# Prīmus et Secundus Annus, Lēctiōnēs 8–12 Secundus Annus I Gabiī captī. (A. U. C. CCXXV.); Librī Sibyllīnī. (A. U. C. CCXXVII.); Rēgēs expulsī. (A. U. C. CCXLIV.); Lars Porsenna.; Horātius. Source: https://1732studios.com/courses/la/34. Data: https://1732studios.com/courses/la/34.json. ## Gabiī captī: indirect statement ### The subject in a report Patrem frātrēsque Rōmā sē expulisse affirmāvit means, "He declared that his father and brothers had driven him out of Rome." After affirmāvit, the reported subject patrem frātrēsque is accusative. Expulisse is perfect because the expulsion happened before the declaration. ### Two earlier actions Nūntius nūntiāvit Tarquinium Superbum vōcem quidem ēdidisse nūllam, sed summa papāverum capita baculō dēcussisse. The messenger reported that Tarquinius Superbus had uttered no word, but had knocked off the tallest poppy heads with his stick. Tarquinium Superbum is the accusative subject. The perfect infinitives ēdidisse and dēcussisse place both actions before nūntiāvit. **1** Tarquinius Superbus, multīs Latīnōrum gentibus victīs, Gabiōs, propinquam urbem, capere cōnstituit. Tarquinius Superbus, many peoples of the Latins being conquered, decided to take Gabii, a nearby city. **2** Gabīnī autem, moenibus mūnītīs, iamdūdum obsidentibus hostibus resistēbant, cum Sextus, fīlius Superbī nātū minimus, callidissimum cōnsilium iniit. The people of Gabii, however, their walls fortified, had long been resisting the besieging enemy, when Sextus, the youngest son of Superbus, formed a very cunning plan. **3** Frātrēs enim sē ferīre iussit: verbera passus Gabiōs trānsfūgit. For he ordered his brothers to beat him: having suffered the beating he deserted to Gabii. **4** Quō cum pervēnisset, Gabīnī gladiīs strictīs eum occīsūrī erant: ille tamen, notīs verberum mōnstrātīs, patrem frātrēsque Rōmā sē expulisse affirmāvit. When he had arrived there, the people of Gabii with drawn swords were about to kill him: he, however, showing the marks of the blows, declared that his father and brothers had driven him out of Rome. **5** Itaque hospitāliter ā Gabīnīs exceptus, māgnam apud eōs auctōritātem habēre coeperat. And so, hospitably received by the people of Gabii, he had begun to have great authority among them. **6** Mox, dux factus, servum ad patrem clam mīsit lītterās portantem, in quibus haec verba scrīpserat:—‘Māgnam iam auctōritātem apud Gabīnōs habeō: quid nunc mihi faciendum est?’ Rēx lītterīs perlēctīs nihil quidem vōce respondit, sed in hortum trānsiit sequente nūntiō: ibi ambulāns summa papāverum capita baculō dēcussit. Soon, made their leader, he secretly sent a slave to his father carrying a letter, in which he had written these words: 'I now have great authority among the people of Gabii: what must I do now?' The king, having read the letter through, answered nothing indeed aloud, but went across into the garden with the messenger following: there as he walked he knocked off the tallest heads of the poppies with his stick. **7** Sīc nūllō respōnsō acceptō, nūntius, cum Gabiōs rediisset, Sextō nūntiāvit Tarquinium Superbum vōcem quidem ēdidisse nūllam, sed summa papāverum capita baculō dēcussisse. So, no answer being received, the messenger, when he had returned to Gabii, reported to Sextus that Tarquinius Superbus had uttered no word, but had knocked off the tallest heads of the poppies with his stick. **8** Hōc audītō Sextus iussa patris intellēxit: prīncipēs Gabīnōrum, iniūriā apud populum accūsātōs, aut mortī dedit aut in vincula cōniēcit. Hearing this Sextus understood his father's orders: the leading men of Gabii, accused of wrongdoing before the people, he either put to death or threw into chains. **9** Tum dēmum, ducibus sublātīs, Gabiī urbs rēgī Rōmānō nūllō certāmine in manum trāditur. Then at last, the leaders being removed, the city of Gabii is handed over into the power of the Roman king without a struggle. **10** Quod cōnsilium Sextus iniit? What plan did Sextus form? **11** Quid frātrēs iussit facere? What did he order his brothers to do? **12** Quid Gabīnīs dixit? What did he say to the people of Gabii? **13** Cūr Gabīnī eī crēdidērunt? Why did the people of Gabii believe him? **14** Quid ille apud Gabīnōs fēcit? What did he do among the people of Gabii? **15** Quō cōnsiliō servum ad patrem mīsit? With what purpose did he send a slave to his father? **16** Quid in lītterīs scrīptum erat? What was written in the letter? **17** Quōmodo pater respondit? How did the father answer? **18** Quid servus Sextō nūntiāvit? What did the slave report to Sextus? **19** Quid est baculum? papāver? certāmen? What is a baculum? a papāver? a certāmen? ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LXXII, §§412-421 §412. Learn the principal parts and the conjugation of eō, go (§499). a. Notice that ī-, the root of eō, is changed to e- before a vowel, excepting in iēns, the nominative of the present participle. In the perfect system -v- is regularly dropped. [ Conjugation given in §499: PRINCIPAL PARTS eō, īre, iī (īvī), ĭtum (n. perf. part.) PRES. STEM ī- PERF. STEM ī- or īv- PART. STEM it- INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE IMPERATIVE SING. PLUR. Pres. eō īmus eam 2d Pers. ī īte īs ītis it eunt Impf. ībam īrem Fut. ībō ---- 2d Pers. ītō ītōte 3d Pers. ītō euntō Perf. iī (īvī) ierim (īverim) Plup. ieram (īveram) īssem (īvissem) F. P. ierō (īverō) INFINITIVE Pres. īre Perf. īsse (īvisse) Fut. itūrus, -a, -um esse PARTICIPLES Pres. iēns, gen. euntis (§472) Fut. itūrus, -a, -um Ger. eundum GERUND Gen. eundī Dat. eundō Acc. eundum Abl. eundō SUPINE Acc. [[itum]] Abl. [[itū]] ] ``` ``` §413. Learn the meaning and principal parts of the following compounds of eō with prepositions: ad´eō, adī´re, ad´iī, ad´itus, go to, visit, with the accusative ex´eō, exī´re, ex´iī, ex´itus, go forth, with ex or dē and the ablative of the place from which in´eō, inī´re, in´iī, in´itus, begin, enter upon, with the accusative red´eō, redī´re, red´iī, red´itus, return, with ad or in and the accusative of the place to which trāns´eō, trānsī´re, trāns´iī, trāns´itus, cross, with the accusative ``` ``` §414. Indirect Statements in English. Direct statements are those which the speaker or writer makes himself or which are quoted in his exact language. Indirect statements are those reported in a different form of words from that used by the speaker or writer. Compare the following direct and indirect statements: { 1. The Gauls are brave Direct statements { 2. The Gauls were brave { 3. The Gauls will be brave Indirect statements { 1. He says that the Gauls are brave after a verb in { 2. He says that the Gauls were brave the present tense { 3. He says that the Gauls will be brave Indirect statements { 1. He said that the Gauls were brave after a verb in { 2. He said that the Gauls had been brave a past tense { 3. He said that the Gauls would be brave We see that in English a. The indirect statement forms a clause introduced by the conjunction that. b. The verb is finite (cf. §173) and its subject is in the nominative. c. The tenses of the verbs originally used are changed after the past tense, He said. ``` ``` §415. Indirect Statements in Latin. In Latin the direct and indirect statements above would be as follows: DIRECT { 1. Gallī sunt fortēs STATEMENTS { 2. Gallī erant fortēs { 3. Gallī erunt fortēs { 1. Dīcit or Dīxit Gallōs esse fortīs { (He says or He said { the Gauls to be brave)[1] INDIRECT { 2. Dīcit or Dīxit Gallōs fuisse fortīs STATEMENTS { (He says or He said { the Gauls to have been brave)[1] { 3. Dīcit or Dīxit Gallōs futūrōs esse fortīs { (He says or He said { the Gauls to be about to be brave)[1] [1] These parenthetical renderings are not inserted as translations, but merely to show the literal meaning of the Latin. Comparing these Latin indirect statements with the English in the preceding section, we observe three marked differences: a. There is no conjunction corresponding to that. b. The verb is in the infinitive and its subject is in the accusative. c. The tenses of the infinitive are not changed after a past tense of the principal verb. ``` ``` §416. RULE. Indirect Statements. When a direct statement becomes indirect, the principal verb is changed to the infinitive and its subject nominative becomes subject accusative of the infinitive. ``` ``` §417. Tenses of the Infinitive. When the sentences in §415 were changed from the direct to the indirect form of statement, sunt became esse, erant became fuisse, and erunt became futūrōs esse. ``` ``` §418. RULE. Infinitive Tenses in Indirect Statements. A present indicative of a direct statement becomes present infinitive of the indirect, a past indicative becomes perfect infinitive, and a future indicative becomes future infinitive. NOTE. When translating into Latin an English indirect statement, first decide what tense of the indicative would have been used in the direct form. That will show you what tense of the infinitive to use in the indirect. ``` ``` §419. RULE. Verbs