# Prīmus et Secundus Annus, Lessons LXXVI–LXXIX Latin for Beginners II Vocabulary Review: The Genitive and Ablative of Quality or Description; Review of Agreement, and of the Genitive, Dative, and Accusative; Review of the Ablative; Review of the Gerund and Gerundive, the Infinitive, and the Subjunctive Source: https://1732studios.com/courses/la/32. Data: https://1732studios.com/courses/la/32.json. ## Vocabulary Review: The Genitive and Ablative of Quality or Description (D'Ooge LXXVI) ### Two cases describe a quality Vir magnae virtūtis means a man of great courage. The genitive magnae virtūtis corresponds to of great courage. Vir magnā virtūte means a man with great courage. The ablative magnā virtūte corresponds to with great courage. Latin requires a modifying adjective with either case. ### Measure and body select the case Fossa duodecim pedum means a ditch of twelve feet. A numerical measure uses the genitive with a modifying adjective. Homō magnīs pedibus et parvō capite means a man with big feet and a small head. A physical characteristic uses the ablative with a modifying adjective. ### Other descriptions allow either case Rēx erat vir summā audāciā and rēx erat vir summae audāciae both mean the king was a man of the greatest boldness. summā audāciā is ablative. summae audāciae is genitive. A description that is neither a numerical measure nor a physical characteristic may use either case with a modifying adjective. **1** Vir magnae virtūtis A man of great courage **2** Vir magnā virtūte A man with great courage **3** Silva altārum arborum A forest of tall trees **4** Silva altīs arboribus A forest with tall trees **5** Fossa duodecim pedum a ditch of twelve feet **6** Homō magnīs pedibus et parvō capite a man with big feet and a small head **7** Rēx erat vir summā audāciā the king was a man of the greatest boldness **8** rēx erat vir summae audāciae the king was a man of the greatest boldness **9** Helvētiīs in animō est the Helvetii intend, (lit. it is in mind to the Helvetians) **10** in mātrimōnium dare to give in marriage **11** nihil posse to have no power **12** fossam perdūcere to construct a ditch (lit. to lead a ditch through) ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LXXVI, §§440-446 §440. Review the word lists in §§524, 525. ``` ``` §441. Observe the English sentences (1) A man of great courage, or (2) A man with great courage (3) A forest of tall trees, or (4) A forest with tall trees Each of these sentences contains a phrase of quality or description. In the first two a man is described; in the last two a forest. The descriptive phrases are introduced by the prepositions of and with. In Latin the expression of quality or description is very similar. The prepositions of and with suggest the genitive and the ablative respectively, and we translate the sentences above (1) Vir magnae virtūtis, or (2) Vir magnā virtūte (3) Silva altārum arborum, or (4) Silva altīs arboribus There is, however, one important difference between the Latin and the English. In English we may say, for example, a man of courage, using the descriptive phrase without an adjective modifier. In Latin, however, an adjective modifier must always be used, as above. a. Latin makes a distinction between the use of the two cases in that numerical descriptions of measure are in the genitive and descriptions of physical characteristics are in the ablative. Other descriptive phrases may be in either case. ``` ``` §442. EXAMPLES 1. Fossa duodecim pedum, a ditch of twelve feet. 2. Homō magnīs pedibus et parvō capite, a man with big feet and a small head. 3. Rēx erat vir summā audāciā or rēx erat vir summae audāciae, the king was a man of the greatest boldness. ``` ``` §443. RULE. Genitive of Description. Numerical descriptions of measure are expressed by the genitive with a modifying adjective. ``` ``` §444. RULE. Ablative of Description. Descriptions of physical characteristics are expressed by the ablative with a modifying adjective. ``` ``` §445. RULE. Genitive or Ablative of Description. Descriptions involving neither numerical statements nor physical characteristics may be expressed by either the genitive or the ablative with