# Prīmus et Secundus Annus, Lēctiōnēs 1–7 Secundus Annus I Rōmulus et Remus; Urbs condita. (ANNŌ URBIS CONDITAE I.); Urbs nova. (A. U. C. V.); Sabīnae raptae. (A. U. C. XII.); Tarpēia. (A. U. C. XIII.); Mātrōnae pācem compōnunt. (A. U. C. XIII.); Rēgēs Rōmānī Source: https://1732studios.com/courses/la/33. Data: https://1732studios.com/courses/la/33.json. ## Rōmulus et Remus: past participles, and the time clause ### The shepherd enters the wood Cum forte in silvam iniisset, eōs invēnit means "when he happened to go into the wood, he found them." The entrance into the wood supplies the circumstances surrounding invēnit. The clause does not merely fix when he found them. The verb iniisset is subjunctive. ### Circumstances take the subjunctive Cum tamen pāstor rem tōtam aperuisset, avus nepōtem āgnōvit means "But when the shepherd had disclosed the whole matter, the grandfather recognised his grandson." The disclosure supplies the circumstances surrounding āgnōvit, so aperuisset is subjunctive. Cum takes the subjunctive when its clause supplies circumstances rather than merely fixing the time of the main action. **1** Dē Rōmulō Remōque īnfantibus fābula iam nārrāta est. The story of Romulus and Remus as babies has already been told. **2** Amūlius enim Numitōrem, frātrem nātū māiōrem, rēgnō expulit, fīlium ēius interfēcit, ipse rēgnum occupāvit. For Amulius drove Numitor, his elder brother, from the throne, killed his son, and himself seized the kingdom. **3** Rheae Silviae autem, Numitōris fīliae, nātī sunt geminī: hōs Amūlius prope Tiberim flūmen in agrīs inundātīs expōnī iussit. But to Rhea Silvia, Numitor's daughter, twins were born: these Amulius ordered to be exposed near the river Tiber in the flooded fields. **4** Expositōs tamen lupa, quae ad aquam bibendam dēscenderat, invēnit, servāvit, nūtrīvit. Yet a she-wolf, which had come down to drink water, found them exposed, saved them, suckled them. **5** Deinde pāstor rēgiī gregis, cum forte in silvam iniisset, eōs invēnit: inventōs uxōrī suae dedit ēducandōs. Then a shepherd of the royal flock, when he happened to go into the wood, found them: having found them he gave them to his wife to bring up. **6** Ita cōnservātī pecora in stabulīs cūrābant, in agrīs pāscēbant: per silvās etiam aprōs et cervōs vēnābantur, sed lupīs in vēnandō parcēbant quia lupa ipsōs tamquam māter nūtrīverat. So preserved, they looked after cattle in the stalls and pastured them in the fields: through the woods too they hunted boars and stags, but in hunting they spared wolves, because a she-wolf had suckled them like a mother. **7** Nec tamen ferās sōlum vēnābantur, sed in latrōnēs etiam praedā onerātōs impetūs faciēbant et praedam ab eīs rapiēbant: raptam praedam pāstōribus dīvidēbant. Nor did they hunt wild beasts only, but they also made attacks on robbers laden with booty and seized the booty from them: the booty seized they shared out among the shepherds. **8** Sīc ēducātī pulchritūdine corporis, animī fortitūdine fīunt celebrēs. So brought up, they become famous for beauty of body and courage of mind. **9** Aliquandō autem latrōnēs quīdam Remum cēpērunt: captum ad Numitōrem dūxērunt: quō ductus capitis damnātus est. Once, however, some robbers captured Remus: captured, they took him to Numitor: taken there, he was condemned to death. **10** Cum tamen pāstor rem tōtam aperuisset, avus nepōtem āgnōvit. But when the shepherd had disclosed the whole matter, the grandfather recognised his grandson. **11** Mox Numitor geminīque cōnsilium ineunt Amūliī oppūgnandī: oppūgnātum eum occīdērunt. Soon Numitor and the twins form a plan of attacking Amulius: attacked, they killed him. **12** Itaque Numitor iterum Albae Longae rēgnāvit. And so Numitor reigned again at Alba Longa. **13** Quōmodo Amūlius rēgnum occupāvit? How did Amulius seize the kingdom? **14** Quōmodo geminōs occīdere cōnstituit? How did he decide to kill the twins? **15** Quā dē causā illī nōn periērunt? For what reason did they not perish? **16** Quō cōnsiliō pāstor eōs uxōrī dedit? With what purpose did the shepherd give them to his wife? **17** Quid illī faciēbant? What did they do? **18** Quae animālia vēnābantur? Quibus parcēbant? What animals did they hunt? Which did they spare? **19** Quid Remō accidit? What happened to Remus? **20** Cūr nōn interfectus est? Why was he not killed? **21** Quid tandem geminī fēcērunt? [pāstor? What did the twins do at last? [the shepherd?] **22** Quid significat grēx? cervus? latrō? fortitūdō? What does grēx mean? cervus? latrō? fortitūdō? ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LXX, §§395-399 §395. The conjunction cum has the following meanings and constructions: cum TEMPORAL = when, followed by the indicative or the subjunctive cum CAUSAL = since, followed by the subjunctive cum CONCESSIVE = although, followed by the subjunctive As you observe, the mood after cum is sometimes indicative and sometimes subjunctive. The reason for this will be made clear by a study of the following sentences: 1. Caesarem vīdī tum cum in Galliā eram, I saw Cæsar at the time when I was in Gaul. 2. Caesar in eōs impetum fēcit cum pācem peterent, Cæsar made an attack upon them when they were seeking peace. 3. Hoc erat difficile cum paucī sine vulneribus essent, this was difficult, since only a few were without wounds. 4. Cum prīmī ōrdinēs fūgissent, tamen reliquī fortiter cōnsistēbant, though the front ranks had fled, yet the rest bravely stood their ground. a. The underlying principle is one already familiar to you (cf. §389.a). When the cum clause states a fact and simply fixes the time at which the main action took place, the indicative mood is used. So, in the first example, cum in Galliā eram fixes the time when I saw Cæsar. b. On the other hand, when the cum clause describes the circumstances under which the main act took place, the subjunctive mood is used. So, in the second example, the principal clause states that Cæsar made an attack, and the cum clause describes the circumstances under which this act occurred. The idea of time is also present, but it is subordinate to the idea of description. Sometimes the descriptive clause is one of cause and we translate cum by since; sometimes it denotes concession and cum is translated although. ``` ``` §396. RULE. Constructions with Cum. The conjunction cum means when, since, or although. It is followed by the subjunctive unless it means when and its clause fixes the time at which the main action took place. NOTE. Cum in clauses of description with the subjunctive is much more common than its use with the indicative. ``` ``` §397. Note the following sentences: 1. Oppidum erat parvum magnitūdine sed magnum multitūdine hominum, the town was small in size but great in population. 