.m4a"},{"number":133,"id":"la.do.R74.21","source":"Tum vērō captīvī multīs cum lacrimīs iūrāvērunt sē in fidē mānsūrōs esse, et Caesar eōs incolumīs domum dīmīsit.","translation":"Then indeed the captives with many tears swore that they would remain loyal, and Caesar sent them home unharmed.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Tum","gloss":"then, at that time"},{"text":"vērō","gloss":"vero: truly, indeed, in fact; but, however"},{"text":"captīvī","gloss":"captivus: captive, prisoner"},{"text":"multīs","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"cum","gloss":"when; since; although"},{"text":"lacrimīs","gloss":"lacrima: tear"},{"text":"iūrāvērunt","gloss":"juro: swear, take an oath"},{"text":"sē","gloss":"sui: of himself (herself, itself, themselves)"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"fidē","gloss":"fides: faith, trust; promise, word; protection"},{"text":"mānsūrōs","gloss":"maneo: remain"},{"text":"esse,","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"Caesar","gloss":"Cæsar"},{"text":"eōs","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"incolumīs","gloss":"incolumis: unharmed"},{"text":"domum","gloss":"domus: house, home"},{"text":"dīmīsit.","gloss":"dimitto: send away, dismiss, disband"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R74.21.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"exstruāmus","gloss":"pile, raise"},{"word":"prōmoveāmus","gloss":"move forward"},{"word":"dēvolvērunt","gloss":"roll"},{"word":"labefactam","gloss":"make unsteady, from labefacio"},{"word":"paludāmentō","gloss":"military cloak, from paludamentum"},{"word":"interpretem","gloss":"interpreter, from interpres"},{"word":"intuleritis","gloss":"bring, import"},{"word":"patriāque","gloss":"native land"},{"word":"Manēbitisne","gloss":"morning, morn"},{"word":"rebelliōne","gloss":"renewal of war, rebellion, from rebellio"},{"word":"condōnātā","gloss":"pardon, from condono"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Vocabulary Review: The Dative of Purpose, or End for Which (D'Ooge LXXV)","teaching":[{"title":"The dative states purpose","paragraphs":["Explōrātōrēs locum castrīs dēlēgērunt means the scouts chose a place for a camp.","Castrīs is dative. It states what the place is intended for: a camp."]},{"title":"Two datives together","paragraphs":["Hoc erat magnō impedīmentō Gallīs means this was a great hindrance to the Gauls.","Impedīmentō states the purpose or end. Gallīs names the people affected.","The dative denotes purpose or end, often with another dative for the person or thing affected."]}],"lines":[{"number":134,"id":"la.do.L75.x.1","source":"Explōrātōrēs locum castrīs dēlēgērunt","translation":"the scouts chose a place for a camp","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Explōrātōrēs","gloss":"explorator: scout, spy"},{"text":"locum","gloss":"locus: place, spot"},{"text":"castrīs","gloss":"castrum: fort; camp"},{"text":"dēlēgērunt","gloss":"deligo: choose, select"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L75.x.1.m4a"},{"number":135,"id":"la.do.L75.x.2","source":"Hoc erat magnō impedīmentō Gallīs","translation":"this was (for) a great hindrance to the Gauls","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hoc","gloss":"hic: this"},{"text":"erat","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"magnō","gloss":"magnus: great, large; strong, loud"},{"text":"impedīmentō","gloss":"impedimentum: hindrance"},{"text":"Gallīs","gloss":"Gallus: a Gaul"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L75.x.2.m4a"},{"number":136,"id":"la.do.L75.x.3","source":"Duās legiōnēs praesidiō castrīs relīquit","translation":"he left two legions as (lit. for) a guard to the camp","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Duās","gloss":"duo: two"},{"text":"legiōnēs","gloss":"legio: legion"},{"text":"praesidiō","gloss":"praesidium: garrison, guard, protection"},{"text":"castrīs","gloss":"castrum: fort; camp"},{"text":"relīquit","gloss":"relinquo: leave, abandon"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L75.x.3.m4a"},{"number":137,"id":"la.do.L75.x.4","source":"cōnsilium omittere","translation":"to give up a plan","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"cōnsilium","gloss":"consilium: plan"},{"text":"omittere","gloss":"omitto: let go, omit"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L75.x.4.m4a"},{"number":138,"id":"la.do.L75.x.5","source":"locum castrīs dēligere","translation":"to choose a place for a camp","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"locum","gloss":"locus: place, spot"},{"text":"castrīs","gloss":"castrum: fort; camp"},{"text":"dēligere","gloss":"deligo: choose, select"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L75.x.5.m4a"},{"number":139,"id":"la.do.L75.x.6","source":"alicui magnō ūsuī esse","translation":"to be of great advantage to some one (lit. for great advantage to some one)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"alicui","gloss":"aliqui: anyone/anybody/anything"},{"text":"magnō","gloss":"magnus: great, large; strong, loud"},{"text":"ūsuī","gloss":"usus2: use, advantage"},{"text":"esse","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L75.x.6.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":435,"text":"D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LXXV, §§435-438\n\n§435. Review the word lists in §§521, 522."},{"section":436,"text":"§436. Observe the following sentences:\n\n1. Explōrātōrēs locum castrīs dēlēgērunt, the scouts chose a place for a camp.\n\n2. Hoc erat magnō impedīmentō Gallīs, this was (for) a great hindrance to the Gauls.\n\n3. Duās legiōnēs praesidiō castrīs relīquit, he left two legions as (lit. for) a guard to the camp.\n\nIn each of these sentences we find a dative expressing the purpose or end for which something is intended or for which it serves. These datives are castrīs, impedīmentō, and praesidiō. In the second and third sentences we find a second dative expressing the person or thing affected (Gallīs and castrīs). As you notice, these are true datives, covering the relations of for which and to which. (Cf. §43.)"