# Prīmus et Secundus Annus, Lessons LXXII–LXXV Latin for Beginners II The Irregular Verb Eō: Indirect Statements; Vocabulary Review: The Irregular Verb Ferō: The Dative with Compounds; Vocabulary Review: The Subjunctive in Indirect Questions; Vocabulary Review: The Dative of Purpose, or End for Which Source: https://1732studios.com/courses/la/31. Data: https://1732studios.com/courses/la/31.json. ## The Irregular Verb Eō: Indirect Statements (D'Ooge LXXII) ### Latin reports without that Gallī sunt fortēs means "The Gauls are brave." Dīxit Gallōs esse fortīs is an indirect statement. It reports Gallī sunt fortēs without quoting its exact words. English adds that. Latin does not. ### Accusative subject, infinitive verb Gallī sunt fortēs has nominative Gallī and finite sunt. After Dīxit, Gallī becomes accusative Gallōs and sunt becomes infinitive esse. In an indirect statement, the subject is accusative and the verb is infinitive. ### The infinitive marks the time Dīxit Gallōs esse fortīs uses present esse because the direct statement has sunt. For erant, Latin uses perfect fuisse. For erunt, it uses future futūrōs esse. Past Dīxit does not change the infinitive's tense. The infinitive marks the original statement's time. **1** Gallī sunt fortēs The Gauls are brave **2** Gallī erant fortēs The Gauls were brave **3** Gallī erunt fortēs The Gauls will be brave **4** Dīxit Gallōs esse fortīs He says or He said the Gauls to be brave **5** Dīxit Gallōs fuisse fortīs He says or He said the Gauls to have been brave **6** Dīxit Gallōs futūrōs esse fortīs He says or He said the Gauls to be about to be brave **7** postrīdiē eius diēī on the next day (lit. on the next day of that day) **8** initā aestāte at the beginning of summer **9** memoriā tenēre to remember (lit. to hold by memory) **10** per explōrātōrēs cognōscere to learn through scouts ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LXXII, §§412-421 §412. Learn the principal parts and the conjugation of eō, go (§499). a. Notice that ī-, the root of eō, is changed to e- before a vowel, excepting in iēns, the nominative of the present participle. In the perfect system -v- is regularly dropped. [ Conjugation given in §499: PRINCIPAL PARTS eō, īre, iī (īvī), ĭtum (n. perf. part.) PRES. STEM ī- PERF. STEM ī- or īv- PART. STEM it- INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE IMPERATIVE SING. PLUR. Pres. eō īmus eam 2d Pers. ī īte īs ītis it eunt Impf. ībam īrem Fut. ībō ---- 2d Pers. ītō ītōte 3d Pers. ītō euntō Perf. iī (īvī) ierim (īverim) Plup. ieram (īveram) īssem (īvissem) F. P. ierō (īverō) INFINITIVE Pres. īre Perf. īsse (īvisse) Fut. itūrus, -a, -um esse PARTICIPLES Pres. iēns, gen. euntis (§472) Fut. itūrus, -a, -um Ger. eundum GERUND Gen. eundī Dat. eundō Acc. eundum Abl. eundō SUPINE Acc. [[itum]] Abl. [[itū]] ] ``` ``` §413. Learn the meaning and principal parts of the following compounds of eō with prepositions: ad´eō, adī´re, ad´iī, ad´itus, go to, visit, with the accusative ex´eō, exī´re, ex´iī, ex´itus, go forth, with ex or dē and the ablative of the place from which in´eō, inī´re, in´iī, in´itus, begin, enter upon, with the accusative red´eō, redī´re, red´iī, red´itus, return, with ad or in and the accusative of the place to which trāns´eō, trānsī´re, trāns´iī, trāns´itus, cross, with the accusative ``` ``` §414. Indirect Statements in English. Direct statements are those which the speaker or writer makes himself or which are quoted in his exact language. Indirect statements are those reported in a different form of words from that used by the speaker or writer. Compare the following direct and indirect statements: { 1. The Gauls are brave Direct statements { 2. The Gauls were brave { 3. The Gauls will be brave Indirect statements { 1. He says that the Gauls are brave after a verb in { 2. He says that the Gauls were brave the present tense { 3. He says that the Gauls will be brave Indirect statements { 1. He said that the Gauls were brave after a verb in { 2. He said that the Gauls had been brave a past tense { 3. He said that the Gauls would be brave We see that in English a. The indirect statement forms a clause introduced by the conjunction that. b. The verb is finite (cf. §173) and its subject is in the nominative. c. The tenses of the verbs originally used are changed after the past tense, He said. ``` ``` §415. Indirect Statements in Latin. In Latin the direct and indirect statements above would be as follows: DIRECT { 1. Gallī sunt fortēs STATEMENTS { 2. Gallī erant fortēs { 3. Gallī erunt fortēs { 1. Dīcit or Dīxit Gallōs esse fortīs { (He says or He said { the Gauls to be brave)[1] INDIRECT { 2. Dīcit or Dīxit Gallōs fuisse fortīs STATEMENTS { (He says or He said { the Gauls to have been brave)[1] { 3. Dīcit or Dīxit Gallōs futūrōs esse fortīs { (He says or He said { the Gauls to be about to be brave)[1] [1] These parenthetical renderings are not inserted as translations, but merely to show the literal meaning of the Latin. Comparing these Latin indirect statements with the English in the preceding section, we observe three marked differences: a. There is no conjunction corresponding to that. b. The verb is in the infinitive and its subject is in the accusative. c. The tenses of the infinitive are not changed after a past tense of the principal verb. ``` ``` §416. RULE. Indirect Statements. When a direct statement becomes indirect, the principal verb is changed to the infinitive and its subject nominative becomes subject accusative of the infinitive. ``` ``` §417. Tenses of the Infinitive. When the sentences in §415 were changed from the direct to the indirect form of statement, sunt became esse, erant became fuisse, and erunt became futūrōs esse. ``` ``` §418. RULE. Infinitive Tenses in Indirect Statements. A present indicative of a direct statement becomes present infinitive of the indirect, a past indicative becomes perfect infinitive, and a future indicative becomes future infinitive. NOTE. When translating into Latin an English indirect statement, first decide what tense of the indicative would have been used in the direct form. That will show you what tense of the infinitive to use in the