followed by Indirect Statements. The accusative-with-infinitive construction in indirect statements is found after verbs of saying, telling, knowing, thinking, and perceiving. ``` ``` §420. Verbs regularly followed by indirect statements are: a. Verbs of saying and telling: dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictus, say negō, negāre, negāvī, negātus, deny, say not nūntiō, nūntiāre, nūntiāvī, nūntiātus, announce respondeō, respondēre, respondī, respōnsus, reply b. Verbs of knowing: cognōscō, cognōscere, cognōvī, cognitus, learn, (in the perf.) know sciō, scīre, scīvī, scītus, know c. Verbs of thinking: arbitror, arbitrārī, arbitrātus sum, think, consider exīstimō, exīstimāre, exīstimāvī, exīstimātus, think, believe iūdicō, iūdicāre, iūdicāvi, iūdicātus, judge, decide putō, putāre, putāvī, putātus, reckon, think spērō, spērāre, spērāvi, spērātus, hope d. Verbs of perceiving: audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītus, hear sentiō, sentīre, sēnsī, sēnsus, feel, perceive videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsus, see intellegō, intellegere, intellēxī, intellēctus, understand, perceive Learn such of these verbs as are new to you. ``` ``` §421. IDIOMS postrīdiē eius diēī, on the next day (lit. on the next day of that day) initā aestāte, at the beginning of summer memoriā tenēre, to remember (lit. to hold by memory) per explōrātōrēs cognōscere, to learn through scouts ``` | word | gloss | |---|---| | Gabīnī | Gabinus | | trānsfūgit | go over to the enemy, from transfugio | | hospitāliter | in a hospitable manner | | auctōritātem | title, ownership, from auctoritas | | papāverum | poppy, from papaver | | dēcussit | shake, from decutio | ## Librī Sibyllīnī: indirect statement ### Later than the report Deinde anus, tribus aliīs combūstīs, prōmīsit sē reliquōs eōdem pretiō illī trāditūram esse. Then the old woman, three more being burnt, promised that she would hand over the rest to him for the same price. Prōmīsit introduces an indirect statement. Its future infinitive trāditūram esse places the transfer after the promise and combines the future participle with esse. In rēgī sē māgnō pretiō eōs venditūram esse, venditūram esse likewise places the sale after dīxit. **20** Ad Tarquinium advēnit quondam anus peregrīna, quae novem librōs ferēbat. There once came to Tarquinius a foreign old woman, who carried nine books. **21** Ōrācula dīxit in illīs scrīpta esse; rēgī sē māgnō pretiō eōs venditūram esse. She said oracles were written in them; that she would sell them to the king for a great price. **22** Cum tamen ille tantī librōs emere nōllet, trēs ex novem in flammās cōniēcit. But when he refused to buy the books for so much, she threw three of the nine into the flames. **23** Hīs combūstīs, sex eōdem pretiō datūram sē dīxit; sed Tarquinius respondit rīdiculum esse librōs tantī aestimārī. These being burnt, she said she would give the six for the same price; but Tarquinius answered that it was absurd for the books to be valued at so much. **24** Deinde anus, tribus aliīs combūstīs, prōmīsit sē reliquōs eōdem pretiō illī trāditūram esse. Then the old woman, three more being burnt, promised that she would hand over the rest to him for the same price. **25** Tum dēmum rēx, tantam pertināciam admīrātus, librōs ēmit: spērāvit enim eōs māgnō ūsuī sibi futūrōs esse. Then at last the king, wondering at such persistence, bought the books: for he hoped they would be of great use to him. **26** Solūtā pecūniā, anus, Sibyllam sē esse locūta, abiit. The money being paid, the old woman, having said that she was the Sibyl, went away. **27** Sibyllīnī librī quadringentōs annōs in Capitōliō cūstōdiēbantur, dōnec arce incēnsā periēre. The Sibylline books were kept for four hundred years on the Capitol, until the citadel was burnt and they perished. **28** Neque inūtilēs fuērunt, nam sī quandō rēspūblica in perīculum addūcta erat, Pontifex Māximus ex librīs ōrāculum petēbat; cōgnitā deōrum voluntāte, rēs bene atque fēlīciter ēveniēbat. Nor were they useless, for if ever the state was brought into danger, the Pontifex Maximus sought an oracle from the books; the will of the gods being learned, the matter turned out well and happily. **29** Quō cōnsiliō anus ad Tarquinium advēnit? With what purpose did the old woman come to Tarquinius? **30** Quid dē librīs dīxit? What did she say about the books? **31** Cūr rēx eōs emere nōlēbat? Why did the king not want to buy them? **32** Quid tum