# Prīmus et Secundus Annus, Lēctiōnēs 51–56

Prīmus Annus II

GĀIUS QUĪNTŌ S.D.P; GĀIUS QUĪNTŌ S. D. P; Profectiō Mārcī; Reditus Mārcī; Hortus

Source: https://1732studios.com/courses/la/8. Data: https://1732studios.com/courses/la/8.json.

## Cornēlius lītterās scrībit, Cornelius writes a letter

### A few days before

Paucīs ante diēbus means a few days ago.

Ante places the shouting before the letter. The ablative paucīs diēbus gives the difference: a few days.

### The amount of difference

With comparatives and words that imply comparison, the ablative can state the measure of difference.

Ante compares two times. In paucīs ante diēbus, paucīs diēbus measures their difference.

The table gives common ablative measures and the difference each states.

### Ablative of the Measure of Difference

**1** Dōnum, quod nūntius tuus in manum mihi trādidit, māgnō cum gaudiō accipiō.  
The gift which your messenger handed to me I receive with great joy.

**2** Ego et uxor mea multās tibi grātiās agimus.  
My wife and I thank you very much.

**3** Quid Rōmae nūper accidit?  
What has happened lately at Rome?

**4** Quam opīniōnem senātōrēs dē Iūliō Caesare habent? haec cōgnōscere volēbās; tamen Brundisiī omnia tantā celeritāte annūntiantur.  
What opinion do the senators hold of Julius Caesar? These things you wanted to learn; yet at Brundisium everything is reported with such speed.

**5** Quid novī tibi nārrāre possum?  
What news can I tell you?

**6** Iūlius in diēs potentior fit et ā plēbe magis amātur; paucīs enim ante diēbus, dum Albā ad Urbem iter facit, multī exclāmābant 'Salvē, Rēx!'; at Iūlius, homō prūdentissimus, 'Caesar sum,' inquit, 'nōn rēx.' Equidem tamen dē salūte ēius metuō.  
Julius grows more powerful by the day and is loved more by the common people; for a few days ago, while he was travelling from Alba to the City, many cried out 'Hail, King!'; but Julius, a most prudent man, said, 'I am Caesar, not king.' I for my part, however, fear for his safety.

**7** Dum enim fēstō diē senātōriī iuvenēs cursum inter sē Viā Sacrā currunt et ipse ex gradibus templī spectat, māgna multitūdō convēnit; subitō autem Mārcus Antōnius diadēma illī offert; ubīque silentium fit; nēmō plaudit praeter paucōs Iūlī amīcōs.  
For while on a holiday the young men of senatorial rank were running a race against one another along the Sacred Way and he himself was watching from the steps of a temple, a great crowd gathered; but suddenly Mark Antony offered him a diadem; everywhere there was silence; no one applauded except a few of Julius's friends.

**8** Ille diadēma rēiēcit; tum omnēs plausērunt.  
He refused the diadem; then everyone applauded.

**9** Antōnius autem, nōndum contentus, ter diadēma obtulit.  
Antony, however, not yet satisfied, offered the diadem three times.

**10** Gaudeō quod tam stultē ēgit; in invidiam enim Caesarem addūxit.  
I am glad he acted so foolishly; for he has brought Caesar into ill will.

**11** Iam plērīque senātōrēs eum ōdērunt, neque Cassius saltem, ut putō, hanc facultātem agendī praetermittet.  
Already most of the senators hate him, and Cassius at least, I think, will not let this opportunity for action pass.

**12** Caesar tamen sēcūrus mihi esse vidētur.  
Caesar, however, seems to me to be unconcerned.

**13** Hās lītterās Brundisium per eundem nūntium mittō.  
I am sending this letter to Brundisium by the same messenger.

**14** Kalendīs Mārtiīs dedī.  
Dated the Kalends of March.

**15** Valē.  
Farewell.

**16** Postquam Mārcus Antōnius diadēma obtulit, Caesar id rēiēcit.  
After Mark Antony offered the diadem, Caesar refused it.

**17** Postquam Caesar salūtātus est, respondit: 'Nōn rēx sum.'  
After Caesar was hailed, he answered: 'I am not king.'

**18** Postquam tuum nūntium accēpī, eum dīmīsī.  
After I received your messenger, I sent him away.

**19** Postquam tuās lītterās accēpī, Rōmam īvī.  
After I received your letter, I went to Rome.

**20** Postquam Alesiam cēpit, Caesar domum rediit.  
After he took Alesia, Caesar returned home.

```
D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LVI, §§315-317

§315. The following adjectives are irregular in the formation of the superlative and have no positive. Forms rarely used are in parentheses.

COMPARATIVE              SUPERLATIVE
citerior, hither      (citimus, hithermost)
interior, inner       (intimus, inmost)
prior, former          prīmus, first
propior, nearer        proximus, next, nearest
ulterior, further      ultimus, furthest
```

```
§316. In the sentence Galba is a head taller than Sextus, the phrase a head taller expresses the measure of difference in height between Galba and Sextus. The Latin form of expression would be Galba is taller than Sextus by a head. This is clearly an ablative relation, and the construction is called the ablative of the measure of difference.

EXAMPLES

Galba est altior capite quam Sextus
  Galba is a head taller (taller by a head) than Sextus.
Illud iter ad Italiam est multō brevius
  That route to Italy is much shorter (shorter by much)
```

```
§317. RULE. Ablative of the Measure of Difference. With comparatives and words implying comparison the ablative is used to denote the measure of difference.

a. Especially common in this construction are the neuter ablatives

eō, by this, by that           nihilō,[1] by nothing
hōc, by this                   paulō, by a little
multō, by much
[1] nihil was originally nihilum and declined like pīlum. There is no plural.
```

