# Prīmus et Secundus Annus, Lēctiōnēs 13–19

Secundus Annus II

Mūcius Scaevola.; Cloelia.; Sēcēssiō Plēbis et Tribūnī creātī. (A. U. C. CCLX.); Coriolānus. (A. U. C. CCLXV.); Fabiī. (A. U. C. CCLXXVII.); Cincinnātus. (A. U. C. CCXCVI.)

Source: https://1732studios.com/courses/la/35. Data: https://1732studios.com/courses/la/35.json.

## Mūcius Scaevola: the purpose clause

### English infinitive, Latin clause

Ibi scrība cum rēge sedēbat parī ferē vestītū ōrnātus, ut mīlitibus stīpendium daret.

There a secretary sat with the king, dressed in almost the same clothing, to pay the soldiers their wages.

English expresses the purpose with the infinitive "to pay." Latin uses ut with the subjunctive daret for the intended outcome of sedēbat.

### A plan takes the same form

Castra in campō rīpīsque Tiberis posuit, eō cōnsiliō ut urbem obsidēret.

Porsenna pitched camp on the plain and the banks of the Tiber, with the intention of besieging the city.

Eō cōnsiliō makes the intention explicit. Ut urbem obsidēret states the intended outcome, with obsidēret in the subjunctive.

In both lines, an ut purpose clause states the intended outcome of the main action.

**1** Hunc in modum Porsenna Rōmam oppūgnāre cōnātus erat, sed repulsus cōnsilia ab oppūgnandā urbe ad obsidendam vertit.  
In this way Porsenna had tried to storm Rome, but, repulsed, he turned his plans from storming the city to besieging it.

**2** Itaque, praesidiō in Iāniculō locātō, castra in campō rīpīsque Tiberis posuit, eō cōnsiliō ut urbem obsidēret; quō factō Rōmānōs prohibēbat frūmentum petere extrāve portās exīre.  
So, a garrison being placed on the Janiculum, he pitched camp on the plain and the banks of the Tiber, with the intention of besieging the city; this done, he prevented the Romans from fetching grain or going outside the gates.

**3** Inde ēvēnit māgna in urbe cibī inopia.  
From this came a great shortage of food in the city.

**4** Tandem autem Gāius Mūcius, iuvenis nōbilis, cōnsilium iniit et senātum ad id expōnendum adiit: velle sē, flūmine trāiectō, in hostium castra intrāre: in animō habēre māgnum aliquid audēre.  
At last, however, Gaius Mucius, a young nobleman, formed a plan and went to the senate to set it out: that he wished, crossing the river, to enter the enemy's camp: that he had it in mind to dare something great.

**5** Persuāsit patribus ut rem approbārent: et, abditō intrā vestem mūcrōne, ad hostēs profectus est.  
He persuaded the fathers to approve the plan: and, a dagger hidden inside his clothing, he set out for the enemy.

**6** Eō cum pervēnisset, in dēnsissimā turbā prope tribūnal rēgium cōnstitit.  
When he had arrived there, he took his stand in the densest part of the crowd near the royal tribunal.

**7** Ibi scrība cum rēge sedēbat parī ferē vestītū ōrnātus, ut mīlitibus stīpendium daret.  
There a secretary was sitting with the king, dressed in almost the same clothing, to pay the soldiers their wages.

**8** Mūcius autem, cuī īgnōtus erat Porsenna, scrībam prō rēge occīdit.  
Mucius, however, to whom Porsenna was unknown, killed the secretary instead of the king.

**9** Statim fūgit, quā per turbam cruentō mūcrōne sibi ipse fēcerat viam, sed captum rēgiī cūstōdēs ad tribūnal redūxērunt; ibi ‘Rōmānus sum’ inquit ‘cīvis: C. Mūcium mē vocant.  
At once he fled by the way he had himself made through the crowd with his bloody dagger, but the royal guards caught him and brought him back to the tribunal; there he said, 'I am a Roman citizen: they call me C. Mucius.

**10** Hostis hostem occīdere voluī, neque minus ad moriendum parātus sum quam fuī ad caedendum.  
As an enemy I wished to kill an enemy, and I am no less ready to die than I was to kill.

**11** Et facere et patī fortia Rōmānum est.  
Both to do and to suffer brave things is Roman.

**12** Neque ūnus in tē ego hoc voluī: longus post mē ōrdō est īdem petentium’.  
Nor am I the only one who wanted this against you: there is a long line behind me seeking the same thing.'

**13** Tum rēx, simul īrā incēnsus perīculōque perterritus, īgne accēnsō, Mūciō imperāvit ut plānē cōnsilia sua expōneret.  
Then the king, at once inflamed with anger and terrified by the danger, a fire being lit, ordered Mucius to set out his plans plainly.

**14** Ille tamen ‘Vīle’ inquit ‘corpus est eīs quī māgnam glōriam petunt’: et dextram suā sponte in flammās iniēcit, neque dolōrem sentīre vidēbātur.  
He, however, said, 'The body is cheap to those who seek great glory': and of his own accord thrust his right hand into the flames, and did not seem to feel the pain.

**15** Attonitus mīrāculō Porsenna ē sellā prōsiluit, et Mūcium domum dīmīsit: ‘Tū abī’ inquit, ‘magis enim in tē quam in mē fortia ausus es’.  
Astonished at the marvel, Porsenna sprang from his seat and sent Mucius home: 'Go away,' he said, 'for you have dared brave things against yourself rather than against me.'

**16** Tunc Mūcius haud ingrātus nūntiāvit trecentōs iuvenēs coniūrāvisse eō cōnsiliō ut rēgem occīderent: suam prīmam sortem fuisse, cēterōs suō quemque tempore adfutūrōs esse.  
Then Mucius, not ungrateful, told him that three hundred young men had sworn together with the intention of killing the king: that his own lot had been first, that the others would be at hand each in his own time.

**17** Quem dīmissum mox lēgātī Rōmam secūtī sunt ad condiciōnēs pācis ferendās.  
When he had been sent away, envoys soon followed him to Rome to bring terms of peace.

**18** Posteā eī combūstam ob dextram Scaevolae cōgnōmen inditum est.  
Afterwards, on account of his burnt right hand, the surname Scaevola was given him.

**19** Quod alterum cōnsilium Porsenna iniit?  
What second plan did Porsenna form?

**20** Quid mīlitēs hortātus est?  
What did he urge his soldiers?

**21** Quid Rōmānōs prohibuit facere?  
What did he prevent the Romans from doing?

**22** Quid C. Mūcius senātuī dīxit?  
What did C. Mucius say to the senate?

**23** Quō cōnsiliō profectus est?  
With what purpose did he set out?

**24** Quō cōnsiliō scrība cum rēge sedēbat?  
With what purpose was the secretary sitting with the king?

**25** Cūr Mūcius prō rēge scrībam occīdit?  
Why did Mucius kill the secretary instead of the king?

**26** Redūctus quid fēcit?  
Brought back, what did he do?

**27** Quid dīxit Mūcius dē cēterīs iuvenibus?  
What did Mucius say about the other young men?

**28** Quō cōnsiliō lēgātī Rōmam missī sunt?  
With what purpose were envoys sent to Rome?

```
D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LXII, §§348-352

§348. Observe the sentence

Caesar hominēs mittit quī pontem reperiant,
Cæsar sends men to find the bridge

The verb reperiant in the dependent clause is in the subjunctive because it tells us what Cæsar wants the men to do; in other words, it expresses his will and the purpose in his mind. Such a use of the subjunctive is called the subjunctive of purpose.
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§349. RULE. Subjunctive of Purpose. The subjunctive is used in a dependent clause to express the purpose of the action in the principal clause.
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§350. A clause of purpose is introduced as follows:

I. If something is wanted, by

quī, the relative pronoun (as above)
ut, conj., in order that, that
quō (abl. of quī, by which), in order that, that, used when
  the purpose clause contains a comparative. The ablative quō
  expresses the measure of difference. (Cf. §317.)

II. If something is not wanted, by

nē, conj., in order that not, that not, lest
```

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§351. EXAMPLES

1. Caesar cōpiās cōgit quibus hostīs īnsequātur
  Cæsar collects troops with which to pursue the foe

2. Pācem petunt ut domum revertantur
  They ask for peace in order that they may return home

3. Pontem faciunt quō facilius oppidum capiant
  They build a bridge that they may take the town more easily
  (lit. by which the more easily)