},{"section":437,"text":"§437. RULE. Dative of Purpose or End. The dative is used to denote the purpose or end for which, often with another dative denoting the person or thing affected."},{"section":438,"text":"§438. IDIOMS\n\ncōnsilium omittere, to give up a plan locum castrīs dēligere, to choose a place for a camp alicui magnō ūsuī esse, to be of great advantage to some one (lit. for great advantage to some one)"}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Latin into English (D'Ooge LXXV)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":140,"id":"la.do.L75.e1.1","source":"Rogāvit cūr illae cōpiae relictae essent. Respondērunt illās cōpiās esse praesidiō castrīs.","translation":"He asked why those forces had been left behind. They answered that those forces were a protection for the camp.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Rogāvit","gloss":"rogo: ask"},{"text":"cūr","gloss":"cur: why"},{"text":"illae","gloss":"ille: that; he, she, it"},{"text":"cōpiae","gloss":"copia: plenty, abundance; troops, forces"},{"text":"relictae","gloss":"relinquo: leave, abandon"},{"text":"essent.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"Respondērunt","gloss":"respondeo: respond, reply"},{"text":"illās","gloss":"ille: that; he, she, it"},{"text":"cōpiās","gloss":"copia: plenty, abundance; troops, forces"},{"text":"esse","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"praesidiō","gloss":"praesidium: garrison, guard, protection"},{"text":"castrīs.","gloss":"castrum: fort; camp"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L75.e1.1.m4a"},{"number":141,"id":"la.do.L75.e1.2","source":"Caesar mīsit explōrātōrēs ad locum dēligendum castrīs.","translation":"Caesar sent scouts to choose a place for a camp.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Caesar","gloss":"Cæsar"},{"text":"mīsit","gloss":"mitto: send"},{"text":"explōrātōrēs","gloss":"explorator: scout, spy"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"locum","gloss":"locus: place, spot"},{"text":"dēligendum","gloss":"deligo: choose, select"},{"text":"castrīs.","gloss":"castrum: fort; camp"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L75.e1.2.m4a"},{"number":142,"id":"la.do.L75.e1.3","source":"Quisque exīstimāvit ipsum nōmen Caesaris magnō terrōrī barbarīs futūrum esse.","translation":"Everyone thought that the very name of Caesar would be a great terror to the barbarians.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quisque","gloss":"each, each one, every"},{"text":"exīstimāvit","gloss":"existimo: estimate; think, judge"},{"text":"ipsum","gloss":"ipse: self; even, very"},{"text":"nōmen","gloss":"nomen: name"},{"text":"Caesaris","gloss":"Caesar: Cæsar"},{"text":"magnō","gloss":"magnus: great, large; strong, loud"},{"text":"terrōrī","gloss":"terror: terror, fear"},{"text":"barbarīs","gloss":"barbarus: strange, foreign, barbarous"},{"text":"futūrum","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"esse.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L75.e1.3.m4a"},{"number":143,"id":"la.do.L75.e1.4","source":"Prīmā lūce īdem exercitus proelium ācre commīsit, sed gravia suōrum vulnera magnae cūrae imperātōrī erant.","translation":"At dawn the same army joined a fierce battle, but the severe wounds of his men were a great anxiety to the commander.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Prīmā","gloss":"primus: first"},{"text":"lūce","gloss":"lux: light"},{"text":"īdem","gloss":"idem: the same"},{"text":"exercitus","gloss":"exercitus2: army, infantry"},{"text":"proelium","gloss":"battle"},{"text":"ācre","gloss":"acer2: sharp, keen, eager"},{"text":"commīsit,","gloss":"committo: intrust, commit"},{"text":"sed","gloss":"but"},{"text":"gravia","gloss":"gravis: heavy, severe, serious"},{"text":"suōrum","gloss":"suum: his men (pl.), his friends"},{"text":"vulnera","gloss":"vulnus: wound"},{"text":"magnae","gloss":"magnus: great, large; strong, loud"},{"text":"cūrae","gloss":"cura: care, trouble"},{"text":"imperātōrī","gloss":"imperator: commander in chief, general"},{"text":"erant.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L75.e1.4.m4a"},{"number":144,"id":"la.do.L75.e1.5","source":"Rēx respondit amīcitiam populī Rōmānī sibi ōrnāmentō et praesidiō dēbēre esse.","translation":"The king answered that the friendship of the Roman people ought to be an honor and a protection to him.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Rēx","gloss":"rex: king"},{"text":"respondit","gloss":"respondeo: respond, reply"},{"text":"amīcitiam","gloss":"amicitia: friendship"},{"text":"populī","gloss":"populus: people"},{"text":"Rōmānī","gloss":"Romanus: Roman"},{"text":"sibi","gloss":"sui: of himself (herself, itself, themselves)"},{"text":"ōrnāmentō","gloss":"ornamentum: ornament, jewel"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"praesidiō","gloss":"praesidium: garrison, guard, protection"},{"text":"dēbēre","gloss":"debeo: owe, ought"},{"text":"esse.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L75.e1.5.m4a"},{"number":145,"id":"la.do.L75.e1.6","source":"Quis praeerat equitātuī quem auxiliō Caesarī sociī mīserant?","translation":"Who was in command of the cavalry which the allies had sent as an aid to Caesar?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quis","gloss":"who?"},{"text":"praeerat","gloss":"praesum: be over, be in command of"},{"text":"equitātuī","gloss":"equitatus: cavalry"},{"text":"quem","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"auxiliō","gloss":"auxilium: help, aid"},{"text":"Caesarī","gloss":"Caesar: Cæsar"},{"text":"sociī","gloss":"socius: companion, ally"},{"text":"mīserant?","gloss":"mitto: send"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L75.e1.6.m4a"},{"number":146,"id":"la.do.L75.e1.7","source":"Aliquibus rēs secundae sunt summae calamitātī et rēs adversae sunt mīrō ūsuī.","translation":"To some, prosperity is the greatest disaster, and adversity is of wonderful advantage.