| word | gloss |
|---|---|
| Dōnum | gift, present |
| trādidit | give over, surrender, from trado |
| gaudiō | joy, from gaudium |
| nūper | lately, recently |
| accidit | cut, cut into, from accido |
| opīniōnem | opinion, supposition, from opinio |
| senātōrēs | senator, from senator |
| cōgnōscere | learn, from cognosco |
| potentior | powerful, strong, from potens |
| plēbe | common people, general citizens, from plebs |
| magis | more, in a higher degree |
| salūte | safety, from salus |
| metuō | fear |
| senātōriī | of a senator, senatorial, from senatorius |
| iuvenēs | youth, young man, from juvenis |
| multitūdō | multitude |
| Antōnius | Antony |
| diadēma | diadem |
| offert | hurt, from obfero |
| ubīque | anywhere, everywhere |
| plaudit | clap, strike, from plaudo |
| rēiēcit | throw back, from reicio |
| ter | three times |
| obtulit | offer, from obtulo |
| Gaudeō | be glad, rejoice |
| invidiam | hate, from invidia |
| ōdērunt | hate, from odi |
| putō | think, believe |
| facultātem | means, from facultas |
| praetermittet | let pass, from praetermitto |
| sēcūrus | secure, safe |
| eundem | the same, from idem |
| nūntium | female messenger |
| Kalendīs | Kalends, 1st of month, from Kalendae |
| Valē | be strong, from valeo |

## Alterae dē eādem rē lītterae, a second letter on the same matter

### The signal gives the circumstance

Tum, sīgnō datō, gladiōs stringunt means "Then, at a signal, they draw their swords."

Sīgnō and datō are ablative singular neuter. Together, sīgnō datō is an ablative absolute.

### The main action stays separate

Sīgnō datō expresses the circumstance for gladiōs stringunt. It names neither who draws nor what they draw.

An ablative noun with an agreeing participle can express this circumstance without serving as the subject or object of the main action.

**21** Lītterās tuās accēpī, prō quibus multās tibi grātiās agō.  
I have received your letter, for which I thank you very much.

**22** Illud, quod metuēbam, accidit.  
That which I feared has happened.

**23** Iūlius enim herī interfectus est.  
For Julius was killed yesterday.

**24** Quī autem sunt coniūrātī?  
But who are the conspirators?

**25** Hōs bene nōvistī; Mārcus Brūtus, quī homō honestus est, sed rempublicam magis quam ipsum Caesarem amābat, et Cassius, quī Caesarī invidēbat, auctōrēs erant coniūrātiōnis.  
You know them well; Marcus Brutus, who is an honourable man, but loved the republic more than Caesar himself, and Cassius, who envied Caesar, were the authors of the conspiracy.

**26** Neque prōdigia dēerant; Kalendīs enim Martiīs vātēs quīdam Caesarem in viā admonuit: 'Cavē Īdūs Mārtiās!' Sēcūrus tamen Iūlius Īdibus Mārtiīs ad senātum ībat, cum vātem inter multitūdinem cōnspexit, cuī 'Heus vātēs', inquit, 'vēnērunt Īdūs Mārtiae.' Tum ille: 'Vēnērunt quidem, Ō Caesar, sed nōndum praeteriērunt.' Deinde, dum cīvēs ab illō rēs variās petunt, Artemidōrus eī libellum dedit, in quō coniūrātōrum nōmina indicāverat; coniūrātī autem nūllam facultātem Caesarī dabant legendī; undique enim eum premēbant.  
Nor were omens lacking; for on the Kalends of March a certain seer warned Caesar in the street: 'Beware the Ides of March!' Unconcerned, however, Julius was going to the senate on the Ides of March when he caught sight of the seer in the crowd, and said to him, 'Ho, seer, the Ides of March have come.' Then he: 'They have come indeed, Caesar, but they have not yet passed.' Then, while citizens were asking various things of him, Artemidorus gave him a note in which he had set down the names of the conspirators; but the conspirators gave Caesar no chance to read; for they pressed round him on every side.

**27** Tum, sīgnō datō, gladiōs stringunt–ipse etiam aderam, sed obstupefactus nihil facere poteram–et innumerīs īctibus Caesarem trānsfīgunt.  
Then, at a signal, they draw their swords (I myself was there too, but stunned I could do nothing) and pierce Caesar with countless blows.

**28** Ille sōlus parumper silentiō resistēbat; sed simul ac Brūtum, amīcum suum, inter inimīcōs cernit, 'Et tū, Brūte? exclāmat et ante statuam ipsam Pompēī mortuus cadit.  
He alone resisted for a little while in silence; but as soon as he sees Brutus, his friend, among his enemies, he cries out 'You too, Brutus?' and falls dead before the very statue of Pompey.

**29** Miseret me illīus tam illūstris imperātōris, sed gaudeō quod Brūtus rempublicam servāvit.  
I pity that so illustrious a general, but I am glad that Brutus has saved the republic.