4. Fugiunt nē vulnerentur
   They flee that they may not (or lest they) be wounded
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§352. Expression of Purpose in English. In English, purpose clauses are sometimes introduced by that or in order that, but much more frequently purpose is expressed in English by the infinitive, as We eat to live, She stoops to conquer. In Latin prose, on the other hand, purpose is never expressed by the infinitive. Be on your guard and do not let the English idiom betray you into this error.
```

| word | gloss |
|---|---|
| repulsus | electoral defeat |
| locātō | seat, rank, from locatum |
| Mūcius | dumb, silent, from Mutius |
| trāiectō | transfer, from trajecto |
| approbārent | approve, commend, from approbo |
| mūcrōne | sword, sword point, from mucro |
| scrība | scribe, clerk |
| stīpendium | tribute, stipend |
| Mūcium | mucus, snot, from Mucia |
| iniēcit | enter, from injacio |
| ausus | daring, exploit |
| ingrātus | unpleasant |
| combūstam | burn up, from comburo |

## Cloelia: the purpose clause

### Purpose viewed from the past

Haud tamen procul ā rīpīs Tiberis castra posuit, nē Rōmānī condiciōnēs violārent.

He pitched camp, however, not far from the banks of the Tiber, so that the Romans should not violate the terms.

The past posuit sets the time. Its purpose clause has violārent, an imperfect subjunctive.

### The same sequence with ut

The Tarquins excēpērunt, intercepted, the hostages eō cōnsiliō ut eās occīderent, with the intention of killing them.

The past excēpērunt sets the time. The purpose clause has occīderent, another imperfect subjunctive.

After a past main verb, a purpose clause normally uses the imperfect subjunctive for action intended at that past time.

**29** Pāx composita est eā condiciōne ut obsidēs ā Rōmānīs darentur.  
Peace was made on the condition that hostages should be given by the Romans.

**30** Tum Porsenna exercitum dē Iāniculō dēdūxit et ab agrō Rōmānō excessit.  
Then Porsenna led his army down from the Janiculum and withdrew from Roman territory.

**31** Haud tamen procul ā rīpīs Tiberis castra posuit, nē Rōmānī condiciōnēs violārent.  
He pitched camp, however, not far from the banks of the Tiber, so that the Romans should not violate the terms.

**32** Sed Cloelia virgō, ūna ex obsidibus, frūstrāta cūstōdēs, dux āgminis virginum facta, inter tēla hostium Tiberim trānāvit incolumēsque omnēs comitēs parentibus restituit.  
But the maiden Cloelia, one of the hostages, having eluded the guards and made herself leader of a band of maidens, swam across the Tiber amid the enemy's weapons and restored all her companions unharmed to their parents.

**33** Quod ubi rēgī nūntiātum est, prīmum īrā incēnsus ōrātōrēs Rōmam mīsit, quī imperārent ut Cloelia saltem obses redderētur: deinde, ab īrā in admīrātiōnem versus, Cloeliam dīxit Coclite Mūciōque fortiōrem esse.  
When this was reported to the king, at first, inflamed with anger, he sent envoys to Rome to demand that Cloelia at least be returned as a hostage: then, turned from anger to admiration, he said Cloelia was braver than Cocles and Mucius.

**34** Utrimque cōnstitit fidēs: Rōmānī obsidēs omnēs ad Porsennam remīsērunt.  
On both sides good faith held: the Romans sent all the hostages back to Porsenna.

**35** Quās profectās Tarquiniī in itinere excēpērunt, eō cōnsiliō ut eās occīderent: nōlēbant enim pācem esse inter Porsennam et Rōmānōs; sed cūstōdēs Etruscī Tarquiniōs prohibuērunt quōminus id facerent.  
As they set out the Tarquins intercepted them on the way, with the intention of killing them: for they did not want there to be peace between Porsenna and the Romans; but the Etruscan guards prevented the Tarquins from doing it.

**36** Quō audītō Porsenna, amīcitiā Tarquiniōrum omnīnō rēiectā, domum profectus est.  
Hearing this, Porsenna, having wholly rejected the friendship of the Tarquins, set out for home.

**37** Inde Rōmānīs pāx fīrma cum eō fuit.  
From then on the Romans had a firm peace with him.

**38** Populō Rōmānō, quia māgna in urbe erat cibī inopia, omnia quae in castrīs Etruscīs relicta erant dedit.  
To the Roman people, because there was a great shortage of food in the city, he gave everything that had been left in the Etruscan camp.

**39** Cloeliam obsidēsque nōn modo Rōmam nūllā condiciōne remīsit, sed etiam equum et arma virginī dedit.  
He not only sent Cloelia and the hostages back to Rome unconditionally, but even gave the maiden a horse and arms.

**40** Rōmānī in summā Sacrā Viā statuam Cloeliae equō īnsīdentis posuērunt.  
The Romans set up at the top of the Sacred Way a statue of Cloelia sitting on a horse.

**41** Quā condiciōne pāx composita est?  
On what condition was peace made?

**42** Quō cōnsiliō Porsenna castra haud procul Rōmā posuit?  
With what purpose did Porsenna pitch camp not far from Rome?

**43** Quōmodo Cloelia per cūstōdēs effūgit?  
How did Cloelia escape past the guards?

**44** Quō cōnsiliō dux virginum facta est?  
With what purpose was she made leader of the maidens?

**45** Quid Porsenna statim imperāvit?  
What did Porsenna order at once?

**46** Quōmodo Cloeliam cum Coclite et Mūciō comparābat?  
How did he compare Cloelia with Cocles and Mucius?

**47** Quō cōnsiliō Tarquiniī obsidēs in itinere excēpērunt?  
With what purpose did the Tarquins intercept the hostages on the way?

**48** Quā dē causā hoc fēcērunt?  
For what reason did they do this?

**49** Quid Porsenna dē Tarquiniīs fēcit?  
What did Porsenna do about the Tarquins?

**50** Quid Cloeliae et Rōmānīs dedit?  
What did he give to Cloelia and the Romans?

```
D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LXIII, §§354-359

§354. The imperfect subjunctive may be formed by adding the personal endings to the present active infinitive.

   CONJ. I     CONJ. II     CONJ. III                 CONJ. IV
   ACTIVE
1. amā´rem     monē´rem     re´gerem     ca´perem     audī´rem
2. amā´rēs     monē´rēs     re´gerēs     ca´perēs     audī´rēs
3. amā´ret     monē´ret     re´geret     ca´peret     audī´ret

1. amārē´mus   monērē´mus   regerē´mus   caperē´mus   audīrē´mus
2. amārē´tis   monērē´tis   regerē´tis   caperē´tis   audīrē´tis
3. amā´rent    monē´rent    re´gerent    ca´perent    audī´rent

   PASSIVE
1. amā´rer     monē´rer     re´gerer     ca´perer     audī´rer
2. amārē´ris   monērē´ris   regerē´ris   caperē´ris   audīrē´ris
        (-re)        (-re)        (-re)        (-re)        (-re)
3. amārē´tur   monērē´tur   regerē´tur   caperē´tur   audīrē´tur

1. amārē´mur   monērē´mur   regerē´mur   caperē´mur   audīrē´mur
2. amārē´minī  monērē´minī  regerē´minī  caperē´minī  audīrē´minī
3. amāren´tur  monēren´tur  regeren´tur  caperen´tur  audīren´tur

a. In a similar way inflect the imperfect subjunctive, active and passive, of cūrō, iubeō, sūmō, iaciō, mūniō.
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§355. The imperfect subjunctive of the irregular verb sum is inflected as follows:

      { 1. es´sem           { 1. essē´mus
SING. { 2. es´sēs    PLURAL { 2. essē´tis
      { 3. es´set           { 3. es´sent
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§356. The three great distinctions of time are present, past, and future. All tenses referring to present or future time are called primary tenses, and those referring to past time are called secondary tenses. Now it is a very common law of language that in a complex sentence the tense in the dependent clause should be of the same kind as the tense in the principal clause. In the sentence He says that he is coming, the principal verb, says, is present, that is, is in a primary tense; and is coming, in the dependent clause, is naturally also primary. If I change he says to he said,--in other words, if I make the principal verb secondary in character,--I feel it natural to change the verb in the dependent clause also, and I say, He said that he was coming. This following of a tense by another of the same kind is called tense sequence, from sequī, “to follow.”

In Latin the law of tense sequence is obeyed with considerable regularity, especially when an indicative in the principal clause is followed by a subjunctive in the dependent clause. Then a primary tense of the indicative is followed by a primary tense of the subjunctive, and a secondary tense of the indicative is followed by a secondary tense of the subjunctive. Learn the following table:
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§357. TABLE FOR SEQUENCE OF TENSES

P R I M   +-------------------+---------------------+---------------------+ A R T  PRINCIPAL VERB IN THE       +---------------------+---------------------+ INDICATIVE Present Future Future perfect  DEPENDENT VERBS IN THE SUBJUNCTIVE Incomplete or Continuing Action Present  Completed Action Perfect
S D E A C R O Y N-                                                                 Imperfect Perfect Pluperfect                                                                                        Imperfect                                                                   Pluperfect
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§358. RULE. Sequence of Tenses. Primary tenses are followed by primary tenses and secondary by secondary.
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§359. EXAMPLES

I. Primary tenses in principal and dependent clauses:

Mittit     }
Mittet     } hominēs ut agrōs vāstent
Mīserit    }

     { sends            }       { that they may             }
He { will send        } men { in order to               }
     { will have sent }       { to lay waste the fields }

