# Prīmus et Secundus Annus, Lēctiōnēs 44–50 Prīmus Annus II Dē Rōmulō et Remō; Castra Rōmāna; Obsidiō Alesiae; Triumphus Rōmānus Source: https://1732studios.com/courses/la/7. Data: https://1732studios.com/courses/la/7.json. ## Praeteritum Perfectum Tempus, the pluperfect tense ### What the river had already done Tiberis super rīpās aquam effūderat means the Tiber had poured its water over its banks. Et agrōs, quī circā erant, inundāverat means and had flooded the surrounding fields. The river had completed both actions before the slaves could not reach its channel. ### The form for the earlier action Expulerat, interfēcerat, and pepercerat state acts completed before the later decision to kill the babies. Each pluperfect form joins -erā- and an active ending to the perfect stem. Effūderat and inundāverat use the same form for the river's earlier actions. **1** Nūtrīx cum īnfante Titō et sorōribus ēius sub vetere quercū sedebat, dum Mārcus in silvā lūdit. The nurse was sitting with the baby Titus and his sisters under an old oak, while Marcus plays in the wood. **2** Ad eōs pāstor senex appropinquat, quem omnēs ūnā vōce rogant: 'Narrā nōbīs, sōdēs, ō senex, fābulam dē hērōibus'. An old shepherd comes up to them, whom they all ask with one voice: 'Tell us, please, old man, a story about the heroes.' **3** Itaque nārrāre incēpit: And so he began to tell: **4** 'Rōmulus et Remus, ut ferunt, Mārtis deī et Rheae Silviae geminī erant fīliī. 'Romulus and Remus, as they say, were the twin sons of the god Mars and Rhea Silvia. **5** Rēx autem crūdēlis, nōmine Amūlius, Albae Longae tum rēgnābat. But a cruel king, Amulius by name, was then reigning at Alba Longa. **6** Frātrem enim suum rēgnō iam expulerat omnēsque frātris fīliōs interfēcerat; Rheae tamen Silviae pepercerat. For he had already driven his brother from the throne and killed all his brother's sons; Rhea Silvia, however, he had spared. **7** Tandem hōs etiam īnfantēs necāre cōnstituit; itaque in Tiberim fluvium servōs cōnicere eōs iussit. At last he decided to kill these babies too; and so he ordered slaves to throw them into the river Tiber. **8** Forte Tiberis super rīpās aquam effūderat et agrōs, quī circā erant, inundāverat; neque adīre servī ad iūstum fluviī cursum poterant. As it happened the Tiber had poured its water over its banks and flooded the fields round about; and the slaves could not get to the river's proper channel. **9** Itaque in stāgnō parvum alveum, in qua īnfantēs iacēbant, relīquērunt. So they left the little basket in which the babies lay in a pool. **10** Postquam aqua iterum cōnsēdit, lupa sitiēns, quae ad flūmen dēscendēbat, vāgītūs puerōrum audiit. After the water had subsided again, a thirsty she-wolf, which was coming down to the river, heard the crying of the boys. **11** Multōs diēs eōs nūtrīvit. For many days she suckled them. **12** Tandem pāstor rēgiī gregis geminōs invēnit et uxōrī suae dedit. At last a shepherd of the royal flock found the twins and gave them to his wife. **13** Illa eōs ēducāvit. She brought them up. **14** Ita cōnservātī puerī Rōmam urbem posteā condidērunt. So saved, the boys afterwards founded the city of Rome. **15** Quot quercūs in hortō tuō sunt? How many oaks are there in your garden? **16** Quōcum Titus sedēbat? With whom was Titus sitting? **17** Ubi Amūlius rēgnābat? Where was Amulius reigning? **18** Quem rēgnō expulerat? Whom had he driven from the throne? **19** Quem interfēcerat? Whom had he killed? **20** Cūr Rhea Silvia adhūc vīvēbat? Why was Rhea Silvia still alive? **21** Quōmodo Numitor geminōs necāre cōnstituit? How did Numitor decide to kill the twins? **22** Quid servōs facere iussit? What did he order the slaves to do? **23** Cūr servī id facere nōn poterant? Why could the slaves not do it? **24** Quandō flumen super rīpās aquam effundit? When does a river pour its water over its banks? **25** Sī flūmen aquam super rīpās effūdit, quālēs sunt, agrī? If a river has poured its water over its banks, what are the fields like? **26** Quāndo lupa ad Tiberim dēscendit? When did the she-wolf come down to the Tiber? **27** Quis īnfantēs servāvit? Who saved the babies? **28** Ubi est Rōma? Where is Rome? **29** Quis Rōmam condidit? Who founded Rome? ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XXXIV, §§197-199 §197. A review of the tenses of the indicative active shows the following formation: { PRESENT = First of the principal parts TENSES { IMPERFECT = Present stem + -ba-m OF THE { FUTURE = Present stem + -bō, Conj. I and II INDICATIVE { -a-m, Conj. III and IV { PERFECT = Third of the principal parts { PLUPERFECT = Perfect stem + -era-m { FUTURE PERFECT = Perfect stem + -erō ``` ``` §198. The synopsis of the active voice of amō, as far as we have learned the conjugation, is as follows: PRINCIPAL PARTS amō, amāre, amāvī PRES. STEM amā- { Pres. amō INDIC. { Imperf. amābam { Fut. amābō PRES. IMV. amā PRES. INFIN. amāre PERF. STEM amāv- { Perf. amāvī INDIC. { Pluperf. amāveram { Fut. perf. amāverō PERF. INFIN. amāvisse 1. Learn to write in the same form and to give rapidly the principal parts and synopsis of parō, dō, laudō, dēleō, habeō, moveō, pāreō, videō, dīcō, discēdō, dūcō, mittō, capiō, muniō, veniō.[1] [1] Learn to give synopses rapidly, and not only in the first person singular but in any person of either number. ``` ``` §199. Learn the following principal parts:[2] [2] These are all verbs that you have had before, and the perfect is the only new form to be learned. PRES. INDIC. PRES. INFIN. PERF. INDIC. IRREGULAR VERBS sum esse fuī be ab´sum abes´se ā´fuī be away dō dare dedī give CONJUGATION II contineō continēre continuī hold in, keep doceō docēre docuī teach egeō egēre eguī need faveō favēre fāvī favor iubeō iubēre iussī order noceō nocēre nocuī injure persuādeō persuādēre persuāsī persuade respondeō respondēre respondī reply sedeō sedēre sēdī sit studeō studēre studuī be eager CONJUGATION III agō agere ēgī drive crēdō crēdere crēdidī believe fugiō fugere fūgī flee iaciō iacere iēcī hurl interficiō interficere interfēcī kill rapiō rapere rapuī seize resis´tō resis´tere re´stitī resist CONJUGATION IV repe´riō reperī´re rep´perī find ``` | word | gloss | |---|---| | Nūtrīx | nurse | | īnfante | infant | | vetere | old, aged, from vetus | | quercū | oak, oak-tree, from quercus | | sōdēs | if you do not mind | | hērōibus | hero, from heros | | Rōmulus | of | | geminī | twins | | crūdēlis | cruel, bloodthirsty | | Amūlius | basin | | rēgnābat | reign, rule, from regno | | rēgnō | reign, sovereignty, from regnum | | pepercerat | forbear, refrain from, from parco | | necāre | kill, from neco | | iussit | order, command, from jubeo | | effūderat | pour out, from effundo | | circā | traverse, from circo | | inundāverat | overflow, inundate, from inundo | | iūstum | justice, from justa | | cursum | course, from cursus | | stāgnō | alloy of sliver and lead, from stagnum | | alveum | cavity, hollow, from alveus | | relīquērunt | leave, abandon, from relinquo | | lupa | she-wolf | | sitiēns | be thirsty, from sitio | | vāgītūs | crying | | nūtrīvit | suckle. breast feed, from nutrio | | rēgiī | royal, of a king, from regius | | ēducāvit | bring up, from educo | | cōnservātī | keep safe, save, from conservo | | posteā | afterwards | | condidērunt | put, from condo | | Silvia | wood, forest | ## Vōx Passīva: Tempus Praesēns, the passive voice, present tense ### Fossa receives the action Fossa circum tōta castra foditur means "A ditch is dug around the whole camp." Fossa is the subject of foditur, so the ditch receives the action. Foditur is passive. ### Passive endings mark person and number Foditur ends in -tur. Dīviduntur and pōnuntur end in -ntur. Both passive endings mark third person. -tur is singular, and -ntur is plural. The table sets all six passive endings beside their person and number. ### Passive Personal Endings **30** Diē quōdam Mārcus ē cubīlī modo surrēxerat, cum castra ūltrā fluvium in clīvō posita cōnspexit. One day Marcus had just risen from bed when he caught sight of a camp pitched on the hill beyond the river. **31** Tum 'Quae sunt ista tabernācula?' inquit; 'herī ibi nōn erant antequam dormītum īvī.' Pater illī respondit: 'Castra sunt, ubi exercitus Rōmānus noctū dormit, cum bellum gerit.' Dum prandium igitur edunt, tālibus verbīs pater castra explicat. Then he said, 'What are those tents? yesterday they were not there before I went to sleep.' His father answered him: 'It is a camp, where a Roman army sleeps at night when it is waging war.' So while they eat breakfast, his father explains the camp in words like these. **32** 'Cum āgmen Rōmānum iter facit, vesperī tribūnus lēctīs cum mīlitibus castra pōnendī causā praemittitur. 'When a Roman column is on the march, in the evening a tribune with picked soldiers is sent ahead for the sake of pitching camp. **33** Locus ab eō capitur, prope quem aqua cibusque facile invenīrī possunt. A place is chosen by him near which water and food can easily be found. **34** Statim tribūnus vēxillum ērigit et quadrātum spatium sīgnat, quod sociī mūnire incipiunt. At once the tribune raises a flag and marks out a square space, which the allies begin to fortify. **35** Fossa circum tōta castra foditur, ex quā terra vāllum struendī causā cumulātur. A ditch is dug around the whole camp, from which earth is heaped up for the sake of building the rampart. **36** In vāllō quattuor portae fīunt. In the rampart four gates are made. **37** Intereā ab aliīs mīlitibus media castra in variās partēs viīs dīviduntur et in propriīs locīs tabernācula pōnuntur. Meanwhile by other soldiers the middle of the camp is divided by streets into various parts, and the tents are pitched in their proper places. **38** Sēparātim praetōrium, quod imperātōris tabernāculum est, exstruitur; quae omnia summā celeritāte fīunt, quod haud procul āgmen fessum appropinquat.' Separately the praetorium, which is the general's tent, is built; all of which is done with the greatest speed, because not far off the tired column is approaching.' **39** Sententiam scrībō. I write a sentence. **40** Cibum edimus. We eat food. **41** Castra pōnimus. We pitch camp. **42** Tribūnum praemittō. I send a tribune ahead. **43** Duōs tribūnōs praemittō. I send two tribunes ahead. **44** Terram cumulāmus. We heap up earth. **45** In vāllō quattuor portās facimus. We make four gates in the rampart. **46** Castra in variās partēs dīvidimus. We divide the camp into various parts. **47** Praetōrium exstruimus. We build the praetorium. **48** Fossam fodimus. We dig a ditch. **49** Vōs doceō. I teach you. **50** Mē audītis. You hear me. **51** Nōs docēs. You teach us. **52** Tē audīmus. We hear you. **53** Tē interrogō. I question you. **54** Agricola agrum colit. The farmer tills the field. **55** Gubernātor nāvem gubernat. The helmsman steers the ship. **56** Ego vōs doceō. I teach you. **57** Pāstor ovēs pāscit. The shepherd pastures the sheep. **58** Magister nōs interrogat. The master questions us. **59** Puer iānuam aperit. The boy opens the door. **60** Mīlitēs imperātor dūcit. The general leads the soldiers. **61** Caesar Britannōs vincit. Caesar conquers the Britons. **62** Horātius pontem dēfendit. Horatius defends the bridge. **63** Sagittārius sagittam mittit. The archer shoots an arrow. **64** Sociī castra mūniunt. The allies fortify the camp. **65** Mīles aquam invenīre potest. A soldier can find water. **66** Mārcus castra cōnspicit. Marcus catches sight of the camp. **67** Mea verba audīs. You hear my words. **68** Nōs docēs et interrogās. You teach and question us. ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XXVII, §§163-166 §163. The Voices. Thus far the verb forms have been in the active voice; that is, they have represented the subject as performing an action; as, The lion ---> killed ---> the hunter A verb is said to be in the passive voice when it represents its subject as receiving an action; as, The lion <--- was killed <--- by the hunter Note the direction of the arrows. ``` ``` §164. Passive Personal Endings. In the passive voice we use a different set of personal endings. They are as follows: SINGULAR PLURAL 1. -r, I 1. -mur, we 2. -ris, -re, you 2. -minī, you 3. -tur, he, she, it 3. -ntur, they a. Observe that the letter -r appears somewhere in all but one of the endings. This is sometimes called the passive sign. ``` ``` §165. PARADIGMS amō, amāre monēo, monēre PRES. STEM amā- PRES. STEM monē- PRESENT INDICATIVE PERSONAL ENDINGS SINGULAR a´mor, I am loved mo´neor, I am advised -or[1] amā´ris or amā´re, monē´ris or monē´re. -ris or -re you are loved you are advised amā´tur, he is loved monē´tur, he is advised -tur [1] In the present the personal ending of the first person singular is -or. PLURAL amā´mur, we are loved monē´mur, we are advised -mur amā´minī, you are loved monē´minī, you are advised -mini aman´tur, they are loved monen´tur, they are advised -ntur