**30** Et tū, quid dē hīs rēbus putās?  
And you, what do you think about these matters?

**31** Valē. a.d.  
Farewell. Dated

**32** XVII Kal.  
the 17th day before the Kalends

**33** Apr. dedī.  
of April.

**34** Cūr Gāius Quīntō grātiās agēbat?  
Why was Gaius thanking Quintus?

**35** Cūr Caesar ā Brūtō occīsus est?  
Why was Caesar killed by Brutus?

**36** Cūr ā Cassiō occīsus est?  
Why was he killed by Cassius?

**37** Quō cōnsiliō hī coniūrāvērunt?  
With what purpose did these men conspire?

**38** Quō diē vātēs Caesārem admonuit?  
On what day did the seer warn Caesar?

**39** Quō diē Caesar occīsus est?  
On what day was Caesar killed?

**40** Quō cōnsiliō Artemidōrus libellum scrīpserat?  
With what purpose had Artemidorus written the note?

**41** Quid spectātōrēs faciēbant?  
What were the spectators doing?

**42** Cūius Cornēlium miserēbat?  
Whom did Cornelius pity?

**43** Quālium hominum tē miseret?  
What sort of people do you pity?

**44** Ā quibus Caesar premēbātur?  
By whom was Caesar pressed?

**45** Quā dē rē vātēs Caesarem admonuerat?  
About what had the seer warned Caesar?

**46** Dōnum, quod nūntius trādidit, accēpī.  
I received the gift which the messenger handed over.

**47** Caesar diadēma rēiēcit.  
Caesar refused the diadem.

**48** Antōnius Caesarem in invidiam addūxit.  
Antony brought Caesar into ill will.

**49** Ego hās lītterās ad tē mittō.  
I am sending this letter to you.

**50** Caesar libellum Artemidōrī nōn lēgit.  
Caesar did not read Artemidorus's note.

```
D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LXVII, §§379-381

§379. Learn the principal parts and conjugation of volō, wish; nōlō (ne + volō), be unwilling; mālō (magis + volō), be more willing, prefer (§497). Note the irregularities in the present indicative, subjunctive, and infinitive, and in the imperfect subjunctive. (Cf. §354.)

a. These verbs are usually followed by the infinitive with or without a subject accusative; as, volunt venīre, they wish to come; volunt amīcōs venīre, they wish their friends to come. The English usage is the same.[1]
[1] Sometimes the subjunctive of purpose is used after these verbs. (See §366.)

[ Conjugations given in §497:

PRINCIPAL PARTS: volō, velle, voluī, ----, be willing, will, wish nōlō, nōlle, nōluī, ----, be unwilling, will not mālō, mālle, māluī, ----, be more willing, prefer

INDICATIVE
         SINGULAR
Pres.    volō                nōlō                mālō
         vīs                 nōn vis             māvīs
         vult                nōn vult            māvult

PLURAL
volumus             nōlumus             mālumus
vultis              nōn vultis          māvul´tis
volunt              nōlunt              mālunt

Impf.    volēbam             nōlēbam             mālēbam
Fut.     volam, volēs, etc.  nōlam, nōlēs, etc.  mālam, mālēs, etc.
Perf.    voluī               nōluī               māluī
Plup.    volueram            nōlueram            mālueram
F.P.     voluerō             nōluerō             māluerō

SUBJUNCTIVE
         SINGULAR
Pres.    velim               nōlim               mālim
         velīs               nōlīs               mālīs
         velit               nōlit               mālit

PLURAL
velī´mus            nōlī´mus            mālī´mus
velī´tis            nōlī´tis            mālī´tis
velint              nōlint              mālint

Impf.    vellem              nōllem              māllem
Perf.    voluerim            nōluerim            māluerim
Plup.    voluissem           nōluissem           māluissem

IMPERATIVE
Pres.    nōlī
         nōlīte
Fut.     nōlītō, etc.

INFINITIVE
Pres.    velle               nōlle               mālle
Perf.    voluisse            nōluisse            māluisse

PARTICIPLE
Pres.    volēns, -entis      nōlēns, -entis      ----]
```

```
§380. Observe the following sentences:

1. Magistrō laudante omnēs puerī dīligenter labōrant, with the teacher praising, or since the teacher praises, or the teacher praising, all the boys labor diligently.

2. Caesare dūcente nēmō prōgredī timet, with Cæsar leading, or when Cæsar leads, or if Cæsar leads, or Cæsar leading, no one fears to advance.

3. Hīs rēbus cognitīs mīlitēs fūgērunt, when this was known, or since this was known, or these things having been learned, the soldiers fled.

4. Proeliō commissō multī vulnerātī sunt, after the battle had begun, or when the battle had begun, or the battle having been joined, many were wounded.

a. One of the fundamental ablative relations is expressed in English by the preposition with (cf. §50). In each of the sentences above we have a noun and a participle in agreement in the ablative, and the translation shows that in each instance the ablative expresses attendant circumstance. For example, in the first sentence the circumstance attending or accompanying the diligent labor of the boys is the praise of the teacher. This is clearly a with relation, and the ablative is the case to use.

b. We observe, further, that the ablative and its participle are absolutely independent grammatically of the rest of the sentence. If we were to express the thought in English in a similar way, we should use the nominative independent or absolute. In Latin the construction is called the Ablative Absolute, or the Ablative with a Participle. This form of expression is exceedingly common in Latin, but rather rare in English, so we must not, as a rule, employ the English absolute construction to translate the ablative abolute. The attendant circumstance may be one of time (when or after), or one of cause (since), or one of concession (though), or one of condition (if). In each case try to discover the precise relation, and translate the ablative and its participle by a clause which will best express the thought.
```

```
§381. RULE. Ablative Absolute. The ablative of a noun or pronoun with a present or perfect participle in agreement is used to express attendant circumstance.

NOTE 1. The verb sum has no present participle. In consequence we often find two nouns or a noun and an adjective in the ablative absolute with no participle expressed; as, tē duce, you (being) leader, with you as leader; patre īnfirmō, my father (being) weak.

NOTE 2. Be very careful not to put in the ablative absolute a noun and participle that form the subject or object of a sentence. Compare

a. The Gauls, having been conquered by Cæsar, returned home

b. The Gauls having been conquered by Cæsar, the army returned home

In a the subject is The Gauls having been conquered by Cæsar, and we translate,

Gallī ā Caesare victi domum revertērunt

In b the subject is the army. The Gauls having been conquered by Cæsar is nominative absolute in English, which requires the ablative absolute in Latin, and we translate,

Gallīs ā Caesare victīs exercitus domum revertit

NOTE 3. The fact that only deponent verbs have a perfect active participle (cf. §375.a) often compels a change of voice when translating from one language to the other. For example, we can translate Cæsar having encouraged the legions just as it stands, because hortor is a deponent verb. But if we wish to say Cæsar having conquered the Gauls, we have to change the voice of the participle to the passive because vincō is not deponent, and say, the Gauls having been conquered by Cæsar (see translation above).
```