indirect. ``` ``` §419. RULE. Verbs followed by Indirect Statements. The accusative-with-infinitive construction in indirect statements is found after verbs of saying, telling, knowing, thinking, and perceiving. ``` ``` §420. Verbs regularly followed by indirect statements are: a. Verbs of saying and telling: dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictus, say negō, negāre, negāvī, negātus, deny, say not nūntiō, nūntiāre, nūntiāvī, nūntiātus, announce respondeō, respondēre, respondī, respōnsus, reply b. Verbs of knowing: cognōscō, cognōscere, cognōvī, cognitus, learn, (in the perf.) know sciō, scīre, scīvī, scītus, know c. Verbs of thinking: arbitror, arbitrārī, arbitrātus sum, think, consider exīstimō, exīstimāre, exīstimāvī, exīstimātus, think, believe iūdicō, iūdicāre, iūdicāvi, iūdicātus, judge, decide putō, putāre, putāvī, putātus, reckon, think spērō, spērāre, spērāvi, spērātus, hope d. Verbs of perceiving: audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītus, hear sentiō, sentīre, sēnsī, sēnsus, feel, perceive videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsus, see intellegō, intellegere, intellēxī, intellēctus, understand, perceive Learn such of these verbs as are new to you. ``` ``` §421. IDIOMS postrīdiē eius diēī, on the next day (lit. on the next day of that day) initā aestāte, at the beginning of summer memoriā tenēre, to remember (lit. to hold by memory) per explōrātōrēs cognōscere, to learn through scouts ``` ## Latin into English (D'Ooge LXXII) **11** Caesar per explorātores cognōvit Gallōs flūmen trānsīsse. Caesar learned through scouts that the Gauls had crossed the river. **12** Rōmānī audīvērunt Helvētiōs initā aestāte dē fīnibus suīs exitūrōs esse. The Romans heard that the Helvetii, at the beginning of summer, would go out from their territory. **13** Legātī respondērunt nēminem ante Caesarem illam īnsulam adīsse. The ambassadors answered that no one before Caesar had gone to that island. **14** Prīncipēs Gallōrum dīcunt sē nūllum cōnsilium contrā Caesaris imperium initūrōs esse. The chiefs of the Gauls say that they will form no plan against the authority of Caesar. **15** Arbitrāmur potentiam rēgīnae esse maiōrem quam cīvium. We think that the power of the queen is greater than that of the citizens. **16** Rōmānī negant se lībertātem Gallīs ēreptūrōs esse. The Romans deny that they will rob the Gauls of their liberty. **17** Hīs rēbus cognitīs sēnsimus lēgātōs non vēnisse ad pācem petendam. When these things had been learned, we perceived that the ambassadors had not come to seek peace. **18** Helvētii sciunt Rōmānōs priōrēs victōriās memoriā tenēre. The Helvetii know that the Romans hold their former victories in memory. **19** Sociī cum intellegerent multōs vulnerārī, statuērunt in suōs fīnīs redīre. The allies, since they understood that many were being wounded, decided to return into their own territory. **20** Aliquis nūntiāvit Mārcum cōnsulem creātum esse. Someone announced that Marcus had been made consul. | word | gloss | |---|---| | ēreptūrōs | snatch away, take by force | ## Give the forms (D'Ooge LXXII) **21** Nē īrent, ī, ībant, ierat. That they might not go, go (sing.), they were going, he had gone. **22** eō go **23** eō go **24** eō go ## English into Latin (D'Ooge LXXII) **25** Puer est tardus. Dīcit puerum esse, fuisse, futūrum esse tardum. The boy is slow. He says that the boy is, was, (and) will be slow. **26** Equus est, fuit, erit validus. Iūdicāvit equum esse, fuisse, futūrum esse validum. The horse is, has been, (and) will be strong. He judged that the horse was, had been, (and) would be strong. **27** Arbitrāmur exercitum initā aestāte ex castrīs exitūrum esse. We think that the army will go forth from the camp at the beginning of summer. **28** Postrīdiē eius diēī per explōrātōrēs cognōvimus oppidum hostium decem mīlia passuum abesse. The next day we learned through scouts that the enemy’s town was ten miles off.[2] **29** Rēx respondit ōrnāmenta esse rēgīnae. The king replied that the ornaments belonged to[3] the queen. ## Publius Goes to Germany: Its Great Forests and Strange Animals (Lentulus LXXII) **30** Initā aestāte Caesar litterīs certior fīēbat et per explōrātōrēs cognōscēbat plūrīs cīvitātēs Galliae novīs rēbus studēre, et contrā populum Rōmānum coniūrāre obsidēsque inter sē dare, atque cum hīs Germānōs quōsdam quoque sēsē coniūnctūrōs esse. At the beginning of summer Caesar was being informed by letters, and was learning through scouts, that several states of Gaul were eager for revolution, and were conspiring against the Roman people and giving hostages among themselves, and that certain Germans too would join themselves with these. **31** Hīs litterīs nūntiīsque commōtus Caesar cōnstituit quam celerrimē in Gallōs proficīscī, ut eōs inopīnantīs opprimeret, et Labiēnum lēgātum cum duābus legiōnibus peditum et duōbus mīlibus equitum in Germānōs mittere. Itaque rē frūmentāriā comparātā castra mōvit. Alarmed by these letters and messages, Caesar decided to set out against the Gauls as quickly as possible, in order to crush them unawares, and to send Labienus, his lieutenant, with two legions of infantry and two thousand horsemen against the Germans. And so, having provided a supply of grain, he moved his camp. **32** Ab utrōque rēs bene gesta est; nam Caesar tam celeriter in hostium fīnīs pervēnit ut spatium cōpiās cōgendī nōn darētur; et Labiēnus dē Germānīs tam grave supplicium sūmpsit ut nēmō ex eā gente in reliquum tempus Gallīs auxilium dare audēret. By both the affair was well managed; for Caesar reached the territory of the enemy so quickly that no time was given for collecting forces; and Labienus inflicted so heavy a punishment on the Germans that no one of that nation for the time to come dared to give help to the Gauls. **33** Hoc iter in Germāniam Pūblius quoque fēcit et, cum ibi morārētur, multa mīrābilia vīdit. This journey into Germany Publius also made, and while he was staying there he saw many wonderful things. **34** Praesertim vērō ingentem silvam mīrābātur, quae tantae magnitūdinis esse dīcēbātur ut nēmō eam trānsīre posset, nec quisquam scīret aut initium aut fīnem. Especially, indeed, he