2. Homō erat corpore īnfīrmus sed validus animō, the man was weak in body but strong in courage. a. Observe that magnitūdine, multitūdine, corpore, and animō tell in what respect something is true. The relation is one covered by the ablative case, and the construction is called the ablative of specification. ``` ``` §398. RULE. Ablative of Specification. The ablative is used to denote in what respect something is true. ``` ``` §399. IDIOMS aliquem certiōrem facere, to inform some one (lit. to make some one more certain) certior fierī, to be informed (lit. to be made more certain) iter dare, to give a right of way, allow to pass obsidēs inter sē dare, to give hostages to each other ``` | word | gloss | |---|---| | stabulīs | stall, from stabulum | | latrōnēs | robber, brigand, from latro | | pulchritūdine | beauty, excellence, from pulchritudo | | celebrēs | famous, celebrated, from celeber | | ductus | conducting | | nepōtem | grandson, from nepos | ## Urbs condita: present and future participles ### Actions at the same time In monte Palātīnō Rōmulus, Remus in Aventīnō stetērunt caelum spectantēs et vulturēs ēnumerantēs. Stetērunt gives the main action: Romulus and Remus stood. The present participles spectantēs and ēnumerantēs place watching and counting at that same time. ### Actions that follow Rōmulus igitur urbem conditūrus est nōmenque suum urbī datūrus. The future participles conditūrus and datūrus place founding and giving after the main verb est: Romulus is to do both. **23** Rōmulus et Remus igitur iam adulēscentēs Amūlium occīdērunt; posteā Numitor iterum Albae Longae rēgnāvit. So Romulus and Remus, now grown young men, killed Amulius; afterwards Numitor reigned again at Alba Longa. **24** Sed geminī pāstōrēs (volēbant enim et ipsī rēgnāre) urbem in eīs locīs ubi expositī et ēducātī erant condere cōnstituērunt. But the twin shepherds (for they too wanted to reign) decided to found a city in the places where they had been exposed and brought up. **25** Utrī tamen moenia pōnere fās erat? To which of the two, though, was it right to lay the walls? **26** Ē geminīs enim uter māior uter minor nātū erat? For of the twins which was the elder, which the younger? **27** Hoc quia incertum erat avibus crēdere cōnstituērunt. Because this was uncertain they decided to trust the birds. **28** In monte Palātīnō Rōmulus, Remus in Aventīnō stetērunt caelum spectantēs et vulturēs ēnumerantēs. Romulus stood on the Palatine hill, Remus on the Aventine, watching the sky and counting vultures. **29** Hic sex vulturēs in caelō volantēs cōnspicit, ille duodecim. The one catches sight of six vultures flying in the sky, the other of twelve. **30** Rōmulus igitur urbem conditūrus est nōmenque suum urbī datūrus. So Romulus is to found the city and give his name to the city. **31** Sed moenia dum sīgnat, ‘Sī quis’ inquit ‘moenia mea trānsiliet, eum occīdam’. But while he marks out the walls, 'If anyone,' he says, 'leaps over my walls, I shall kill him.' **32** Remus tamen, cum Rōmulum arātrō moenia sīgnantem cōnspexisset, ‘Num tūtus’ inquit ‘populus erit hīs moenibus?’ Remus, however, when he had caught sight of Romulus marking out the walls with a plough, said, 'Will the people be safe with these walls?' **33** Quīn etiam moenia surgentia dērīsit et dērīdēns trānsiluit: trānsilientem īrātus Rōmulus eum interfēcit. Indeed he mocked the rising walls and, mocking, leaped over them: as he leaped, Romulus in anger killed him. **34** Itaque sōlus rēgnum occupāvit et nōmen suum urbī dedit. And so alone he seized the kingdom and gave his name to the city. **35** Hunc in modum Rōmulus Rōmam condidit nōmen suum servātūram, omnibus gentibus imperātūram. In this way Romulus founded Rome, which would keep his name and rule over all nations. **36** Quid Numitor fēcit cum Amūlium occīdisset? What did Numitor do when he had killed Amulius? **37** Ubi geminī urbem condere volēbant? Where did the twins want to found a city? **38** Quid facientēs geminī in montibus stetērunt? Doing what did the twins stand on the hills? **39** Cūr Rōmulus (at nōn Remus) urbem condidit? Why did Romulus (and not Remus) found the city? **40** Quōmodo Rōmulus moenia sīgnāvit? How did Romulus mark out the walls? **41** Quid dīxit Rōmulus dē moenibus? What did Romulus say about the walls? **42** Quid Remus? What did Remus say? **43** Quid fēcit Remus? What did Remus do? **44** Quid Rōmulus? What did Romulus do? **45** Quālem urbem condidit? What sort of city did he found? ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LXVI, §§374-377 §374. The Latin verb has the following Participles:[1] [1] Review §203. CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV ACTIVE PRESENT amāns monēns regēns capiēns audiēns FUTURE amātūrus monitūrus rēctūrus captūrus audītūrus PASSIVE PERFECT amātus monitus rēctus captus audītus FUTURE[2] amandus monendus regendus capiendus audiendus CONJ. I CONJ. II ACTIVE PRESENT amāns monēns loving advising FUTURE amātūrus monitūrus about to love about to advise PASSIVE PERFECT amātus monitus loved, having advised, having been advised been loved FUTURE[2] amandus monendus to be loved to be advised CONJ. III CONJ. IV ACTIVE PRESENT regēns capiēns audiēns ruling taking hearing FUTURE rēctūrus captūrus audītūrus about to rule about to take about to hear PASSIVE PERFECT rēctus captus audītus ruled, having taken, having heard, havinh been ruled been taken been heard FUTURE[2] regendus capiendus audiendus to be ruled to be taken to be heard [2] The future passive participle is often called the gerundive. a. The present active and future passive participles are formed from the present stem, and the future active and perfect passive participles are formed from the participial stem. b. The present active participle is formed by adding -ns to the present stem. In -iō verbs of the third conjugation, and in the fourth conjugation, the stem is modified by the addition of -ē-, as capi-ē-ns, audi-ē-ns. It is declined like an adjective of one ending of the third declension. (Cf. §256.) amāns, loving BASE amant- STEM amanti- SINGULAR PLURAL MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. Nom. amāns amāns amantēs amantia Gen. amantis amantis amantium amantium Dat. amantī amantī amantibus amantibus Acc. amantem amāns amantīs amantia or -ēs Abl. amantī amantī amantibus amantibus or -e or -e (1) When used as an adjective the ablative singular ends in -ī; when used as a participle or as a substantive, in -e. (2) In a similar way decline monēns, regēns, capiēns, audiēns. c. The future active participle is formed by adding -ūrus to the base of the participial stem. We have already met this form