| word | gloss |
|---|---|
| coniūrātī | conspirator, from conjurati |
| honestus | distinguished, reputable |
| invidēbat | envy, regard with envy, from invideo |
| auctōrēs | seller, vendor, from auctor |
| coniūrātiōnis | conspiracy, plot, from conjuratio |
| prōdigia | portent, from prodigium |
| dēerant | choose, pick out, from desum |
| vātēs | prophet, mouthpiece of deity |
| admonuit | admonish, remind, from admoneo |
| Cavē | beware, avoid, from caveo |
| Īdūs | Ides, abb. Id |
| Heus | hey!, ho! |
| libellum | small silver coin, plumbline, from libellus |
| indicāverat | point out, show, from indico |
| undique | from all sides |
| premēbant | press hard, harass, from premo |
| obstupefactus | strike dumb, from obstupefacio |
| īctibus | blow, stroke, from ictus |
| parumper | for a short |
| simul | at the same time |
| ac | and, from atque |
| statuam | statue, from statua |
| Pompēī | Pompey, from Pompeius |
| Miseret | pity, feel sorry for, from misereo |
| illūstris | bright, shining |
| coniūrāvērunt | swear, join in an oath, from conjuro |

## Verbum Dēpōnēns, deponent verbs

### Passive form, active meaning

Illōs sequitur verna parvus means the little verna follows them.

Sequitur has the passive ending -tur, but its meaning is active. A deponent verb has passive forms but active meanings.

Patiētur follows the same rule: verna etiam verbera patiētur means the verna too will suffer a beating.

### Principal parts keep the passive form

The principal parts of a deponent verb remain passive in form and active in meaning.

The table sets the three principal parts of each verb beside its active meaning.

### From the book

### Marcus performs the embrace

Postquam mātrem amplexus est means "After he had embraced his mother."

Amplexus has passive form, but Marcus performs the action.

### The deponent perfect participle

A deponent perfect participle has a passive form but an active meaning.

The rule also governs dēlāpsus sum, "I slipped." Marcus performs both actions.

**51** Mārcus prīmā lūce ē cubīlī surgit neque cibum ante est quam domō ad lūdum proficīscitur.  
Marcus rises from bed at first light and does not eat before he sets out from home to school.

**52** Sī in itinere morārī vult animālia persequendī causā, senex servus, quī eum comitātur, ita loquitur: 'Properā, Mārce, tē precor, nisi sērō in lūdum vīs ingredī.' Illōs sequitur verna parvus, quī librōs tabellāsque portat.  
If on the way he wants to linger for the sake of chasing animals, the old slave who accompanies him speaks thus: 'Hurry, Marcus, I beg you, unless you want to enter school late.' Behind them follows the little verna, who carries the books and tablets.

**53** Sī forte librī aut stilī oblītus erit, magister īrātus Mārcō ita loquētur: 'Cūr stilum domī relīquistī?  
If he happens to have forgotten his book or pen, the master will speak angrily to Marcus thus: 'Why did you leave your pen at home?

**54** Quō īnstrūmentō ad scrībendum ūtī vīs?  
What instrument do you want to use for writing?

**55** Nōnne verbera meritus es?' Puer silentiō poenās dabit; at verna etiam, ut opīnor, post lūdum verbera patiētur, quae plēnē meritus est.  
Haven't you earned a beating?' The boy will be punished in silence; but the verna too, I think, will suffer after school the beating he has fully earned.

**56** Unde Mārcus prīmā hōrā cottīdiē proficīscēbātur?  
From where did Marcus set out every day at the first hour?

**57** Quandō ē cubīlī surgēbat?  
When did he rise from bed?

**58** Quōmodo differunt inter sē servus et verna?  
How do a slave and a verna differ from each other?

**59** Quō cōnsiliō verna Mārcum sequēbātur?  
With what purpose did the verna follow Marcus?

**60** Quō cōnsiliō servus senex eum comitābātur?  
With what purpose did the old slave accompany him?

**61** Quō cōnsiliō Mārcus saepe morābātur?  
With what purpose did Marcus often linger?

**62** Cūr magister īrātus est?  
Why is the master angry?

**63** Uter puerōrum verbera meritus erat?  
Which of the boys had earned a beating?

**64** Uter verbera passus est?  
Which suffered a beating?

**65** Quō īnstrūmentō ūteris ad scrībendum in tabulā?  
What instrument do you use for writing on the blackboard?

**66** Quibus membrīs ūtimur ad natandum? Quibus ad saliendum?  
What limbs do we use for swimming? Which for jumping?

**67** Quis tē ad lūdum comitātur?  
Who accompanies you to school?

**68** Sī sērō in lūdum vēneris, quid magister loquētur?  
If you come into school late, what will the master say?

**69** Quandō tū ē cubīlī surgis?  
When do you rise from bed?

**70** Quandō domō proficīsceris?  
When do you set out from home?

**71** Sextā hōrā, dum Mārcus domum redit, parentēs eum in hortō exspectābant.  
At the sixth hour, while Marcus was returning home, his parents were waiting for him in the garden.

**72** Postquam mātrem amplexus est et patrem salūtāvit, illa eum rogāvit: 'Cūr toga tibi tam sordida est?' Cuī Mārcus 'Quia in līmō,' inquit, 'dēlāpsus sum, dum avem persequor'.  
After he had embraced his mother and greeted his father, she asked him: 'Why is your toga so dirty?' Marcus said to her, 'Because I slipped in the mud while chasing a bird.'

**73** Tum māter īrāta, quod puer tam imprūdēns erat, 'Nōn cēnābis igitur,' inquit, 'statim ad cubiculum abī.' Mārcus autem lacrimāre incēpit—nam persuādēre lacrimīs mātrī sciēbat— et 'Īgnōsce mihi', inquit, 'māter mea; nōlī īrāscī; iam satis poenārum dedī; paene enim ante mortuus sum, quam servus mē ē fossa extrāxit'.  
Then his mother, angry because the boy was so careless, said, 'Then you will not have dinner; go to your bedroom at once.' But Marcus began to cry, for he knew how to persuade his mother with tears, and said, 'Forgive me, mother; don't be angry; I have already been punished enough; for I almost died before the slave pulled me out of the ditch.'