wondered at a huge forest, which was said to be of such great size that no one could cross it, nor did anyone know either its beginning or its end. **35** Quā dē rē plūra cognōverat ā mīlite quōdam quī ōlim captus ā Germānīs multōs annōs ibi incoluit. About this matter he had learned more from a certain soldier who, once captured by the Germans, had lived there many years. **36** Ille dē silvā dīcēns, “Īnfīnītae magnitūdinis est haec silva,” inquit; “nee quisquam est huius Germāniae quī initium eius sciat aut ad fīnem adierit. He, speaking about the forest, said, "This forest is of boundless size; nor is there anyone of this part of Germany who knows its beginning or has gone to its end. **37** Nāscuntur illīc multa tālia animālium genera quālia reliquīs in locīs nōn inveniuntur. There are born there many such kinds of animals as are not found in other places. **38** Sunt bovēs quī ūnum cornū habent; sunt etiam animālia quae appellantur alcēs. There are oxen which have one horn; there are also animals which are called elks. **39** Hae nūllōs crūrum articulōs habent. These have no joints in their legs. **40** Itaque, sī forte concidērunt, sēsē ērigere nūllō modō possunt. And so, if by chance they have fallen down, they can in no way raise themselves up. **41** Arborēs habent prō cubīlibus; ad eās sē applicant atque ita reclīnātae quiētem capiunt. They have trees for beds; they lean against them, and so, reclining, they take their rest. **42** Tertium est genus eōrum quī ūrī appellantur. There is a third kind, of those which are called uri. **43** Hī sunt paulō minōrēs elephantīs. These are a little smaller than elephants. **44** Magna vis eōrum est et magna vēlōcitās. Great is their strength and great their speed. **45** Neque hominī neque ferae parcunt.” They spare neither man nor beast." | word | gloss | |---|---| | coniūnctūrōs | connected word | | nūntiīsque | female messenger | | inopīnantīs | be in, from inopinor | | audēret | dare, from audeo | | Īnfīnītae | boundless, endless, from infinitus | | nee | and not, nor, from nec | | ūrī | wild ox, from urion | | vēlōcitās | swiftness | ## Vocabulary Review: The Irregular Verb Ferō: The Dative with Compounds (D'Ooge LXXIII) ### The verb inside īnferunt Germānī Gallīs bellum īnferunt means "the Germans make war upon the Gauls." Īnferunt is a compound of in and ferō, "bear." Ferō has the principal parts ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus. The infinitive forms show the stem change between present ferre and perfect tulisse. ### Infinitive ### A compound can take two objects Some verbs compounded with ad, ante, con, dē, in, inter, ob, post, prae, prō, sub, or super admit a dative indirect object. A transitive compound may also take an accusative direct object. Īnferunt takes dative Gallīs and accusative bellum in the same sentence. ### Four expressions with ferō Molestē ferre means "to be annoyed at" or "to be indignant at." Sē cōnferre ad means "to betake one's self to." Alicui bellum īnferre means "to make war upon some one." Pedem referre means "to retreat." **46** Haec rēs exercituī magnam calamitātem attulit this circumstance brought great disaster to the army **47** Germānī Gallīs bellum īnferunt the Germans make war upon the Gauls **48** Hae cōpiae proeliō nōn intererant these troops did not take part in the battle **49** Equitēs fugientibus hostibus occurrunt the horsemen meet the fleeing enemy **50** Galba cōpiīs fīlium praefēcit Galba put his son in command of the troops **51** molestē ferre to be annoyed at, to be indignant at **52** sē cōnferre ad to betake one's self to **53** alicui bellum īnferre to make war upon some one **54** pedem referre to retreat (lit. to bear back the foot) ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LXXIII, §§423-427 §423. Review the word lists in §§513, 514. ``` ``` §424. Learn the principal parts and conjugation of the verb ferō, bear (§498). 1. Learn the principal parts and meanings of the following compounds of ferō, bear: ad´ferō, adfer´re, at´tulī, adlā´tus, bring to; report cōn´ferō, cōnfer´re, con´tulī, conlā´tus, bring together, collect dē´ferō, dēfer´re, dē´tulī, dēlā´tus, bring to; report; grant, confer īn´ferō, īnfer´re, in´tulī, inlā´tus, bring in, bring against re´ferō, refer´re, ret´tulī, relā´tus, bear back, report [ Conjugation given in §498: PRINCIPAL PARTS ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus PRES. STEM fer- PERF. STEM tul- PART. STEM lāt- INDICATIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE Pres. ferō ferimus feror ferimur fers fertīs ferris, -re ferimimī fert ferunt fertur feruntur Impf. ferēbam ferēbar Fut. feram, ferēs, etc. ferar, ferēris, etc. Perf. tulī lātus, -a, -um sum Plup. tuleram lātus, -a, -um eram F.P. tulerō lātus, -a, -um erō SUBJUNCTIVE Pres. feram, ferās, etc. ferar, ferāris, etc. Impf. ferrem ferrer Perf. tulerim lātus, -a, -um sim Plup. tulissem lātus, -a, -um essem IMPERATIVE Pres. 2d Pers. fer ferte ferre feriminī Fut. 2d Pers. fertō fertōte fertor 3d Pers. fertō ferunto fertor feruntor INFINITIVE Pres. ferre ferrī Perf. tulisse lātus, -a, -um esse Fut. lātūrus, -a, -um esse ---- PARTICIPLES Pres. ferēns, -entis Pres. ---- Fut. lātūrus, -a, -um Ger. ferendus, -a, -um Perf. ---- Perf. lātus, -a, -um GERUND Gen. ferendī Dat. ferendō Acc. ferendum Abl. ferendō SUPINE (Active Voice) Acc. [[lātum]] Abl. [[lātū]] ] ``` ``` §425. The dative is the case of the indirect object. Many intransitive verbs take an indirect object and are therefore used with the dative (cf. §153). Transitive verbs take a direct object in the accusative; but sometimes they have an indirect object or dative as well. The whole question, then, as to whether or not a verb takes the dative, depends upon its capacity for governing an indirect object. A number of verbs, some transitive and some intransitive, which in their simple form would not take an indirect object, when compounded with certain prepositions, have a meaning which calls for an indirect object. Observe the following sentences: 1. Haec rēs exercituī magnam calamitātem attulit, this circumstance brought great disaster to the army. 2. Germānī Gallīs bellum īnferunt, the Germans make war upon the Gauls. 