combined with esse to produce the future active infinitive. (Cf. §206.) d. For the perfect passive participle see §201. The future passive participle or gerundive is formed by adding -ndus to the present stem. e. All participles in -us are declined like bonus. f. Participles agree with nouns or pronouns like adjectives. g. Give all the participles of the following verbs: cūrō, iubeō, sūmō, iaciō, mūniō. ``` ``` §375. Participles of Deponent Verbs. Deponent verbs have the participles of the active voice as well as of the passive; consequently every deponent verb has four participles, as, Pres. Act. hortāns, urging Fut. Act. hortātūrus, about to urge Perf. Pass. (in form) hortātus, having urged Fut. Pass. (Gerundive) hortandus, to be urged a. Observe that the perfect participle of deponent verbs is passive in form but active in meaning. No other verbs have a perfect active participle. On the other hand, the future passive participle of deponent verbs is passive in meaning as in other verbs. b. Give the participles of cōnor, vereor, sequor, patior, partior. ``` ``` §376. Tenses of the Participle. The tenses express time as follows: 1. The present active participle corresponds to the English present active participle in -ing, but can be used only of an action occurring at the same time as the action of the main verb; as, mīlitēs īnsequentēs cēpērunt multōs, the soldiers, while pursuing, captured many. Here the pursuing and the capturing are going on together. 2. The perfect participle (excepting of deponents) is regularly passive and corresponds to the English past participle with or without the auxiliary having been; as, audītus, heard or having been heard. 3. The future active participle, translated about to, etc., denotes time after the action of the main verb. ``` ``` §377. Review §§203, 204, and, note the following model sentences: 1. Mīlitēs currentēs erant dēfessī, the soldiers who were running (lit. running) were weary. 2. Caesar profectūrus Rōmam nōn exspectāvit, Cæsar, when about to set out (lit. about to set out) for Rome, did not wait. 3. Oppidum captum vīdimus, we saw the town which had been captured (lit. captured town). 4. Imperātor trīduum morātus profectus est, the general, since (when, or after) he had delayed (lit. the general, having delayed) three days, set out. 5. Mīlitēs vīctī terga nōn vertērunt, the soldiers, though they were conquered (lit. the soldiers conquered), did not retreat. In each of these sentences the literal translation of the participle is given in parentheses. We note, however, that its proper translation usually requires a clause beginning with some conjunction (when, since, after, though, etc.), or a relative clause. Consider, in each case, what translation will best bring out the thought, and do not, as a rule, translate the participle literally. ``` | word | gloss | |---|---| | incertum | uncertain, from incertus | | vulturēs | vulture, from vultur | | trānsiliet | jump across, leap over, from transilio | | dērīsit | mock, from derideo | | trānsiluit | swim across, from transsileo | ## Urbs nova: the ablative absolute ### Two participles share one noun Remō damnātō et mortem exspectante, pāstor rem aperuit. It means "Remus being condemned and awaiting death, the shepherd disclosed the matter." Remō agrees with both damnātō and exspectante in the ablative. This ablative absolute expresses two circumstances attending pāstor rem aperuit. ### Latin needs no clause for while Numitōre Albae Longae rēgnante, Amūlius rēgnō potīrī cōnstituit. It means "While Numitor was reigning at Alba Longa, Amulius decided to get possession of the kingdom." Numitōre rēgnante has no conjunction or finite verb. Its ablative noun and agreeing participle express the circumstance attending the main clause. **46** Multa iam dē Rōmulō Remōque vōbīs nārrāta sunt: eadem nunc aliter explicāta audīte! Much has already been told you about Romulus and Remus: now hear the same things explained differently! **47** Numitōre Albae Longae rēgnante, Amūlius rēgnō potīrī cōnstituit: itaque Numitōrem rēgnō expulit, eōque expulsō ipse rēgnum occupāvit et fīliōs ēius geminōs prope Tiberim expōnī iussit: geminīs expositīs, lupa sitiēns ad aquam bibendam dēscendit: bibente lupā, īnfantēs exclāmāvērunt. While Numitor was reigning at Alba Longa, Amulius decided to get possession of the kingdom: so he drove Numitor from the throne, and, he being driven out, himself seized the kingdom and ordered his twin grandsons to be exposed near the Tiber: the twins being exposed, a thirsty she-wolf came down to drink water: while the wolf was drinking, the babies cried out. **48** Illa, clāmōribus audītīs, ad silvās cum īnfantibus rediit. She, the cries being heard, returned to the woods with the babies. **49** Tandem pāstor eōs inventōs uxōrī suae dedit ēducandōs. At last a shepherd found them and gave them to his wife to bring up. **50** Saepius, dum geminī apud pāstōrem habitant, latrōnēs per silvās praedam rapiēbant: aliquandō autem Remum cēpērunt et apud Numitōrem accūsāvērunt. Often, while the twins were living with the shepherd, robbers were seizing booty through the woods: once, however, they captured Remus and accused him before Numitor. **51** Remō damnātō et mortem exspectante, pāstor rem aperuit: avus nepōtem āgnōvit. Remus being condemned and awaiting death, the shepherd disclosed the matter: the grandfather recognised his grandson. **52** Deinde Numitor cōnsilium cum geminīs iniit Amūliī occīdendī. Then Numitor formed with the twins a plan of killing Amulius. **53** Illō occīsō, Numitor iterum Albae Longae rēgnāvit, sed geminī novam urbem condere cōnstituērunt: caelō spectātō et avibus ab utrōque ēnumerātīs, Rōmulus (plūrēs enim vīderat avēs) moenia sīgnābat: dum moenia sīgnat, Remus advēnit, dērīsit, moenia trānsiluit: sīc moenia dērīdentem īrātus Rōmulus frātrem interfēcit et sōlus rēgnum occupāvit. He being killed, Numitor reigned again at Alba Longa, but the twins decided to found a new city: the sky being watched and the birds counted by each, Romulus (for he had seen more birds) was marking out the walls: while he marks out the walls, Remus came, mocked, leaped over the walls: so Romulus in anger killed his brother as he mocked the walls, and alone seized the kingdom. **54** Moenibus iam perfectīs, Rōmulus templa aliaque aedificia īnstituit. The walls now finished, Romulus established temples and other buildings. **55** Quod cum factum esset, urbs indiēs Rōmulō rēge crēscēbat: sed ille, multīs et līberīs et servīs eō cottīdiē cōnfugientibus, sōlus tot et tam variōs cīvēs regere vix poterat. When this had been done, the city grew daily under King Romulus: but he, with many people both free and slave