II. Secondary tenses in principal and dependent clauses:

Mittēbat}
Mīsit     } hominēs ut agrōs vāstārent
Mīserat }

     { was sending        }       { that they might           }
He { sent or has sent } men { in order to               }
     { had sent           }       { to lay waste the fields }
```

| word | gloss |
|---|---|
| composita | well-arranged, regular, from compositus |
| frūstrāta | disappoint, frustrate, from frustro |
| rēiectā | throw back, from rejecto |
| fīrma | firm, from firmus |
| īnsīdentis | sit, from insido |

## Sēcēssiō Plēbis et Tribūnī creātī: pronouns

### Nē marks what they fear

Timēbant enim patrēs nē quis impetum in urbem faceret means "for the fathers were afraid that someone would make an attack on the city."

Timēbant introduces the fear. Nē introduces the event they fear: quis impetum in urbem faceret.

### Fear requires the subjunctive

Faceret is subjunctive because it stands after timēbant in the clause introduced by nē.

Its tense follows the known sequence of tenses after the imperfect timēbant.

**51** Senātus Rōmānus plēbī prōmīserat lēgem sē bellō cōnfectō lātūrum esse ut mīlitēs aere aliēnō līberārentur.  
The Roman senate had promised the people that, the war finished, it would propose a law so that soldiers should be freed from debt.

**52** Bellō cōnfectō, prōmissō nōn steterat: hoc plēbs indīgnāta, Siciniō quōdam auctōre, in Sacrum Montem sēcēssit: ultrā Aniēnem flūmen Sacer Mōns tria ab urbe mīlia passuum abest.  
The war finished, it had not kept its promise: indignant at this, the people, at the instigation of a certain Sicinius, withdrew to the Sacred Mount: the Sacred Mount is three miles from the city beyond the river Anio.

**53** Ibi nūllō duce, castrīs vāllō fossāque mūnītīs, quiētī aliquot diēs sēdērunt neque quidquam nisi ad vītam necessārium accēpērunt.  
There, with no leader, their camp fortified with rampart and ditch, they sat quietly for some days and took nothing but what was necessary for life.

**54** Pavor ingēns in urbe fuit: timēbant enim patrēs nē quis impetum in urbem faceret: nam quīlibet hostis Rōmam mīlitibus carentem capere poterat.  
There was enormous fear in the city: for the fathers were afraid that someone would make an attack on the city: for any enemy could take Rome lacking soldiers.

**55** Senātuī tandem placuit ōrātōrem ad plēbem mittere Menēnium Agrippam, virum fācundum et plēbī cārum.  
At last the senate decided to send to the people as spokesman Menenius Agrippa, an eloquent man and dear to the people.

**56** Is in castra exceptus hanc fābulam nārrāvisse fertur:—  
He, received into the camp, is said to have told this story:

**57** ‘Anteā in homine nōn, ut nunc, omnia membra in ūnum cōnsentiēbant, sed, quod cuīque vīsum erat, id faciēbant.  
'Formerly in a man all the limbs did not agree together, as now, but each did what seemed good to it.

**58** Ōlim reliquae partēs contrā ventrem coniūrāvērunt: suā sē cūrā et suō labōre ventrī omnia quaerere dīcēbant, neque ventrem quicquam aliud facere quam datō cibō fruī.  
Once the other parts conspired against the belly: they said that by their own care and their own labour they got everything for the belly, and that the belly did nothing else but enjoy the food that was given it.

**59** Placuit igitur nē manūs ad ōs cibum ferrent nēve ōs cibum datum acciperet neu dentēs mordērent: hōc modō famē ventrem sē victūrōs esse spērābant.  
So they resolved that the hands should not carry food to the mouth, nor the mouth accept the food given it, nor the teeth chew: in this way they hoped to conquer the belly by hunger.

**60** At interim ipsa membra tōtumque corpus tābēscēbant.  
But meanwhile the limbs themselves and the whole body were wasting away.

**61** Inde appārēbat ventrem quoque haud īgnāvum esse, neque cibō sōlum fruī, sed etiam officiō suō fungī: cibō enim cōnsūmptō, sanguinem inde in omnēs partēs corporis reddere.’  
From this it became clear that the belly too was by no means idle, and did not only enjoy food but also performed its own duty: for the food being consumed, it gave back blood from there to all parts of the body.'

**62** Hāc fābulā nārrātā, haud dubium esse plēbī vidēbātur quīn ipsa sibi per sēditiōnem nocēret.  
This story told, it seemed beyond doubt to the people that by its own revolt it was harming itself.

**63** Pāx igitur composita est eā condiciōne ut duo ex plēbe tribūnī creārentur, quibus licēret cōnsulēs ipsōs agere vetāre.  
So peace was made on the condition that two tribunes should be created from the people, who should have the right to forbid the consuls themselves to act.

**64** Cūr plēbs īrāta est?  
Why was the people angry?

**65** Quid proptereā fēcit?  
What did it do on that account?

**66** Quid senātus metuit?  
What did the senate fear?

**67** Quō cōnsiliō Menēnium ad plēbem mīsit?  
With what purpose did it send Menenius to the people?

**68** Quid ille plēbī persuāsit?  
Of what did he persuade the people?

**69** Quā condiciōne plēbs rediit?  
On what condition did the people return?

**70** Quam potestātem tribūnī Rōmānī habēbant?  
What power did the Roman tribunes have?

**71** Nārrā fābulam dē membrīs corporis.  
Tell the story about the limbs of the body.

```
D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson L, §§285-287

§285. Ipse means -self (him-self, her-self, etc.) or is translated by even or very. It is used to emphasize a noun or pronoun, expressed or understood, with which it agrees like an adjective.

a. Ipse must be carefully distinguished from the reflexive suī. The latter is always used as a pronoun, while ipse is regularly adjective. Compare

Homō sē videt, the man sees himself (reflexive)
Homō ipse perīculum videt,
  the man himself (intensive) sees the danger
Homō ipsum perīculum videt,
  the man sees the danger itself (intensive)
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§286. Except for the one form ipse, the intensive pronoun is declined exactly like the nine irregular adjectives (cf. §§108, 109). Learn the declension (§481).
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§287. The demonstrative īdem, meaning the same, is a compound of is. It is declined as follows:

        SINGULAR
        MASC.       FEM.        NEUT.
Nom.    īdem        e´adem      idem
Gen.    eius´dem    eius´dem    eius´dem
Dat.    eī´dem      eī´dem      eī´dem
Acc.    eun´dem     ean´dem     idem
Abl.    eō´dem      eā´dem      eō´dem

        PLURAL
Nom.    iī´dem      eae´dem     e´adem
          eī´dem
Gen.    eōrun´dem   eārun´dem   eōrun´dem
Dat.    iīs´dem     iīs´dem     iīs´dem
          eīs´dem     eīs´dem     eīs´dem
Acc.    eōs´dem     eās´dem     e´adem
Abl.    iīs´dem     iīs´dem     iīs´dem
          eīs´dem     eīs´dem     eīs´dem

a. From forms like eundem (eum + -dem), eōrundem (eōrum
+ -dem), we learn the rule that m before d is changed to n.

b. The forms iīdem, iīsdem are often spelled and pronounced with one ī.
```

```
§290. We have already learned the declension of the demonstrative pronoun is and its use. (Cf. Lesson XVII.) That pronoun refers to persons or things either far or near, and makes no definite reference to place or time. If we wish to point out an object definitely in place or time, we must use hic, iste, or ille. These demonstratives, like is, are used both as pronouns and as adjectives, and their relation to the speaker may be represented graphically thus:

           hic            iste          ille
SPEAKER ------------->-------------->--------------->
        this, he;  that, he;  that, he
          (near);       (remote);     (more remote)