**74** Tum māter fīlium iterum amplexa alteram togam induendī causā dīmīsit.  
Then his mother embraced her son again and sent him off to put on another toga.

**75** Ille mox ad cēnam regreditur rīdēns et pūrā togā vestītus.  
He soon returns to dinner laughing and dressed in a clean toga.

**76** Quōmodo vocantur pater et māter?  
What are father and mother called?

**77** Utrum parentem Mārcus amplectēbātur?  
Which parent was Marcus embracing?

**78** Utrum parentem salūtāvit?  
Which parent did he greet?

**79** Cūr sordida facta erat toga Mārcī?  
Why had Marcus's toga become dirty?

**80** Quandō toga Mārcī sordida facta est?  
When did Marcus's toga become dirty?

**81** Cūr Semprōnia īrāta est?  
Why was Sempronia angry?

**82** Quōmodo Mārcus mātrī suae persuādēbat?  
How did Marcus persuade his mother?

**83** Cūr mātrēs fīliīs suīs semper īgnōscunt?  
Why do mothers always forgive their sons?

**84** Oportetne mātrēs fīliīs suīs semper īgnōscere?  
Ought mothers always to forgive their sons?

**85** Quō cōnsiliō Semprōnia Mārcum dīmīsit?  
With what purpose did Sempronia send Marcus off?

**86** Meritusne est Mārcus cēnam?  
Did Marcus deserve his dinner?

**87** Ā quō Mārcus ē fossā extrāctus est?  
By whom was Marcus pulled out of the ditch?

**88** Quālis Mārcus ad cubiculum dīmissus est?  
In what state was Marcus sent to his bedroom?

**89** Quālis Mārcus ad cēnam regressus est?  
In what state did Marcus return to dinner?

**90** Mārcus mātrem amplexus est; Mārcus patrem salūtāvit.  
Marcus embraced his mother; Marcus greeted his father.

**91** Mārcus regressus est; Mārcus cēnāvit.  
Marcus returned; Marcus dined.

**92** Puer in līmō dēlāpsus est; Puer sordidam togam habet.  
The boy slipped in the mud; the boy has a dirty toga.

**93** Mārcus domō profectus est; Mārcus in itinere morābātur.  
Marcus set out from home; Marcus lingered on the way.

**94** Discipulī stilōrum oblītī sunt; Discipulī poenās dabunt.  
The pupils forgot their pens; the pupils will be punished.

**95** Casar in senātum ingressus est; Coniūrātī Caesarem occīdērunt.  
Caesar entered the senate; the conspirators killed Caesar.