a modifying adjective. ``` ``` §446. IDIOMS Helvētiīs in animō est, the Helvetii intend, (lit. it is in mind to the Helvetians) in mātrimōnium dare, to give in marriage nihil posse, to have no power fossam perdūcere, to construct a ditch (lit. to lead a ditch through) ``` | word | gloss | |---|---| | audāciā | boldness, audacity | ## Latin into English (D'Ooge LXXVI) **13** Mīlitēs fossam decem pedum per eōrum fīnīs perdūxērunt. The soldiers ran a ditch ten feet wide through their territory. **14** Prīnceps Helvētiōrum, vir summae audāciae, prīncipibus gentium fīnitimārum sorōrēs in mātrimōnium dedit. The chief of the Helvetii, a man of the greatest boldness, gave his sisters in marriage to the chiefs of the neighboring tribes. **15** Eōrum amīcitiam cōnfīrmāre voluit quō facilius Rōmānīs bellum īnferret. He wished to strengthen their friendship in order that he might more easily make war on the Romans. **16** Germanī et Gallī nōn erant eiusdem gentis. The Germans and the Gauls were not of the same race. **17** Omnēs ferē Germānī erant magnīs corporum vīribus. Almost all the Germans were of great bodily strength. **18** Gallī qui oppidum fortiter dēfendēbant saxa ingentis magnitūdinis dē mūrō iaciēbant. The Gauls who were bravely defending the town were throwing rocks of huge size from the wall. **19** Cum Caesar ab explōrātōribus quaereret quī illud oppidum incolerent, explōrātōrēs respondērunt eōs esse homines summā virtūte et magnō cōnsiliō. When Caesar asked the scouts who inhabited that town, the scouts answered that they were men of the greatest courage and of great wisdom. **20** Moenia vīgintī pedum ā sinistrā parte, et ā dextrā parte flūmen magnae altitūdinis oppidum dēfendēbant. Walls twenty feet high on the left side, and on the right side a river of great depth, defended the town. **21** Cum Caesar in Galliam pervēnisset, erat rūmor Helvētiīs in animō esse iter per prōvinciam Rōmānam facere. When Caesar had arrived in Gaul, there was a rumor that the Helvetii intended to march through the Roman province. **22** Caesar, ut eōs ab fīnibus Rōmānis prohibēret, mūnītiōnem multa mīlia passuum longam fēcit. Caesar, in order to keep them from Roman territory, made a fortification many miles long. ## English into Latin (D'Ooge LXXVI) **23** Caesar erat imperātor multī cōnsilī et magnae audāciae et reī mīlitāris perītissimus. Cæsar was a general of much wisdom and great boldness, and very skillful in the art of war. **24** Germānī erant magnā magnitūdine et arbitrābantur Rōmānōs nihil posse. The Germans were of great size, and thought that the Romans had no power. **25** Virī summae virtūtis in castrīs praesidiō impedīmentīs relictī sunt. Men of the highest courage were left in the camp as (for) a guard to the baggage. **26** Fīlia rēgis, quae prīncipī cīvitātis fīnitimae in mātrimōnium data est, erat mulier pulcherrimā fōrmā. The king’s daughter, who was given in marriage to the chief of a neighboring state, was a woman of very beautiful appearance. **27** Mīlitēs fossam novem pedum circum castra perdūcent. The soldiers will construct a ditch of nine feet around the camp. **28** Flūmen magnae lātitūdinis inter nōs et hostēs erat. A river of great width was between us and the enemy. ## The Triumph of Caesar (Lentulus LXXVI) **29** Pompēiō amīcīsque eius superātīs atque omnibus hostibus ubīque victīs, Caesar imperātor Rōmam rediit et extrā moenia urbis in campō Mārtiō castra posuit. When Pompey and his friends had been overcome and all his enemies everywhere conquered, Caesar the commander returned to Rome and pitched camp outside the walls of the city in the Campus Martius. **30** Tum vērō amplissimīs honōribus adfectus est. Then indeed he was honored with the highest distinctions. **31** Dictātor creātus est, et eī triumphus ā senātū est dēcrētus. Quō diē de Gallīs triumphum ēgit, tanta multitūdō hominum in urbem undique cōnflūxit ut omnia loca essent cōnferta. He was made dictator, and a triumph was decreed to him by the senate. On the day on which he celebrated his triumph over the Gauls, so great a multitude of men streamed together into the city from every side that all places were crowded. **32** Templa