a. In dialogue hic refers to a person or thing near the speaker; iste, to a person or thing near the person addressed; ille, to a person or thing remote from both. These distinctions are illustrated in the model sentences, §293, which should be carefully studied and imitated.
```

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§291. Hic is declined as follows:

         SINGULAR
         MASC.   FEM.    NEUT.
Nom.     hic     haec    hoc
Gen.     huius   huius   huius
Dat.     huic    huic    huic
Acc.     hunc    hanc    hoc
Abl.     hōc     hāc     hōc

         PLURAL
Nom.     hī      hae     haec
Gen.     hōrum   hārum   hōrum
Dat.     hīs     hīs     hīs
Acc.     hōs     hās     haec
Abl.     hīs     hīs     hīs

a. Huius is pronounced ho͝o´yo͝os, and huic is pronounced ho͝oic (one syllable).
```

```
§292. The demonstrative pronouns iste, ista, istud, and ille, illa, illud, except for the nominative and accusative singular neuter forms istud and illud, are declined exactly like ipse, ipsa, ipsum. (See §481.)
```

```
§293. MODEL SENTENCES

Is this horse (of mine) strong?
  Estne hic equus validus?

That horse (of yours) is strong, but that one (yonder) is weak Iste equus est validus, sed ille est īnfīrmus

Are these (men by me) your friends?
  Suntne hī amīcī tuī?

Those (men by you) are my friends,
    but those (men yonder) are enemies
  Istī sunt amīcī meī, sed illī sunt inimīcī
```

```
§296. The indefinite pronouns are used to refer to some person or some thing, without indicating which particular one is meant. The pronouns quis and quī, which we have learned in their interrogative and relative uses, may also be indefinite; and nearly all the other indefinite pronouns are compounds of quis or quī and declined almost like them. Review the declension of these words, §§221, 227.
```

```
§297. Learn the declension and meaning of the following indefinites:

MASC.      FEM.             NEUT.
     quis                   quid, some one, any one (substantive)
quī        qua or quae    quod, some, any (adjective), §483
     aliquis                aliquid, some one, any one
                              (substantive), §487
aliquī     aliqua           aliquod, some, any (adjective), §487
quīdam     quaedam          quoddam, quiddam, a certain,
                               a certain one, §485
     quisquam               quicquam or quidquam (no plural),
                              any one (at all) (substantive), §486
     quisque                quidque, each one, every one
                              (substantive), §484
quisque    quaeque          quodque, each, every (adjective), §484

NOTE. The meanings of the neuters, something, etc., are easily inferred from the masculine and feminine.

a. In the masculine and neuter singular of the indefinites, quis-forms and quid-forms are mostly used as substantives, quī-forms and quod-forms as adjectives.

b. The indefinites quis and quī never stand first in a clause, and are rare excepting after sī, nisi, nē, num (as, sī quis, if any one; sī quid, if anything; nisi quis, unless some one). Generally aliquis and aliquī are used instead.

c. The forms qua and aliqua are both feminine nominative singular and neuter nominative plural of the indefinite adjectives quī and aliquī respectively. How do these differ from the corresponding forms of the relative quī?

d. Observe that quīdam (quī + -dam) is declined like quī, except that in the accusative singular and genitive plural m of quī becomes n (cf. §287.a): quendam, quandam, quōrundam, quārundam; also that the neuter has quiddam (substantive) and quoddam (adjective) in the nominative and accusative singular. Quīdam is the least indefinite of the indefinite pronouns, and implies that you could name the person or thing referred to if you cared to do so.

e. Quisquam and quisque (substantive) are declined like quis.

f. Quisquam, any one (quicquam or quidquam, anything), is always used substantively and chiefly in negative sentences. The corresponding adjective any is ūllus, -a, -um (§108).
```

| word | gloss |
|---|---|
| Siciniō | dagger, from Sicinius |
| Aniēnem | ring, circle, from Anio |
| Menēnium | my, from Menenius |
| fācundum | eloquent, from facundus |
| ventrem | stomach, womb, from venter |
| fungī | fungus, from fungus |
| sēditiōnem | sedition, riot, from seditio |
| proptereā | therefore, for this reason |

## Coriolānus: indirect question

### A question inside the purpose

Prīmum lēgātōs mīsērunt means, First they sent envoys.

Quī rogārent num oppidum sibi trādere vellent means, to ask whether they were willing to hand over the town.

Quī rogārent states the envoys' purpose. Num oppidum sibi trādere vellent is the indirect question within that purpose clause.

### The question keeps its word

Dēlīberābant quid faciendum esset means, They were deliberating what should be done.

Num remains whether in the first question, and quid remains what in the second. Vellent follows rogārent. Esset follows dēlīberābant.

Each indirect question uses an imperfect subjunctive after an imperfect verb. Sequence of tenses determines the subjunctive tense.

**72** Pāce cum Latīnīs populīs compositā, Rōmānī, multīs Volscōrum oppidīs captīs, Coriolōs advēnērunt.  
Peace being made with the Latin peoples, the Romans, many towns of the Volsci being taken, came to Corioli.

**73** Prīmum lēgātōs mīsērunt quī rogārent num oppidum sibi trādere vellent: deinde, negantibus oppidānīs, oppidum māgnā vī adortī sunt.  
First they sent envoys to ask whether they were willing to hand over the town: then, the townsmen refusing, they assaulted the town with great force.

**74** Tum, Rōmānīs in obsidiōnem intentīs, simul Volscī Antiō ad auxilium ferendum contendērunt, simul oppidānī ex oppidō ērūpērunt.  
Then, while the Romans were intent on the siege, at the same time the Volsci hurried from Antium to bring help and the townsmen burst out of the town.

**75** Forte in statiōne erat Gāius Mārcius, adolēscēns et cōnsiliō et manū promptus: is cum dēlēctā mīlitum manū nōn modo impetum ērumpentium reppulit, sed per patentem portam ferōx irrūpit, et, caede in urbe factā, īgnem aedificiīs iniēcit.  
As it happened Gaius Marcius was on guard, a young man ready both in counsel and in action: he with a picked band of soldiers not only drove back the attack of those bursting out, but fiercely burst in through the open gate, and, slaughter being made in the town, set fire to the buildings.

**76** Volscī autem, quī ad auxilium ferendum vēnerant, prae clāmōribus oppidānōrum nesciēbant quī essent Rōmānī, quī sociī suī.  
But the Volsci, who had come to bring help, amid the shouts of the townsmen did not know which were the Romans, which their own allies.

**77** Fugātīs eīs oppidum Coriolī captum est.  
They being put to flight, the town of Corioli was taken.

**78** C. Mārciō propter rēs gestās cōgnōmen fuit Coriolānō.  
C. Marcius on account of his deeds got the surname Coriolanus.

**79** Eō annō Rōmānī frūmentō carēbant: incultī enim propter sēcēssiōnem agrī erant.  
That year the Romans were short of grain: for the fields were untilled because of the secession.

**80** Famē oppressī, quālem obsessī patī solent, dēlīberābant quid faciendum esset.  
Oppressed by hunger, such as the besieged are wont to suffer, they were deliberating what should be done.

**81** Tandem māgna vīs frūmentī ex Siciliā advēcta est: rogātum est in senātū quantī plēbī emendum esset.  
At last a great quantity of grain was brought from Sicily: it was asked in the senate at what price it should be sold to the people.

**82** C. Mārcius autem senātōrēs admonuit nē ūllum frūmentum plēbī darent: proximō enim annō eam sēcēssisse: iterum tunc, sī ita placēret, sēcēderent.  
But C. Marcius warned the senators not to give the people any grain: for the previous year they had seceded: let them then secede again, if it so pleased them.

**83** Nōnne viam in Sacrum Montem aliōsque collēs patēre?  
Was not the way open to the Sacred Mount and the other hills?

**84** Frūmenta ex agrīs Rōmānīs anteā rapuisse: tunc etiam eīs licēre quidquid in agrīs esset rapere.  
Before, they had seized grain from Roman fields: then too they might seize whatever was in the fields.

**85** Īrā tandem incēnsa plēbs popōscit ut Coriolānus apud iūdicēs accūsārētur.  
At last, inflamed with anger, the people demanded that Coriolanus be accused before the judges.

**86** Accūsātus damnātur; mortem ut vītāret, in Volscōs exul abiit: ā Volscīs benīgnē exceptus mox prīnceps factus est.  
Accused, he is condemned; to avoid death, he went off as an exile to the Volsci: kindly received by the Volsci he was soon made their leader.

**87** Tum Volscī, bellō Rōmānīs indictō, multīs oppidīs captīs, Rōmam ipsam obsēdērunt.  
Then the Volsci, war being declared on the Romans, many towns being taken, besieged Rome itself.

**88** Prīmum ōrātōrēs, deinde sacerdōtēs, supplicēs ad Mārcium missī sunt quī ōrārent ut pācem compōneret: sed atrōx respōnsum ille reddidit.  
First spokesmen, then priests, were sent as suppliants to Marcius to beg him to make peace: but he gave a savage answer.

**89** Postrēmō duae mātrōnae, fīliōs sēcum ferentēs, ad hostium castra appāruēre.  
Finally two matrons, bringing their sons with them, appeared at the enemy's camp.

**90** Rogāvit Coriolānus quī advenīrent: cum autem eī nūntiātum esset mulierēs adesse, prīmum multō obstinātius eās sprēvit: mox servus quīdam, quī Veturiam mātrem ēius et Volumniam uxōrem āgnōverat, ‘Nisi mē frūstrantur’ inquit ‘oculī, māter tua uxorque et līberī adsunt’.  
Coriolanus asked who was coming: but when it was reported to him that women were there, at first he spurned them much more stubbornly: soon a certain slave, who had recognised Veturia his mother and Volumnia his wife, said, 'Unless my eyes deceive me, your mother and wife and children are here.'

**91** Coriolānus ā sēde suā dēsiluit ad mātrem amplectendam.  
Coriolanus leaped down from his seat to embrace his mother.

**92** Illa tamen, ā precibus ad īram versa, rogāvit eum utrum hostis esset an fīlius, ipsa māter an captīva.  
She, however, turning from entreaty to anger, asked him whether he was an enemy or a son, she herself a mother or a captive.

**93** Deinde Coriolānus suōs amplexus dīmīsit, et ipse ab urbe castra mōvit.  
Then Coriolanus embraced his family and sent them away, and himself moved his camp from the city.

**94** Periisse eum inter Volscōs aliī aliō lētō trādunt.  
That he perished among the Volsci by one death or another, different writers relate.