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Aliquibus","gloss":"aliqui: anyone/anybody/anything"},{"text":"rēs","gloss":"res: thing, matter"},{"text":"secundae","gloss":"secundus: second; favorable"},{"text":"sunt","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"summae","gloss":"summus: highest, greatest"},{"text":"calamitātī","gloss":"calamitas: loss, disaster, defeat"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"rēs","gloss":"res: thing, matter"},{"text":"adversae","gloss":"adversa: enemy/adversary/opponent (female)"},{"text":"sunt","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"mīrō","gloss":"mirus: wonderful, marvelous"},{"text":"ūsuī.","gloss":"usus2: use, advantage"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L75.e1.7.m4a"},{"number":147,"id":"la.do.L75.e1.8","source":"Gallīs magnō ad pugnam erat impedīmentō quod equitātus ā dextrō cornū premēbat.","translation":"It was a great hindrance to the Gauls in the fight that the cavalry was pressing on the right wing.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Gallīs","gloss":"Gallus: a Gaul"},{"text":"magnō","gloss":"magnus: great, large; strong, loud"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"pugnam","gloss":"pugna: battle"},{"text":"erat","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"impedīmentō","gloss":"impedimentum: hindrance"},{"text":"quod","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"equitātus","gloss":"equitatus: cavalry"},{"text":"ā","gloss":"a: from, by, off"},{"text":"dextrō","gloss":"dexter: right"},{"text":"cornū","gloss":"cornu: horn, wing"},{"text":"premēbat.","gloss":"premo: press hard, harass"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L75.e1.8.m4a"},{"number":148,"id":"la.do.L75.e1.9","source":"Memoria prīstinae virtūtis nōn minus quam metus hostium erat nostrīs magnō ūsuī.","translation":"The memory of their old-time courage, no less than the fear of the enemy, was of great advantage to our men.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Memoria","gloss":"memory"},{"text":"prīstinae","gloss":"pristinus: former, old-time"},{"text":"virtūtis","gloss":"virtus: manliness, courage"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"minus","gloss":"parvus: small, little"},{"text":"quam","gloss":"than"},{"text":"metus","gloss":"fear"},{"text":"hostium","gloss":"hostis: enemy"},{"text":"erat","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"nostrīs","gloss":"noster: our, ours"},{"text":"magnō","gloss":"magnus: great, large; strong, loud"},{"text":"ūsuī.","gloss":"usus2: use, advantage"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L75.e1.9.m4a"},{"number":149,"id":"la.do.L75.e1.10","source":"Tam dēnsa erat silva ut prōgredī nōn possent.","translation":"So dense was the forest that they could not advance.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Tam","gloss":"so"},{"text":"dēnsa","gloss":"densus: dense"},{"text":"erat","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"silva","gloss":"wood, forest"},{"text":"ut","gloss":"that, in order that, that not"},{"text":"prōgredī","gloss":"progredior: move forward, advance"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"possent.","gloss":"possum: be able, can"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L75.e1.10.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"exīstimāvit","gloss":"estimate, from existimo"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"English into Latin (D'Ooge LXXV)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":150,"id":"la.do.L75.e2.1","source":"Tē moneō ut cōnsilium bellī Gallīs fortibus īnferendī omittās.","translation":"I advise you [1]to give up the plan [2]of making war upon the brave Gauls.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Tē","gloss":"tu: thou, you"},{"text":"moneō","gloss":"moneo: remind, advise, warn"},{"text":"ut","gloss":"that, in order that, that not"},{"text":"cōnsilium","gloss":"consilium: plan"},{"text":"bellī","gloss":"bellum: war"},{"text":"Gallīs","gloss":"Gallus: a Gaul"},{"text":"fortibus","gloss":"fortis: brave"},{"text":"īnferendī","gloss":""},{"text":"omittās.","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L75.e2.1.m4a"},{"number":151,"id":"la.do.L75.e2.2","source":"Scīsne ubi equitātus locum castrīs dēlēgerit?","translation":"Do you know [3]where the cavalry has chosen a place for a camp?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Scīsne","gloss":"scio: know, understand"},{"text":"ubi","gloss":"where"},{"text":"equitātus","gloss":"equitatus: cavalry"},{"text":"locum","gloss":"locus: place, spot"},{"text":"castrīs","gloss":"castrum: fort; camp"},{"text":"dēlēgerit?","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L75.e2.2.m4a"},{"number":152,"id":"la.do.L75.e2.3","source":"Metus hostium tibi magnō ūsuī erit.","translation":"The fear of the enemy will be of great advantage to you.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Metus","gloss":"fear"},{"text":"hostium","gloss":"hostis: enemy"},{"text":"tibi","gloss":"tu: thou, you"},{"text":"magnō","gloss":"magnus: great, large; strong, loud"},{"text":"ūsuī","gloss":"usus2: use, advantage"},{"text":"erit.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L75.e2.3.m4a"},{"number":153,"id":"la.do.L75.e2.4","source":"Caesar trēs cohortēs praesidiō impedīmentīs relīquit.","translation":"Cæsar left three cohorts as (for) a guard to the baggage.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Caesar","gloss":"Cæsar"},{"text":"trēs","gloss":"tres: three"},{"text":"cohortēs","gloss":"cohors: cohort"},{"text":"praesidiō","gloss":"praesidium: garrison, guard, protection"},{"text":"impedīmentīs","gloss":"impedimentum: hindrance"},{"text":"relīquit.","gloss":"relinquo: leave, abandon"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L75.e2.4.m4a"},{"number":154,"id":"la.do.L75.e2.5","source":"Hieme fluctūs lacūs tam magnī sunt ut nāvibus magnō impedīmentō sint.","translation":"In winter the waves of the lake are so great [4]that they are (for) a great hindrance to ships.