anus fēcit? What did the old woman then do? **33** Cūr tandem rēx trēs ēmit? Why did the king at last buy three? **34** Quantō pretiō? For what price? **35** Quōmodo posteā periēre hī librī? How did these books afterwards perish? **36** Quōmodo ūtilēs fuērunt? How were they useful? **37** Quid est ōrāculum? pretium? Capitōlium? What is an ōrāculum? a pretium? the Capitōlium? | word | gloss | |---|---| | anus | ring, circle | | peregrīna | foreign, strange, from peregrinus | | pertināciam | determination, from pertinacia | | Sibyllam | prophetess, sibyl, from Sibylla | | Sibyllīnī | of or connected with a, from Sibyllinus | | inūtilēs | useless, unprofitable, from inutilis | | voluntāte | will, desire, from voluntas | | fēlīciter | roar, from felicito | ## Rēgēs expulsī: review ### A passive form without a subject Lūditur in castrīs means "there is play in the camp." The -tur ending marks third-person singular passive. No person or thing is the subject of lūditur. ### The same ending with a subject Cingitur intereā Rōmānīs Ardea sīgnīs means "meanwhile Ardea is ringed with Roman standards." Ardea is the personal subject of cingitur. Lūditur uses the same -tur ending without a personal subject. An intransitive verb can appear in the third-person singular passive without a personal subject. **38** Cingitur intereā Rōmānīs Ardea sīgnīs, Meanwhile Ardea is ringed with Roman standards, **39** Et patitur longās obsidiōne morās. and suffers the long delays of a siege. **40** Dum vacat, et metuunt hostēs committere pūgnam, While there is leisure, and the enemy fear to join battle, **41** Lūditur in castrīs: ōtia mīles agit. there is play in the camp: the soldier takes his ease. **42** Tarquinius iuvenis sociōs dapibusque merōque Young Tarquinius entertains his comrades with feasts and wine **43** Accipit. unmixed. **44** Fortasse cēnantēs dē uxōribus colloquuntur. Perhaps as they dine they talk about their wives. **45** Quisque suam laudat: studiīs certāmina crēscunt, Each praises his own: the contest grows with their zeal, **46** Et fervet multō linguaque corque merō. and tongue and heart seethe with much wine. **47** Surgit cuī dederat clārum Collātia nōmen: He rises to whom Collatia had given a famous name: **48** ‘Nōn opus est verbīs, crēdite rēbus,’ ait, 'No need of words, trust the facts,' he says, **49** Nox superest: tollāmur equīs, Urbemque petāmus!’ 'the night is left: let us take horse and make for the City!' **50** Dicta placent: frēnīs impediuntur equī. The words please: the horses are bridled. **51** Cum Rōmam pervēnissent, prīmum ad rēgiam eunt: uxōrem rēgis pervigilantem et cēnantem inveniunt. When they had reached Rome, first they go to the palace: they find the king's wife keeping late hours and dining. **52** Deinde ad aedēs Collātīnī eunt: illīus uxor Lucrētia, quam omnēs Rōmānae mātrōnae admīrābantur, pēnsa servīs dabat et ipsa lānam nēbat: lacernam enim dominō texēbat. Then they go to the house of Collatinus: his wife Lucretia, whom all the Roman matrons admired, was giving out tasks to the slave-women and herself spinning the wool: for she was weaving a cloak for her master. **53** Dum fīla trahit, dē virīs prō patriā pūgnantibus loquēbātur. While she draws the threads, she was speaking of the men fighting for their country. **54** ‘Sint tantum reducēs! Sed enim temerārius ille 'Only let them come back! But that rash man **55** Est meus, et strictō quālibet ēnse ruit. is mine, and rushes anywhere with drawn sword. **56** Mēns abit et morior, quotiēns pūgnantis imāgō My mind fails and I die, as often as the image of him fighting **57** Mē subit, et gelidum pectora frīgus habet.’ comes over me, and an icy chill holds my breast.' **58** Dēsinit in lacrimās, intentaque fīla remittit, She ends in tears, and lets fall the stretched threads, **59** In gremiō vultum dēposuitque suum. and laid her face in her lap. **60** ‘Pōne metum, veniō!’ coniūnx ait: illa revīxit, 'Put away your fear, I am here!' says her husband: she revived, **61** Dēque virī collō dulce pependit onus. and hung, a sweet burden, from her husband's neck. **62** Tum quidem ad castra redeunt. Then indeed they return to the camp. **63** Sed paucīs post diēbus Sextus Tarquinius, noctū ē castrīs fūrtim ēgressus, Rōmam ad Lucrētiam pervēnit et amōrem suum eī cōnfessus est. But a few days later Sextus Tarquinius, having slipped secretly out of the camp by night, came to Lucretia at Rome and confessed his love to her. **64** Māne Collātīnus, ab uxōre arcessītus, ad urbem, Brūtō amīcō suō comitante, rediit: cuī Lucrētia, tōtam rem cōnfessa, negāvit sē diūtius vīvere oportēre. In the morning Collatinus, summoned by his wife, returned to the city with his friend Brutus accompanying him: to him Lucretia, having confessed the whole matter, said that she ought not to live any longer. **65** Quō dictō, cultrum, quem sub veste abditum habēbat, in pectore dēfīxit, prōlāpsaque in vulnus moribunda cecidit. This said, she drove into her breast the knife she had hidden under her dress, and, collapsing onto the wound, fell dying. **66** Corpore ēius in forum dēlātō, Brūtus apud plēbem convocātam scelus rēgium incūsat: Sextum Tarquinium noctū Rōmam pervēnisse et amōrem suum Lucrētiae cōnfessum esse: illam, tōtā rē marītō dēnūntiātā, mortem sibi cōnscīvisse. Her body being carried into the forum, Brutus before the assembled people denounces the crime of the royal house: that Sextus Tarquinius had come to Rome by night and confessed his love to Lucretia: that she, the whole matter being declared to her husband, had taken her own life. **67** Tum tōta plēbs, quae superbiam Tarquinī iamdūdum indīgnābātur, ūnā vōce clāmāvit Tarquiniōs ē rēgnō expellendōs, rēgum dominātum nōn diūtius patiendum esse. Then the whole people, who had long resented the arrogance of Tarquinius, cried with one voice that the Tarquins must be driven from the throne, that the rule of kings must no longer be endured. **68** Deinde Brūtus ad exercitum regressus līberātor urbis exstitit; expulsī rēgēs in Etruscōs cōnfūgērunt. Then Brutus, returning to the army, stood forth as the liberator of the city; the expelled kings fled to the Etruscans. **69** Rōmae duo cōnsulēs creātī sunt, L. Iūnius Brūtus et L. Tarquinius Collātīnus. At Rome two consuls were created, L. Junius Brutus and L. Tarquinius Collatinus. **70** Quid circum Ardeam fīēbat? What was happening around Ardea? **71** Quid ibi fēcit Tarquinius iuvenis? What did young Tarquinius do there? **72** Cūr Lucrētiam admīrābantur Rōmānae mātrōnae? Why did the Roman matrons admire Lucretia? **73** In mediīs certāminibus quid dīxit Collātīnus? In the midst of the contests what did Collatinus say? **74** Noctū quid faciēbant uxor rēgis et Lucrētia? What were the king's wife and Lucretia doing at night? **75** Cūr Sextus Rōmam rediit? Why did Sextus return to Rome? **76** Postrīdiē quid fēcit Lucrētia? What did Lucretia do the next day? **77** Quid dīxit Brūtus apud plēbem convocātam? What did Brutus say before the assembled people? **78** Quid clāmāvit plēbs? What did the people cry? **79** Quid Rōmae ēvēnit? What happened at Rome? | word | gloss | |---|---| | Ardea | heron | | ōtia | leisure | | Collātia | joining of battle | | rēgiam | palace, court, from regia | | Collātīnī | joining of battle | | lacernam | open mantle, from lacerna | | texēbat | weave, from texo | | fīla | thread, string, from filum | | pūgnantibus | battle, fight, from pugnantia | | temerārius | casual, rash | | quālibet | where you will, anywhere | | subit | go, from subeo | | gelidum | ice cold, icy, from gelidus | | frīgus | cold | | Dēsinit | stop, abandon, from desino | | intentaque | eager, closely attentive, from intentus | | revīxit | live again, from revivesco | | Collātīnus | of | | cōnfessa | one who admits, from confessum | | abditum | hidden, secret, from abditus | | moribunda | dying, from moribundus | | incūsat | accuse, blame, from incuso | | cōnfessum | one who admits, from confessi | | līberātor | liberator, deliverer | | exstitit | step out, come forth, from exsisto | | creātī | sprung from, begotten by, from creatus | ## Lars Porsenna: indirect command ### Ut marks the requested action Hīs verbīs eum ōrābant ut, Rōmā oppūgnātā, simul rēgnum sibi reciperet simul poenās dē Rōmānīs sūmeret. They begged him "to recover the kingdom for them and to take vengeance on the Romans." English uses infinitives for the requested actions. Latin places ut before reciperet and sūmeret. Both verbs are subjunctive. Persuāsērunt ut armīs sūmptīs sibi succurreret follows the same rule after persuading. ### Nē marks a negative command Porsenna igitur mīlitibus imperāvit nē cēssārent means "Porsenna ordered his soldiers not to delay." The command is imperāvit. The negative action begins with nē, and cēssārent is subjunctive. After asking, persuading, or ordering, Latin uses ut or nē with a subjunctive to state the requested action. **80** Tarquiniī Rōmā expulsī Clūsium ad Lartem Porsennam, Etruscōrum rēgem, exulēs perfūgērunt, et ‘Ō Porsenna,’ inquiunt, ‘Rōmam oppūgnā et rēgnum nōbīs recipe; ipsī enim Etruscīs ortī sumus. The Tarquins, driven from Rome, fled as exiles to Clusium, to Lars Porsenna, king of the Etruscans, and said, 'Porsenna, attack Rome and recover the kingdom for us; for we ourselves are sprung from Etruscans. **81** Poenās dē Rōmānīs sūme! Take vengeance on the Romans! **82** Nam rēgēs suōs expulērunt: nisi poenās dē Rōmānīs sūmēs, omnēs fortasse populī rēgēs suōs expellent!’ Hīs verbīs eum ōrābant ut, Rōmā oppūgnātā, simul rēgnum sibi reciperet simul poenās dē Rōmānīs sūmeret. For they have driven out their kings: unless you take vengeance on the Romans, perhaps all peoples will drive out their kings!' With these words they begged him, Rome being attacked, both to recover the kingdom for them and to take vengeance on the Romans. **83** Tandem eī persuāsērunt ut armīs sūmptīs sibi succurreret. At last they persuaded him to take up arms and come to their aid. **84** Porsenna igitur mīlitibus imperāvit nē cēssārent sed armīs sūmptīs Rōmam oppūgnārent; mox māgnō cum exercitū Rōmam contendit. So Porsenna ordered his soldiers not to delay but to take up arms and attack Rome; soon he marched on Rome with a great army. **85** Perterritus est senātus, adeō validum tunc erat Clūsium māgnumque Porsennae nōmen. The senate was terrified, so strong was Clusium then and so great the name of Porsenna. **86** Nec hostēs modo senātus timēbat sed suōs etiam cīvēs: crēdēbat enim Rōmānam plēbem perterritam Tarquiniōs rēgēs exceptūram esse, et cum servitūte fortasse pācem acceptūram. Nor did the senate fear the enemy only but its own citizens too: for it believed that the terrified Roman people would receive the Tarquins as kings, and perhaps accept peace along with slavery. **87** Hostibus appropinquantibus omnēs in urbem dēmigrant, urbem ipsam exercitū dēfendere parant. The enemy approaching, everyone moves into the city, and they prepare to defend the city itself with the army. **88** Altera pars moenibus, altera Tiberī flūmine vidēbātur esse tūta. One part seemed safe by its walls, the other by the river Tiber. **89** Ūnum hostibus iter Pōns Sublicius praebēbat. The Sublician bridge offered the enemy a single way. **90** Quō fūgērunt Tarquiniī? Where did the Tarquins flee? **91** Quid dē gente suā dīxērunt? What did they say about their family? **92** Quid dē cēterīs populīs affirmāvērunt? What did they declare about the other peoples? **93** Quid Porsennam ōrāvērunt? What did they beg of Porsenna? **94** Quid eī persuāsērunt? Of what did they persuade him? **95** Quid Porsenna mīlitibus imperāvit? What did Porsenna order his soldiers? **96** Quid senātus timēbat? What did the senate fear? **97** Quid dē plēbe crēdidit? What did it believe about the people? **98** Quōmodo tūta erat Rōma? How was Rome safe? **99** Quod iter vix tūtum erat? Which way was hardly safe? ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LXIV, §§361-367 §361. The perfect and the pluperfect subjunctive active are inflected as follows: CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE SINGULAR 1. amā´verim monu´erim rē´xerim cē´perim audī´verim 2. amā´veris monu´eris rē´xeris cē´peris audī´veris 3. amā´verit monu´erit rē´xerit cē´perit audī´verit PLURAL 1. amāve´rimus monue´rimus rēxe´rimus cēpe´rimus audīve´rimus 2. amāve´ritis monue´ritis rēxe´ritis cēpe´ritis audīve´ritis 3. amā´verint monu´erint rē´xerint cē´perint audī´verint PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE SINGULAR 1. amāvis´sem monuis´sem rēxis´sem cēpis´sem audīvis´sem 2. amāvis´sēs monuis´sēs rēxis´sēs cēpis´sēs audīvis´sēs 3. amāvis´set monuis´set rēxis´set cēpis´set audīvis´set PLURAL 1. amāvissē´mus monuissē´mus rēxissē´mus cēpissē´mus audīvissē´mus 2. amāvissē´tis monuissē´tis rēxissē´tis cēpissē´tis audīvissē´tis 3. amāvis´sent monuis´sent rēxis´sent cēpis´sent audīvis´sent a. Observe that these two tenses, like the corresponding ones in the indicative, are formed from the perfect stem. b. Observe that the perfect subjunctive active is like the future perfect indicative active, excepting that the first person singular ends in -m and not in -ō. c. Observe that the pluperfect subjunctive active may be formed by adding -issem, -issēs, etc. to the perfect stem. d. In a similar way inflect the perfect and pluperfect subjunctive active of cūrō, iubeō, sūmō, iaciō, mūniō. ``` ``` §362. The passive of the perfect subjunctive is formed by combining the perfect