fleeing there every day, alone could scarcely govern so many and so varied citizens. **56** Itaque senātum, quī ex centum senātōribus cōnstitit, convocāvit; hī patrēs appellābantur, fīliīque eōrum patriciī: omnēs praeter hōs plēbs vel plēbēiī fuērunt. So he called together a senate, which consisted of a hundred senators; these were called fathers, and their sons patricians: all except these were the plebs or plebeians. **57** Senātum dē rēbus difficiliōribus, dē lēgibus ferendīs, dē foederibus cum populīs fīnitimīs faciendīs, rēx cōnsulēbat. The king used to consult the senate about the more difficult matters, about proposing laws, about making treaties with the neighbouring peoples. **58** Dē īnfantibus expositīs et inventīs. About the babies exposed and found. **59** Dē īnfantibus apud pāstōrem habitantibus. About the babies living with the shepherd. **60** Dē Remō captō, accūsātō, servātō. About Remus captured, accused, saved. **61** Dē geminīs caelum spectantibus. About the twins watching the sky. **62** Dē Remō occīsō. About Remus killed. **63** Quā dē causā urbs indiēs crēscēbat? For what reason did the city grow daily? **64** Cūr Rōmulus senātum creāvit? Why did Romulus create a senate? **65** Quās in partēs dīvīsī erant Rōmānī? Into what parts were the Romans divided? **66** Dē quibus rēbus rēx senātum cōnsulēbat? About what matters did the king consult the senate? ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LXVII, §§379-381 §379. Learn the principal parts and conjugation of volō, wish; nōlō (ne + volō), be unwilling; mālō (magis + volō), be more willing, prefer (§497). Note the irregularities in the present indicative, subjunctive, and infinitive, and in the imperfect subjunctive. (Cf. §354.) a. These verbs are usually followed by the infinitive with or without a subject accusative; as, volunt venīre, they wish to come; volunt amīcōs venīre, they wish their friends to come. The English usage is the same.[1] [1] Sometimes the subjunctive of purpose is used after these verbs. (See §366.) [ Conjugations given in §497: PRINCIPAL PARTS: volō, velle, voluī, ----, be willing, will, wish nōlō, nōlle, nōluī, ----, be unwilling, will not mālō, mālle, māluī, ----, be more willing, prefer INDICATIVE SINGULAR Pres. volō nōlō mālō vīs nōn vis māvīs vult nōn vult māvult PLURAL volumus nōlumus mālumus vultis nōn vultis māvul´tis volunt nōlunt mālunt Impf. volēbam nōlēbam mālēbam Fut. volam, volēs, etc. nōlam, nōlēs, etc. mālam, mālēs, etc. Perf. voluī nōluī māluī Plup. volueram nōlueram mālueram F.P. voluerō nōluerō māluerō SUBJUNCTIVE SINGULAR Pres. velim nōlim mālim velīs nōlīs mālīs velit nōlit mālit PLURAL velī´mus nōlī´mus mālī´mus velī´tis nōlī´tis mālī´tis velint nōlint mālint Impf. vellem nōllem māllem Perf. voluerim nōluerim māluerim Plup. voluissem nōluissem māluissem IMPERATIVE Pres. nōlī nōlīte Fut. nōlītō, etc. INFINITIVE Pres. velle nōlle mālle Perf. voluisse nōluisse māluisse PARTICIPLE Pres. volēns, -entis nōlēns, -entis ----] ``` ``` §380. Observe the following sentences: 1. Magistrō laudante omnēs puerī dīligenter labōrant, with the teacher praising, or since the teacher praises, or the teacher praising, all the boys labor diligently. 2. Caesare dūcente nēmō prōgredī timet, with Cæsar leading, or when Cæsar leads, or if Cæsar leads, or Cæsar leading, no one fears to advance. 3. Hīs rēbus cognitīs mīlitēs fūgērunt, when this was known, or since this was known, or these things having been learned, the soldiers fled. 4. Proeliō commissō multī vulnerātī sunt, after the battle had begun, or when the battle had begun, or the battle having been joined, many were wounded. a. One of the fundamental ablative relations is expressed in English by the preposition with (cf. §50). In each of the sentences above we have a noun and a participle in agreement in the ablative, and the translation shows that in each instance the ablative expresses attendant circumstance. For example, in the first sentence the circumstance attending or accompanying the diligent labor of the boys is the praise of the teacher. This is clearly a with relation, and the ablative is the case to use. b. We observe, further, that the ablative and its participle are absolutely independent grammatically of the rest of the sentence. If we were to express the thought in English in a similar way, we should use the nominative independent or absolute. In Latin the construction is called the Ablative Absolute, or the Ablative with a Participle. This form of expression is exceedingly common in Latin, but rather rare in English, so we must not, as a rule, employ the English absolute construction to translate the ablative abolute. The attendant circumstance may be one of time (when or after), or one of cause (since), or one of concession (though), or one of condition (if). In each case try to discover the precise relation, and translate the ablative and its participle by a clause which will best express the thought. ``` ``` §381. RULE. Ablative Absolute. The ablative of a noun or pronoun with a present or perfect participle in agreement is used to express attendant circumstance. NOTE 1. The verb sum has no present participle. In consequence we often find two nouns or a noun and an adjective in the ablative absolute with no participle expressed; as, tē duce, you (being) leader, with you as leader; patre īnfirmō, my father (being) weak. NOTE 2. Be very careful not to put in the ablative absolute a noun and participle that form the subject or object of a sentence. Compare a. The Gauls, having been conquered by Cæsar, returned home b. The Gauls having been conquered by Cæsar, the army returned home In a the subject is The Gauls having been conquered by Cæsar, and we translate, Gallī ā Caesare victi domum revertērunt In b the subject is the army. The Gauls having been conquered by Cæsar is nominative absolute in English, which requires the ablative absolute in Latin, and we translate, Gallīs ā Caesare victīs exercitus domum revertit NOTE 3. The fact that only deponent verbs have a perfect active participle (cf. §375.a) often compels a change of voice when translating from one language to the other. For example, we can translate Cæsar having encouraged the legions just as it stands, because hortor is a deponent verb. But if we wish to say Cæsar having conquered the Gauls, we have to change the voice of the participle to the passive because vincō is not deponent, and say, the Gauls having been conquered by Cæsar (see translation above). ``` | word | gloss | |---|---| | potīrī | obtain, acquire, from potio | | accūsāvērunt | accuse, blame, from accuso | | patriciī | patrician, noble, from patricius | | inventīs | invention, discovery, from