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hieme","gloss":"hiems: winter"},{"text":"fluctūs","gloss":"fluctus: wave, billow"},{"text":"lacūs","gloss":""},{"text":"tam","gloss":"so"},{"text":"magnī","gloss":"magnus: great, large; strong, loud"},{"text":"sunt","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"ut","gloss":"that, in order that, that not"},{"text":"nāvibus","gloss":"navis: ship"},{"text":"magnō","gloss":"magnus: great, large; strong, loud"},{"text":"impedīmentō","gloss":"impedimentum: hindrance"},{"text":"sint.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L75.e2.5.m4a"},{"number":155,"id":"la.do.L75.e2.6","source":"Caesar grave supplicium dē iīs sūmpsit quī aedificia pūblica incendērunt.","translation":"Cæsar inflicted severe[5] punishment on those who burned the public buildings.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Caesar","gloss":"Cæsar"},{"text":"grave","gloss":"gravis: heavy, severe, serious"},{"text":"supplicium","gloss":"punishment, torture"},{"text":"dē","gloss":"de: down from; concerning"},{"text":"iīs","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"sūmpsit","gloss":"sumo: take up, assume"},{"text":"quī","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"aedificia","gloss":"aedificium: building"},{"text":"pūblica","gloss":""},{"text":"incendērunt.","gloss":"incendo: set on fire"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.L75.e2.6.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Civil War Breaks Out Between Cæsar and Pompey: The Battle of Pharsalia (Lentulus LXXV)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":156,"id":"la.do.R75.1","source":"Nē cōnfectō quidem bellō Gallicō, bellum cīvīle inter Caesarem et Pompēium exortum est.","translation":"When the Gallic war was not even yet finished, a civil war arose between Caesar and Pompey.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nē","gloss":"ne: in order that not, that"},{"text":"cōnfectō","gloss":"conficio: make, complete, accomplish, finish"},{"text":"quidem","gloss":"to be sure, certainly, indeed"},{"text":"bellō","gloss":"bellum: war"},{"text":"Gallicō,","gloss":"Gallicus: Gallic"},{"text":"bellum","gloss":"war"},{"text":"cīvīle","gloss":"civilis: civil"},{"text":"inter","gloss":"between, among"},{"text":"Caesarem","gloss":"Caesar: Cæsar"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"Pompēium","gloss":"Pompeii: Pompeii"},{"text":"exortum","gloss":"without share in"},{"text":"est.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R75.1.m4a"},{"number":157,"id":"la.do.R75.2","source":"Nam Pompēius, quī summum imperium petēbat, senātuī persuāserat ut Caesarem reī pūblicae hostem iūdicāret et exercitum eius dīmittī iubēret.","translation":"For Pompey, who was seeking the supreme power, had persuaded the senate to judge Caesar an enemy of the state and to order his army to be disbanded.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nam","gloss":"for"},{"text":"Pompēius,","gloss":"Pompeius: Pompey"},{"text":"quī","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"summum","gloss":"summus: highest, greatest"},{"text":"imperium","gloss":"command, chief power; empire"},{"text":"petēbat,","gloss":"peto: aim at, assail, storm, attack; seek, ask"},{"text":"senātuī","gloss":"senatus: council of elders, senate"},{"text":"persuāserat","gloss":"persuadeo: persuade, advise"},{"text":"ut","gloss":"that, in order that, that not"},{"text":"Caesarem","gloss":"Caesar: Cæsar"},{"text":"reī","gloss":"res: thing, matter"},{"text":"pūblicae","gloss":"publicus: public, belonging to the state"},{"text":"hostem","gloss":"hostis: enemy"},{"text":"iūdicāret","gloss":"judico: judge, decide"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"exercitum","gloss":"exercitus2: army, infantry"},{"text":"eius","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"dīmittī","gloss":"dimitto: send away, dismiss, disband"},{"text":"iubēret.","gloss":"jubeo: order, command"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R75.2.m4a"},{"number":158,"id":"la.do.R75.3","source":"Quibus cognitīs rēbus Caesar exercitum suum dīmittere recūsāvit, atque, hortātus mīlitēs ut ducem totiēns victōrem ab inimīcōrum iniūriīs dēfenderent, imperāvit ut sē Rōmam sequerentur.","translation":"When these things were learned, Caesar refused to disband his army, and, having urged the soldiers to defend their so often victorious leader from the wrongs of his enemies, commanded them to follow him to Rome.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quibus","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"cognitīs","gloss":"cognosco: learn; know"},{"text":"rēbus","gloss":"res: thing, matter"},{"text":"Caesar","gloss":"Cæsar"},{"text":"exercitum","gloss":"exercitus2: army, infantry"},{"text":"suum","gloss":"suus: his, her, hers, its, their, theirs"},{"text":"dīmittere","gloss":"dimitto: send away, dismiss, disband"},{"text":"recūsāvit,","gloss":"recuso: refuse"},{"text":"atque,","gloss":"and"},{"text":"hortātus","gloss":"hortor: urge, incite, exhort, encourage"},{"text":"mīlitēs","gloss":"miles: soldier"},{"text":"ut","gloss":"that, in order that, that not"},{"text":"ducem","gloss":"dux: leader"},{"text":"totiēns","gloss":"totiens: so often, so many times"},{"text":"victōrem","gloss":"victor: victor"},{"text":"ab","gloss":"from, by"},{"text":"inimīcōrum","gloss":"inimicus: hostile"},{"text":"iniūriīs","gloss":"injuria: wrong, injury"},{"text":"dēfenderent,","gloss":"defendo: defend"},{"text":"imperāvit","gloss":"impero: command, order"},{"text":"ut","gloss":"that, in order that, that not"},{"text":"sē","gloss":"sui: of himself (herself, itself, themselves)"},{"text":"Rōmam","gloss":"Roma: Rome"},{"text":"sequerentur.","gloss":"sequor: follow"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R75.3.m4a"},{"number":159,"id":"la.do.R75.4","source":"Summā cum alacritāte mīlitēs pāruērunt, et trānsitō Rubicōne initium bellī cīvīlis factum est.","translation":"With the greatest eagerness the soldiers obeyed, and when the Rubicon had been crossed the beginning of the civil war was made.