IMPERFECT INDICATIVE (TENSE SIGN -bā-) SINGULAR amā´bar, monē´bar, -r I was being loved I was being advised amābā´ris or amābā´re, monēbā´ris or monēbā´re -ris or -re you were being loved you were being advised amābā´tur, monēbā´tur, -tur he was being loved he was being advised PLURAL amābā´mur, monēbā´mur, -mur we were being loved we were being advised amābā´minī, monēbā´minī, -minī you were being loved you were being advised amāban´tur, monēban´tur, -ntur they were being loved they were being advised FUTURE (TENSE SIGN -bi-) SINGULAR amā´bor, monē´bor, -r I shall be loved I shall be advised amā´beris, or amā´bere monē´beris or monē´bere, -ris or -re you will be loved you will be advised amā´bitur, monē´bitur, -tur he will be loved he will be advised PLURAL amā´bimur, monē´bimur, -mur we shall be loved we shall be advised amābi´minī, monēbi´minī, -minī you will be loved you will be advised amābun´tur, monēbun´tur, -ntur they will be loved they will be advised 1. The tense sign and the personal endings are added as in the active. 2. In the future the tense sign -bi- appears as -bo- in the first person, -be- in the second, singular number, and as -bu- in the third person plural. 3. Inflect laudō, necō, portō, moveō, dēleō, iubeō, in the present, imperfect, and future indicative, active and passive. ``` ``` §166. Intransitive verbs, such as mātūrō, I hasten; habitō, I dwell, do not have a passive voice with a personal subject. ``` | word | gloss | |---|---| | cubīlī | bed, couch, from cubile | | cōnspexit | observe, from conspicio | | tribūnus | tribune | | praemittitur | send ahead or forward, from praemitto | | vēxillum | flag, banner | | spatium | room, space | | sīgnat | mark, stamp, from signo | | mūnire | fortify, from munio | | struendī | build, construct, from struo | | cumulātur | heap, gather into a pile, from cumulo | | variās | different, from varius | | dīviduntur | divide, from divido | | propriīs | own, very own, from proprius | | Sēparātim | apart, separately | | praetōrium | prætorium | | exstruitur | build up, erect, from exstruo | | fessum | tired, wearied, from fessus | | vincit | bind, tie, from vincio | | Sagittārius | armed with bow | ## Vōx Passīva: Praesēns et Futūrum, the passive, present and future ### The present takes passive endings Impedīmenta et spolia cumulantur means "The baggage and spoils are heaped up." Cumulant is active. The passive cumulantur replaces its active ending with -ntur. ### The future keeps its tense sign Ā vigilibus cernentur means "They will be seen by the sentries." The -e- marks the future, as it does in active verbs. The passive ending -ntur follows it. **69** Āgmen castra intrat. The column enters the camp. **70** Impedīmenta et spolia in spatiō, quod inter vāllum et tabernācula est, cumulantur; ibi etiam equī pecudēsque pāscuntur. The baggage and spoils are heaped up in the space between the rampart and the tents; there too the horses and cattle are pastured. **71** Deinde legiōnēs ad suam quaeque castrōrum partem dīmittuntur. Then the legions are sent off each to its own part of the camp. **72** Cēna statim parātur; arma et tēla repōnuntur; mīlitēs edunt et bibunt. Dinner is prepared at once; armour and weapons are put away; the soldiers eat and drink. **73** Post cēnam vigilēs per tōtum vāllum dispōnuntur; itaque omne perīculum āvertitur; nam hostēs, sī ad vāllum silentiō adībunt aut explōrandī aut expūgnandī causā, ā vigilibus cernentur; hī extemplō exclāmābunt et sīgnum tubā dabunt; omnēs statim ex somnō excitābuntur hostēs repellendī causā. After dinner sentries are posted along the whole rampart; and so all danger is averted; for if the enemy come up to the rampart in silence either to reconnoitre or to storm it, they will be seen by the sentries; these will at once cry out and give the signal with a trumpet; everyone will at once be roused from sleep for the sake of driving back the enemy. **74** Dum vigilēs castra cūstōdiunt, legiōnēs tūtae sēcūraeque dormiunt. While the sentries guard the camp, the legions sleep safe and untroubled. **75** Mīlitēs impedīmenta in castrīs cumulant. The soldiers heap up the baggage in the camp. **76** Pāstōrēs pecudēs pāscunt. The shepherds pasture the cattle. **77** Equōs nostrōs pāscimus. We pasture our horses. **78** Hunc equum pāscimus. We pasture this horse. **79** Servī cēnam parant. The slaves prepare dinner. **80** Vigilēs castra cūstōdiunt. The sentries guard the camp. **81** Vigilēs urbem cūstōdiunt. The sentries guard the city. **82** Hannibal Hibērum flūmen trānsit. Hannibal crosses the river Ebro. **83** Hannibal Alpēs trānsit. Hannibal crosses the Alps. **84** Peditēs elephantōs trāns viam ruptam trahunt. The foot-soldiers drag the elephants across the broken road. **85** Vigil hostēs cernit. The sentry sees the enemy. **86** Vigilēs hostem cernunt. The sentries see the enemy. **87** Fessī arma repōnimus. Tired, we put away our arms. **88** Magister vōs interrogat. The master questions you. **89** Magister vōs audit. The master hears you. **90** Quō īnstrūmentō sīgnum in castrīs datur? With what instrument is the signal given in camp? **91** Quō īnstrūmentō pēnsum scrībitur? With what instrument is an exercise written? **92** Quō īnstrūmentō Horātius ē flūmine trahitur? With what instrument is Horatius pulled from the river? **93** Quō īnstrūmentō malus discipulus ferītur? With what instrument is a bad pupil beaten? **94** Quō tēlō hostis occīditur? With what weapon is an enemy killed? **95** Quibus tēlīs hostēs occīdī possunt? With what weapons can enemies be killed? **96** Quō vehiculō nautae vehuntur? In what vehicle are sailors carried? **97** Quō vehiculō agricola vehitur? In what vehicle is a farmer carried? **98** Quō vehiculō eques vehitur? On what is a horseman carried? **99** Quō instrūmentō sententia in tabulā scrībitur? With what instrument is a sentence written on the blackboard? ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XXVIII, §169 §169. Review the present, imperfect, and future indicative active of regō and audiō, and learn the passive of the same tenses (§§490, 491). a. Observe that the tense signs of the imperfect and future are the same as in the active voice, and that the passive personal endings (§164) are added instead of the active ones. b. Note the slight irregularity in the second person singular present of the third conjugation. There the final -e- of the stem is not changed to -i-, as it is in the active. We therefore have re´geris or re´gere, not re´giris, re´gire. c. Inflect agō, dīcō, dūcō, mūniō, reperiō, in the present, imperfect, and future indicative, active and passive. ``` | word | gloss | |---|---| | Impedīmenta | hindrance, from impedimentum | | spolia | spoils, booty, from spolium | | repōnuntur | put back, from repono | | bibunt | drink, from bibo | | vigilēs | awake, wakeful, from vigil | | dispōnuntur | dispose, place here and there, from dispono | | āvertitur | turn away from, divert, from averto | | silentiō | silence, from silentium | | explōrandī | search out, explore, from exploro | | expūgnandī | assault, storm, from expugno | | cernentur | sift, separate, from cerno | | extemplō | immediately, forthwith | | tubā | trumpet | | excitābuntur | wake up, stir up, from excito | | repellendī | drive, from repello | | cūstōdiunt | guard, watch over, from custodio | | vehiculō | carriage, vehicle, from vehiculum | ## Vōx Passīva: Tempus Futūrum, the passive, future tense ### Future signs with passive endings Castra extemplō movēbuntur. Arma ab omnibus parābuntur. Aciēs īnstruētur. Camp will be struck at once. Arms will be prepared by everyone. The battle line will be drawn up. Movēbuntur and parābuntur take the plural passive ending -ntur. Īnstruētur takes the singular ending -tur. The future tense signs remain the same as in active forms. ### The ending agrees with the subject Hī enim Rōmam auferentur, ubi vendentur. Pecūnia vōbīs mīlitibusque distribuētur. These will be carried to Rome and sold. The money will be shared among you and the soldiers. Auferentur and vendentur use -ntur with plural hī. Distribuētur uses -tur with singular pecūnia. Each verb combines a future tense sign with the passive ending required by its subject. **100** Māne tribūnī centuriōnēsque extrā praetōrium convocantur. In the morning the tribunes and centurions are called together outside the praetorium. **101** Illīs dux iussa dat et tālia verba dīcit. The leader gives them orders and speaks words like these. **102** 'Castra extemplō movēbuntur; arma ab omnibus parābuntur; aciēs īnstruētur. 'Camp will be struck at once; arms will be got ready by everyone; the battle line will be drawn up. **103** Nam hostēs iam in cōnspectū sunt; nostrum impetum, ut crēdō, nōn manēbunt, sed ipsī priōrēs nōs oppūgnābunt. For the enemy are already in sight; they will not, I believe, wait for our attack, but will themselves attack us first. **104** Sī prīmō ab hostibus repellēminī, nōlīte dēspērāre. If at first you are driven back by the enemy, do not despair. **105** Sī enim fortēs eritis et quam ācerrimē pūgnābitis, hostēs tandem ā vōbīs fugābuntur. For if you are brave and fight as fiercely as you can, the enemy will at last be put to flight by you. **106** Eōs quī se dēdere nōlent occīdite; sed captīvōs nōlīte occīdere. Those who will not surrender, kill; but do not kill the captives. **107** Hī enim Rōmam auferentur, ubi vendentur; et pecūnia vōbīs mīlitibusque distribuētur. For these will be carried off to Rome, where they will be sold; and the money will be shared out among you and the soldiers. **108** Haec iussa, Ō tribūnī centuriōnēsque, extemplō mīlitibus nūntiāte.' These orders, tribunes and centurions, announce at once to the soldiers.' ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XXIX, §§172-175 §172. Review the active voice of capiō, present, imperfect, and future, and learn the passive of the same tenses (§492). a. The present forms capior and capiuntur are like audior, audiuntur, and the rest of the tense is like regor. b. In like manner inflect the passive of iaciō and rapiō. ``` ``` §173. The Infinitive. The infinitive mood gives the general meaning of the verb without person or number; as, amāre, to love. Infinitive means unlimited. The forms of the other moods, being limited by person and number, are called the finite, or limited, verb forms. ``` ``` §174. The forms of the Present Infinitive, active and passive, are as follows: CONJ. PRES. PRES. INFINITIVE PRES. INFINITIVE STEM ACTIVE PASSIVE I. amā- amā´re, amā´rī, to love to be loved II. monē- monē´re, monē´rī, to advise to be advised III. rege- re´gere, re´gī, to rule to be ruled cape- ca´pere ca´pī, to take to be taken IV. audī- audī´re, audīrī, to hear to be heard 1. Observe that to form the present active infinitive we add -re to the present stem. a. The present infinitive of sum is esse. There is no passive. 2. Observe that the present passive infinitive is formed from the active by changing final -e to -ī, except in the third conjugation, which changes final -ere to -ī. 3. Give the active and passive present infinitives of doceō, sedeō, volō, cūrō, mittō, dūcō, mūniō, reperiō, iaciō, rapiō. ``` ``` §175. The forms of the Present Imperative, active and passive, are as follows: ACTIVE[1] PASSIVE CONJ. SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL I. a´mā amā´te amā´re, amā´minī, be thou loved be ye loved II. mo´nē monē´te monē´re, monē´minī, be thou advised be ye advised III. re´ge re´gite re´gere, regi´minī, be thou ruled be ye ruled ca´pe ca´pite ca´pere, capi´minī, be thou taken be ye taken IV. au´dī audī´te audī´re, audī´minī, be thou heard be ye heard [1] For the sake of comparison the active is repeated from §161. 1. Observe that the second person singular of the present passive imperative is like the present active infinitive, and that both singular and plural are like the second person singular[2] and plural, respectively, of the present passive indicative. [2] That is, using the personal ending -re. A form like amāre may be either indicative, infinitive, or imperative. 