inventum | ## Sabīnae raptae: participles of deponent verbs ### Passive form, performed action Rōmulus igitur hanc contumēliam passus callidum iniit cōnsilium ulcīscendī. "So Romulus, having suffered this insult, formed a cunning plan of revenge." Passus is the perfect participle of a deponent verb. It has passive form, but Rōmulus performed the action. ### The same form describes the Romans Rōmānī fugientēs eās persecūtī tandem rapiunt et amplexī domum auferunt. "The Romans pursue them as they flee and at last seize them and, embracing them, carry them off home." Persecūtī and amplexī have passive form. The Rōmānī perform both actions. A perfect participle of a deponent verb has passive form, but its noun performs the action. **67** Virōrum in urbe novā satis māgnus erat numerus, sed dēerant mulierēs: neque enim cum fīnitimīs gentibus cōnūbiō Rōmānī ūtēbantur. In the new city the number of men was large enough, but women were lacking: for the Romans had no right of intermarriage with the neighbouring peoples. **68** Quō in discrīmine rērum Rōmulus senātum cōnsuluit et ex patrum cōnsiliō lēgātōs circā vīcīnās gentēs mīsit societātem cōnūbiumque petītum: ‘foedus’ inquiunt ‘nōbīscum facite et fīliās vestrās nōbīs in mātrimōnium date’. In this crisis Romulus consulted the senate and on the fathers' advice sent envoys round the neighbouring peoples to ask for alliance and intermarriage: 'Make a treaty with us,' they say, 'and give us your daughters in marriage.' **69** Illī tamen nōluērunt. They, however, refused. **70** Rōmulus igitur hanc contumēliam passus callidum iniit cōnsilium ulcīscendī. So Romulus, having suffered this insult, formed a cunning plan of revenge. **71** Lūdōs enim parāvit, ad quōs vīcīnās gentēs invītāvit. For he prepared games, to which he invited the neighbouring peoples. **72** Diē īnstitūtō Sabīnī inter aliās gentēs, līberīs et coniugibus comitantibus, Rōmam profectī sunt. On the appointed day the Sabines, among other peoples, set out for Rome, their children and wives accompanying them. **73** Rōmam cum pervēnissent, omnibus iam lūdōs spectantibus, in mediō plausū iuvenēs, sīgnō ā Rōmulō datō, When they had reached Rome, everyone now watching the games, in the midst of the applause the young men, the signal being given by Romulus, **74** Fugiunt Sabīnae. The Sabine women flee. **75** Rōmānī fugientēs eās persecūtī tandem rapiunt et amplexī domum auferunt. The Romans pursue them as they flee and at last seize them and, embracing them, carry them off home. **76** Quō vīsō parentēs inermēs multīs clāmōribus Rōmā effugiunt: domum cum rediissent bellum Rōmānīs īnferre cōnstituunt. Seeing this, the unarmed parents flee from Rome with many cries: when they had returned home they decide to make war on the Romans. **77** Virginēs etiam raptae prīmō indīgnantur, sed Rōmulus eās amīcīs verbīs cōnsōlātur:—‘Nōlīte, ō Sabīnae, indīgnārī: in culpā enim est patrum vestrōrum contumēlia. The seized maidens too at first are indignant, but Romulus consoles them with friendly words: 'Do not be indignant, Sabine women: the blame lies in your fathers' insult. **78** Patrum oblīvīsciminī, et oblītae gaudēte! Forget your fathers, and having forgotten rejoice! **79** Coniugēs enim Rōmānōrum cīvium eritis.’ Hīs verbīs permōtae Rōmānīs libenter nūbunt, et mātrōnae Rōmānae fīunt. For you will be the wives of Roman citizens.' Moved by these words they gladly marry the Romans, and become Roman matrons. **80** Respiciunt oculīsque notant sibi quisque puellam, They look back, and each marks out with his eyes a girl for himself, **81** Virginibus cupidās īniciuntque manūs. and lay eager hands on the maidens. **82** Ut fugiunt aquilās, timidissima turba, columbae, As doves, most timid flock, flee eagles, **83** Utque fugit vīsōs āgna novella lupōs, and as a new-born lamb flees the wolves it has seen, **84** Sīc illae timuēre virōs sine mōre ruentēs: so they feared the men rushing on without restraint: **85** Cōnstitit in nūllā, quī fuit ante, color. in none did the colour stay that was there before. **86** Cūr mulierēs Rōmae dēerant? Why were women lacking at Rome? **87** Quō cōnsiliō Rōmulus lēgātōs circā gentēs mīsit? With what purpose did Romulus send envoys round the peoples? **88** Quid respondērunt fīnitimī? What did the neighbours answer? **89** Quod cōnsilium Rōmulus iniit? What plan did Romulus form? **90** Cūr Sabīnī arma domī relīquērunt? Why did the Sabines leave their arms at home? **91** Quibuscum ad lūdōs īvērunt? With whom did they go to the games? **92** Quando sīgnum ā Rōmulō datum est? When was the signal given by Romulus? **93** Quibus rēbus poēta perterritās virginēs comparat? To what things does the poet compare the terrified maidens? **94** Quōmodo Rōmulus Sabīnās cōnsōlātus est? How did Romulus console the Sabine women? **95** Quid tandem fēcērunt Sabīnae? What did the Sabine women do in the end? | word | gloss | |---|---| | cōnūbiō | marriage, from conubium | | discrīmine | crisis, separating line, from discrimen | | vīcīnās | neighbor, from vicina | | plausū | clapping, from plausus | | inermēs | unarmed, without weapons, from inermis | | indīgnantur | deem unworthy, scorn, from indignor | | cōnsōlātur:—‘Nōlīte | console, cheer, from consolo | | permōtae | stir up, from permoveo | | notant | observe, from noto | | āgna | ear of grain | | novella | news | | lupōs | she-wolf, from lupus | | ruentēs | destroy, ruin, from ruo | ## Tarpēia: indirect statement ### The reported subject is accusative Rōmānōs īnfīdōs esse hospitēs dīxērunt means "they said the Romans were faithless hosts." After dīxērunt, the indirect statement takes Rōmānōs as its accusative subject and esse as its infinitive. Verbs of saying and understanding introduce an indirect statement with an accusative subject and infinitive. ### The infinitive gives relative time illa clipeōs sibi, nōn armillās, prōmissa esse iam intellegit means "she now understands that shields, not bracelets, were promised her." The perfect infinitive prōmissa esse places the promise before intellegit. In the first line, the present infinitive esse places the description at the same time as dīxērunt. **96** Rōmulus autem, sīcut iam nārrātum est, Sabīnās sorte suā contentās esse iussit; quae tandem respondērunt libenter sē Rōmānīs nūbere. Romulus, however, as has already been told, ordered the Sabine women to be content with their lot; and they at last answered that they gladly married the Romans. **97** Sed Sabīnī cum domum rediissent Rōmānōs īnfīdōs esse hospitēs dīxērunt; itaque bellum eīs īnferre parāvērunt. But the Sabines, when they had returned home, said the Romans were faithless hosts; and so they prepared to make war on them. **98** Mox bellō illātō Rōmam oppūgnāvērunt et Capitōlium, urbis arcem, obsidēbant. Soon, war being brought, they attacked Rome and were besieging the Capitol, the citadel of the city. **99** Forte Spurius Tarpēius cūstōs arcis erat. As it happened Spurius Tarpeius was keeper of the citadel. **100** Fīlia ēius, nōmine Tarpēia, dum Sabīnī cottīdiē moenia circueunt, armillās aureās, quās bracchiō sinistrō gerēbant, admīrāta cupiit: cōnsilium igitur eās adipīscendī iniit. His daughter, Tarpeia by name, while the Sabines went round the walls every day, admired and coveted the golden bracelets which they wore on the left arm: so she formed a plan of getting them. **101** Noctū ad castra Sabīnōrum fūrtim ēgressa hostibus dīxit armillās sē illōrum cupere. At night, having slipped out secretly to the Sabines' camp, she told the enemy that she coveted their bracelets. **102** Prīmō Sabīnī dare nōluērunt: deinde illa ‘Sī’ inquit ‘ea quae bracchiō sinistrō geritis mihi dabitis, quodcumque imperābitis faciam.’ Cuī Sabīnōrum dux, vir callidissimus, ita respondit: ‘Sī nocte proximā portam Capitōliī nōbīs aperueris, ea quae bracchiō sinistrō gerimus tibi dabimus’. At first the Sabines refused to give them: then she said, 'If you will give me what you wear on your left arm, I will do whatever you command.' To her the leader of the Sabines, a very cunning man, answered thus: 'If next night you open the gate of the Capitol to us, we will give you what we wear on our left arm.' **103** Tum Tarpēia velle sē portam aperīre dīxit: prōmissō datō in arcem sē recēpit. Then Tarpeia said she was willing to open the gate: the promise given, she withdrew into the citadel. **104** Proximā nocte, Rōmānīs dormientibus, portā ā Tarpēiā reclūsā, Sabīnī in Capitōlium invāsēre. The next night, the Romans sleeping, the gate opened by Tarpeia, the Sabines burst into the Capitol. **105** Id quod prōmīserant dant, clipeōs enim in Tarpēiam cōniciunt; illa clipeōs sibi, nōn armillās, prōmissa esse iam intellegit, atque mortua cadit. They give what they had promised, for they throw their shields on Tarpeia; she now understands that shields, not bracelets, were promised her, and falls dead. **106** Quid Rōmulus Sabīnās cōnsōlandī causā dīxit? What did Romulus say to console the Sabine women? **107** Quid Sabīnae respondērunt? What did the Sabine women answer? **108** Quid dīxērunt Sabīnī dē Rōmānīs? What did the Sabines say about the Romans? **109** Quid parāvērunt facere? What did they prepare to do? **110** Quid cupiit Tarpēia? What did Tarpeia covet? **111** Quid hostibus dīxit? What did she say to the enemy? **112** Quid dux Sabīnōrum respondit? What did the leader of the Sabines answer? **113** Quōmodo Sabīnī in Capitōlium invāsērunt? How did the Sabines burst into the Capitol? **114** Quōmodo prōmissō stetērunt? How did they keep their promise? **115** Quid est armilla? clipeus? What is an armilla? a clipeus? ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LXXII, §§412-421 §412. Learn the principal parts and the conjugation of eō, go (§499). a. Notice that ī-, the root of eō, is changed to e- before a vowel, excepting in iēns, the nominative of the present participle. In the perfect system -v- is regularly dropped. [ Conjugation given in §499: PRINCIPAL PARTS eō, īre, iī (īvī), ĭtum (n. perf. part.) PRES. STEM ī- PERF. STEM ī- or īv- PART. STEM it- INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE IMPERATIVE SING. PLUR. Pres. eō īmus eam 2d Pers. ī īte īs ītis it eunt Impf. ībam īrem Fut. ībō ---- 2d Pers. ītō ītōte 3d Pers. ītō euntō Perf. iī (īvī) ierim (īverim) Plup. ieram (īveram) īssem (īvissem) F. P. ierō (īverō) INFINITIVE Pres. īre Perf. īsse (īvisse) Fut. itūrus, -a, -um esse PARTICIPLES Pres. iēns, gen. euntis (§472) Fut. itūrus, -a, -um Ger. eundum GERUND Gen. eundī Dat. eundō Acc. eundum Abl. eundō SUPINE Acc. [[itum]] Abl. [[itū]] ] ``` ``` §413. Learn the meaning and principal parts of the following compounds of eō with prepositions: ad´eō, adī´re, ad´iī, ad´itus, go to, visit, with the accusative ex´eō, exī´re, ex´iī, ex´itus, go forth, with ex or dē and the ablative of the place from which in´eō, inī´re, in´iī, in´itus, begin, enter upon, with the accusative red´eō, redī´re, red´iī, red´itus, return, with ad or in and the accusative of the place to which trāns´eō, trānsī´re, trāns´iī, trāns´itus, cross, with the accusative ``` ``` §414. Indirect Statements in English. Direct statements are those which the speaker or writer makes himself or which are quoted in his exact language. Indirect statements are those reported in a different form of words from that used by the speaker or writer. Compare the following direct and indirect statements: { 1. The Gauls are brave Direct statements { 2. The Gauls were brave { 3. The Gauls will be brave Indirect statements { 1. He says that the Gauls are brave after a verb in { 2. He says that the Gauls were brave the present tense { 3. He says that the Gauls will be brave Indirect statements { 1. He said that the Gauls were brave after a verb in { 2. He said that the Gauls had been brave a past tense { 3. He said that the Gauls would be brave We see that in English a. The indirect statement forms a clause introduced by the conjunction that. b. The verb is finite (cf. §173) and its subject is in the nominative. c. The tenses of the verbs originally used are changed after the past tense, He said. ``` ``` §415. Indirect Statements in Latin. In Latin the direct and indirect statements above would be as follows: DIRECT { 1. Gallī sunt fortēs STATEMENTS { 2. Gallī erant fortēs { 3. Gallī erunt fortēs { 1. Dīcit or Dīxit Gallōs esse fortīs { (He says or He said { the Gauls to be brave)[1] INDIRECT { 2. Dīcit or Dīxit Gallōs fuisse fortīs STATEMENTS { (He says or He said { the Gauls to have been brave)[1] { 3. Dīcit or Dīxit Gallōs futūrōs esse fortīs { (He says or He said { the Gauls to be about to be brave)[1] [1] These parenthetical renderings are not inserted as translations, but merely to show the literal meaning of the Latin. Comparing these Latin indirect statements with the English in the preceding section, we observe three marked differences: a. There is no conjunction corresponding to that. b. The verb is in the infinitive and its subject is in the accusative. c. The tenses of the infinitive are not changed after a past tense of the principal verb. ``` ``` §416. RULE. Indirect Statements. When a direct statement becomes indirect, the principal verb is changed to the infinitive and its subject nominative becomes subject accusative of the infinitive. ``` ``` §417. Tenses of the Infinitive. When the sentences in §415 were changed from the direct to the indirect form of statement, sunt