**96** Mārcus ā lūdō regressus est; Māter Mārcum amplectitur.  
Marcus returned from school; his mother embraces Marcus.

**97** Mārcus verbera meritus est; Māter Mārcō īgnōvit.  
Marcus earned a beating; his mother forgave Marcus.

**98** Avus mortuus est; Puerī puellaeque lacrimant.  
Grandfather died; the boys and girls weep.

**99** Mārcus animālia persecūtus est; Mārcus sērō ad lūdum advēnit.  
Marcus chased animals; Marcus arrived late at school.

```
D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LX, §§338-340

§338. A number of verbs are passive in form but active in meaning; as, hortor, I encourage; vereor, I fear. Such verbs are called deponent because they have laid aside (dē-pōnere, to lay aside) the active forms.

a. Besides having all the forms of the passive, deponent verbs have also the future active infinitive and a few other active forms which will be noted later. (Sec§§375, 403.b.)
```

```
§339. The principal parts of deponents are of course passive in form, as,

Conj. I         hortor, hortārī, hortātus sum, encourage
Conj. II        vereor, verērī, veritus sum, fear
Conj. III (a) sequor, sequī, secūtus sum, follow
          (b) patior, patī, passus sum, suffer, allow
Conj. IV        partior, partīrī, partītus sum, share, divide

Learn the synopses of these verbs. (See §493.) Patior is conjugated like the passive of capiō (§492).
```

```
§340. PREPOSITIONS WITH THE ACCUSATIVE

The prepositions with the accusative that occur most frequently are

ante, before
apud, among
circum, around
contrā, against, contrary to
extrā, outside of
in, into, in, against, upon
inter, between, among
intrā, within
ob, on account of (quam ob rem, wherefore, therefore)
per, through, by means of
post, after, behind
propter, on account of, because of
trāns, across, over

a. Most of these you have had before. Review the old ones and learn the new ones. Review the list of prepositions governing the ablative, §209.
```

```
§374. The Latin verb has the following Participles:[1]
[1] Review §203.

          CONJ. I   CONJ. II   CONJ. III           CONJ. IV
          ACTIVE
PRESENT   amāns     monēns     regēns    capiēns   audiēns
FUTURE    amātūrus  monitūrus  rēctūrus  captūrus  audītūrus

          PASSIVE
PERFECT   amātus    monitus    rēctus    captus    audītus
FUTURE[2] amandus   monendus   regendus  capiendus  audiendus

          CONJ. I            CONJ. II
          ACTIVE
PRESENT   amāns              monēns
            loving             advising
FUTURE    amātūrus           monitūrus
            about to love      about to advise

          PASSIVE
PERFECT   amātus             monitus
            loved, having    advised, having been advised
            been loved
FUTURE[2] amandus            monendus
            to be loved      to be advised

          CONJ. III                            CONJ. IV
          ACTIVE
PRESENT   regēns             capiēns           audiēns
            ruling             taking           hearing
FUTURE    rēctūrus           captūrus          audītūrus
            about to rule     about to take      about to hear

          PASSIVE
PERFECT   rēctus             captus              audītus
            ruled, having      taken, having       heard, havinh
            been ruled         been taken          been heard
FUTURE[2] regendus           capiendus           audiendus
            to be ruled        to be taken         to be heard
[2] The future passive participle is often called the gerundive.

a. The present active and future passive participles are formed from the present stem, and the future active and perfect passive participles are formed from the participial stem.

b. The present active participle is formed by adding -ns to the present stem. In -iō verbs of the third conjugation, and in the fourth conjugation, the stem is modified by the addition of -ē-, as capi-ē-ns, audi-ē-ns. It is declined like an adjective of one ending of the third declension. (Cf. §256.)

       amāns, loving
       BASE amant- STEM amanti-
       SINGULAR                   PLURAL
       MASC. AND FEM.  NEUT.      MASC. AND FEM.  NEUT.
Nom. amāns           amāns      amantēs         amantia
Gen. amantis         amantis    amantium        amantium
Dat. amantī          amantī     amantibus       amantibus
Acc. amantem         amāns      amantīs         amantia
                                    or -ēs
Abl. amantī          amantī     amantibus       amantibus
         or -e         or -e

(1) When used as an adjective the ablative singular ends in -ī; when used as a participle or as a substantive, in -e.

(2) In a similar way decline monēns, regēns, capiēns, audiēns.

c. The future active participle is formed by adding -ūrus to the base of the participial stem. We have already met this form combined with esse to produce the future active infinitive. (Cf. §206.)

d. For the perfect passive participle see §201. The future passive participle or gerundive is formed by adding -ndus to the present stem.

e. All participles in -us are declined like bonus.

f. Participles agree with nouns or pronouns like adjectives.

g. Give all the participles of the following verbs: cūrō, iubeō, sūmō, iaciō, mūniō.
```

```
§375. Participles of Deponent Verbs. Deponent verbs have the participles of the active voice as well as of the passive; consequently every deponent verb has four participles, as,

              Pres. Act. hortāns, urging
               Fut. Act. hortātūrus, about to urge
   Perf. Pass. (in form) hortātus, having urged
Fut. Pass. (Gerundive) hortandus, to be urged

a. Observe that the perfect participle of deponent verbs is passive in form but active in meaning. No other verbs have a perfect active participle. On the other hand, the future passive participle of deponent verbs is passive in meaning as in other verbs.

b. Give the participles of cōnor, vereor, sequor, patior, partior.
```

```
§376. Tenses of the Participle. The tenses express time as follows:

1. The present active participle corresponds to the English present active participle in -ing, but can be used only of an action occurring at the same time as the action of the main verb; as, mīlitēs īnsequentēs cēpērunt multōs, the soldiers, while pursuing, captured many. Here the pursuing and the capturing are going on together.

2. The perfect participle (excepting of deponents) is regularly passive and corresponds to the English past participle with or without the auxiliary having been; as, audītus, heard or having been heard.

3. The future active participle, translated about to, etc., denotes time after the action of the main verb.
```

```
§377. Review §§203, 204, and, note the following model sentences:

1. Mīlitēs currentēs erant dēfessī, the soldiers who were running (lit. running) were weary.

2. Caesar profectūrus Rōmam nōn exspectāvit, Cæsar, when about to set out (lit. about to set out) for Rome, did not wait.

3. Oppidum captum vīdimus, we saw the town which had been captured (lit. captured town).

4. Imperātor trīduum morātus profectus est, the general, since (when, or after) he had delayed (lit. the general, having delayed) three days, set out.

5. Mīlitēs vīctī terga nōn vertērunt, the soldiers, though they were conquered (lit. the soldiers conquered), did not retreat.

In each of these sentences the literal translation of the participle is given in parentheses. We note, however, that its proper translation usually requires a clause beginning with some conjunction (when, since, after, though, etc.), or a relative clause. Consider, in each case, what translation will best bring out the thought, and do not, as a rule, translate the participle literally.
```

| word | gloss |
|---|---|
| lūce | light, from lux |
| proficīscitur | depart, set out, from proficisco |
| morārī | delay, from moror |
| persequendī | follow up, pursue, from persequor |
| comitātur | accompany, go along with, from comito |
| loquitur | speak, tell, from loquor |
| precor | beg, from preco |
| ingredī | be in, from ingradior |
| oblītus | forget, from obliviscor |
| īrātus | get, from irascor |
| ūtī | use, make use of, from uto |
| verbera | lash, whip, from verber |
| meritus | earn, from mereo |
| opīnor | suppose, imagine |
| patiētur | suffer, from patior |
| parentēs | parent, father, from parens |
| amplexus | clasp, embrace |
| sordida | dirty, unclean, from sordidus |
| līmō | mud, from limus |
| dēlāpsus | work hard, from delabor |
| imprūdēns | ignorant |
| persuādēre | persuade, advise, from persuadeo |
| lacrimīs | tear, from lacrima |
| Īgnōsce | pardon, forgive, from ignosco |
| īrāscī | get, from irasco |
| paene | almost |
| extrāxit | drag out, pull forth, from extraho |
| amplexa | surround, encircle, from amplector |
| regreditur | go back, return, from regredior |
| rīdēns | laugh at, laugh, from rideo |
| pūrā | pure, clean, from purus |
| regressus | going back, return |
| profectus | set out, from proficiscor |
| ingressus | entry |

## Participia Praesēns et Futūrum, present and future participles

### An action still to come

In quem ad flōrem currit et carptūrus eum manū tangit, carptūrus means "about to pick."

The touching happens first. The future active participle marks the picking as still to come.

### At the same time and before

In eōs inter sē discum iacientēs cōnspexit, iacientēs means "throwing."

The present participle makes the throwing simultaneous with the seeing.

In discum ā deō coniectum in cor puerī dēvertit, coniectum means "thrown." The throwing is prior to the turning.

A perfect participle marks prior action.

### Agreement changes the form

These time relations remain while a participle agrees with its noun in gender, number, and case.

In eōs inter sē discum iacientēs cōnspexit, accusative plural iacientēs agrees with eōs.