**95** Quō cōnsiliō lēgātōs Rōmānī Coriolōs mīsērunt?  
With what purpose did the Romans send envoys to Corioli?

**96** Quid oppidānī respondērunt?  
What did the townsmen answer?

**97** Quālis vir erat C. Mārcius?  
What sort of man was C. Marcius?

**98** Quō cōnsiliō Volscī Antiō advēnērunt?  
With what purpose did the Volsci come from Antium?

**99** Quid in oppidō Mārcius fēcit?  
What did Marcius do in the town?

**100** Cūr Rōmānī frūmentō carēbant?  
Why were the Romans short of grain?

**101** Quālī famē oppressī sunt?  
By what sort of hunger were they oppressed?

**102** Quid ex Siciliā petītum est?  
What was fetched from Sicily?

**103** Quid in senātū dēlīberātum est?  
What was deliberated in the senate?

**104** Quid Mārcius monuit?  
What did Marcius advise?

**105** Cūr nōlēbat cibum plēbī darī?  
Why did he not want food given to the people?

**106** Quid tum plēbs popōscit?  
What did the people then demand?

**107** Quō cōnsiliō Mārcius exul abiit?  
With what purpose did Marcius go into exile?

**108** Quō cōnsiliō ōrātōrēs ad Mārcium missī sunt?  
With what purpose were spokesmen sent to Marcius?

**109** Quis etiam ad eum missus est?  
Who else was sent to him?

**110** Quid servus nūntiāvit?  
What did the slave report?

**111** Quid māter Mārcium rogāvit?  
What did his mother ask Marcius?

**112** Quid ferunt dē morte ēius?  
What do they relate about his death?

```
D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LXXIV, §§429-433

§429. Review the word lists in §§517, 518.
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```
§430. When we report a statement instead of giving it directly, we have an indirect statement. (Cf. §414.) So, if we report a question instead of asking it directly, we have an indirect question.

DIRECT QUESTION                  INDIRECT QUESTION
Who conquered the Gauls?      He asked who conquered the Gauls

a. An indirect question depends, usually as object, upon a verb of asking (as petō, postulō, quaerō, rogō) or upon some verb or expression of saying or mental action. (Cf. §420.)
```

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§431. Compare the following direct and indirect questions:

DIRECT INDIRECT

Quis Gallōs vincit?      {  a. Rogat quis Gallōs vincat
Who is conquering the    {       He asks who is conquering the
  Gauls?                 {       Gauls
                         {  b. Rogavit quis Gallōs vinceret
                         {       He asked who was conquering
                         {       the Gauls

                         {  a. Rogat ubi sit Rōma
Ubī est Rōma?            {       He asks where Rome is
Where is Rome?           {  b. Rogāvit ubi esset Rōma
                         {        He asked where Rome was

                         {  a. Rogat num Caesar Gallōs vīcerit
                         {       He asks whether Cæsar conquered
Caesarne Gallōs vīcit? {       the Gauls
Did Cæsar conquer the    {  b. Rogāvit num Caesar Gallōs
  Gauls?                 {         vīcisset
                         {       He asked whether Cæsar had
                         {       conquered the Gauls

a. The verb in a direct question is in the indicative mood, but the mood is subjunctive in an indirect question.

b. The tense of the subjunctive follows the rules for tense sequence.

c. Indirect questions are introduced by the same interrogative words as introduce direct questions, excepting thatyes-or-no direct questions (cf. §210) on becoming indirect are usually introduced by num, whether.
```

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§432. RULE. Indirect Questions. In an indirect question the verb is in the subjunctive and its tense is determined by the law for tense sequence.
```