patēbant, ārae fūmābant, columnae sertīs ōrnātae erant. Cum vērō pompa urbem intrāret, quantus hominum fremitus ortus est! The temples stood open, the altars smoked, the columns were adorned with garlands. And when the procession entered the city, what a roar of men arose! **33** Prīmum per portam ingressī sunt senātus et magistrātūs. First there entered through the gate the senate and the magistrates. **34** Secūtī sunt tībīcinēs, signiferī, peditēs laureā corōnātī canentēs: “Ecce Caesar nunc triumphat, quī subēgit Galliam,” et “Mīlle, mīlle, mīlle, mīlle Gallōs trucīdāvimus.” There followed the flute players, the standard bearers, the foot soldiers crowned with laurel, singing: "Behold, Caesar now triumphs, who subdued Gaul," and "A thousand, a thousand, a thousand, a thousand Gauls we have slaughtered." **35** Multī praedam captārum urbium portābant, arma, omnia bellī īnstrūmenta. Many were carrying the booty of the captured cities, arms, all the instruments of war. **36** Secūtī sunt equitēs, animōsīs atque splendidissimē ōrnātīs equīs vectī, inter quōs Pūblius adulēscēns fortissimus habēbātur. There followed the horsemen, riding on spirited and most splendidly adorned horses, among whom Publius was held to be the bravest young man. **37** Addūcēbantur taurī, arietēs, quī dīs immortālibus immolārentur. Bulls and rams were led along, to be sacrificed to the immortal gods. **38** Ita longō agmine prōgrediēns exercitus sacrā viā per forum in Capitōlium perrēxit. So, advancing in a long column, the army proceeded along the Sacred Way through the forum to the Capitol. **39** Imperātor ipse cum urbem intrāret, undique laetō clāmōre multitūdinis salūtātus est. When the commander himself entered the city, he was greeted on every side by the joyful shouting of the multitude. **40** Stābat in currū aureō quem quattuor albī equī vehēbant. He stood in a golden chariot which four white horses drew. **41** Indūtus togā pictā, alterā manū habēnās et lauream tenēbat, alterā eburneum scēptrum. Clothed in an embroidered toga, in one hand he held the reins and a laurel branch, in the other an ivory scepter. **42** Post eum servus in currū stāns auream corōnam super caput eius tenēbat. Behind him a slave standing in the chariot held a golden crown over his head. **43** Ante currum miserrimī captīvī, rēgēs prīncipēsque superātārum gentium, catēnīs vīnctī, prōgrediēbantur; et vīgintī quattuor līctōrēs laureatās fascīs ferentēs et signiferī currum Caesaris comitābantur. Before the chariot the most wretched captives, kings and chiefs of the conquered nations, bound in chains, advanced; and twenty-four lictors carrying laureled fasces and the standard bearers accompanied Caesar's chariot. **44** Conclūdit agmen multitūdō captīvōrum, quī, in servitūtem redāctī, dēmissō vultū, vīnctīs bracchiīs, sequuntur; quibuscum veniunt longissimō ōrdine mīlitēs, etiam hī praedam vel insignia mīlitāria ferentēs. A multitude of captives closes the column, who, reduced to slavery, with downcast faces and bound arms, follow; with them come in a very long line the soldiers, these too carrying booty or military decorations. **45** Caesar cum Capitōlium ascendisset, in templō Iovī Capitōlīnō sacra fēcit. When Caesar had ascended the Capitol, he performed sacred rites in the temple to Capitoline Jupiter. **46** Simul captivōrum quī nōbilissimī erant, abductī in carcerem, interfectī sunt. At the same time those of the captives who were the noblest, having been led away to prison, were put to death. **47** Sacrīs factīs Caesar dē Capitōliō dēscendit et in forō mīitibus suīs honōrēs mīlitārīs dedit eīsque pecūniam ex bellī praedā distribuit. When the sacred rites had been performed, Caesar came down from the Capitol and in the forum gave military honors to his soldiers and distributed money to them from the booty of the war. **48** Hīs omnibus rēbus cōnfectīs, Pūblius Caesarem valēre iussit et quam celerrimē ad vīllam contendit ut patrem mātremque salūtāret. When all these things had been finished, Publius bade Caesar farewell and hastened as quickly as possible to the villa to greet his father and mother. **49** Dē rēbus gestīs P. Cornēlī Lentulī hāctenus. So much for