2. Give the present imperative, both active and passive, of the verbs in §174.3. ``` | word | gloss | |---|---| | movēbuntur | move, stir, from moveo | | aciēs | line of battle | | cōnspectū | view, sight, from conspectus | | impetum | attack, from impetus | | crēdō | trust, believe | | priōrēs | former, from prior | | dēspērāre | despair, from despero | | ācerrimē | sharp, keen, from acer | | dēdere | surrender, give up, from dedo | | vendentur | sell, from vendo | | distribuētur | divide, distribute, from distribuo | | nūntiāte | report, announce, from nuntio | ## Vōx Passīva: Tempora Praeterita, the passive, past tenses ### The form of sum marks the tense Plēraeque Gallōrum gentēs ā Iūliō Caesare victae erant. This means, Most of the tribes of the Gauls had been conquered by Julius Caesar. Victae erant is pluperfect passive. It combines the perfect passive participle victae with the imperfect erant. Fugātus est is perfect passive. It combines fugātus with the present est. A synopsis sets corresponding tenses of one verb together. ### The fourth principal part is a participle The fourth principal part is the perfect passive participle. Every perfect passive tense uses a form of it. The perfect passive participle table gives this principal part for five regular verbs. ### Perf. pass. part. ### The participle agrees with the subject In victae erant, victae is feminine plural because gentēs is feminine plural. In fugātus est, fugātus is masculine singular because its subject, quī, refers to Vercingetorīx. In a perfect passive tense, the participle agrees with the subject as a predicate adjective. ### Two words form the perfect passive Castra extrā moenia ā Rōmanīs posita sunt means "A camp was pitched by the Romans outside the walls." Posita is the perfect passive participle. Sunt is a present form of sum. Together they form the perfect passive. ### The participle changes with the subject Quōrum multī quidem extemplō occīsī sunt means "Many of them indeed were killed at once." Neuter plural castra takes posita. Masculine plural multī takes occīsī. Each participle agrees with its subject. The perfect passive combines that agreeing participle with a present form of sum. **109** Mārcus dē proeliīs et victōriīs multa libenter audiēbat. Marcus gladly listened to many things about battles and victories. **110** Praecipuē Caesaris dē victōriīs audīre semper volēbat. Especially he always wanted to hear about Caesar's victories. **111** Pater enim ēius, Caesare duce, contrā Gallōs Britannōsque pūgnāverat; multa igitur dē bellō Gallicō Mārcō nārrāre poterat. For his father had fought under Caesar's command against the Gauls and Britons; so he could tell Marcus many things about the Gallic war. **112** Cornēlius ōlim Mārcō 'Hodiē,' inquit, 'dē obsidiōne Alesiae tibi nārrābō.' Once Cornelius said to Marcus, 'Today I shall tell you about the siege of Alesia.' **113** Cuī Mārcus 'Sorōribusne etiam,' inquit, 'hanc historiam audīre licet?' Postquam sorōrēs convocātae sunt, pater līberīs haec nārrāre incēpit: Marcus said to him, 'May my sisters hear this story too?' After the sisters had been called, the father began to tell the children this: **114** 'Plēraeque Gallōrum gentēs ā Iūliō Caesare victae erant; ūna tamen gēns, cuī nōmen erat Arvernī, diū Rōmānīs resistēbat. 'Most of the tribes of the Gauls had been conquered by Julius Caesar; one tribe, however, whose name was the Arverni, long resisted the Romans. **115** Rēgulus eōrum erat Vercingetorīx, dux summā fortitūdine, quī multīs proeliīs dēfessus tandem intrā moenia Alesiae fugātus est. Their chieftain was Vercingetorix, a leader of the highest courage, who, worn out by many battles, was at last driven in flight within the walls of Alesia. **116** Dum autem Caesar contrā oppidum omnibus cum cōpiīs tendit, moenia ā Gallīs fīrmābantur. But while Caesar was marching against the town with all his forces, the walls were being strengthened by the Gauls. **117** Mox Caesar advēnit et, quia nōn statim oppidum capī poterat, cōnsilia ad obsidendum vertit.' Soon Caesar arrived and, because the town could not be taken at once, turned his plans to a siege.' **118** Vercingetorīx Arvernōs dūcēbat. Vercingetorix was leading the Arverni. **119** Iūlius Caesar hanc gentem vīcit. (iū) Rōmānī Gallōs fugāvērunt. Julius Caesar conquered this tribe. (iii) The Romans put the Gauls to flight. **120** Arvernī moenia Alesiae firmābant. The Arverni were strengthening the walls of Alesia. **121** Caesar Alesiam obsidēbat. Caesar was besieging Alesia. **122** Rōmānī Alesiam obsēdērunt. The Romans besieged Alesia. **123** Ego vōs herī docēbam. I was teaching you yesterday. **124** Obsessī arma parāvērunt. The besieged got their arms ready. **125** Vōs sententiās octō scrīpsistis. You wrote eight sentences. **126** Caesar castra prope Alesiam posuit. Caesar pitched camp near Alesia. **127** Quam fābulam herī vōbīs nārrābam? What story was I telling you yesterday? **128** Quot fābulās iam vōbīs nārrāvī? How many stories have I already told you? **129** Dux tribūnōs centuriōnēsque convocāvit. The leader called the tribunes and centurions together. **130** Dux eīs iussa dedit. The leader gave them orders. **131** Tribūnī iussa mīlitibus nūntiāvērunt. The tribunes announced the orders to the soldiers. **132** Caesar, ut dīxī, Alesiam oppidum obsidēre cōnstituit. Caesar, as I said, decided to besiege the town of Alesia. **133** Castra extrā moenia ā Rōmanīs posita sunt, et oppidum exteriōre mūrō cīnctum est; unde Caesar cottīdiē moenia oppūgnābat, sed neque impetū capere neque tormentīs dēicere poterat. A camp was pitched by the Romans outside the walls, and the town was surrounded by an outer wall; from there Caesar attacked the walls every day, but could neither take them by assault nor bring them down with engines. **134** Itaque obsidiō multōs mēnsēs prōdūcēbātur: tandem autem obsessī cibō aquāque carēbant. And so the siege was drawn out for many months: but at last the besieged were without food and water. **135** Omnēs in forum convocātī sunt. Everyone was called together into the forum. **136** Tum quīdam ē prīncipibus Gallōrum hoc cōnsilium dedit: 'Nūllum cibum habēmus; cibō nōbis opus est vīvendī causā; īnfantēs nostrōs edere nōs oportet.' Vercingetorīx tamen Gallōs hoc facere vetuit. Then one of the chiefs of the Gauls gave this advice: 'We have no food; we need food for the sake of living; we must eat our babies.' Vercingetorix, however, forbade the Gauls to do this. **137** Tum prīncipēs sē Rōmānīs dēdere cōnstituērunt. Then the chiefs decided to surrender to the Romans. **138** Eī, quī vī et armīs capī nōn poterant, famē tandem victī sunt. Those who could not be taken by force of arms were at last conquered by hunger. **139** Vercingetorīx Gallīque Caesarī sē dēdidērunt. Vercingetorix and the Gauls surrendered to Caesar. **140** Quōrum multī quidem extemplō occīsī sunt; cēterī—fortissimus quisque, validissimus quisque, pulcherrimus quisque—cum ipsō Vercingetorige in vincula coniectī sunt. Many of them indeed were killed at once; the rest, all the bravest, all the strongest, all the handsomest, were thrown into chains together with Vercingetorix himself. **141** Proximō annō Rōmam addūctī sunt. The next year they were brought to Rome. **142** Ibi Caesar eōs in triumphō dūxit. There Caesar led them in triumph. **143** Rōmānī castra extrā moenia posuērunt. The Romans pitched camp outside the walls. **144** Rōmānī oppidum exteriōre mūrō cīnxērunt. The Romans surrounded the town with an outer wall. **145** Caesar Alesiam capere nōn poterat. Caesar could not take Alesia. **146** Rōmānī moenia dēicere nōn poterant. The Romans could not bring down the walls. **147** Obsidiōnem multōs mēnsēs Gallī prōdūcēbant. The Gauls drew out the siege for many months. **148** Multōs Gallōs occīdimus. We killed many Gauls. **149** Cēterōs in vincula coniēcimus. We threw the rest into chains. **150** Hōs tandem Rōmam attulimus. These we at last brought to Rome. **151** Caesar Vercingetorigem per triumphum dūxit. Caesar led Vercingetorix in triumph. **152** Dux hominēs fēmināsque in forum convocāvit. The leader called the men and women together into the forum. ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson XXXV, §§201-206 §201. The fourth and last of the principal parts (§183) is the perfect passive participle. From it we get the participial stem on which are formed the future active infinitive and all the passive perfects. 1. Learn the following principal parts, which are for the first time given in full: CONJ. PRES. INDIC. PRES. INFIN. PERF. INDIC. PERF. PASS. PART. I. amō amā´-re amā´v-ī amā´t-us This is the model for all regular verbs of the first conjugation. II. mo´neō monē´-re mo´nu-ī mo´nit-us III. regō re´ge-re rēx-ī rēct-us ca´piō ca´pe-re cēp-ī capt-us IV. au´diō audī´-re audī´v-ī audī´t-us 2. The base of the participial stem is found by dropping -us from the perfect passive participle. ``` ``` §202. In English the perfect, past perfect, and future perfect tenses of the indicative passive are made up of forms of the auxiliary verb to be and the past participle; as, I have been loved, I had been loved, I shall have been loved. Very similarly, in Latin, the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect passive tenses use respectively the present, imperfect, and future of sum as an auxiliary verb with the perfect passive participle, as Perfect passive, amā´tus sum, I have been or was loved Pluperfect passive, amā´tus eram, I had been loved Future perfect passive, amā´tus erō, I shall have been loved 1. In the same way give the synopsis of the corresponding tenses of moneō, regō, capiō, and audiō, and give the English meanings. ``` ``` §203. Nature of the Participle. A participle is partly verb and partly adjective. As a verb it possesses tense and voice. As an adjective it is declined and agrees with the word it modifies in gender, number, and case. ``` ``` §204. The perfect passive participle is declined like bonus, bona, bonum, and in the compound tenses (§202) it agrees as a predicate adjective with the subject of the verb. EXAMPLES IN SINGULAR Vir laudātus est, the man was praised, or has been praised Puella laudāta est, the girl was praised, or has been praised Cōnsilium laudātum est, the plan was praised, or has been praised EXAMPLES IN PLURAL Virī laudātī sunt, the men were praised, or have been praised Puellae laudātae sunt, the girls were praised, or have been praised Cōnsilia laudāta sunt, the plans were praised, or have been praised 1. Inflect the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect indicative passive of amō, moneō, regō, capiō, and audiō (§§488-492). ``` ``` §205. The perfect passive infinitive is formed by adding esse, the present infinitive of sum, to the perfect passive participle; as, amā´t-us (-a, -um) esse, to have been loved; mo´nit-us (-a, -um) esse, to have been advised. 1. Form the perfect passive infinitive of regō, capiō, audiō, and give the English meanings. ``` ``` §206. The future active infinitive is formed by adding esse, the present infinitive of sum, to the future active participle. This participle is made by adding -ūrus, -a, -um to the base of the participial stem. Thus the future active infinitive of amō is amat-ū´rus (-a, -um) esse, to be about to love. a. Note that in forming the three tenses of the active infinitive we use all three conjugation stems: Present, amāre (present stem), to love Perfect, amāvisse (perfect stem), to have loved Future, amātūrus esse (participial stem), to be about to love 1. Give the three tenses of the active infinitive of laudō, moneō, regō, capiō, audiō, with the English meanings. ``` | word | gloss | |---|---| | Praecipuē | before, in front of, from praecipuus | | obsidiōne | siege, from obsidio | | Alesiae | bird, from Alesia | | historiam | history, from historia | | līberīs | children, from liberi | | fortitūdine | strength, courage, from fortitudo | | dēfessus | become exhausted, grow weary, from defetiscor | | fugātus | put to flight, rout, from fugo | | cōpiīs | plenty, abundance, from copia | | tendit | stretch, from tendo | | fīrmābantur | strengthen, harden, from firmo | | obsidendum | blockade, besiege, from obsideo | | exteriōre | outer, from exter | | tormentīs | engine of war, from tormentum | | dēicere | throw, from deicio | | mēnsēs | month, from mensis | | prōdūcēbātur | lead forward, bring out, from produco | | carēbant | be without, from careo | | prīncipibus | chief, from princeps | | vetuit | forbid, from veto | | famē | hunger, from fames | | quisque—cum | each, each one | | vincula | chain, bond, from vinculum | | addūctī | lead up, from adduco | | triumphō | triumph, victory parade, from triumphus | | attulimus | bring, from attulo | | fēmināsque | woman, from femina | ## Participium Perfectum Passīvum, the perfect passive participle ### The decorating comes first In templīs apertīs ārae flōribus ōrnātae fūmābant means, "In the open temples the altars, decorated with flowers, were smoking." The altars receive the decorating before they smoke. The perfect passive participle ōrnātae presents that earlier action. ### The participle agrees with its noun Ōrnātae agrees with feminine plural ārae. The triumphal procession has plaustra onerāta, cornibus aurātīs, Vercingetorīx vinctus, and Caesar vestītus et corōnātus. Each perfect passive participle agrees with its noun and presents that noun as having received an earlier action. **153** Caesar victor cum Gallīs captīvīs Rōmam redierat, et Cornēlius in āgmine erat. Caesar had returned to Rome in victory with the Gallic captives, and Cornelius was in the column. **154** Īnstitūtō igitur diē Semprōnia tōtam familiam spectandī causā sēcum dūxit et inter cīvēs fēstīs vestibus