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Summā","gloss":"summus: highest, greatest"},{"text":"cum","gloss":"when; since; although"},{"text":"alacritāte","gloss":"alacritas: eagerness, alacrity"},{"text":"mīlitēs","gloss":"miles: soldier"},{"text":"pāruērunt,","gloss":"pareo: obey"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"trānsitō","gloss":"transeo: go across, cross"},{"text":"Rubicōne","gloss":"Rubico: the Rubicon"},{"text":"initium","gloss":"entrance, beginning"},{"text":"bellī","gloss":"bellum: war"},{"text":"cīvīlis","gloss":"civilis: civil"},{"text":"factum","gloss":"facio: make, do; cause, bring about"},{"text":"est.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R75.4.m4a"},{"number":160,"id":"la.do.R75.5","source":"Italiae urbēs quidem omnēs ferē rēbus Caesaris favēbant et eum benignē excēpērunt.","translation":"Almost all the cities of Italy, indeed, favored Caesar's cause and received him kindly.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Italiae","gloss":"Italia: Italy"},{"text":"urbēs","gloss":"urbs: city"},{"text":"quidem","gloss":"to be sure, certainly, indeed"},{"text":"omnēs","gloss":"omnis: every, all"},{"text":"ferē","gloss":"fere: nearly, almost"},{"text":"rēbus","gloss":"res: thing, matter"},{"text":"Caesaris","gloss":"Caesar: Cæsar"},{"text":"favēbant","gloss":"faveo: be favorable to, favor"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"eum","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"benignē","gloss":"benignus: good-natured, kind"},{"text":"excēpērunt.","gloss":"excipio: welcome, receive"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R75.5.m4a"},{"number":161,"id":"la.do.R75.6","source":"Quā rē commōtus Pompēius ante Caesaris adventum Rōmā excessit et Brundisium pervēnit, inde paucīs post diēbus cum omnibus cōpiīs ad Ēpīrum mare trānsiit.","translation":"Alarmed by this, Pompey departed from Rome before Caesar's arrival and reached Brundisium; from there a few days later he crossed the sea to Epirus with all his forces.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quā","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"rē","gloss":"res: thing, matter"},{"text":"commōtus","gloss":"commotus2: moved, excited"},{"text":"Pompēius","gloss":"Pompeius: Pompey"},{"text":"ante","gloss":"before"},{"text":"Caesaris","gloss":"Caesar: Cæsar"},{"text":"adventum","gloss":"adventus: approach, arrival"},{"text":"Rōmā","gloss":"Roma: Rome"},{"text":"excessit","gloss":"excedo: pass, withdraw, exceed"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"Brundisium","gloss":"Brundisium"},{"text":"pervēnit,","gloss":"pervenio: come through, arrive"},{"text":"inde","gloss":"from that place, thence"},{"text":"paucīs","gloss":"pauci: few, only a few"},{"text":"post","gloss":"behind, after"},{"text":"diēbus","gloss":"dies: day"},{"text":"cum","gloss":"when; since; although"},{"text":"omnibus","gloss":"omnis: every, all"},{"text":"cōpiīs","gloss":"copia: plenty, abundance; troops, forces"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"Ēpīrum","gloss":"Epirus: Epirus"},{"text":"mare","gloss":"sea"},{"text":"trānsiit.","gloss":"transeo: go across, cross"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R75.6.m4a"},{"number":162,"id":"la.do.R75.7","source":"Eum Caesar cum septem legiōnibus et quīngentīs equitibus secūtus est, et īnsignis inter Caesaris comitātum erat Pūblius.","translation":"Caesar followed him with seven legions and five hundred horsemen, and conspicuous in Caesar's retinue was Publius.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Eum","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"Caesar","gloss":"Cæsar"},{"text":"cum","gloss":"when; since; although"},{"text":"septem","gloss":"seven"},{"text":"legiōnibus","gloss":"legio: legion"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"quīngentīs","gloss":"quingenti: five hundred"},{"text":"equitibus","gloss":"eques: horseman, cavalryman"},{"text":"secūtus","gloss":"sequor: follow"},{"text":"est,","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"īnsignis","gloss":"insignis: remarkable, noted"},{"text":"inter","gloss":"between, among"},{"text":"Caesaris","gloss":"Caesar: Cæsar"},{"text":"comitātum","gloss":"comitatus: escort, company"},{"text":"erat","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"Pūblius.","gloss":"Publius: Publius (Roman praenomen)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R75.7.m4a"},{"number":163,"id":"la.do.R75.8","source":"Plūribus leviōribus proeliīs factīs, tandem cōpiae adversae ad Pharsālum in Thessaliā sitam castra posuērunt.","translation":"After several lighter battles had been fought, at last the opposing forces pitched camp at Pharsalus, situated in Thessaly.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Plūribus","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"leviōribus","gloss":"levis: light"},{"text":"proeliīs","gloss":"proelium: battle"},{"text":"factīs,","gloss":"facio: make, do; cause, bring about"},{"text":"tandem","gloss":"at length, finally"},{"text":"cōpiae","gloss":"copia: plenty, abundance; troops, forces"},{"text":"adversae","gloss":"adversa: enemy/adversary/opponent (female)"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"Pharsālum","gloss":"Pharsalos: Pharsalos (a name)"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"Thessaliā","gloss":"Thessalia: Thessaly"},{"text":"sitam","gloss":"sino: allow, permit"},{"text":"castra","gloss":"castrum: fort; camp"},{"text":"posuērunt.","gloss":"pono: place, put"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R75.8.m4a"},{"number":164,"id":"la.do.R75.9","source":"Cum Pompeī exercitus esset bis tantus quantus Caesaris, tamen erant multī quī veterānās legiōnēs quae Gallōs et Germānōs superāverant vehementer timēbant.","translation":"Although Pompey's army was twice as large as Caesar's, still there were many who greatly feared the veteran legions which had overcome the Gauls and the Germans.