became esse, erant became fuisse, and erunt became futūrōs esse. ``` ``` §418. RULE. Infinitive Tenses in Indirect Statements. A present indicative of a direct statement becomes present infinitive of the indirect, a past indicative becomes perfect infinitive, and a future indicative becomes future infinitive. NOTE. When translating into Latin an English indirect statement, first decide what tense of the indicative would have been used in the direct form. That will show you what tense of the infinitive to use in the indirect. ``` ``` §419. RULE. Verbs followed by Indirect Statements. The accusative-with-infinitive construction in indirect statements is found after verbs of saying, telling, knowing, thinking, and perceiving. ``` ``` §420. Verbs regularly followed by indirect statements are: a. Verbs of saying and telling: dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictus, say negō, negāre, negāvī, negātus, deny, say not nūntiō, nūntiāre, nūntiāvī, nūntiātus, announce respondeō, respondēre, respondī, respōnsus, reply b. Verbs of knowing: cognōscō, cognōscere, cognōvī, cognitus, learn, (in the perf.) know sciō, scīre, scīvī, scītus, know c. Verbs of thinking: arbitror, arbitrārī, arbitrātus sum, think, consider exīstimō, exīstimāre, exīstimāvī, exīstimātus, think, believe iūdicō, iūdicāre, iūdicāvi, iūdicātus, judge, decide putō, putāre, putāvī, putātus, reckon, think spērō, spērāre, spērāvi, spērātus, hope d. Verbs of perceiving: audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītus, hear sentiō, sentīre, sēnsī, sēnsus, feel, perceive videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsus, see intellegō, intellegere, intellēxī, intellēctus, understand, perceive Learn such of these verbs as are new to you. ``` ``` §421. IDIOMS postrīdiē eius diēī, on the next day (lit. on the next day of that day) initā aestāte, at the beginning of summer memoriā tenēre, to remember (lit. to hold by memory) per explōrātōrēs cognōscere, to learn through scouts ``` | word | gloss | |---|---| | sorte | lot, fate, from sors | | īnfīdōs | writing without faith, from infidus | | cūstōs | guard | | armillās | bracelet, armlet, from armilla | | fūrtim | stealthily, secretly | | quodcumque | who, from quicumque | | reclūsā | open, from recludo | ## Mātrōnae pācem compōnunt: indirect statement ### One infinitive depends on another Sabīnī dīxērunt proelium sē cum Rōmānīs committere velle means the Sabines said they wished to join battle with the Romans. Sē is the accusative subject of velle, the infinitive verb of the indirect statement. Committere depends on velle. The same structure appears in neque hōs neque illōs velle sē occīdī. Sē is again the accusative subject of velle. Occīdī depends on velle. An indirect statement keeps its subject accusative and its verb infinitive when another infinitive depends on that verb. **116** Capitōliō sīc fraude captō, Sabīnī dīxērunt proelium sē cum Rōmānīs committere velle. The Capitol thus taken by fraud, the Sabines said they wished to join battle with the Romans. **117** Itaque proximō diē proeliī committendī causā in campum dēscendēre: aciē autem īnstructā, Sabīnae, quae iam mātrōnae Rōmānae erant, pācem inter hostēs compōnere cupiērunt: cum enim et coniugēs et patrēs valdē amārent, neque viduae neque orbae fierī volēbant. So the next day they came down into the plain to join battle: but the line being drawn up, the Sabine women, who were now Roman matrons, wished to make peace between the enemies: for since they loved both their husbands and their fathers dearly, they wanted to become neither widows nor orphans. **118** Ab Hersiliā igitur convocātae dīcēbant inter sē Sabīnōs patrēs suōs esse, Rōmānōs virōs: ipsās esse uxōrēs hōrum, illōrum fīliās: hinc virōs arma tenēre, illinc patrēs: cum autem utrōsque amārent, neque hōs neque illōs velle sē occīdī. So, called together by Hersilia, they said among themselves that the Sabines were their fathers, the Romans their husbands: that they themselves were the wives of these, the daughters of those: on this side their husbands held arms, on that their fathers: but since they loved both, they wanted neither these nor those to be killed. **119** Hersilia enim, ‘Sī’ inquit ‘patrēs nostrī occīsī erunt, orbae erimus: sī virī, viduae. For Hersilia said, 'If our fathers are killed, we shall be orphans: if our husbands, widows. **120** Utrum socerōs vultis an generōs adiuvāre? Do you wish to help your fathers-in-law or your sons-in-law? **121** Cōnsilium vōbīs pācis compōnendae dabō.’ I will give you a plan for making peace.' **122** Cōnsilium dederat: pārent, crīnēsque resolvunt, She had given her counsel: they obey, and loosen their hair, **123** Maestaque fūnereā corpora veste tegunt. and in mourning cover their bodies with funeral dress. **124** Iam steterant aciēs ferrō mortīque parātae, Already the lines had stood ready for steel and death, **125** Iam lituus pūgnae sīgna datūrus erat, already the trumpet was about to give the signal for battle, **126** Cum raptae veniunt inter patrēsque virōsque, when the stolen women come between fathers and husbands, **127** Inque sinū nātōs, pīgnora cāra, tenent. and hold in their bosoms their children, dear pledges. **128** Ut medium campī scissīs tetigēre capillīs, When with torn hair they reached the middle of the field, **129** In terram positō prōcubuēre genū. they sank to the ground on bended knee. **130** Et quasi sentīrent, blandō clāmōre nepōtēs And as if they understood, the grandchildren with winning cries **131** Tendēbant ad avōs bracchia parva suōs. stretched their little arms to their grandfathers. **132** Quī poterat, clāmābat avum, tunc dēnique vīsum, He who could, called out to a grandfather then seen at last, **133** Et quī vix poterat, posse coāctus erat. and he who scarcely could was made to be able. **134** Tēla virīs animīque cadunt, gladiīsque remōtīs Weapons and tempers fall from the men, and swords put away **135** Dant socerī generīs accipiuntque manūs: fathers-in-law give and take hands with sons-in-law: **136** Laudātāsque tenent nātās, scūtōque nepōtem and they hold their daughters with praise, and on his shield a grandchild **137** Fert avus. Hic scūtī dulcior ūsus erat. the grandfather carries. This was a sweeter use for the shield. **138** Quam partem Rōmae cēpērunt Sabīnī? Quōmodo? What part of Rome did the Sabines take? How? **139** Quō cōnsiliō Sabīnī in campum dēscendēre? With what purpose did the Sabines come down into the plain? **140** Quis erat Hersilia? Who was Hersilia? **141** Quō cōnsiliō Hersilia mātrōnās convocāvit? With what purpose did Hersilia call the matrons together? **142** Quid inter sē dīcēbant? What did they say among