3. Hae cōpiae proeliō nōn intererant, these troops did not take part in the battle. 4. Equitēs fugientibus hostibus occurrunt, the horsemen meet the fleeing enemy. 5. Galba cōpiīs fīlium praefēcit, Galba put his son in command of the troops. In each sentence there is a dative, and in each a verb combined with a preposition. In no case would the simple verb take the dative. ``` ``` §426. RULE. Dative with Compounds. Some verbs compounded with ad, ante, con, dē, in, inter, ob, post, prae, prō, sub, super, admit the dative of the indirect object. Transitive compounds may take both an accusative and a dative. NOTE 1. Among such verbs are[1] [1] But the accusative with ad or in is used with some of these, when the idea of motion to or against is strong. ad´ferō, adfer´re, at´tulī, adlā´tus, bring to; report ad´sum, ades´se, ad´fuī, adfutū´rus, assist; be present dē´ferō, dēfer´re, dē´tulī, dēlātus, report; grant, confer dē´sum, dees´se, dē´fuī,----, be wanting, be lacking īn´ferō, īnfer´re, in´tulī, inlā´tus, bring against, bring upon inter´sum, interes´se, inter´fuī, interfutū´rus, take part in occur´rō, occur´rere, occur´rī, occur´sus, run against, meet praefi´ciō, praefi´cere, praefē´cī, praefec´tus, appoint over, place in command of prae´sum, praees´se, prae´fuī, ----, be over, be in command ``` ``` §427. IDIOMS graviter or molestē ferre, to be annoyed at, to be indignant at, followed by the accusative and infinitive sē cōnferre ad or in, with the accusative, to betake one’s self to alicui bellum īnferre, to make war upon some one pedem referre, to retreat (lit. to bear back the foot) ``` ## Latin into English (D'Ooge LXXIII) **55** Cum nāvigia insulae adpropinquārent, barbarī terrōre commōtī pedem referre cōnātī sunt. When the boats were approaching the island, the barbarians, moved by terror, tried to retreat. **56** Gallī molestē ferēbant Rōmānōs agrōs vastāre. The Gauls took it ill that the Romans were laying waste their fields. **57** Caesar sociīs imperāvit nē fīnitimis suīs bellum īnferrent. Caesar commanded the allies not to make war on their neighbors. **58** Explorātōrēs, qui Caesarī occurrērunt, dīxērunt exercitum hostium vulneribus dēfessum sēsē in alium locum contulisse. The scouts who met Caesar said that the army of the enemy, worn out by wounds, had betaken itself to another place. **59** Hostes sciēbant Rōmānōs frūmentō egēre et hanc rem Caesarī summum perīculum adlātūram esse. The enemy knew that the Romans lacked grain and that this fact would bring the greatest danger to Caesar. **60** Impedīmentīs in ūnum locum conlātis, aliquī mīlitum flūmen quod nōn longē aberat trānsiērunt. When the baggage had been collected in one place, some of the soldiers crossed the river which was not far off. **61** Hōs rēx hortātus est ut ōrāculum adīrent et rēs audītās ad sē referrent. The king urged these men to go to the oracle and report to him the things they had heard. **62** Quem imperātor illī legiōnī praefēcit? Pūblius illī legiōnī pracerat. Whom did the commander put in charge of that legion? Publius was in command of that legion. **63** Cum esset Caesar in citeriōre Galliā, crēbrī ad eum rūmōrēs adferēbantur litterīsque quoque certior fīēbat Gallōs obsidēs inter sē dare. When Caesar was in nearer Gaul, frequent rumors were brought to him, and by letters too he was informed that the Gauls were giving hostages among themselves. | word | gloss | |---|---| | pracerat | be at the head of, from praesum | ## Give the forms (D'Ooge LXXIII) **64** ferō bear **65** ferō bear **66** ferō bear ## English into Latin (D'Ooge LXXIII) **67** Gallī sociīs Caesaris bellum īnferent. The Gauls will make war upon Cæsar’s allies. **68** Audīvimus Gallōs sociīs Caesaris bellum inlātūrōs esse. We heard that the Gauls would make war upon Cæsar’s allies. **69** Pūblius eī proeliō nōn interfuit. Publius did not take part in that battle. **70** Certiōrēs factī sumus Pūblium eī proeliō nōn interfuisse. We have been informed that Publius did not take part in that battle. **71** Vir quī equitātuī praeerat vulnerātus est et pedem referre incēpit. The man who was in command of the cavalry was wounded and began to retreat. **72** Caesar tē cohortī nōn praefēcit ut exercituī calamitātem īnferrēs. Cæsar did not place you in command of the cohort to bring[3] disaster upon the army. ## The Storming of a City (Lentulus LXXIII) **73** Pūblius plūrīs diēs in Germāniā morātus in Galliam rediit, et ad Caesaris castra sē contulit. Publius, having stayed several days in Germany, returned to Gaul and betook himself to Caesar's camp. **74** Ille quia molestē ferēbat Gallōs eius regiōnis obsidēs dare recūsāvisse et exercituī frūmentum praebēre nōluisse, cōnstituit eīs bellum īnferre. The latter, because he took it ill that the Gauls of that region had refused to give hostages and had been unwilling to furnish grain to the army, decided to make war on them. **75** Agrīs vāstātīs, vīcīs incēnsīs, pervēnit ad oppidum validissimum quod et nātūrā et arte mūnītum erat. Having laid waste the fields and burned the villages, he came to a very strong town which was fortified both by nature and by art. **76** Cingēbātur mūrō vīgintī quīnque pedēs altō. It was surrounded by a wall twenty-five feet high. **77** Ā lateribus duōsitum, praeruptō fastīgiō ad plānitiem vergēgat; ā quārtō tantum latere aditus erat facilis. On two sides it was protected by its position; on the third, with a steep pitch, it sloped down to the plain; only on the fourth side was the approach easy. **78** Hoc oppidum oppugnāre, cum opus esset difficillimum, tamen cōnstituit Caesar. To attack this town, though the task was most difficult, Caesar nevertheless decided. **79** Et castrīs mūnītīs Pūbliō negōtium dedit ut rēs ad oppugnandum necessāriās parāret. And when the camp had been fortified, he gave Publius the task of preparing the things necessary for the assault. **80** Rōmānōrum autem oppugnātiō est haec. Now the Romans' method of assault is this. **81** Prīmum turrēs aedificantur quibus mīlitēs in summum mūrum ēvādere possint; vīneae fīunt quibus tēctī mīlitēs ad mūrum succēdant; pluteī parantur post quōs