the exploits of P. Cornelius Lentulus. | word | gloss | |---|---| | dēcrētus | decide, decree, from decerno | | cōnflūxit | flow together, from confluo | | sertīs | clover, from serta | | signiferī | standard bearer, from signifer | | laureā | laurel | | subēgit | subdue, reduce, from subigo | | trucīdāvimus | slaughter, butcher | | immolārentur | sprinkle with sacrificial meal, from immolo | | eburneum | of ivory, from eburneus | | superātārum | overcome, conquer | | laureatās | crowned with laurel, from laureatus | | fascīs | bundles of rods | | Conclūdit | shut up, close, from concludo | ## Latin into English (D'Ooge LXXVII) ### Four kinds of agreement Mīlitēs quōs vīdimus dīxērunt imperium bellī esse Caesaris imperātōris. The soldiers said that the command of the war belonged to Caesar the commander. An appositive or predicate noun agrees with its noun. An adjective, adjective pronoun, or participle also agrees with its noun. A verb agrees with its subject. A relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent. In the opening line, quōs agrees with its antecedent Mīlitēs. The appositive imperātōris agrees with Caesaris. ### The genitive often means of The genitive often corresponds to English of. It can express possession, the whole from which a part is taken, or quality. In imperium bellī esse Caesaris, Caesaris states who possesses the command. Bellī states what the command concerns. Tōtīus Galliae names the whole, all Gaul. Summae virtūtis describes the men's quality, the greatest courage. ### The dative often means to or for The dative often corresponds to English to or for when no motion through space is present. Populō Rōmānō is the indirect object of persuāsit. Imperātōrī names the person to whom grātissima is directed. In magnō ūsuī mīlitibus, magnō ūsuī expresses purpose. Mīlitibus names the soldiers affected and forms the second dative. ### The accusative has six uses Numerum is the direct object of cōgere. In sē cōnsulem creāret, cōnsulem is a predicate accusative with the direct object sē. Germānōs is the subject of the infinitive intulisse. In oppidum follows the preposition in and expresses motion into the town. Multās hōrās expresses duration. Decem mīlia passuum expresses extent. Genāvam names the place reached. **50** Mīlitēs quōs vīdimus dīxērunt imperium bellī esse Caesaris imperātōris. The soldiers whom we saw said that the command of the war belonged to Caesar the commander. **51** Helvētiī statuērunt quam maximum numerum equōrum et carrōrum cōgere. The Helvetii decided to collect as great a number of horses and wagons as possible. **52** Tōtīus Galliae Helvētiī plūrimum valuērunt. Of all Gaul the Helvetii were the most powerful. **53** Multās hōrās ācriter pugnātum est neque quisquam poterat vidēre hostem fugientem. For many hours there was fierce fighting, and no one could see an enemy fleeing. **54** Virī summae virtūtis hostīs decem mīlia passuum īnsecūtī sunt. Men of the greatest courage pursued the enemy ten miles. **55** Caesar populō Rōmānō persuāsit ut sē cōnsulem creāret. Caesar persuaded the Roman people to make him consul. **56** Victōria exercitūs erat semper imperātōrī grātissima. The victory of the army was always most pleasing to the commander. **57** Trīduum iter fēcērunt et Genāvam, in oppidum hostium, pervēnērunt. They marched for three days and reached Geneva, a town of the enemy. **58** Caesar audīvit Germānōs bellum Gallīs intulisse. Caesar heard that the Germans had made war on the Gauls. **59** Magnō ūsuī mīlitibus Caesaris erat quod priōribus proeliīs sēsē exercuerant. It was of great advantage to Caesar's soldiers that they had trained themselves in former battles. ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LXXVII, §§448-451 §448. There are four agreements: 1. That of the predicate noun or of the appositive with the noun to which it belongs (§§76, 81). 2. That of the adjective, adjective pronoun, or participle with its noun (§65). 3. That of a verb with its subject (§28). 4. That of a relative pronoun with its antecedent (§224). ``` ``` §449. The relation expressed by the genitive is, in general, denoted in English by the preposition of. It is used to express { a. As attributive (§38). 