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Cum","gloss":"when; since; although"},{"text":"Pompeī","gloss":"Pompeius: Pompey"},{"text":"exercitus","gloss":"exercitus2: army, infantry"},{"text":"esset","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"bis","gloss":"twice"},{"text":"tantus","gloss":"so great"},{"text":"quantus","gloss":"as great as"},{"text":"Caesaris,","gloss":"Caesar: Cæsar"},{"text":"tamen","gloss":"yet, nevertheless"},{"text":"erant","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"multī","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"quī","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"veterānās","gloss":"veteranus: old, veteran"},{"text":"legiōnēs","gloss":"legio: legion"},{"text":"quae","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"Gallōs","gloss":"Gallus: a Gaul"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"Germānōs","gloss":"Germanus: German"},{"text":"superāverant","gloss":"supero: conquer, overcome"},{"text":"vehementer","gloss":"eagerly, vehemently"},{"text":"timēbant.","gloss":"timeo: fear; be afraid"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R75.9.m4a"},{"number":165,"id":"la.do.R75.10","source":"Quōs ante proelium commissum Labiēnus lēgātus, quī ab Caesare nūper dēfēcerat, ita adlocūtus est: “Nōlīte exīstimāre hunc esse exercitum veterānōrum mīlitum.","translation":"These men, before the battle was joined, Labienus the lieutenant, who had lately deserted from Caesar, addressed thus: \"Do not think that this is an army of veteran soldiers.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quōs","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"ante","gloss":"before"},{"text":"proelium","gloss":"battle"},{"text":"commissum","gloss":"committo: intrust, commit"},{"text":"Labiēnus","gloss":"Labienus: La-bi-enus"},{"text":"lēgātus,","gloss":"legatus: lieutenant, ambassador"},{"text":"quī","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"ab","gloss":"from, by"},{"text":"Caesare","gloss":"Caesar: Cæsar"},{"text":"nūper","gloss":"nuper: lately, recently"},{"text":"dēfēcerat,","gloss":"deficio: fail, be wanting; revolt from"},{"text":"ita","gloss":"thus, in this way, as follows"},{"text":"adlocūtus","gloss":"adloquor: speak to, address"},{"text":"est:","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"“Nōlīte","gloss":"nolo: not to wish, be unwilling"},{"text":"exīstimāre","gloss":"existimo: estimate; think, judge"},{"text":"hunc","gloss":"hic: this"},{"text":"esse","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"exercitum","gloss":"exercitus2: army, infantry"},{"text":"veterānōrum","gloss":"veteranus: old, veteran"},{"text":"mīlitum.","gloss":"miles: soldier"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R75.10.m4a"},{"number":166,"id":"la.do.R75.11","source":"Omnibus interfuī proeliīs neque temerē incognitam rem prōnūntiō.","translation":"I have taken part in all the battles, and I do not rashly announce a thing I do not know.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Omnibus","gloss":"omnis: every, all"},{"text":"interfuī","gloss":"intersum: be present, take part in"},{"text":"proeliīs","gloss":"proelium: battle"},{"text":"neque","gloss":"neither, nor, and ... not"},{"text":"temerē","gloss":"temere: rashly, heedlessly"},{"text":"incognitam","gloss":"incognitus: unknown"},{"text":"rem","gloss":"res: thing, matter"},{"text":"prōnūntiō.","gloss":"pronuntio: proclaim, declare"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R75.11.m4a"},{"number":167,"id":"la.do.R75.12","source":"Perexigua pars illīus exercitūs quī Gallōs superāvit adhūc superest.","translation":"A very small part of that army which overcame the Gauls still survives.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Perexigua","gloss":"perexiguus: very small, very short"},{"text":"pars","gloss":"part, region, direction"},{"text":"illīus","gloss":"ille: that; he, she, it"},{"text":"exercitūs","gloss":"exercitus2: army"},{"text":"quī","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"Gallōs","gloss":"Gallus: a Gaul"},{"text":"superāvit","gloss":"supero: conquer, overcome"},{"text":"adhūc","gloss":"adhuc: hitherto, as yet, thus far"},{"text":"superest.","gloss":"supersum: be over, survive"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R75.12.m4a"},{"number":168,"id":"la.do.R75.13","source":"Magna pars occīsa est, multī domum discessērunt, multī sunt relictī in Italiā.","translation":"A great part has been killed, many have gone home, many have been left in Italy.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Magna","gloss":"magnus: great, large; strong, loud"},{"text":"pars","gloss":"part, region, direction"},{"text":"occīsa","gloss":"occido: cut down, kill"},{"text":"est,","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"multī","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"domum","gloss":"domus: house, home"},{"text":"discessērunt,","gloss":"discedo: depart, go away, leave"},{"text":"multī","gloss":"multus: much; many"},{"text":"sunt","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"relictī","gloss":"relinquo: leave, abandon"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"Italiā.","gloss":"Italia: Italy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R75.13.m4a"},{"number":169,"id":"la.do.R75.14","source":"Hae cōpiae quās vidētis in citeriōre Galliā nūper cōnscrīptae sunt.”","translation":"These forces which you see were lately enrolled in nearer Gaul.\"","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hae","gloss":"hic: this"},{"text":"cōpiae","gloss":"copia: plenty, abundance; troops, forces"},{"text":"quās","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"vidētis","gloss":"video: see, perceive"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"citeriōre","gloss":"citer: near/on this side"},{"text":"Galliā","gloss":"Gallia: Gaul"},{"text":"nūper","gloss":"nuper: lately, recently"},{"text":"cōnscrīptae","gloss":"conscribo: enroll, enlist"},{"text":"sunt.”","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R75.14.m4a"},{"number":170,"id":"la.do.R75.15","source":"Haec cum dīxisset, iūrāvit sē nisi victōrem in castra nōn reversūrum esse. Hoc idem Pompēius et omnēs reliquī iūrāvērunt, et magnā spē et laetitiā, sīcut certam ad victōriam, cōpiae ē castrīs exiērunt.","translation":"When he had said this, he swore that he would not return to camp except as a victor. This same thing Pompey and all the rest swore, and with great hope and joy, as if to certain victory, the forces went out of the camp.