mīlitēs tormenta administrent; sunt quoque arietēs quī mūrum et portās discutiant. First towers are built by which the soldiers may get out on to the top of the wall; sheds are made under whose cover the soldiers may come up to the wall; screens are prepared behind which the soldiers may work the engines; there are also battering-rams to shatter the wall and gates. **82** Hīs omnibus rēbus comparātīs, deinde agger ab eā parte ubi aditus est facillimus exstruitur et cum vīneīs ad ipsum oppidum agitur. When all these things have been got ready, then a mound is built up on that side where the approach is easiest and is pushed forward with the sheds to the town itself. **83** Tum turris in aggere prōmovētur; arietibus quī sub vīneīs conlocātī erant mūrus et portae discutiuntur; ballistīs, catapultīs, reliquīsque tormentīs lapidēs et tēla in oppidum coniciuntur. Then a tower is moved forward on the mound; by the battering-rams which had been placed under the sheds the wall and gates are shattered; by ballistae, catapults, and the other engines stones and weapons are hurled into the town. **84** Postrēmō cum iam turris et agger altitūdinem mūrī adaequant et arietēs moenia perfrēgērunt, signō datō mīlitēs inruunt et oppidum expugnant. Finally, when the tower and mound now reach the height of the wall and the rams have broken through the fortifications, at a given signal the soldiers rush in and take the town by storm. | word | gloss | |---|---| | duōsitum | on two, situated, from duo, situs | | praeruptō | broken off, steep, from praeruptus | | fastīgiō | top, from fastigium | | plānitiem | plain, from planities | | vergēgat | incline, lie | | oppugnātiō | storming, assault | | vīneae | shed, from vinea | | succēdant | follow, succeed, from succedo | | pluteī | shield, parapet, from pluteus | | administrent | manage, direct, from administro | | arietēs | battering-ram, from aries | | discutiant | shatter, dash to pieces, from discutio | | agger | mound | | prōmovētur | move forward, advance, from promoveo | | ballistīs | ballista, from ballista | | catapultīs | catapult, from catapulta | | altitūdinem | height, from altitudo | | adaequant | make equal, make level with, from adaequo | | perfrēgērunt | shatter, from perfringo | | inruunt | rush in, from inruo | ## Vocabulary Review: The Subjunctive in Indirect Questions (D'Ooge LXXIV) ### A reported question Quis Gallōs vincit means "Who is conquering the Gauls." Rogat quis Gallōs vincat means "He asks who is conquering the Gauls." An indirect question reports a question instead of asking it directly. ### The verb changes its mood The direct question uses indicative vincit. The indirect question uses subjunctive vincat. Ubī est Rōma and Rogat ubi sit Rōma show the same change from est to sit. ### The tense follows sequence Rogat quis Gallōs vincat and Rogat ubi sit Rōma use the present subjunctive after rogat. Rogavit quis Gallōs vinceret and Rogāvit ubi esset Rōma use the imperfect subjunctive after past verbs. These tenses follow the sequence of tenses. **85** Quis Gallōs vincit? Who is conquering the Gauls? **86** Rogat quis Gallōs vincat He asks who is conquering the Gauls **87** Rogavit quis Gallōs vinceret He asked who was conquering the Gauls **88** Ubī est Rōma? Where is Rome? **89** Rogat ubi sit Rōma He asks where Rome is **90** Rogāvit ubi esset Rōma He asked where Rome was **91** Caesarne Gallōs vīcit? Did Cæsar conquer the Gauls? **92** Rogat num Caesar Gallōs vīcerit He asks whether Cæsar conquered the Gauls **93** Rogāvit num Caesar Gallōs vīcisset He asked whether Cæsar had conquered the Gauls **94** dē tertiā vigiliā about the third watch **95** iniūriās alicui īnferre to inflict injuries upon some one **96** facere verba prō to speak in behalf of **97** in reliquum tempus for the future ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LXXIV, §§429-433 §429. Review the word lists in §§517, 518. ``` ``` §430. When we report a statement instead of giving it directly, we have an indirect statement. (Cf. §414.) So, if we report a question instead of asking it directly, we have an indirect question. DIRECT QUESTION INDIRECT QUESTION Who conquered the Gauls? He asked who conquered the Gauls a. An indirect question depends, usually as object, upon a verb of asking (as petō, postulō, quaerō, rogō) or upon some verb or expression of saying or mental action. (Cf. §420.) ``` ``` §431. Compare the following direct and indirect questions: DIRECT INDIRECT Quis Gallōs vincit? { a. Rogat quis Gallōs vincat Who is conquering the { He asks who is conquering the Gauls? { Gauls { b. Rogavit quis Gallōs vinceret { He asked who was conquering { the Gauls { a. Rogat ubi sit Rōma Ubī est Rōma? { He asks where Rome is Where is Rome? { b. Rogāvit ubi esset Rōma { He asked where Rome was { a. Rogat num Caesar Gallōs vīcerit { He asks whether Cæsar conquered Caesarne Gallōs vīcit? { the Gauls Did Cæsar conquer the { b. Rogāvit num Caesar Gallōs Gauls? { vīcisset { He asked whether Cæsar had { conquered the Gauls a. The verb in a direct question is in the indicative mood, but the mood is subjunctive in an indirect question. b. The tense of the subjunctive follows the rules for tense sequence. c. Indirect questions are introduced by the same interrogative words as introduce direct questions, excepting thatyes-or-no direct questions (cf. §210) on becoming indirect are usually introduced by num, whether. ``` ``` §432. RULE. Indirect Questions. In an indirect question the verb is in the subjunctive and its tense is determined by the law for tense sequence. ``` ``` §433. IDIOMS dē tertiā vigiliā, about the third watch iniūriās alicui īnferre, to inflict injuries upon some one facere verba prō, with the ablative, to speak in behalf of in reliquum tempus, for the future ``` ## Latin into English (D'Ooge LXXIV) **98** Rēx rogāvit quid lēgātī postulārent et cūr ad sē vēnissent. The king asked what the ambassadors demanded and why they had come to him. **99** Quaesīvit quoque num nec recentīs iniūriās nec dubiam Rōmānōrum amīcitiam memoriā tenērent. He asked also whether they held in memory neither the recent wrongs nor the doubtful friendship of the