indūtōs prope forum sē posuit. So on the appointed day Sempronia took the whole family with her to watch and placed herself near the forum among the citizens dressed in holiday clothes. **155** In templīs apertīs ārae flōribus ōrnātae fūmābant. In the open temples the altars, decorated with flowers, were smoking. **156** Iam Titus 'Equōs,' inquit, 'nōn videō. Now Titus says, 'I don't see the horses. **157** Ubi est pater, ubi Caesar? Where is father, where is Caesar? **158** Cuī māter respondet: 'Caesar ōrātiōnem apud mīlitēs extrā urbem convocātōs habet; virtūtem eōrum laudat; spolia distribuit; mox autem currum ascendet et per portam Triumphālem urbem intrābit. His mother answers him: 'Caesar is making a speech to the soldiers assembled outside the city; he praises their courage; he shares out the spoils; but soon he will mount his chariot and enter the city through the Triumphal Gate. **159** Tum et Caesarem et patrem tuum vidēbis.' Subitō ūniversī clāmōrem tollunt; triumphus enim adest. Then you will see both Caesar and your father.' Suddenly everyone raises a shout; for the triumph is here. **160** Praeībat senātus quī Caesarem salūtandī causā convēnerat; deinde plaustra erant optimīs spoliīs onerāta; tum albī taurī aurātīs cornibus ā sacerdōtibus ad sacrificium dūcēbantur; post eōs ībat inter aliōs captīvōs Vercingetorīx, vir superbus, vinculīs vinctus; tum Caesar ipse, togā pīctā vestītus et laurō corōnātus, currū splendidō, quem quattuor equī trahēbant, vehēbātur; dēnique, novissimum āgmen, equitēs peditēsque clāmitābant 'Iō, triumphe!' et māgnā vōce cantābant; neque Cornēlius vōcem īnfantis, quī 'Pater!' iterābat, parvam inter illōs clāmōrēs audīre poterat. In front went the senate, which had assembled to greet Caesar; then came wagons loaded with the finest spoils; then white bulls with gilded horns were led by the priests to the sacrifice; after them, among the other captives, went Vercingetorix, a proud man, bound in chains; then Caesar himself, dressed in the embroidered toga and crowned with laurel, rode in a splendid chariot drawn by four horses; finally, at the rear of the column, cavalry and foot-soldiers kept shouting 'Io, triumph!' and singing with a loud voice; and Cornelius could not hear the small voice of the baby, who kept repeating 'Father!', among those shouts. **161** Postquam autem Caesar ad Capitōlium ascendit, taurī in ārīs caesī et spolia Iovī dēdicāta sunt. But after Caesar went up to the Capitol, the bulls were slaughtered on the altars and the spoils dedicated to Jupiter. **162** Quālia erant templa, plaustra, cornua taurōrum? What were the temples, the wagons, the horns of the bulls like? **163** Quāles erant cīvēs, ārae, taurī? What were the citizens, the altars, the bulls like? **164** Quālis erant Vercingetorīx, Caesar, toga Caesaris, currus Caesaris, vōx Titī, vōx mīlitum? What were Vercingetorix, Caesar, Caesar's toga, Caesar's chariot, Titus's voice, the soldiers' voice like? **165** Quō diē Semprōnia Rōmam īvit? On what day did Sempronia go to Rome? **166** Quem sēcum dūcēbat? Whom was she taking with her? **167** Quō cōnsiliō Rōmam īvit? With what purpose did she go to Rome? **168** Ubi familia Cornēliāna sē posuit? Where did the Cornelian family place themselves? **169** Apud quōs Caesar ōrātiōnem habuit? To whom did Caesar make a speech? **170** Quid Caesar laudābat? Quid distribuēbat? What did Caesar praise? What did he share out? **171** Quō cōnsiliō senātus convēnerat? With what purpose had the senate assembled? **172** Quō taurī dūcēbantur? Where were the bulls being led? **173** A quibus taurī dūcēbantur? By whom were the bulls being led? **174** Quōmodo Caesar ībat? How did Caesar go? **175** Ubi taurī caesī sunt? Where were the bulls slaughtered? **176** Quōmodo pater deōrum vocātur? What is the father of the gods called? **177** Caesar corōnātus est; Caesar currum ascendit. e. g. Caesar corōnātus currum ascendit. Caesar was crowned; Caesar mounted the chariot. e.g. Caesar, crowned, mounted the chariot. **178** Gallī vinctī sunt; Gallī per triumphum dūctī sunt. The Gauls were bound; the Gauls were led in triumph. **179** Gallī obsessī sunt; Gallī oppidum dēfendērunt. The Gauls were besieged; the Gauls defended the town. **180** Vercingetorīx victus est; Vercingetorīx sē Rōmānīs dēdit. Vercingetorix was conquered; Vercingetorix surrendered to the Romans. **181** Mīlitēs convocātī sunt; Mīlitēs Caesaris ōrātiōnem audīvērunt. The soldiers were called together; the soldiers heard Caesar's speech. **182** Caesar mīlitēs convocāvit; Mīlitēs Caesaris ōrātiōnem audīvērunt. Caesar called the soldiers together; the soldiers heard Caesar's speech. **183** Rōmānī Gallōs obsēdērunt; Gallī oppidum dēfendērunt. The Romans besieged the Gauls; the Gauls defended the town. **184** Etruscī Horātium vulnerāvērunt; Horātius in flūmen dēsiluit. The Etruscans wounded Horatius; Horatius leaped into the river. **185** Dux tribūnum praemīsit; Tribūnus castra posuit. The leader sent the tribune ahead; the tribune pitched camp. **186** Caesar Gallōs cēpit; Caesar Gallōs Rōmam dūxit. Caesar captured the Gauls; Caesar led the Gauls to Rome. **187** Caesar Alesiam diū obsedit; Caesar Alesiam tandem cēpit. Caesar besieged Alesia a long time; Caesar at last took Alesia. **188** Pōns frāctus est; Horātius pontem trānsīre nōn potuit. The bridge was broken; Horatius could not cross the bridge. **189** Caesar mīlitēs convocāvit; Caesar mīlitēs laudāvit. Caesar called the soldiers together; Caesar praised the soldiers. **190** Caesar Gallōs cēpit; Caesar cum Gallīs Rōmam rediit. Caesar captured the Gauls; Caesar returned to Rome with the Gauls. **191** Caesar mīlitēs convocāvit; Caesar apud mīlitēs ōrātiōnem habuit. Caesar called the soldiers together; Caesar made a speech to the soldiers. **192** Sacerdōtēs ārās ornāvērunt; Ārae fumābant. The priests decorated the altars; the altars were smoking. **193** Centuriō vulnerātus est; Dux centuriōnī praemium dedit. The centurion was wounded; the leader gave the centurion a reward. **194** Magister iānuam aperuit; Magister cameram intrāvit. The master opened the door; the master entered the room. **195** Puer pēnsum fēcit; Puer dormītum īvit. The boy did his exercise; the boy went to sleep. **196** Mīlitēs arma reposuērunt; Mīlitēs cēnāvērunt. (xxi) Spolia Iovī dēdicāta sunt; Caesar domum rediit. The soldiers put away their arms; the soldiers dined. (xxi) The spoils were dedicated to Jupiter; Caesar