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Haec","gloss":"hic: this"},{"text":"cum","gloss":"when; since; although"},{"text":"dīxisset,","gloss":"dico2: say, speak, tell"},{"text":"iūrāvit","gloss":"juro: swear, take an oath"},{"text":"sē","gloss":"sui: of himself (herself, itself, themselves)"},{"text":"nisi","gloss":"unless, if ... not"},{"text":"victōrem","gloss":"victor: victor"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"castra","gloss":"castrum: fort; camp"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"reversūrum","gloss":"reverto: turn back, return"},{"text":"esse.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"Hoc","gloss":"hic: this"},{"text":"idem","gloss":"the same"},{"text":"Pompēius","gloss":"Pompeius: Pompey"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"omnēs","gloss":"omnis: every, all"},{"text":"reliquī","gloss":"reliquus: remaining, rest of; the rest"},{"text":"iūrāvērunt,","gloss":"juro: swear, take an oath"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"magnā","gloss":"magnus: great, large; strong, loud"},{"text":"spē","gloss":"spes: hope"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"laetitiā,","gloss":"laetitia: joy"},{"text":"sīcut","gloss":"sicut: just as, as if"},{"text":"certam","gloss":"certus: fixed, certain, sure"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"victōriam,","gloss":"victoria: victory"},{"text":"cōpiae","gloss":"copia: plenty, abundance; troops, forces"},{"text":"ē","gloss":"ex: out of, from"},{"text":"castrīs","gloss":"castrum: fort; camp"},{"text":"exiērunt.","gloss":"exeo: go out, go forth"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R75.15.m4a"},{"number":171,"id":"la.do.R75.16","source":"Item Caesar, animō ad dīmicandum parātus, exercitum suum ēdūxit et septem cohortibus praesidiō castrīs relictīs cōpiās triplicī aciē īnstrūxit.","translation":"Likewise Caesar, with his mind prepared for the fight, led out his army, and, having left seven cohorts as a guard for the camp, drew up his forces in a triple line.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Item","gloss":"also"},{"text":"Caesar,","gloss":"Cæsar"},{"text":"animō","gloss":"animus: mind, heart; spirit, feeling"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"dīmicandum","gloss":"dimico: fight, struggle"},{"text":"parātus,","gloss":"paro: prepare for, prepare; provide, procure"},{"text":"exercitum","gloss":"exercitus2: army, infantry"},{"text":"suum","gloss":"suus: his, her, hers, its, their, theirs"},{"text":"ēdūxit","gloss":"educo: lead out, draw out"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"septem","gloss":"seven"},{"text":"cohortibus","gloss":"cohors: cohort"},{"text":"praesidiō","gloss":"praesidium: garrison, guard, protection"},{"text":"castrīs","gloss":"castrum: fort; camp"},{"text":"relictīs","gloss":"relinquo: leave, abandon"},{"text":"cōpiās","gloss":"copia: plenty, abundance; troops, forces"},{"text":"triplicī","gloss":"triplex: threefold, triple"},{"text":"aciē","gloss":"acies: line of battle"},{"text":"īnstrūxit.","gloss":"instruo: draw up"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R75.16.m4a"},{"number":172,"id":"la.do.R75.17","source":"Tum, mīlitibus studiō pugnae ārdentibus, tubā signum dedit.","translation":"Then, as the soldiers were burning with eagerness for battle, he gave the signal with the trumpet.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Tum,","gloss":"then, at that time"},{"text":"mīlitibus","gloss":"miles: soldier"},{"text":"studiō","gloss":"studium: zeal, eagerness"},{"text":"pugnae","gloss":"pugna: battle"},{"text":"ārdentibus,","gloss":"ardeo: be on fire, blaze, burn"},{"text":"tubā","gloss":"tuba: trumpet"},{"text":"signum","gloss":"signal, sign, standard"},{"text":"dedit.","gloss":"do: give"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R75.17.m4a"},{"number":173,"id":"la.do.R75.18","source":"Mīlitēs prōcurrērunt et pīlīs missīs gladiōs strīnxērunt.","translation":"The soldiers ran forward and, having hurled their spears, drew their swords.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mīlitēs","gloss":"miles: soldier"},{"text":"prōcurrērunt","gloss":"procurro: run forward"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"pīlīs","gloss":"pilum: spear"},{"text":"missīs","gloss":"mitto: send"},{"text":"gladiōs","gloss":"gladius: sword"},{"text":"strīnxērunt.","gloss":"stringo: bind tight; draw, unsheathe"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R75.18.m4a"},{"number":174,"id":"la.do.R75.19","source":"Neque vērō virtūs hostibus dēfuit.","translation":"Nor indeed was the enemy lacking in courage.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Neque","gloss":"neither, nor, and ... not"},{"text":"vērō","gloss":"vero: truly, indeed, in fact; but, however"},{"text":"virtūs","gloss":"virtus: manliness, courage"},{"text":"hostibus","gloss":"hostis: enemy"},{"text":"dēfuit.","gloss":"desum: be wanting, lack"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R75.19.m4a"},{"number":175,"id":"la.do.R75.20","source":"Nam et tēla missa sustinuērunt et impetum gladiōrum excēpērunt et ōrdinēs cōnservāvērunt.","translation":"For they both withstood the spears that were hurled and met the attack of the swords and kept their ranks.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nam","gloss":"for"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"tēla","gloss":"telum: weapon of offense, spear"},{"text":"missa","gloss":"mitto: send"},{"text":"sustinuērunt","gloss":"sustineo: sustain"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"impetum","gloss":"impetus: attack"},{"text":"gladiōrum","gloss":"gladius: sword"},{"text":"excēpērunt","gloss":"excipio: welcome, receive"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ōrdinēs","gloss":"ordo: row, rank"},{"text":"cōnservāvērunt.","gloss":"conservo: preserve, save"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R75.20.m4a"},{"number":176,"id":"la.do.R75.21","source":"Utrimque diū et ācriter pugnātum est nec quisquam pedem rettulit.","translation":"On both sides the fighting was long and fierce, and no one gave ground.