Romans. **100** Vidētisne quae oppida hostēs oppugnāverint? Do you see what towns the enemy have attacked? **101** Nōnne scītis cūr Gallī sub montem sēse contulerint? Do you not know why the Gauls have betaken themselves to the foot of the mountain? **102** Audīvimus quās iniūrias tibi Germānī intulissent. We heard what wrongs the Germans had inflicted on you. **103** Dē tertiā vigiliā imperātor mīsit hominēs quī cognōscerent quae esset nātūra montis. About the third watch the commander sent men to find out what the nature of the mountain was. **104** Prō hīs ōrātor verba fēcit et rogāvit cūr cōnsulēs nāvīs ad plēnem summī perīculī locum mittere vellent. On behalf of these the orator spoke and asked why the consuls wished to send ships to a place full of the greatest danger. **105** Lēgātīs convocātīs dēmōnstrāvit quid fierī vellet. When the lieutenants had been called together, he showed what he wished to be done. **106** Nūntius referēbat quid in Gallōrum conciliō dē armīs trādendīs dictum esset. The messenger was reporting what had been said in the council of the Gauls about handing over their arms. **107** Moneō nē in reliquum tempus peditēs et equitēs trāns flūmen dūcās. I warn you not to lead the foot soldiers and horsemen across the river for the rest of the time. | word | gloss | |---|---| | plēnem | abundantly | ## English into Latin (D'Ooge LXXIV) **108** Quem collem occupāvērunt? Videō quem collem occupāverint. What hill did they seize? I see what hill they seized. **109** Quis hās iniūriās clientibus nostrīs intulit? Who has inflicted these injuries upon our dependents? **110** Rogāvērunt quis eās iniūriās clientibus suīs intulisset. They asked who had inflicted those injuries upon their dependents. **111** Quō dē tertiā vigiliā īstī? Scīs quō ierim. Whither did you go about the third watch? You know whither I went. **112** Quō tempore puerī domum rediērunt? Rogābō quō tempore puerī domum redierint. At what time did the boys return home? I will ask at what time the boys returned home. ## The City is Taken: The Captives Are Questioned (Lentulus LXXIV) **113** Omnibus rēbus necessāriīs ad oppugnandum ā Pūbliō comparātīs, dēlīberātur in conciliō quod cōnsilium oppidī expugnandī ineant. When all the things necessary for the assault had been got ready by Publius, it is deliberated in council what plan for storming the town they should adopt. **114** Tum ūnus ex centuriōnibus, vir reī mīlitāris perītissimus, “Ego suādeō,” inquit, “ut ab eā parte, ubi aditus sit facillimus, aggerem exstruāmus et turrim prōmoveāmus atque ariete admōtō simul mūrum discutere cōnēmur.” Hoc cōnsilium cum omnibus placēret, Caesar concilium dīmīsit. Then one of the centurions, a man most skilled in military affairs, said, "I advise that on that side where the approach is easiest we build up a mound and move forward a tower, and, bringing up a battering-ram, try at the same time to shatter the wall." Since this plan pleased all, Caesar dismissed the council. **115** Deinde mīlitēs hortātus ut priōrēs victōriās memoriā tenērent, iussit aggerem exstruī, turrim et arietem admovērī. Then, having urged the soldiers to hold their former victories in memory, he ordered the mound to be built up, and the tower and battering-ram to be brought up. **116** Neque oppidānīs cōnsilium dēfuit. Nor were the townsmen without a plan. **117** Aliī ignem et omne genus tēlōrum dē mūrō in turrim coniēcērunt, aliī ingentia saxa in vīneās et arietem dēvolvērunt. Some hurled fire and every kind of weapon from the wall on to the tower; others rolled huge rocks down on the sheds and the battering-ram. **118** Diū utrimque ācerrimē pugnātum est. Long and most fiercely was the fighting on both sides. **119** Nē vulnerātī quidem pedem rettulērunt. Not even the wounded gave ground. **120** Tandem, dē tertiā vigiliā, Pūblius, quem Caesar illī operī praefēcerat, nūntiāvit partem mūrī ictibus arietis labefactam concidisse. At last, about the third watch, Publius, whom Caesar had put in charge of that work, announced that a part of the wall, shaken by the blows of the ram, had fallen down. **121** Quā rē audītā Caesar signum dat; mīlitēs inruunt et magnā cum caede hostium oppidum capiunt. When this was heard, Caesar gives the signal; the soldiers rush in and take the town with great slaughter of the enemy. **122** Postrīdiē eius diēī, hōc oppidō expugnātō, captīvōrum quī nōbilissimī sunt ad imperātōrem ante praetōrium addūcuntur. On the day after that day, this town having been stormed, those of the captives who are the noblest are brought before the commander in front of the headquarters. **123** Ipse, lōrīcā aurātā et paludāmentō purpureō īnsignis, captīvōs per interpretem in hunc modum interrogat: Vōs quī estis? He himself, conspicuous in a gilded coat of mail and a purple cloak, questions the captives through an interpreter in this manner: Who are you? **124** Interpres. Rogat imperātor quī sītis. INTERPRETER. The commander asks who you are. **125** Captīvī. Fīliī rēgis sumus. CAPTIVES. We are the sons of the king. **126** Interpres. Dīcunt sē fīliōs esse rēgis. INTERPRETER. They say that they are the sons of the king. **127** Imperātor. Cūr mihi tantās iniūriās intulistis? COMMANDER. Why have you inflicted such great wrongs on me? **128** Interpres. Rogat cūr sibi tantās iniūriās intuleritis. INTERPRETER. He asks why you have inflicted such great wrongs on him. **129** Captīvī. Iniūriās eī nōn intulimus sed prō patriā bellum gessimus. CAPTIVES. We have not inflicted wrongs on him, but have waged war for our fatherland. **130** Semper voluimus Rōmānīs esse amīcī, sed Rōmānī sine causā nōs domō patriāque expellere cōnātī sunt. We have always wished to be friends to the Romans, but the Romans without cause have tried to drive us from our home and fatherland. **131** Interpres. Negant sē iniūriās tibi intulisse, sed prō patriā bellum gessisse. Semper sē voluisse amīcōs Rōmānīs esse, sed Rōmānōs sine causā sē domō patriāque expellere cōnātōs esse. INTERPRETER. They deny that they have inflicted wrongs on you, but say that they have waged war for their fatherland. They say that they have always wished to be friends to the Romans, but that