The forms of amāns show the case and number forms of a present active participle.

### The forms of amāns

**100** Diē quōdam prīmō vēre Titus, quī iam pedibus īre poterat, cum nūtrīce in hortum ingressus flōrēs spectābat.  
One day in early spring Titus, who could now walk, having gone into the garden with his nurse, was looking at the flowers.

**101** Ubīque stant arborēs, quae aestāte, dum sōl fulget, dulcem umbram praebēbunt et autumnō pōma ferent.  
Everywhere stand trees, which in summer, while the sun shines, will give sweet shade and in autumn bear fruit.

**102** Hīc sata sunt sēmina, ex quibus mox flōrēs variīs colōribus, līlia, violae, rosae, nāscentur; illīc iam flōrent hyacinthī, crocī, narcissī.  
Here seeds have been sown, from which soon flowers of various colours, lilies, violets, roses, will be born; there hyacinths, crocuses, narcissi are already in bloom.

**103** Omnēs Titus amābat et praecipuē hyacinthum; quem ad flōrem currit et carptūrus eum manū tangit.  
Titus loved them all, and especially the hyacinth; he runs to this flower and, about to pick it, touches it with his hand.

**104** Subitō autem nōn verba tantum nūtrīcis, sed verbera etiam meminit; illa enim flōrēs carpere saepe eum vetuerat.  
But suddenly he remembers not only the words of his nurse but the smacks too; for she had often forbidden him to pick flowers.

**105** Tum 'Quōmodo', inquit, 'hic flōs vocātur?' Postquam hoc didicit, iterum rogāvit: 'Cūr hyacinthus vocātur?' Illa 'Tibi hoc dīcam', inquit.  
Then he said, 'What is this flower called?' After he learned this, he asked again: 'Why is it called hyacinth?' She said, 'I shall tell you.

**106** 'Hyacinthus puer erat pulcherrimus et tam grandis quam Mārcus.  
'Hyacinthus was a very beautiful boy, as big as Marcus.

**107** Eum et Phoebus Apollō et Zephyrus amābant; libentius tamen cum Apolline puer lūdēbat.  
Both Phoebus Apollo and Zephyrus loved him; but the boy played more gladly with Apollo.

**108** Ōlim Zephyrus eōs inter sē discum iacientēs cōnspexit, et īrātus discum ā deō coniectum in cor puerī dēvertit.  
Once Zephyrus caught sight of them throwing a discus between them, and in anger turned the discus thrown by the god aside into the boy's heart.

**109** Ille gravī vulnere īctus humī cecidit; neque ars Phoebī neque lacrimae Zephyrī, quem iam factī paenitet, ad vītam eum revocāre possunt.  
He, struck by the grievous wound, fell to the ground; neither the art of Phoebus nor the tears of Zephyrus, who now repents of the deed, can call him back to life.

**110** Ē sanguine ēius exortus est flōs semper nōmen servātūrus.'  
From his blood rose a flower that will keep his name for ever.'

**111** Quid sīgnificat Verbum Dēpōnēns?  
What does 'Deponent Verb' mean?

**112** Quō tempore annī Titus flōrēs spectābat?  
At what time of year was Titus looking at the flowers?

**113** Quō tempore annī arborēs umbram praebent? Quandō pōma ferunt?  
At what time of year do trees give shade? When do they bear fruit?

**114** Explicā vocābula: sēmen, cor, sanguis.  
Explain the words: seed, heart, blood.

**115** Quō colōre sunt flōrēs?  
What colour are the flowers?

**116** Quī flōrēs vēre nāscuntur? Quī aestāte?  
Which flowers are born in spring? Which in summer?

**117** Quō cōnsiliō Titus hyacinthum tangit?  
With what purpose does Titus touch the hyacinth?

**118** Cūr cōnsilium vertit?  
Why does he change his mind?

**119** Comparā Hyacinthum cum Mārcō.  
Compare Hyacinthus with Marcus.

**120** Quī ventus ex occidente flat? Quī ex oriente? Quī ē merīdiē? Qui ā septentriōnibus?  
Which wind blows from the west? Which from the east? Which from the south? Which from the north?

**121** Quōcum puer libentius lūdēbat?  
With whom did the boy play more gladly?

**122** Quis illīs invidēbat?  
Who envied them?

**123** Paenitetne tē, sī malum fēcistī?  
Do you repent if you have done wrong?

**124** Cūius reī tum tē paenitet?  
Of what do you then repent?

**125** Unde flōs exortus est?  
From where did the flower rise?

**126** Puer rīdēbat; Puer ad cēnam regressus est.  
The boy was laughing; the boy returned to dinner.

**127** Phoebus Apollō et Mārcus discum iaciēbant; Illī sermōnem inter sē cōnferēbant.  
Phoebus Apollo and Marcus were throwing a discus; they were talking with each other.

**128** Zephyrus lacrimābat; Zephyrus corpus Hyacinthī spectāvit.  
Zephyrus was weeping; Zephyrus looked at the body of Hyacinthus.

**129** Gladiātōrēs moritūrī sunt; Gladiātōrēs cōnsulem salūtant.  
The gladiators are about to die; the gladiators greet the consul.

**130** Mīles profectūrus est; Mīles uxōrem suam amplectitur.  
The soldier is about to set out; the soldier embraces his wife.

**131** Coniūrātī Caesarem occīsūrī erant; Coniūrātī eum undique premēbant.  
The conspirators were about to kill Caesar; the conspirators pressed round him on every side.

**132** Horātius, dum in aquam dēsilit, exclāmāvit: Rōmam servāvī.'  
Horatius, while leaping into the water, cried out: 'I have saved Rome.'

**133** Senex, dum moritur, 'Valēte,' inquit, 'līberī meī!'  
The old man, as he dies, says, 'Farewell, my children!'

**134** Dum sōl oritur, Gallus cantat.  
While the sun rises, the cock crows.

**135** Caesar, dum iter facit, lītterās ā senātū accēpit.  
Caesar, while on the march, received a letter from the senate.