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§433. IDIOMS

dē tertiā vigiliā, about the third watch iniūriās alicui īnferre, to inflict injuries upon some one facere verba prō, with the ablative, to speak in behalf of in reliquum tempus, for the future
```

| word | gloss |
|---|---|
| Coriolōs | small piece of leather, from Corioli |
| adortī | assail, rise against, from adorior |
| Antiō | locks of hair that hang, from Antium |
| irrūpit | invade, from irrumpo |
| oppidānōrum | townspeople, from oppidani |
| incultī | uncultivated, overgrown, from incultus |
| advēcta | carry, bring, from adveho |
| sēcēderent | withdraw, from secedo |
| supplicēs | suppliant, kneeling, from supplex |
| sprēvit | scorn, despise, from sperno |
| Volumniam | womb, from Volumnia |

## Fabiī: indirect question

### Quid marks the reported question

Rogantem senātum quid in animō habērent means "when the senate asked what they had in mind."

Quid in animō habērent reports the senate's question. Its verb habērent is subjunctive.

### The tenses follow the asking verb

Rogābant inter sē quae aliae gentēs contrā Volscōs pūgnāre vellent means "they asked among themselves what other clans were willing to fight against the Volsci."

Quae marks the indirect question. Rogābant is imperfect, so the subjunctive vellent is imperfect.

**113** Dum Rōmānī aliīs bellīs intentī sunt, Vēientēs agrōs eōrum vāstāre incēpērunt.  
While the Romans were intent on other wars, the Veientes began to lay waste their fields.

**114** Dēerant Rōmānīs et mīlitēs et pecūnia.  
The Romans lacked both soldiers and money.

**115** Tum gēns Fabia senātum adiit: rogantem senātum quid in animō habērent Quīntus Fabius prō gente ōrāvit ut senātōrēs alia bella cūrārent, Fabiōs hostēs Vēientibus darent: hoc sē velut familiāre bellum suā pecūniā gerere velle.  
Then the Fabian clan went to the senate: when the senate asked what they had in mind, Quintus Fabius on behalf of the clan begged that the senators should attend to the other wars and give the Fabii as enemies to the Veientes: that they wished to wage this war, as if a family matter, at their own expense.

**116** Grātiae ingentēs āctae: nēmō enim dubitābat quīn victūrī essent Fabiī.  
Enormous thanks were given: for no one doubted that the Fabii would conquer.

**117** Cīvēs eōs ad caelum laudibus ferēbant: rogābant inter sē quae aliae gentēs contrā Volscōs pūgnāre vellent.  
The citizens praised them to the skies: they asked among themselves what other clans were willing to fight against the Volsci.

**118** Posterō diē Fabiī arma capiunt: quō iussī erant, conveniunt, sex et trecentī mīlitēs—omnēs patriciī, omnēs ūnīus gentis, ‘Ē quīs’, ut apud Ovidium invenīmus, ‘dux fierī quīlibet aptus erat’.  
The next day the Fabii take up arms: they assemble where they had been ordered, three hundred and six soldiers, all patricians, all of one clan, 'of whom', as we find in Ovid, 'any one was fit to be made leader'.

**119** Ad Cremeram flūmen perveniunt.  
They reach the river Cremera.

**120** Fūsī hostēs ac retrō ad Saxa Rubra repulsī (ibi castra habēbant) pācem supplicēs petunt.  
The enemy, routed and driven back to Saxa Rubra (they had their camp there), beg for peace as suppliants.

**121** Pāce impetrātā, nōnnūllōs tamen impetūs hostēs faciēbant praedae causā: quibus in certāminibus Fabiī saepius victōriam reportābant.  
Peace being obtained, the enemy nevertheless made some raids for the sake of booty: in these contests the Fabii generally carried off the victory.

**122** Aliquandō Fabiī pecora quaedam, ab hostibus in campō collibus et silvīs inclūsō relicta, cōnspexērunt.  
Once the Fabii caught sight of some cattle left by the enemy on a plain enclosed by hills and woods.

**123** Īnsidiās nōn cavēbant, neque cōgitābant num hostēs ibi cēlātōs repertūrī essent, quidve dolī parārent; in campum incautī dēcurrērunt ut pecora raperent.  
They were not on guard against an ambush, nor did they consider whether they would find enemies hidden there, or what tricks they were preparing; heedless they ran down onto the plain to seize the cattle.

**124** Sed hostēs,  
But the enemy,

**125** Ubi vincere apertē  
When to conquer openly

**126** Nōn datur, īnsidiās armaque tēcta parant.  
is not granted, prepare ambush and hidden arms.

**127** Quō ruitis, generōsa domus? Male crēditis hostī.  
Where are you rushing, noble house? You trust the enemy ill.

**128** Simplex nōbilitās, perfida tēla cavē!  
Simple nobility, beware treacherous weapons!

**129** Fraude perit virtūs: in apertōs undique campōs  
Valour perishes by fraud: onto the open plains from every side

**130** Prōsiliunt hostēs et latus omne tenent.  
the enemy leap out and hold every flank.

**131** Quid faciant paucī contrā tot mīlia fortēs?  
What can a few brave men do against so many thousands?

**132** Fabiīs circumventīs tēla undique incidēbant: ācriter sed frūstrā pūgnātum est: Fabiī caesī ad ūnum omnēs.  
The Fabii being surrounded, weapons fell on them from every side: they fought fiercely but in vain: the Fabii were cut down to a man.

**133** Ūna diēs Fabiōs ad bellum mīserat omnēs,  
One day had sent all the Fabii to war,

**134** Ad bellum missōs perdidit ūna diēs.  
one day destroyed those sent to war.

**135** Quid Quīntus Fabius senātum ōrāvit?  
What did Quintus Fabius beg of the senate?

**136** Quā de causā hoc ōrāvit?  
For what reason did he beg this?

**137** Quid rogāvērunt cīvēs?  
What did the citizens ask?

**138** Quōmodo Ovidius Fabiōs dēscrīpsit?  
How did Ovid describe the Fabii?

**139** Quid hostēs fūsī ōrāvērunt?  
What did the routed enemy beg?

**140** Quāle bellum deinde fuit?  
What sort of war was it thereafter?

**141** Quōmodo victī sunt Fabiī?  
How were the Fabii defeated?

**142** Cūr in īnsidiās incidērunt?  
Why did they fall into the ambush?

| word | gloss |
|---|---|
| velut | just as, as if |
| Cremeram | gruel, pap, from Cremera |
| cēlātōs | conceal, hide, from celo |
| generōsa | noble, of noble birth, from generosus |
| nōbilitās | nobility |
| perdidit | ruin, destroy, from perdo |
| fūsī | spindle, from fusus |

## Cincinnātus: indirect question

### An earlier action in a past question

Quīnctius uxōrem rogāvit ubi togam suam reposuisset means Quinctius asked his wife where she had put his toga.

Reposuisset is pluperfect subjunctive because putting away the toga was complete before the past asking.

Iussissent and accidisset follow the same rule. The orders and the event were complete before accēpit and nārrāvērunt.

A past indirect question uses the pluperfect subjunctive when its action was already complete before the main verb.

**143** Aequī, incursiōne in Latium factā, castra exercitūs Rōmānī obsidēbant.  
The Aequi, having made a raid into Latium, were besieging the camp of the Roman army.

**144** Hōc nūntiātō, ingēns in urbe fuit pavor.  
This being reported, there was enormous panic in the city.

**145** Alter cōnsul in castrīs obsessīs erat, alterī nēmō cōnfīdēbat.  
One consul was in the besieged camp; in the other no one had confidence.

**146** Senātuī igitur placuit dīctātōrem creāre: cōnsēnsū omnium Lūcius Quīnctius Cincinnātus creātus est.  
So the senate decided to create a dictator: by the agreement of all Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus was created.

**147** Ille, ūna spēs imperiī Rōmānī, ultrā Tiberim agrum quattuor iūgerum colēbat.  
He, the one hope of the Roman state, was tilling a farm of four acres beyond the Tiber.

**148** Dum arat, advēnērunt lēgātī quī iussa senātūs eī nūntiārent; salūte datā et redditā, petiērunt ut togātus mandāta audīret.  
While he was ploughing, envoys arrived to announce the senate's orders to him; greetings given and returned, they asked that he hear the instructions wearing his toga.

**149** Quō audītō Quīnctius uxōrem rogāvit ubi togam suam reposuisset et ut sibi daret; tandem, indūtā togā, ā lēgātīs accēpit quid patrēs iussissent; illī dīctātōrem eum salūtāvērunt, quid in castrīs accidisset nārrāvērunt.  
Hearing this, Quinctius asked his wife where she had put his toga and to give it to him; at last, the toga put on, he received from the envoys what the fathers had ordered; they hailed him dictator, and told what had happened in the camp.

**150** Cincinnātus, in nāve pūblicē parātā Tiberim trānsvectus, ā patribus ipsīs Rōmae exceptus est.  
Cincinnatus, carried across the Tiber in a boat provided at public expense, was received at Rome by the fathers themselves.

**151** Posterō diē, cum ante lūcem in forum advēnisset, Lūcium Tarquitium magistrum equitum nōmināvit; deinde imperāvit ut omnēs tabernae clauderentur, et, quīcumque aetāte mīlitārī essent, armātī cum cibō in diēs quīnque coctō vāllīsque duodēnīs, ante sōlis occāsum in Campō Mārtiō adessent; senibus, ut cibum coquerent, imperāvit.  
The next day, when he had come into the forum before dawn, he named Lucius Tarquitius master of the horse; then he ordered that all shops be closed, and that all who were of military age should be present armed, with food cooked for five days and twelve stakes each, in the Campus Martius before sunset; the old men he ordered to cook the food.

**152** Ante sōlis occāsum omnēs armātī, vāllōs et cibum ferentēs, et itinerī et proeliō aptī convēnērunt.  
Before sunset all assembled armed, carrying stakes and food, fit both for the march and for battle.

**153** Cincinnātus āgmine compositō ad castra obsessa profectus est.  
Cincinnatus, the column formed, set out for the besieged camp.

**154** Mediā nocte, ubi sēnsit sē prope hostēs esse, equō circumvectus explōrāvit quālia castra hostēs fēcissent.  
At midnight, when he perceived that he was near the enemy, riding round on horseback he reconnoitred what sort of camp the enemy had made.

**155** Tum exercitum longō āgmine hostibus circumdedit.  
Then he surrounded the enemy with his army in a long column.

**156** Statim sīgnō datō clāmōrem ingentem mīlitēs tollunt, ante sē quisque vāllōs humī fīgunt, fossam vāllumque facere incipiunt.  
At once, the signal given, the soldiers raise a huge shout, each drives his stakes into the ground before him, they begin to make a ditch and rampart.

**157** Clāmor castra hostium superāvit et in castrīs cōnsulis audītus est.  
The shout carried over the enemy's camp and was heard in the consul's camp.

**158** Prīmō autem cōnsul haud certō sciēbat unde clāmor vēnisset: tum, ubi intellēxit cīvīlem esse clāmōrem et auxilium adesse, suīs imperāvit ut arma caperent et sē sequerentur.  
At first, however, the consul did not know for certain where the shout had come from: then, when he understood that the shout was Roman and that help was at hand, he ordered his men to take up arms and follow him.

**159** Extemplō nocte proelium initum est: ācriter ab Aequīs, quī timēbant nē obsessī Rōmānī per media sua castra ērumperent, pūgnātum cum cōnsule usque ad lūcem est.  
Immediately battle was joined in the night: the Aequi, who feared that the besieged Romans would break out through the middle of their camp, fought fiercely with the consul until dawn.

**160** Prīmā lūce iam omnīnō ā dīctātōre circumventī vix contrā ūnum exercitum pūgnam sustinēbant.  
At first light, now wholly surrounded by the dictator, they could scarcely sustain the fight against one army.

**161** Tum dēmum dīctātōris exercitus novam pūgnam prō virīlī parte inībat: hostēs, quī quōmodo captī essent iam sēnsērunt, ā proeliō ad precēs versī, hinc dīctātōrem hinc cōnsulem ōrāvērunt ut sē inermēs abīre sinerent.  
Then at last the dictator's army was beginning a fresh fight with all its might: the enemy, who had now perceived how they were trapped, turning from battle to entreaty, begged the dictator on one side and the consul on the other to let them go away unarmed.

**162** Dīctātor ducem prīncipēsque vinctōs ad sē addūcī iussit: cēterīs licēre abīre, sed prīmum sub iugum eundum esse.  
The dictator ordered the leader and chief men to be brought to him in chains: the rest might go, but first must pass under the yoke.

**163** Tribus hastīs iugum fit, humī fīxīs duābus superque eās trānsversā ūnā positā.  
A yoke is made of three spears, two fixed in the ground and one laid across above them.

**164** Sub hoc iugum dīctātor Aequōs mīsit.  
Under this yoke the dictator sent the Aequi.

**165** Triumphāns in urbem regressus, sextō decimō diē dīctātūram abdicāvit.  
Returning to the city in triumph, on the sixteenth day he laid down the dictatorship.

**166** Cūr senātus dīctātōrem creāvit?  
Why did the senate create a dictator?

**167** Quō cōnsiliō lēgātī ad Cincinnātum missī sunt?  
With what purpose were envoys sent to Cincinnatus?

**168** Quid ille faciēbat?  
What was he doing?

**169** Quid illum ōrāvērunt?  
What did they ask him?

**170** Quid ille uxōrem rogāvit?  
What did he ask his wife?

**171** Togā ab illō indūtā, quid lēgātī exposuērunt?  
The toga put on by him, what did the envoys set out?

**172** Quid posterō diē Cincinnātus imperāvit?  
What did Cincinnatus order the next day?

**173** Quālēs omnēs in Campum Mārtium convēnērunt?  
In what state did everyone assemble in the Campus Martius?

**174** Quō cōnsiliō Cincinnātus circum castra hostium īvit?  
With what purpose did Cincinnatus go round the enemy's camp?

**175** Sīgnō datō, quid omnēs fēcērunt?  
The signal given, what did everyone do?

**176** Quid cōnsul clāmōre audītō suīs imperāvit?  
What did the consul, hearing the shout, order his men?

**177** Quid Aequī timēbant?  
What did the Aequi fear?

**178** Quid iam victī ōrāvērunt?  
What did they beg when now defeated?

**179** Quid dīctātor respondit?  
What did the dictator answer?

**180** Dēscrībe iugum.  
Describe the yoke.

| word | gloss |
|---|---|
| Aequī | level ground |
| incursiōne | onrush, attack, from incursio |
| cōnfīdēbat | rely on, trust, from confido |
| cōnsēnsū | agreement, consent, from consensus |
| Cincinnātus | ringlet, curl |
| togātus | wearing a toga |
| vāllōs | stake, palisade, from vallus |
| circumvectus | make rounds of, from circumvehor |
| fīgunt | fasten, fix, from figo |
| initum | entry, start, from initus |