the Romans without cause have tried to drive them from their home and fatherland. **132** Imperātor. Manēbitisne in reliquum tempus in fidē, hāc rebelliōne condōnātā? COMMANDER. Will you remain loyal for the time to come, if this rebellion is pardoned? **133** Tum vērō captīvī multīs cum lacrimīs iūrāvērunt sē in fidē mānsūrōs esse, et Caesar eōs incolumīs domum dīmīsit. Then indeed the captives with many tears swore that they would remain loyal, and Caesar sent them home unharmed. | word | gloss | |---|---| | exstruāmus | pile, raise | | prōmoveāmus | move forward | | dēvolvērunt | roll | | labefactam | make unsteady, from labefacio | | paludāmentō | military cloak, from paludamentum | | interpretem | interpreter, from interpres | | intuleritis | bring, import | | patriāque | native land | | Manēbitisne | morning, morn | | rebelliōne | renewal of war, rebellion, from rebellio | | condōnātā | pardon, from condono | ## Vocabulary Review: The Dative of Purpose, or End for Which (D'Ooge LXXV) ### The dative states purpose Explōrātōrēs locum castrīs dēlēgērunt means the scouts chose a place for a camp. Castrīs is dative. It states what the place is intended for: a camp. ### Two datives together Hoc erat magnō impedīmentō Gallīs means this was a great hindrance to the Gauls. Impedīmentō states the purpose or end. Gallīs names the people affected. The dative denotes purpose or end, often with another dative for the person or thing affected. **134** Explōrātōrēs locum castrīs dēlēgērunt the scouts chose a place for a camp **135** Hoc erat magnō impedīmentō Gallīs this was (for) a great hindrance to the Gauls **136** Duās legiōnēs praesidiō castrīs relīquit he left two legions as (lit. for) a guard to the camp **137** cōnsilium omittere to give up a plan **138** locum castrīs dēligere to choose a place for a camp **139** alicui magnō ūsuī esse to be of great advantage to some one (lit. for great advantage to some one) ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LXXV, §§435-438 §435. Review the word lists in §§521, 522. ``` ``` §436. Observe the following sentences: 1. Explōrātōrēs locum castrīs dēlēgērunt, the scouts chose a place for a camp. 2. Hoc erat magnō impedīmentō Gallīs, this was (for) a great hindrance to the Gauls. 3. Duās legiōnēs praesidiō castrīs relīquit, he left two legions as (lit. for) a guard to the camp. In each of these sentences we find a dative expressing the purpose or end for which something is intended or for which it serves. These datives are castrīs, impedīmentō, and praesidiō. In the second and third sentences we find a second dative expressing the person or thing affected (Gallīs and castrīs). As you notice, these are true datives, covering the relations of for which and to which. (Cf. §43.) ``` ``` §437. RULE. Dative of Purpose or End. The dative is used to denote the purpose or end for which, often with another dative denoting the person or thing affected. ``` ``` §438. IDIOMS cōnsilium omittere, to give up a plan locum castrīs dēligere, to choose a place for a camp alicui magnō ūsuī esse, to be of great advantage to some one (lit. for great advantage to some one) ``` ## Latin into English (D'Ooge LXXV) **140** Rogāvit cūr illae cōpiae relictae essent. Respondērunt illās cōpiās esse praesidiō castrīs. He asked why those forces had been left behind. They answered that those forces were a protection for the camp. **141** Caesar mīsit explōrātōrēs ad locum dēligendum castrīs. Caesar sent scouts to choose a place for a camp. **142** Quisque exīstimāvit ipsum nōmen Caesaris magnō terrōrī barbarīs futūrum esse. Everyone thought that the very name of Caesar would be a great terror to the barbarians. **143** Prīmā lūce īdem exercitus proelium ācre commīsit, sed gravia suōrum vulnera magnae cūrae imperātōrī erant. At dawn the same army joined a fierce battle, but the severe wounds of his men were a great anxiety to the commander. **144** Rēx respondit amīcitiam populī Rōmānī sibi ōrnāmentō et praesidiō dēbēre esse. The king answered that the friendship of the Roman people ought to be an honor and a protection to him. **145** Quis praeerat equitātuī quem auxiliō Caesarī sociī mīserant? Who was in command of the cavalry which the allies had sent as an aid to Caesar? **146** Aliquibus rēs secundae sunt summae calamitātī et rēs adversae sunt mīrō ūsuī. To some, prosperity is the greatest disaster, and adversity is of wonderful advantage. **147** Gallīs magnō ad pugnam erat impedīmentō quod equitātus ā dextrō cornū premēbat. It was a great hindrance to the Gauls in the fight that the cavalry was pressing on the right wing. **148** Memoria prīstinae virtūtis nōn minus quam metus hostium erat nostrīs magnō ūsuī. The memory of their old-time courage, no less than the fear of the enemy, was of great advantage to our men. **149** Tam dēnsa erat silva ut prōgredī nōn possent. So dense was the forest that they could not advance. | word | gloss | |---|---| | exīstimāvit | estimate, from existimo | ## English into Latin (D'Ooge LXXV) **150** Tē moneō ut cōnsilium bellī Gallīs fortibus īnferendī omittās. I advise you [1]to give up the plan [2]of making war upon the brave Gauls. **151** Scīsne ubi equitātus locum castrīs dēlēgerit? Do you know [3]where the cavalry has chosen a place for a camp? **152** Metus hostium tibi magnō ūsuī erit. The fear of the enemy will be of great advantage to you. **153** Caesar trēs cohortēs praesidiō impedīmentīs relīquit. Cæsar left three cohorts as (for) a guard to the baggage. **154** Hieme fluctūs lacūs tam magnī sunt ut nāvibus magnō impedīmentō sint. In winter the waves of the lake are so great [4]that they are (for) a great hindrance to ships. **155** Caesar grave supplicium dē iīs sūmpsit quī aedificia pūblica incendērunt. Cæsar inflicted severe[5] punishment on those who burned the public buildings. ## Civil War Breaks Out Between Cæsar and Pompey: The Battle of Pharsalia (Lentulus LXXV) **156** Nē cōnfectō quidem bellō Gallicō, bellum cīvīle inter Caesarem et Pompēium exortum est. When the Gallic war was not even yet finished, a civil war arose between Caesar and Pompey. **157** Nam Pompēius, quī summum imperium petēbat, senātuī