themselves? **143** Quid dīxit Hersilia? What did Hersilia say? **144** Dēscrībe mātrōnās inter aciēs īnstructās venientēs. Describe the matrons coming between the drawn-up lines. **145** Quid pūgnae dat sīgnum? What gives the signal for battle? **146** Quid fēcērunt īnfantēs? What did the babies do? **147** Quid avī? What did the grandfathers do? | word | gloss | |---|---| | viduae | widowed, deprived of, from viduus | | orbae | circle, from orba | | Hersiliā | mistress | | Sabīnōs | Sabines, people living NE of, from Sabini | | socerōs | father in law, from socer | | generōs | son-in-law, from gener | | resolvunt | loosen, release, from resolvo | | fūnereā | funereal, from funereus | | lituus | curved staff carried by augurs | | sinū | bowl for serving wine, etc, from sinus | | pīgnora | pledge, hostage, from pignus | | scissīs | cognizant, possessing knowledge, from scissus | | gladiīsque | swordfish, from gladium | | nātās | daughter, from nata | ## Rēgēs Rōmānī: indirect statement ### Earlier than the reporting verb Apud Titum Līvium, rērum Rōmānārum scrīptōrem, invenīmus septem omnīnō Rōmae fuisse rēgēs. Titus Livius records that there were seven kings of Rome in all. The perfect infinitive fuisse presents their existence as earlier than invenīmus, the reporting verb. Pūgnāvisse dīcuntur, "are said to have fought," uses the same rule. The fighting is earlier than the report. **148** Apud Titum Līvium, rērum Rōmānārum scrīptōrem, invenīmus septem omnīnō Rōmae fuisse rēgēs. In Titus Livius, the writer of Roman history, we find that there were seven kings of Rome in all. **149** Rōmulō successit Numa Pompilius, vir pācis amāns, pius, sapiēns. Romulus was succeeded by Numa Pompilius, a man who loved peace, devout, wise. **150** Fāma est eum īn lūcō sacrō nympham quandam, nōmine Ēgeriam, cōnsulere solitum esse, et ab eā rītūs sacrōs didicisse. The story goes that he used to consult a certain nymph, Egeria by name, in a sacred grove, and learned the sacred rites from her. **151** Cōnstat saltem hunc Rōmānōs rēs sacrās docuisse; ferunt eum sacerdōtēs, Vestālēs virginēs, templum Iānī īnstituisse. It is agreed at least that he taught the Romans religious matters; they say he established priests, the Vestal virgins, the temple of Janus. **152** Vestālēs autem īgnem in ārā Vestae accēnsam diem noctemque servābant. The Vestals kept the fire lit on the altar of Vesta day and night. **153** Templō Iānī duae erant iānuae, quae in bellō apertae stābant, clausae in pāce; Numā rēge clausae semper manēbant. The temple of Janus had two doors, which stood open in war, shut in peace; while Numa was king they always stayed shut. **154** Tullus Hostīlius, rēx tertius, bellō studēbat. Tullus Hostilius, the third king, was devoted to war. **155** Bellō quondam Albae Longae illātō, Horātiī, trēs Rōmānī frātrēs, contrā trēs Albānōs frātrēs, nōmine Curiātiōs, pūgnāvisse dīcuntur. War once being brought on Alba Longa, the Horatii, three Roman brothers, are said to have fought against three Alban brothers, the Curiatii by name. **156** Rēs mīrō modō ēvēnit. The affair turned out in a strange way. **157** Ex Rōmānīs duo occīsī, Albānī cūnctī vulnerātī sunt. Of the Romans two were killed, all the Albans were wounded. **158** Tum tertius Rōmānus per campum fugiēns Albānōs ad persequendum allicit, et dum longīs inter sē intervāllīs sequuntur singulōs obtruncat. Then the third Roman, fleeing across the field, lures the Albans to pursue, and while they follow at long intervals from one another he cuts them down one by one. **159** Apud Līvium invenīmus etiam Ancum Mārcium, quārtum rēgem, multa Latīnōrum oppida expūgnāsse, incolās Rōmam trādūxisse domiciliaque eīs in Aventīnō dedisse; Lūcium Tarquinium Prīscum, quīntum rēgem, et pācis et bellī artibus studuisse: imprīmīs eum multīs et pulcrīs aedificiīs forum ōrnāvisse, et urbem mūrō cingere incēpisse. In Livy we also find that Ancus Marcius, the fourth king, stormed many towns of the Latins, transferred the inhabitants to Rome and gave them homes on the Aventine; that Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, the fifth king, was devoted to the arts of both peace and war: above all that he adorned the forum with many fine buildings, and began to surround the city with a wall. **160** Tarquiniō occīsō, Servius Tullius, servae fīlius, rēx acceptus est ā plēbe. Tarquinius being killed, Servius Tullius, the son of a slave-woman, was accepted as king by the common people. **161** Moenia ā Tarquiniō incepta perfēcit: societātem Latīnīs cum gentibus iniit. He finished the walls begun by Tarquinius: he entered into alliance with the Latin peoples. **162** Sed Lūcius Tarquinius Superbus, Tullī dīgnitatis invidus, eum occīdit et ipse rēgnum occupāvit. But Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, envious of Tullius's dignity, killed him and himself seized the kingdom. **163** Dē hōc, ultimō Rōmānōrum rēge, nōnnūllae nārrandae sunt vōbīs fābulae. About him, the last of the Roman kings, several stories are to be told you. **164** Rōmulus: annō urbis conditae prīmō. Romulus: in the first year of the founding of the city. **165** Numa Pompilius: A. U. C. XXXVII. Numa Pompilius: A.U.C. 37. **166** Tullus Hostīlius: A. U. C. LXXXI. Tullus Hostilius: A.U.C. 81. **167** Ancus Mārcius: A. U. C. CXII. Ancus Marcius: A.U.C. 112. **168** Lūcius Tarquinius Prīscus: A. U. C. CXXXVIII. Lucius Tarquinius Priscus: A.U.C. 138. **169** Servius Tullius: A. U. C. CLXXVI. Servius Tullius: A.U.C. 176. **170** Tarquinius Superbus: A. U. C. CCXIX. Tarquinius Superbus: A.U.C. 219. **171** Rēgēs expulsī: A. U. C. CCXLIV. The kings expelled: A.U.C. 244. **172** Quotō annō rēx quisque rēgnāre coepit et quamdiū rēgnāvit? e.g. Rōmulus cum prīmō annō urbis conditae rēgnāre incēpisset, septem et trīginta annōs rēgnāvit. In what year did each king begin to reign, and how long did he reign? e.g. Romulus, having begun to reign in the first year of the founding of the city, reigned thirty-seven years. **173** Scrībe nōnnūllās rēs quās rēx quisque ēgit. Write several things that each king did. | word | gloss | |---|---| | sapiēns | wise man, sage | | lūcō | Luke, from lucus | | nympham | nymph, from nympha | | Vestālēs | Vestal, Vestal virgin, from Vestalis | | Iānī | door, entrance, from Janus | | accēnsam | kindle, set on fire, from accendo | | Hostīlius | hostile, enemy | | Curiātiōs | senate, from Curiatii | | allicit | draw gently to, entice, from allicio | | obtruncat | kill, from obtrunco | | Ancum | goose, from Ancus | | Mārcium | male, from Marcius | | imprīmīs | in the first place, first | | incepta | beginning, undertaking, from inceptum | | conditae | preserved, kept in store, from conditus |