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Utrimque","gloss":"on each side, on either hand"},{"text":"diū","gloss":"diu: for a long time, long"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ācriter","gloss":"acriter: sharply, fiercely"},{"text":"pugnātum","gloss":"pugno: fight"},{"text":"est","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"nec","gloss":"neque: neither, nor, and ... not"},{"text":"quisquam","gloss":"any one"},{"text":"pedem","gloss":"pes: foot"},{"text":"rettulit.","gloss":"refero: bear back; report"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R75.21.m4a"},{"number":177,"id":"la.do.R75.22","source":"Tum equitēs Pompēī aciem Caesaris circumīre cōnātī sunt.","translation":"Then Pompey's horsemen tried to go around Caesar's line.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Tum","gloss":"then, at that time"},{"text":"equitēs","gloss":"eques: horseman, cavalryman"},{"text":"Pompēī","gloss":"Pompeius: Pompey"},{"text":"aciem","gloss":"acies: line of battle"},{"text":"Caesaris","gloss":"Caesar: Cæsar"},{"text":"circumīre","gloss":"circumeo: go around"},{"text":"cōnātī","gloss":"conor: attempt, try"},{"text":"sunt.","gloss":"sum: be; exist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R75.22.m4a"},{"number":178,"id":"la.do.R75.23","source":"Quod ubi Caesar animadvertit, tertiam aciem, quae ad id tempus quiēta fuerat, prōcurrere iussit.","translation":"When Caesar noticed this, he ordered the third line, which up to that time had been inactive, to run forward.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Quod","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"ubi","gloss":"where"},{"text":"Caesar","gloss":"Cæsar"},{"text":"animadvertit,","gloss":"animadverto: turn the mind to, notice"},{"text":"tertiam","gloss":"tertius: third"},{"text":"aciem,","gloss":"acies: line of battle"},{"text":"quae","gloss":"qui: who, which, what, that"},{"text":"ad","gloss":"to"},{"text":"id","gloss":"is: this, that; he, she, it"},{"text":"tempus","gloss":"time"},{"text":"quiēta","gloss":"quies: rest, repose"},{"text":"fuerat,","gloss":"sum: be; exist"},{"text":"prōcurrere","gloss":"procurro: run forward"},{"text":"iussit.","gloss":"jubeo: order, command"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R75.23.m4a"},{"number":179,"id":"la.do.R75.24","source":"Tum vērō integrōrum impetum dēfessī hostēs sustinēre nōn potuērunt et omnēs terga vertērunt.","translation":"Then indeed the weary enemy could not withstand the attack of fresh troops, and all turned their backs.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Tum","gloss":"then, at that time"},{"text":"vērō","gloss":"vero: truly, indeed, in fact; but, however"},{"text":"integrōrum","gloss":"integer: untouched, whole; fresh, new"},{"text":"impetum","gloss":"impetus: attack"},{"text":"dēfessī","gloss":"defetiscor: become exhausted/suffer exhaustion, grow weary/faint/tired/weak"},{"text":"hostēs","gloss":"hostis: enemy"},{"text":"sustinēre","gloss":"sustineo: sustain"},{"text":"nōn","gloss":"non: not"},{"text":"potuērunt","gloss":"possum: be able, can"},{"text":"et","gloss":"and"},{"text":"omnēs","gloss":"omnis: every, all"},{"text":"terga","gloss":"tergum: back"},{"text":"vertērunt.","gloss":"verto: turn, change"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R75.24.m4a"},{"number":180,"id":"la.do.R75.25","source":"Sed Pompēius dē fortūnīs suīs dēspērāns sē in castra equō contulit, inde mox cum paucīs equitibus effūgit.","translation":"But Pompey, despairing of his fortunes, betook himself on horseback to the camp, and from there soon escaped with a few horsemen.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Sed","gloss":"but"},{"text":"Pompēius","gloss":"Pompeius: Pompey"},{"text":"dē","gloss":"de: down from; concerning"},{"text":"fortūnīs","gloss":"fortuna: fortune"},{"text":"suīs","gloss":"suus: his, her, hers, its, their, theirs"},{"text":"dēspērāns","gloss":"despero: despair"},{"text":"sē","gloss":"sui: of himself (herself, itself, themselves)"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in, on; into, to, against"},{"text":"castra","gloss":"castrum: fort; camp"},{"text":"equō","gloss":"equus: horse"},{"text":"contulit,","gloss":"confero: bring together"},{"text":"inde","gloss":"from that place, thence"},{"text":"mox","gloss":"soon, presently"},{"text":"cum","gloss":"when; since; although"},{"text":"paucīs","gloss":"pauci: few, only a few"},{"text":"equitibus","gloss":"eques: horseman, cavalryman"},{"text":"effūgit.","gloss":"effugio: escape"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-la/la.do.R75.25.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"cīvīle","gloss":"civil, from civilis"},{"word":"exortum","gloss":"without share in"},{"word":"totiēns","gloss":"so often, so many times"},{"word":"alacritāte","gloss":"eagerness, alacrity, from alacritas"},{"word":"quīngentīs","gloss":"five hundred, from quingenti"},{"word":"comitātum","gloss":"escort, company, from comitatus"},{"word":"Thessaliā","gloss":"Thessaly"},{"word":"veterānās","gloss":"old, veteran, from veteranus"},{"word":"adlocūtus","gloss":"speak to, address, from adloquor"},{"word":"temerē","gloss":"rashly, heedlessly"},{"word":"incognitam","gloss":"unknown, from incognitus"},{"word":"prōnūntiō","gloss":"proclaim, declare"},{"word":"Perexigua","gloss":"very small, very short, from perexiguus"},{"word":"Item","gloss":"also"},{"word":"dīmicandum","gloss":"fight, struggle, from dimico"},{"word":"triplicī","gloss":"threefold, triple, from triplex"},{"word":"circumīre","gloss":"go around, from circumeo"},{"word":"integrōrum","gloss":"untouched, whole, from integer"}],"paradigms":[]}]}