persuāserat ut Caesarem reī pūblicae hostem iūdicāret et exercitum eius dīmittī iubēret. For Pompey, who was seeking the supreme power, had persuaded the senate to judge Caesar an enemy of the state and to order his army to be disbanded. **158** Quibus cognitīs rēbus Caesar exercitum suum dīmittere recūsāvit, atque, hortātus mīlitēs ut ducem totiēns victōrem ab inimīcōrum iniūriīs dēfenderent, imperāvit ut sē Rōmam sequerentur. When these things were learned, Caesar refused to disband his army, and, having urged the soldiers to defend their so often victorious leader from the wrongs of his enemies, commanded them to follow him to Rome. **159** Summā cum alacritāte mīlitēs pāruērunt, et trānsitō Rubicōne initium bellī cīvīlis factum est. With the greatest eagerness the soldiers obeyed, and when the Rubicon had been crossed the beginning of the civil war was made. **160** Italiae urbēs quidem omnēs ferē rēbus Caesaris favēbant et eum benignē excēpērunt. Almost all the cities of Italy, indeed, favored Caesar's cause and received him kindly. **161** Quā rē commōtus Pompēius ante Caesaris adventum Rōmā excessit et Brundisium pervēnit, inde paucīs post diēbus cum omnibus cōpiīs ad Ēpīrum mare trānsiit. Alarmed by this, Pompey departed from Rome before Caesar's arrival and reached Brundisium; from there a few days later he crossed the sea to Epirus with all his forces. **162** Eum Caesar cum septem legiōnibus et quīngentīs equitibus secūtus est, et īnsignis inter Caesaris comitātum erat Pūblius. Caesar followed him with seven legions and five hundred horsemen, and conspicuous in Caesar's retinue was Publius. **163** Plūribus leviōribus proeliīs factīs, tandem cōpiae adversae ad Pharsālum in Thessaliā sitam castra posuērunt. After several lighter battles had been fought, at last the opposing forces pitched camp at Pharsalus, situated in Thessaly. **164** Cum Pompeī exercitus esset bis tantus quantus Caesaris, tamen erant multī quī veterānās legiōnēs quae Gallōs et Germānōs superāverant vehementer timēbant. Although Pompey's army was twice as large as Caesar's, still there were many who greatly feared the veteran legions which had overcome the Gauls and the Germans. **165** Quōs ante proelium commissum Labiēnus lēgātus, quī ab Caesare nūper dēfēcerat, ita adlocūtus est: “Nōlīte exīstimāre hunc esse exercitum veterānōrum mīlitum. These men, before the battle was joined, Labienus the lieutenant, who had lately deserted from Caesar, addressed thus: "Do not think that this is an army of veteran soldiers. **166** Omnibus interfuī proeliīs neque temerē incognitam rem prōnūntiō. I have taken part in all the battles, and I do not rashly announce a thing I do not know. **167** Perexigua pars illīus exercitūs quī Gallōs superāvit adhūc superest. A very small part of that army which overcame the Gauls still survives. **168** Magna pars occīsa est, multī domum discessērunt, multī sunt relictī in Italiā. A great part has been killed, many have gone home, many have been left in Italy. **169** Hae cōpiae quās vidētis in citeriōre Galliā nūper cōnscrīptae sunt.” These forces which you see were lately enrolled in nearer Gaul." **170** Haec cum dīxisset, iūrāvit sē nisi victōrem in castra nōn reversūrum esse. Hoc idem Pompēius et omnēs reliquī iūrāvērunt, et magnā spē et laetitiā, sīcut certam ad victōriam, cōpiae ē castrīs exiērunt. When he had said this, he swore that he would not return to camp except as a victor. This same thing Pompey and all the rest swore, and with great hope and joy, as if to certain victory, the forces went out of the camp. **171** Item Caesar, animō ad dīmicandum parātus, exercitum suum ēdūxit et septem cohortibus praesidiō castrīs relictīs cōpiās triplicī aciē īnstrūxit. Likewise Caesar, with his mind prepared for the fight, led out his army, and, having left seven cohorts as a guard for the camp, drew up his forces in a triple line. **172** Tum, mīlitibus studiō pugnae ārdentibus, tubā signum dedit. Then, as the soldiers were burning with eagerness for battle, he gave the signal with the trumpet. **173** Mīlitēs prōcurrērunt et pīlīs missīs gladiōs strīnxērunt. The soldiers ran forward and, having hurled their spears, drew their swords. **174** Neque vērō virtūs hostibus dēfuit. Nor indeed was the enemy lacking in courage. **175** Nam et tēla missa sustinuērunt et impetum gladiōrum excēpērunt et ōrdinēs cōnservāvērunt. For they both withstood the spears that were hurled and met the attack of the swords and kept their ranks. **176** Utrimque diū et ācriter pugnātum est nec quisquam pedem rettulit. On both sides the fighting was long and fierce, and no one gave ground. **177** Tum equitēs Pompēī aciem Caesaris circumīre cōnātī sunt. Then Pompey's horsemen tried to go around Caesar's line. **178** Quod ubi Caesar animadvertit, tertiam aciem, quae ad id tempus quiēta fuerat, prōcurrere iussit. When Caesar noticed this, he ordered the third line, which up to that time had been inactive, to run forward. **179** Tum vērō integrōrum impetum dēfessī hostēs sustinēre nōn potuērunt et omnēs terga vertērunt. Then indeed the weary enemy could not withstand the attack of fresh troops, and all turned their backs. **180** Sed Pompēius dē fortūnīs suīs dēspērāns sē in castra equō contulit, inde mox cum paucīs equitibus effūgit. But Pompey, despairing of his fortunes, betook himself on horseback to the camp, and from there soon escaped with a few horsemen. | word | gloss | |---|---| | cīvīle | civil, from civilis | | exortum | without share in | | totiēns | so often, so many times | | alacritāte | eagerness, alacrity, from alacritas | | quīngentīs | five hundred, from quingenti | | comitātum | escort, company, from comitatus | | Thessaliā | Thessaly | | veterānās | old, veteran, from veteranus | | adlocūtus | speak to, address, from adloquor | | temerē | rashly, heedlessly | | incognitam | unknown, from incognitus | | prōnūntiō | proclaim, declare | | Perexigua | very small, very short, from perexiguus | | Item | also | | dīmicandum | fight, struggle, from dimico | | triplicī | threefold, triple, from triplex | | circumīre | go around, from circumeo | | integrōrum | untouched, whole, from integer |