passive participle with sim, the present subjunctive of sum. CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE SINGULAR 1. amā´tus sim mo´nitus sim rēc´tus sim cap´tus sim audī´tus sim 2. amā´tus sīs mo´nitus sīs rēc´tus sīs cap´tus sīs audī´tus sīs 3. amā´tus sit mo´nitus sit rēc´tus sit cap´tus sit audī´tus sit PLURAL 1. amā´tī sīmus mo´nitī s. rēc´tī s. cap´tī s. audī´tī s. 2. amā´tī sītis mo´nitī s. rēc´tī s. cap´tī s. audī´tī s. 3. amā´tī sint mo´nitī sint rēc´tī sint cap´tī sint audī´tī sint ``` ``` §363. The passive of the pluperfect subjunctive is formed by combining the perfect passive participle with essem, the imperfect subjunctive of sum. CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE SINGULAR 1. amātus essem monitus essem rēctus essem captus e. audītus e. 2. amātus essēs monitus essēs rēctus essēs captus e. audītus e. 3. amātus esset monitus esset rēctus esset captus e. audītus e. PLURAL 1. amātī essēmus monitī essēmus rēctī essēmus captī e. audītī e. 2. amātī essētis monitī essētis rēctī essētis captī e. audītī e. 3. amātī essent monitī essent rēctī essent captī e. audītī e. a. In a similar way inflect the perfect and pluperfect subjunctive passive of cūrō, iubeō, sūmō, iaciō, mūniō. ``` ``` §364. The perfect and pluperfect subjunctive of the irregular verb sum are inflected as follows: PERFECT PLUPERFECT fu´erim fue´rimus fuis´sem fuissē´mus fu´eris fue´ritis fuis´sēs fuissē´tis fu´erit fu´erint fuis´set fuis´sent ``` ``` §365. A substantive clause is a clause used like a noun, as, That the men are afraid is clear enough (clause as subject) He ordered them to call on him (clause as object) We have already had many instances of infinitive clauses used in this way (cf. §213), and have noted the similarity between Latin and English usage in this respect. But the Latin often uses the subjunctive in substantive clauses, and this marks an important difference between the two languages. ``` ``` §366. RULE. Substantive Clauses of Purpose. A substantive clause of purpose with the subjunctive is used as the object of verbs of commanding, urging, asking, persuading, or advising, where in English we should usually have the infinitive. EXAMPLES 1. The general ordered the soldiers to run Imperātor mīlitibus imperāvit ut currerent 2. He urged them to resist bravely Hortātus est ut fortiter resisterent 3. He asked them to give the children food Petīvit ut līberīs cibum darent 4. He will persuade us not to set out Nōbīs persuādēbit nē proficīscāmur 5. He advises us to remain at home Monet ut domī maneāmus a. The object clauses following these verbs all express the purpose or will of the principal subject that something be done or not done. (Cf. §348.) ``` ``` §367. The following verbs are used with object clauses of purpose. Learn the list and the principal parts of the new ones. hortor, urge imperō, order (with the dative of the person ordered and a subjunctive clause of the thing ordered done) moneō, advise petō, quaerō, rogō, ask, seek persuādeō, persuade (with the same construction as imperō) postulō, demand, require suādeō, advise (cf. persuādeō) N.B. Remember that iubeō, order, takes the infinitive as in English. (Cf. §213.1.) Compare the sentences Iubeō eum venīre, I order him to come Imperō eī ut veniat, I give orders to him that he is to come We ordinarily translate both of these sentences like the first, but the difference in meaning between iubeō and imperō in the Latin requires the infinitive in the one case and the subjunctive in the other. ``` | word | gloss | |---|---| | Clūsium | sluice | | perfūgērunt | flee, desert, from perfugio | | reciperet | restore, restore to health, from recipero | | dēmigrant | emigrate, from demigro | ## Horātius: indirect command ### Ut states the requested action Ōrāvit ut sēcum manērent et pontem dēfenderent means "he begged them to stay with him and defend the bridge." English uses the infinitives "to stay" and "defend." Latin uses ut with the imperfect subjunctives manērent and dēfenderent. The past ōrāvit requires secondary sequence, so both requested actions take the imperfect subjunctive. ### Persuasion and orders use the same pattern Sociīs duōbus imperāvit ut in tūtum sē reciperent means "he ordered his two companions to withdraw to safety." Imperāvit is past, so ut introduces the imperfect subjunctive reciperent. Persuāsit ut sibi succurrerent uses the same construction for "he persuaded them to come to his aid." After asking, persuading, or ordering, Latin