returned home. ``` D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LXVI, §§374-377 §374. The Latin verb has the following Participles:[1] [1] Review §203. CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV ACTIVE PRESENT amāns monēns regēns capiēns audiēns FUTURE amātūrus monitūrus rēctūrus captūrus audītūrus PASSIVE PERFECT amātus monitus rēctus captus audītus FUTURE[2] amandus monendus regendus capiendus audiendus CONJ. I CONJ. II ACTIVE PRESENT amāns monēns loving advising FUTURE amātūrus monitūrus about to love about to advise PASSIVE PERFECT amātus monitus loved, having advised, having been advised been loved FUTURE[2] amandus monendus to be loved to be advised CONJ. III CONJ. IV ACTIVE PRESENT regēns capiēns audiēns ruling taking hearing FUTURE rēctūrus captūrus audītūrus about to rule about to take about to hear PASSIVE PERFECT rēctus captus audītus ruled, having taken, having heard, havinh been ruled been taken been heard FUTURE[2] regendus capiendus audiendus to be ruled to be taken to be heard [2] The future passive participle is often called the gerundive. a. The present active and future passive participles are formed from the present stem, and the future active and perfect passive participles are formed from the participial stem. b. The present active participle is formed by adding -ns to the present stem. In -iō verbs of the third conjugation, and in the fourth conjugation, the stem is modified by the addition of -ē-, as capi-ē-ns, audi-ē-ns. It is declined like an adjective of one ending of the third declension. (Cf. §256.) amāns, loving BASE amant- STEM amanti- SINGULAR PLURAL MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. Nom. amāns amāns amantēs amantia Gen. amantis amantis amantium amantium Dat. amantī amantī amantibus amantibus Acc. amantem amāns amantīs amantia or -ēs Abl. amantī amantī amantibus amantibus or -e or -e (1) When used as an adjective the ablative singular ends in -ī; when used as a participle or as a substantive, in -e. (2) In a similar way decline monēns, regēns, capiēns, audiēns. c. The future active participle is formed by adding -ūrus to the base of the participial stem. We have already met this form combined with esse to produce the future active infinitive. (Cf. §206.) d. For the perfect passive participle see §201. The future passive participle or gerundive is formed by adding -ndus to the present stem. e. All participles in -us are declined like bonus. f. Participles agree with nouns or pronouns like adjectives. g. Give all the participles of the following verbs: cūrō, iubeō, sūmō, iaciō, mūniō. ``` ``` §375. Participles of Deponent Verbs. Deponent verbs have the participles of the active voice as well as of the passive; consequently every deponent verb has four participles, as, Pres. Act. hortāns, urging Fut. Act. hortātūrus, about to urge Perf. Pass. (in form) hortātus, having urged Fut. Pass. (Gerundive) hortandus, to be urged a. Observe that the perfect participle of deponent verbs is passive in form but active in meaning. No other verbs have a perfect active participle. On the other hand, the future passive participle of deponent verbs is passive in meaning as in other verbs. b. Give the participles of cōnor, vereor, sequor, patior, partior. ``` ``` §376. Tenses of the Participle. The tenses express time as follows: 1. The present active participle corresponds to the English present active participle in -ing, but can be used only of an action occurring at the same time as the action of the main verb; as, mīlitēs īnsequentēs cēpērunt multōs, the soldiers, while pursuing, captured many. Here the pursuing and the capturing are going on together. 2. The perfect participle (excepting of deponents) is regularly passive and corresponds to the English past participle with or without the auxiliary having been; as, audītus, heard or having been heard. 3. The future active participle, translated about to, etc., denotes time after the action of the main verb. ``` ``` §377. Review §§203, 204, and, note the following model sentences: 1. Mīlitēs currentēs erant dēfessī, the soldiers who were running (lit. running) were weary. 2. Caesar profectūrus Rōmam nōn exspectāvit, Cæsar, when about to set out (lit. about to set out) for Rome, did not wait. 3. Oppidum captum vīdimus, we saw the town which had been captured (lit. captured town). 4. Imperātor trīduum morātus profectus est, the general, since (when, or after) he had delayed (lit. the general, having delayed) three days, set out. 5. Mīlitēs vīctī terga nōn vertērunt, the soldiers, though they were conquered (lit. the soldiers conquered), did not retreat. In each of these sentences the literal translation of the participle is given in parentheses. We note, however, that its proper translation usually requires a clause beginning with some conjunction (when, since, after, though, etc.), or a relative clause. Consider, in each case, what translation will best bring out the thought, and do not, as a rule, translate the participle literally. ``` | word | gloss | |---|---| | victor | victor | | Īnstitūtō | custom, principle, from institutum | | indūtōs | put on, clothe, from induo | | ārae | altar, from ara | | flōribus | flower, blossom, from flos | | ōrnātae | fit out, adorn, from orno | | fūmābant | smoke, from fumo | | ōrātiōnem | speech, oration, from oratio | | virtūtem | manliness, courage, from virtus | | currum | chariot, from currus | | Triumphālem | of celebration of a triumph, from triumphalis | | ūniversī | whole world | | tollunt | lift, raise, from tollo | | Praeībat | go before, precede, from praeeo | | senātus | council of elders, senate | | salūtandī | greet, from saluto | | plaustra | wagon, cart, from plaustrum | | onerāta | load, burden, from onero | | aurātīs | kind of fish, gilthead, from aurata | | cornibus | horn, wing, from cornu | | sacerdōtibus | priest, priestess, from sacerdos | | superbus | proud, haughty | | pīctā | paint, tint, from pingo | | vestītus | clothing | | laurō | monastery, from laurus | | corōnātus | wreathe, crown, from corono | | splendidō | splendid, glittering, from splendidus | | dēnique | finally | | novissimum | rear, those at the rear, from novissima | | clāmitābant | cry out, yell, from clamito | | iterābat | do a second time, from itero | | caesī | cut, from caesum | | Iovī | Jupiter, from Juppiter | | dēdicāta | declare, from dedico | | vulnerāvērunt | wound, from vulnero | | Centuriō | centurion, captain |