| trānsversā | divert from one place, from transverto |
| abdicāvit | resign, abdicate, from abdico |

## Iterātiō (tempore praesentī), review, in the present tense

### Continuing action uses the present

Horātius ōrat ut sēcum maneant et pontem dēfendant means Horatius begs them to stay with him and defend the bridge.

The present main verb ōrat sets primary sequence. Maneant and dēfendant are present subjunctives because their actions continue with the request.

### Completed action uses the perfect

Scītisne quī aliī Romānī tam fortia fēcerint asks whether the listeners know which other Romans did such brave things.

The present main verb scītisne also sets primary sequence. Fēcerint is perfect subjunctive because the brave acts precede the question.

After a present main verb, continuing action uses the present subjunctive. Completed action uses the perfect subjunctive.

**181** Tarquiniī exulēs Porsennam ōrant ut Rōmam oppūgnet et rēgnum sibi recipiat poenāsque dē Rōmānīs sūmat.  
The exiled Tarquins beg Porsenna to attack Rome and recover the kingdom for them and take vengeance on the Romans.

**182** Tandem eī persuādent ut arma capiat et sibi succurrat.  
At last they persuade him to take up arms and come to their aid.

**183** Ille mīlitēs hortātus nē timeant, Rōmam advenit: senātus autem metuit nē perterritī cīvēs Tarquiniīs rēgnum reddant.  
He, having urged his soldiers not to be afraid, comes to Rome: but the senate fears that the terrified citizens will give the kingdom back to the Tarquins.

**184** Hostibus appropinquantibus, Rōmānōs ā Iāniculō fugientēs Horātius ōrat ut sēcum maneant et pontem dēfendant: negantēs precātur ut pontem interrumpant: tum rogat quis sēcum hostibus resistere velit.  
The enemy approaching, Horatius begs the Romans fleeing from the Janiculum to stay with him and defend the bridge: when they refuse he entreats them to break the bridge: then he asks who is willing to resist the enemy with him.

**185** Duōbus persuādet ut sibi adsint: hī trēs pontem trānseunt ut hostēs repellant.  
He persuades two to stand by him: these three cross the bridge to drive back the enemy.

**186** Parvā autem parte pontis relictā, comitibus imperat ut in tūtum sē recipiant.  
But only a small part of the bridge being left, he orders his companions to withdraw to safety.

**187** Hostēs alius aliī suādent ut in Horātium impetum faciant: undique tēla in eum cōniciunt eō cōnsiliō ut in flūmen eum dētrūdant.  
The enemy urge one another to make an attack on Horatius: from every side they hurl weapons at him with the intention of thrusting him into the river.

**188** Tandem autem ipse, ponte omnīnō frāctō, Tiberim precātus ut sē et arma accipiat, incolumis ad suōs trānat.  
But at last he himself, the bridge wholly broken, having prayed to the Tiber to receive him and his arms, swims across unharmed to his own men.

**189** Sīc Etruscōs prohibet quōminus Rōmam capiant.  
So he prevents the Etruscans from taking Rome.

**190** Scītisne quī aliī Romānī tam fortia fēcerint?  
Do you know what other Romans did such brave things?

**191** Porsenna mīlitēs hortātur nē dē rēbus suīs dēspērent sed Rōmam obsideant.  
Porsenna urges his soldiers not to despair of their cause but to besiege Rome.

**192** Obsessīs Rōmānīs, C. Mūcius, ut cōnsilium suum expōnat, senātum adit: patrēs rogant cūr eō advēnerit, quid agī velit.  
The Romans being besieged, C. Mucius, to set out his plan, goes to the senate: the fathers ask why he has come there, what he wants done.

**193** Persuādet eīs ut cōnsilium approbent, et, mūcrōne intrā vestem abditō, ad castra hostium proficīscitur.  
He persuades them to approve the plan, and, a dagger hidden inside his clothing, sets out for the enemy's camp.

**194** Ibi, incertus uter sit rēx, scrībam prō rēge occīdit: inde fugientī cūstōdēs imperant ut ad tribūnal redeat: regressum rēx īrātus rogat quid facere voluerit: vīle esse corpus respondet eīs quī māgnam glōriam videant, et suā sponte dextram in flammās īnicit.  
There, uncertain which is the king, he kills the secretary instead of the king: then as he flees the guards order him to return to the tribunal: when he has come back the angry king asks what he wanted to do: he answers that the body is cheap to those who see great glory, and of his own accord thrusts his right hand into the flames.

**195** Rēx, cōnstantiam ēius admīrātus, imperat ut domum dīmittātur.  
The king, admiring his steadfastness, orders that he be sent home.

**196** Quem dīmissum mox lēgātī Rōmam sequuntur, quī condiciōnēs pācis ferant.  
When he has been sent away, envoys soon follow him to Rome, to bring terms of peace.

**197** Pāce compositā eā condiciōne ut obsidēs ā Rōmānīs dentur, Porsenna tamen haud procul ā rīpīs Tiberis castra pōnit, nē Rōmānī condiciōnēs violent.  
Peace being made on the condition that hostages be given by the Romans, Porsenna nevertheless pitches camp not far from the banks of the Tiber, so that the Romans do not violate the terms.

**198** Cloelia autem obsidibus suādet ut flūmine trānandō effugiant: multās ex eīs sēcum dūcit parentibusque restituit.  
But Cloelia persuades the hostages to escape by swimming the river: she leads many of them with her and restores them to their parents.

**199** Nēmō dubitāre potest quīn Cloelia haud minus fortis fuerit quam Cocles et Mūcius.  
No one can doubt that Cloelia was no less brave than Cocles and Mucius.

**200** Sed Porsenna ōrātōrēs Rōmam mittit quī imperent ut obsidēs reddantur.  
But Porsenna sends envoys to Rome to demand that the hostages be returned.

**201** Redeuntēs hās Tarquiniī in itinere excipiunt, ut eās occīdant: timent enim nē pāx sit inter Porsennam et Rōmānōs, nēve ipsī nunquam iterum Rōmae rēgnent.  
As they return the Tarquins intercept them on the way, to kill them: for they fear that there will be peace between Porsenna and the Romans, and that they themselves will never reign again at Rome.

**202** Quō audītō Porsenna amīcitiam eōrum omnīnō rēicit: nōn enim dubitat quīn superbī īnfīdīque sint hominēs.  
Hearing this, Porsenna wholly rejects their friendship: for he does not doubt that they are arrogant and faithless men.

**203** Senātus plēbī prōmittit lēgem sē bellō cōnfectō lātūrum esse ut mīlitēs aere aliēnō līberentur.  
The senate promises the people that, the war finished, it will propose a law so that soldiers be freed from debt.

**204** Cum tamen senātus prōmissō nōn stet, plēbs ad Sacrum Montem sēcēdit.  
But when the senate does not keep its promise, the people withdraws to the Sacred Mount.

**205** Senātōrēs incertī quid plēbs āctūra sit, nē impetum in urbem faciat timent: Menēnium Agrippam igitur mittunt quī plēbem plācet.  
The senators, uncertain what the people will do, fear that it will make an attack on the city: so they send Menenius Agrippa to appease the people.

**206** Fābulā autem dē partibus corporis nārrātā, plēbī persuādet quam stulta fuerint membra.  
Having told the story about the parts of the body, he persuades the people how foolish the limbs were.

**207** Mox pāx compōnitur eā condiciōne ut plēbs duōs ex suīs tribūnōs creet, quibus liceat cōnsulēs ipsōs agere vetāre.  
Soon peace is made on the condition that the people create two tribunes from its own number, who are to have the right to forbid the consuls themselves to act.

**208** Hīs condiciōnibus Menēnius plēbī persuādet ut Rōmam regrediātur.  
On these conditions Menenius persuades the people to return to Rome.

**209** Rōmānī, dum bellum contrā Volscōs gerunt, Coriolōs lēgātōs mittunt, quī incolās rogent num oppidum sibi trādere velint: illī negant sē velle.  
The Romans, while they wage war against the Volsci, send envoys to Corioli to ask the inhabitants whether they are willing to hand over the town: they say they are not.

**210** Tum Volscī Antiō adveniunt ad auxilium eīs ferendum, sed, oppidō ā C. Mārciō īgne incēnsō, prae clāmōribus oppidānōrum nesciunt quī Rōmānī, quī sociī suī sint.  
Then the Volsci come from Antium to bring them help, but, the town being set on fire by C. Marcius, amid the shouts of the townsmen they do not know which are the Romans, which their own allies.

**211** Oppidō captō, C. Mārciō cōgnōmen fit Coriolānō.  
The town taken, C. Marcius gets the surname Coriolanus.

**212** Rōmānī deinde, famē oppressī, incertī sunt quid faciendum sit: dēlīberatur in senātū quantī frūmentum plēbī emendum sit.  
The Romans then, oppressed by hunger, are uncertain what should be done: it is deliberated in the senate at what price grain should be sold to the people.

**213** C. Mārcius autem senātum monet nē ūllum frūmentum plēbī det: licēre enim eīs, ut anteā, quidquid in agrīs sit rapere.  
But C. Marcius advises the senate not to give the people any grain: for they may, as before, seize whatever is in the fields.

**214** Plēbs igitur poscit ut Coriolānus ante iūdicēs accūsētur: quī, nē damnātus moriātur, in Volscōs exul abit, et benīgnē exceptus Rōmam tandem ipsam obsidet.  
So the people demands that Coriolanus be accused before the judges: he, so as not to die condemned, goes off as an exile to the Volsci, and, kindly received, at last besieges Rome itself.

**215** Orātorēs ad eum missī, quī rogent ut pācem compōnat, atrōx respōnsum referunt.  
Spokesmen sent to him, to beg him to make peace, bring back a savage answer.

**216** Postrēmō, mulieribus quibusdam ad castra appropinquantibus, ille rogat quī advēnerint: servus eī nūntiat, nisi sē frūstrentur oculī, mātrem illīus uxōremque et līberōs adesse.  
Finally, certain women approaching the camp, he asks who has come: a slave reports to him that, unless his eyes deceive him, his mother and wife and children are here.

**217** Veturia tamen vetat eūm sēsē amplectī priusquam dīxerit utrum hostis sit an fīlius, ipsa māter an captīva.  
Veturia, however, forbids him to embrace her before he has said whether he is an enemy or a son, she herself a mother or a captive.

**218** Deinde Coriolānus suōs amplexus castra ab urbe movet.  
Then Coriolanus, having embraced his family, moves his camp from the city.

**219** Rōmānīs in alia bella intentīs, Vēientēs agrōs eōrum vāstāre incipiunt: Fabiī senātum adeunt ut cōnsilium suum expōnant.  
The Romans being intent on other wars, the Veientes begin to lay waste their fields: the Fabii go to the senate to set out their plan.

**220** Ōrant ut senātōrēs alia bella cūrent, Fabiōs hostēs Vēientibus dent.  
They beg that the senators attend to the other wars, and give the Fabii as enemies to the Veientes.

**221** Quod rogant, impetrant; Quīntus, dux gentis, gentīlēs suōs in Vēientēs dūcit.  
What they ask, they obtain; Quintus, leader of the clan, leads his kinsmen against the Veientes.

**222** Vēientēs autem victī lēgātōs ad Fabiōs mittunt, quī pācem petant: rogant utrum illī pācem compositūrī sint an ipsōs occīsūrī.  
But the Veientes, defeated, send envoys to the Fabii to seek peace: they ask whether they will make peace or kill them.

**223** Pāce impetrātā, nōnnūllōs tamen impetūs faciunt ut praedam rapiant: Fabiī plērumque victōriam reportant.  
Peace being obtained, they nevertheless make some raids to seize booty: the Fabii generally carry off the victory.

**224** Aliquandō tamen in campum clausum, ut pecora quaedam rapiant, dēcurrunt: imprōvidī nōn reputant num hostēs cēlātōs inventūrī sint, neque certō sciunt quid illī agant.  
Once, however, they run down onto an enclosed plain to seize some cattle: heedless, they do not consider whether they will find hidden enemies, nor do they know for certain what those are doing.

**225** Īnsidiīs captī caeduntur omnēs ad ūnum.  
Caught in the ambush they are all cut down to a man.

**226** Aequī in Latium invādunt, ut castra cōnsulis Rōmānī obsideant.  
The Aequi invade Latium, to besiege the camp of the Roman consul.

**227** Senātus igitur lēgātōs ad Cincinnātum mittunt, quī nūntient illum dīctātōrem dīctum fuisse: imperant eī ut togātus mandāta senātūs audiat.  
So the senate sends envoys to Cincinnatus to announce that he has been named dictator: they order him to hear the senate's instructions wearing his toga.

**228** Quīnctius uxōrem rogat ubi togam suam reposuerit: tum togātō eī lēgātī expōnunt quid in castrīs acciderit, quī pavor sit in urbe, quid patrēs iubeant.  
Quinctius asks his wife where she has put his toga: then to him, in his toga, the envoys set out what has happened in the camp, what panic there is in the city, what the fathers order.

**229** Ille posterō diē imperat ut omnēs tabernae claudantur, et, quīcumque aetāte mīlitārī sint, armātī in Campō Mārtiō adsint: senibus ut cibum coquant imperat.  
He the next day orders that all shops be closed, and that all who are of military age be present armed in the Campus Martius: he orders the old men to cook food.

**230** Itinere factō, mediā nocte explōrat quālia castra hostēs fēcerint.  
The march made, at midnight he reconnoitres what sort of camp the enemy have made.

**231** Deinde mīlitibus imperat ut clāmōrem tollant, vāllōs humī fīgant, fossam vāllumque faciant.  
Then he orders the soldiers to raise a shout, drive stakes into the ground, make a ditch and rampart.

**232** Prīmō cōnsul nescit unde clāmor vēnerit: mox suīs imperat ut arma capiant et sē sequantur.  
At first the consul does not know where the shout has come from: soon he orders his men to take up arms and follow him.

**233** Ācriter ab Aequīs, quī timent nē obsessī Rōmānī per media sua castra ērumpant, pūgnātur.  
The Aequi, who fear that the besieged Romans will break out through the middle of their camp, fight fiercely.

**234** Intellegunt tandem quōmodo captī sint, et ōrant ut Rōmānī sē inermēs abīre sinant.  
They understand at last how they are trapped, and beg the Romans to let them go away unarmed.

**235** Dīctātor autem imperat ut dux prīncipēsque vinctī ad sē addūcantur: cēterī sub iugum missī abeant.  
But the dictator orders that the leader and chief men be brought to him in chains: the rest are to go away sent under the yoke.

**236** Scrībe praesentī tempore Lēctiōnēs XI, XIV.  
Write Lessons XI and XIV in the present tense.