uses ut with a subjunctive to state the requested action. **100** Hostēs repentīnō impetū Iāniculum cēpērunt: Rōmānī ordinibus relictīs in urbem fugiēbant. The enemy took the Janiculum by a sudden attack: the Romans, their ranks abandoned, were fleeing into the city. **101** Horātius Cocles, forte in statiōne pontis positus, hostēs Iāniculum cēpisse et suōs fugere cōnspexit. Horatius Cocles, who happened to be posted on guard at the bridge, caught sight of the enemy holding the Janiculum and his own men fleeing. **102** Fugientēs, dum eum praetereunt, ōrāvit ut sēcum manērent et pontem dēfenderent, illī pavidī negāvērunt sē id factūrōs; deinde eōs precātus est ut pontem ferrō īgnīque rescinderent: sē ipsum impetum hostium sustentūrum esse. As they fled past him he begged them to stay with him and defend the bridge; they in their panic said they would not do it; then he entreated them to cut down the bridge with iron and fire: he himself would withstand the enemy's attack. **103** Sōlus deinde vādit in prīmum aditum pontis, armīsque ad pūgnandum parātīs ipsō mīrāculō audāciae Etruscōs obstupefēcit. Then alone he goes to the head of the bridge, and with his arms ready for the fight he stunned the Etruscans by the very marvel of his daring. **104** Duōbus tamen, Spuriō Lartiō et Titō Herminiō, persuāsit ut sibi succurrerent. Two men, however, Spurius Lartius and Titus Herminius, he persuaded to come to his aid. **105** Hīs cum sociīs pūgnam inīquam sustinet, dum cīvēs extrēmum pontem rescindunt. With these companions he sustains the unequal fight, while the citizens cut down the end of the bridge. **106** Parvā autem parte pontis relictā, sociīs duōbus imperāvit ut in tūtum sē reciperent. But only a small part of the bridge being left, he ordered his two companions to withdraw to safety. **107** Ūnus ipse nunc singulōs hostēs, nunc ūniversōs ad pūgnam prōvocat. Alone he himself now challenges the enemy one by one, now all together, to fight. **108** Hī prīmō morātī alius aliī suādent ut in ūnum hostem impetum facerent. These, hesitating at first, urge one another to make an attack on the single enemy. **109** Pudor tandem eōs commōvit, et clāmōre sublātō undique in Horātium tēla cōniciunt. Shame at last stirred them, and raising a shout they hurl their weapons at Horatius from every side. **110** Haec omnia in scūtō haesērunt, sed ille obstinātus ingentī gradū pontem iam paene frāctum obtinēbat. All these stuck in his shield, but he, unmoved, held the now almost broken bridge with a firm stride. **111** Postrēmō in flūmen eum impetū dētrūdere cōnābantur, cum simul fragor ruptī pontis, simul clāmor ā Rōmānīs sublātus impetum retinuit. Finally they were trying to thrust him into the river by their charge, when at once the crash of the broken bridge and at once the shout raised by the Romans checked the charge. **112** Tum dēmum Cocles Tiberim precātus est ut armātum sē propitiō flūmine acciperet. Then at last Cocles prayed to the Tiber to receive him, armed, in its kindly stream. **113** Ita armātus in Tiberim dēsiluit, multīsque superincidentibus tēlīs incolumis ad suōs trānāvit. So he leaped armed into the Tiber, and though many weapons fell on him swam across unharmed to his own men. **114** Ubi Horātius positus est? Where was Horatius posted? **115** Quid cōnspexit? What did he catch sight of? **116** Quid fugientēs ōrāvit? What did he beg of those fleeing? **117** Quid respondērunt? What did they answer? **118** Quōmodo ille Etruscōs obstupefēcit? How did he stun the Etruscans? **119** Quid duōbus comitibus persuāsit? Of what did he persuade his two companions? **120** Quid hī trēs faciēbant, dum cīvēs pontem frangunt? What were these three doing while the citizens broke the bridge? **121** Ponte paene frāctō, quid comitibus imperāvit? The bridge almost broken, what did he order his companions? **122** Quid hostēs facere cōnābantur? What were the enemy trying to do? **123** Quōmodo Horātius sē ē perīculō ēripuit? How did Horatius save himself from danger? | word | gloss | |---|---| | repentīnō | sudden, hasty, from repentinus | | pavidī | fearful, terrified, from pavidus | | precātus | prayer | | vādit | go, advance, from vado | | mīrāculō | marvelously ugly woman, from miraculum | | Spuriō | bastard, son of an unknown, from spurium | | obstinātus | firm, resolved | | dētrūdere | push, from detrudo | | propitiō | favorably inclined, well-disposed, from propitius | | superincidentibus | overcome, conquer, from superincido |