1. Possession { { b. In the predicate (§409). 2. The whole of which a part is taken (partitive genitive) (§331). 3. Quality or description (§§443, 445). ``` ``` §450. The relation expressed by the dative is, in general, denoted in English by the prepositions to or for when they do not imply motion through space. It is used to express { a. With intransitive verbs and with { transitive verbs in connection with a { direct object in the accusative (§45). 1. The indirect object { b. With special intransitive verbs (§154). { c. With verbs compounded with ad, ante, { con, dē, in, inter, ob, post, { prae, prō, sub, super (§426). 2. The object to which the quality of an adjective is directed (§143). 3. The purpose, or end for which, often with a second dative denoting the person or thing affected (§437). ``` ``` §451. The accusative case corresponds, in general, to the English objective. It is used to express 1. The direct object of a transitive verb (§37). 2. The predicate accusative together with the direct object after verbs of making, choosing, falling, showing, and the like (§392). 3. The subject of the infinitive (§214). 4. The object of prepositions that do not govern the ablative (§340). 5. The duration of time and the extent of space (§336). 6. The place to which (§§263, 266). ``` ## English into Latin (D'Ooge LXXVII) **60** Ūnus ex fīliīs rēgis et multī ex virīs eius captī sunt. One[3] of the king’s sons and many of his men were captured. **61** Erat nēmō quī eam rēgīnam creāre vellet. There was no one who wished[4] to appoint her queen. **62** Rēs frūmentāria Caesarī imperātōrī semper cūrae erat. The grain supply was always a care (for a care) to Cæsar, the general. **63** Putō castra decem mīlia passuum abesse. I think that the camp is ten miles distant. **64** Trēs hōrās per silvam dēnsissimam iter fēcimus. We marched for three hours through a very dense forest. **65** Cōnsilium bellī sociīs īnferendī rēgī nōn placēbat. The plan [5]of making war upon the allies was not pleasing to the king. **66** Cum ad collem vēnisset, eum mūrō duodecim pedum mūnīvit. When he came to the hill he fortified it [6]by a twelve-foot wall. ## Latin into English (D'Ooge LXXVIII) ### One case, two English prepositions Vīcus in valle positus montibus altissimīs undique continētur means "The village, situated in a valley, is shut in on all sides by very high mountains." Valle and montibus altissimīs are ablative. In valle marks place, while montibus altissimīs marks the means that shuts in the village. English renders the first with "in" and the second with "by." ### Three groups of ablative uses Ablative constructions form three groups by their usual English rendering: "with" or "by," "from" or "by," and "in" or "at." In valle belongs to the "in" or "at" group. Montibus altissimīs belongs to the "with" or "by" group. **67** Gallī locīs superiōribus occupātīs itinere exercitum prohibēre cōnantur. The Gauls, having seized the higher ground, are trying to keep the army from its march. **68** Omnēs oppidānī ex oppidō ēgressī salūtem fugā petere incēpērunt. All the townsmen, having gone out of the town, began to seek safety in flight. **69** Caesar docet sē mīlitum vītam suā salūte habēre multō cāriōrem. Caesar shows that he holds the lives of his soldiers much dearer than his own safety. **70** Cum celerius omnium opīniōne pervēnisset, hostēs ad eum obsidēs mīsērunt When he had arrived more quickly than anyone expected, the enemy sent hostages to him. **71** Vīcus in valle positus montibus altissimīs undique continētur. The village, situated in a valley, is shut in on all sides by very high mountains. **72** Plūrimum inter Gallōs haec gēns et virtūte et hominum numerō valēbat. Among the Gauls this tribe was the most powerful both in courage and in number of men. **73** Secundā vigiliā nūllō certō ōrdine neque imperiō ē castrīs ēgressī sunt. In the second watch they went out of the camp in no fixed order and under no command. **74** Duābus legiōnibus Genāvae relictīs, proximō diē cum reliquīs domum profectus est. Having left two legions at Geneva, on the next day he set out for home with the rest. **75** Erant