```
D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LXXVII, §§448-451

§448. There are four agreements:

1. That of the predicate noun or of the appositive with the noun to which it belongs (§§76, 81).

2. That of the adjective, adjective pronoun, or participle with its noun (§65).

3. That of a verb with its subject (§28).

4. That of a relative pronoun with its antecedent (§224).
```

```
§449. The relation expressed by the genitive is, in general, denoted in English by the preposition of. It is used to express

              { a. As attributive (§38).
1. Possession {
              { b. In the predicate (§409).

2. The whole of which a part is taken (partitive genitive) (§331).

3. Quality or description (§§443, 445).
```

```
§450. The relation expressed by the dative is, in general, denoted in English by the prepositions to or for when they do not imply motion through space. It is used to express

                       { a. With intransitive verbs and with
                       {   transitive verbs in connection with a
                       {   direct object in the accusative (§45).
1. The indirect object { b. With special intransitive verbs (§154).
                       { c. With verbs compounded with ad, ante,
                       {   con, dē, in, inter, ob, post,
                       {   prae, prō, sub, super (§426).

2. The object to which the quality of an adjective is directed (§143).

3. The purpose, or end for which, often with a second dative denoting the person or thing affected (§437).
```

```
§451. The accusative case corresponds, in general, to the English objective. It is used to express

1. The direct object of a transitive verb (§37).

2. The predicate accusative together with the direct object after verbs of making, choosing, falling, showing, and the like (§392).

3. The subject of the infinitive (§214).

4. The object of prepositions that do not govern the ablative (§340).

5. The duration of time and the extent of space (§336).

6. The place to which (§§263, 266).
```

```
§453. The relations of the ablative are, in general, expressed in English by the prepositions with (or by), from (or by), and in (or at). The constructions growing out of these meanings are

I. Ablative rendered with (or by):
  1. Cause (§102)
  2. Means (§103)
  3. Accompaniment (§104)
  4. Manner (§105)
  5. Measure of difference (§317)
  6. With a participle (ablative absolute) (§381)
  7. Description or quality (§§444, 445)
  8. Specification (§398)

II. Ablative rendered from (or by):
  1. Place from which (§§179, 264)
  2. Ablative of separation (§180)
  3. Personal agent with a passive verb (§181)
  4. Comparison without quam (§309)

III. Ablative rendered in (or at):
  1. Place at or in which (§§265, 266)
  2. Time when or within which (§275)
```

```
§455. The gerund is a verbal noun and is used only in the genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative singular. The constructions of these cases are in general the same as those of other nouns (§§402, 406.1).
```

```
§456. The gerundive is a verbal adjective and must be used instead of gerund + object, excepting in the genitive and in the ablative without a preposition. Even in these instances the gerundive construction is more usual (§406.2).
```

```
§457. The infinitive is used:

I. As in English.

a. As subject or predicate nominative (§216).

b. To complete the predicate with verbs of incomplete predication (complementary infinitive) (§215).

c. As object with subject accusative after verbs of wishing, commanding, forbidding, and the like (§213).

II. In the principal sentence of an indirect statement after verbs of saying and mental action. The subject is in the accusative (§§416, 418, 419).
```

```
§458. The subjunctive is used:

1. To denote purpose (§§349, 366, 372).

2. To denote consequence or result (§§385, 386).

3. In relative clauses of characteristic or description (§390).

4. In cum clauses of time, cause, and concession (§396).

5. In indirect questions (§432).
```

| word | gloss |
|---|---|
| interrumpant | drive a gap in, break, from interrumpo |
| gentīlēs | gentiles, from gentilis |
| imprōvidī | improvident, from improvidus |