itinera duo quibus itineribus Helvētiī domō exīre possent. There were two routes by which routes the Helvetii could go out from home. **76** Rēx erat summā audāciā et magnā apud populum potentiā. The king was of the greatest boldness and of great influence among the people. **77** Gallī timōre servitūtis commōtī bellum parābant. The Gauls, moved by fear of slavery, were preparing for war. **78** Caesar monet lēgātōs ut contineant militēs, nē studiō pugnandī aut spē praedae longius prōgrediantur. Caesar warns the lieutenants to hold back the soldiers, lest through eagerness for fighting or hope of booty they advance too far. **79** Bellum ācerrimum ā Caesare in Gallōs gestum est. A most bitter war was waged by Caesar against the Gauls. ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LXXVIII, §453 §453. The relations of the ablative are, in general, expressed in English by the prepositions with (or by), from (or by), and in (or at). The constructions growing out of these meanings are I. Ablative rendered with (or by): 1. Cause (§102) 2. Means (§103) 3. Accompaniment (§104) 4. Manner (§105) 5. Measure of difference (§317) 6. With a participle (ablative absolute) (§381) 7. Description or quality (§§444, 445) 8. Specification (§398) II. Ablative rendered from (or by): 1. Place from which (§§179, 264) 2. Ablative of separation (§180) 3. Personal agent with a passive verb (§181) 4. Comparison without quam (§309) III. Ablative rendered in (or at): 1. Place at or in which (§§265, 266) 2. Time when or within which (§275) ``` ## English into Latin (D'Ooge LXXVIII) **80** Lēgātus, monte occupātō, suōs ā proeliō continuit. The lieutenant after having seized the mountain restrained his (men) from battle. **81** Omnēs Gallī lēgibus inter sē differunt. All the Gauls differ from each other in laws. **82** Haec gēns multō fortior est quam reliquae. This tribe is much braver than the rest. **83** Haec via decem mīlibus passuum brevior est quam illa. This road is [2]ten miles shorter than that. **84** Aestāte Caesar in Galliā bellum gerēbat, hieme in Italiam redībat. In summer Cæsar carried on war in Gaul, in winter he returned to Italy. **85** Mediā nocte imperātor cum tribus legiōnibus ex castrīs profectus est. At midnight the general set out from the camp with three legions. **86** Timeō ut tē ab hīs hostibus dēfendere possīs. I fear that you cannot protect[3] yourself from these enemies. **87** Hōc proeliō cōnfectō, pāx ab omnibus Gallīs facta est. [4]After this battle was finished peace was made by all the Gauls. ## Latin into English (D'Ooge LXXIX) ### The gerund has four forms Caesar, cum pervēnisset, militēs hortābātur nē cōnsilium oppidī capiendi omitterent. This means, "Caesar, when he had arrived, was urging the soldiers not to give up the plan of taking the town." A Latin gerund has only genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative singular forms. The English phrase "taking the town" has a gerund and its object. ### Latin uses the gerundive Latin usually replaces a gerund and its object with a gerundive agreeing with the noun. In oppidī capiendi, capiendi agrees with oppidī in gender, number, and case. The phrase means "of taking the town." ### Three uses of the infinitive Dux suōs trānsīre flūmen iussit means, "The leader ordered his men to cross the river." Trānsīre is the object, with suōs as its accusative subject. Trānsīre autem hoc flūmen erat difficillimum means, "But to cross this river was most difficult." Here trānsīre is the subject. After vīdērunt, iactam esse reports what the messengers saw. Its subject, multitudinem, is accusative. ### Five clauses take the subjunctive Rēx mīsit explōrātōrēs quī cognōscerent ubi exercitus Rōmanus esset. Cognōscerent marks the scouts' purpose. Esset marks the indirect question after cognōscerent. Tam ācriter ab utraque parte pugnābātur ut multa mīlia hominum occīderentur. The ut clause states the result: many thousands of men were killed. Nēmo relinquēbātur quī arma ferre posset means, "No one was left who could bear arms." Posset marks a relative clause of characteristic. Cum pervēnisset marks time. Cum hanc calamitātem molestē ferrant marks concession: although the Romans took this disaster ill. **88** Caesar, cum pervēnisset, militēs hortābātur nē cōnsilium oppidī capiendi omitterent. Caesar, when he had arrived, was urging the soldiers not to give up the plan of taking the town. **89** Rēx, castrīs prope oppidum positīs, mīsit explōrātōrēs quī cognōscerent ubi exercitus Rōmanus esset. The king, having pitched camp near the town, sent scouts to find out where the Roman army was. **90** Nēmo relinquēbātur quī arma ferre posset. No one was left who could bear arms. **91** Nūntiī vīdērunt ingentem armōrum multitudinem dē mūrō in fossani iactam esse. The messengers saw that a huge multitude of arms had been thrown from the wall into the ditch. **92** Dux suōs trānsīre flūmen iussit. Trānsīre autem hoc flūmen erat difficillimum. The leader ordered his men to cross the river. But to cross this river was most difficult. **93** Rōmānī cum hanc calamitātem molestē ferrant, tamen terga vertere recūsāvērunt. Although the Romans took this disaster ill, still they refused to turn their backs. **94** Hōc rūmōre audītō, tantus terror omnium animōs occupāvit ut nē fortissimī quidem proelium committere vellent. When this rumor had been heard, so great a terror seized the minds of all that not even the bravest wished to join battle. **95** Erant quī putārent tempus annī idōneum nōn esse itinerī faciendō. There were those who thought that the time of year was not suitable for making a march. **96** Tam ācriter ab utraque parte pugnābātur ut multa mīlia hominum occīderentur. There was such fierce fighting on both sides that many thousands of men were killed. **97** Quid timēs? Timeō nē Rōmānīs in animō sit tōtam Galliam superāre et nōbīs iniūriās inferre. What do you fear? I fear that the Romans intend to overcome all Gaul and to inflict wrongs on us. ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LXXIX, §§455-458 §455. The gerund is a verbal noun and is used only in the genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative singular. The constructions of these cases are in general the same as those of other nouns (§§402, 406.1). ``` ``` §456. The gerundive is a verbal adjective and must be used instead of gerund + object, excepting in the genitive and in the ablative without a preposition. Even in these instances the gerundive construction is more usual (§406.2). ``` ``` §457. The infinitive is used: I. As in English. a. As subject or predicate nominative (§216). b. To complete the predicate with verbs of incomplete predication (complementary infinitive) (§215). c. As object with subject accusative after verbs of wishing, commanding, forbidding, and the like (§213). II. In the principal sentence of an indirect statement after verbs of saying and mental action. The subject is in the accusative (§§416, 418, 419). ``` ``` §458. The subjunctive is used: 1. To denote purpose (§§349, 366, 372). 2. To denote consequence or result (§§385, 386). 3. In relative clauses of characteristic or description (§390). 4. In cum clauses of time, cause, and concession (§396). 5. In indirect questions (§432). ``` | word | gloss | |---|---| | fossani | ditch, trench | | ferrant | bound or covered with iron | ## English into Latin (D'Ooge LXXIX) **98** Nōnne vidēs quis in mūrō stet? Do you not see who is standing on the wall? **99** Audīmus cōnsilium oppidī capiendī omissum esse. We hear that the plan of taking the town has been given up. **100** Cum Germānī putārent Rōmānōs Rhēnum trānsīre nōn posse, Caesar pontem fierī iussit. Since the Germans thought that the Romans could not cross the Rhine, Cæsar ordered a bridge to be made. **101** Ponte cōnfectō, barbarī tam perterritī sunt ut sē abderent. When the bridge was finished, the savages were so terrified that they hid themselves. **102** Timēbant nē Caesar sē īnsequerētur. They feared that Cæsar would pursue them. **103** Caesar ā mercātōribus quaesīvit quae esset magnitūdō īnsulae. Cæsar [1]asked the traders what the size of the island was. **104** Mercātōrēs eum monuērunt nē mare trānsīret. The traders advised him not [2]to cross the sea. **105** Explōrātōrēs ad locum castrīs dēligendum mīsit. He sent scouts [3]to choose a place for a camp.