**136** Postquam Caesar Rōmam regressus est, Brūtus Cassiusque eum occīdērunt.  
After Caesar returned to Rome, Brutus and Cassius killed him.

**137** Postquam geminī prope Tiberim relictī sunt, lupa eōs invēnit.  
After the twins were left near the Tiber, a she-wolf found them.

**138** Lupa, dum aquam bibit, vāgītūs puerōrum audit.  
The she-wolf, while drinking water, hears the crying of the boys.

**139** Pāstor, postquam puerōs invēnit, eōs uxōrī suae dedit.  
The shepherd, after he found the boys, gave them to his wife.

```
D'Ooge, Latin for Beginners (1911), Lesson LXVI, §§374-377

§374. The Latin verb has the following Participles:[1]
[1] Review §203.

          CONJ. I   CONJ. II   CONJ. III           CONJ. IV
          ACTIVE
PRESENT   amāns     monēns     regēns    capiēns   audiēns
FUTURE    amātūrus  monitūrus  rēctūrus  captūrus  audītūrus

          PASSIVE
PERFECT   amātus    monitus    rēctus    captus    audītus
FUTURE[2] amandus   monendus   regendus  capiendus  audiendus

          CONJ. I            CONJ. II
          ACTIVE
PRESENT   amāns              monēns
            loving             advising
FUTURE    amātūrus           monitūrus
            about to love      about to advise

          PASSIVE
PERFECT   amātus             monitus
            loved, having    advised, having been advised
            been loved
FUTURE[2] amandus            monendus
            to be loved      to be advised

          CONJ. III                            CONJ. IV
          ACTIVE
PRESENT   regēns             capiēns           audiēns
            ruling             taking           hearing
FUTURE    rēctūrus           captūrus          audītūrus
            about to rule     about to take      about to hear

          PASSIVE
PERFECT   rēctus             captus              audītus
            ruled, having      taken, having       heard, havinh
            been ruled         been taken          been heard
FUTURE[2] regendus           capiendus           audiendus
            to be ruled        to be taken         to be heard
[2] The future passive participle is often called the gerundive.

a. The present active and future passive participles are formed from the present stem, and the future active and perfect passive participles are formed from the participial stem.

b. The present active participle is formed by adding -ns to the present stem. In -iō verbs of the third conjugation, and in the fourth conjugation, the stem is modified by the addition of -ē-, as capi-ē-ns, audi-ē-ns. It is declined like an adjective of one ending of the third declension. (Cf. §256.)

       amāns, loving
       BASE amant- STEM amanti-
       SINGULAR                   PLURAL
       MASC. AND FEM.  NEUT.      MASC. AND FEM.  NEUT.
Nom. amāns           amāns      amantēs         amantia
Gen. amantis         amantis    amantium        amantium
Dat. amantī          amantī     amantibus       amantibus
Acc. amantem         amāns      amantīs         amantia
                                    or -ēs
Abl. amantī          amantī     amantibus       amantibus
         or -e         or -e

(1) When used as an adjective the ablative singular ends in -ī; when used as a participle or as a substantive, in -e.

(2) In a similar way decline monēns, regēns, capiēns, audiēns.

c. The future active participle is formed by adding -ūrus to the base of the participial stem. We have already met this form combined with esse to produce the future active infinitive. (Cf. §206.)

d. For the perfect passive participle see §201. The future passive participle or gerundive is formed by adding -ndus to the present stem.

e. All participles in -us are declined like bonus.

f. Participles agree with nouns or pronouns like adjectives.

g. Give all the participles of the following verbs: cūrō, iubeō, sūmō, iaciō, mūniō.
```

| word | gloss |
|---|---|
| arborēs | tree, from arbor |
| umbram | shade, from umbra |
| pōma | fruit, fruit-tree, from pomum |
| colōribus | color, from color |
| līlia | lily, from lilium |
| violae | violet, from viola |
| rosae | dew, from rosa |
| nāscentur | be produced spontaneously, come into, from nasco |
| flōrent | flourish, blossom, from floreo |
| hyacinthī | iris, from hyacinthus |
| crocī | filament of crocus, from crocum |
| narcissī | narcissus, from narcissus |
| meminit | remember, from memini |
| carpere | seize, from carpo |
| grandis | full-grown, grown up |
| Zephyrus | Zephyr, the west wind |
| discum | disk, from discus |
| coniectum | throwing, collection, from conjectus |
| cor | pupil of the eye |
| dēvertit | divert, turn away, from deverto |
| vulnere | wound, from vulnus |
| ars | skill |
| factī | fact, deed, from factum |
| paenitet | displease, from paeniteo |
| revocāre | call back, recall, from revoco |
| sanguine | blood, from sanguis |
| sīgnificat | signify, indicate, from significo |
| Dēpōnēns | put, from depono |
| nāscuntur | be born, spring from, from nascor |
| Comparā | prepare, from comparo |
| occidente | west, from occidens |
| flat | breathe, from flo |
| oriente | arise, spring, from orior |
| septentriōnibus | Big, from septentriones |
| moritūrī | die, from morior |
| cōnsulem | consul, from consul |

## Mēnsa, the table

### Two circumstances, one action

Cibō igitur parātō servīsque circumstantibus, tōta familia in trīclīniō accumbit.

"So, the food being ready and the slaves standing round, the whole family reclines in the dining room."

Cibō parātō and servīsque circumstantibus are two ablative absolutes. Each gives a circumstance for the main action, tōta familia in trīclīniō accumbit.

### One participle agrees with two nouns

deinde, famē sitīque dēpulsīs, dēsistite!

"Then, hunger and thirst driven away, stop."

The plural participle dēpulsīs agrees with both famē and sitīque. Together, the three ablative words form one ablative absolute.

This ablative absolute gives the circumstance for dēsistite: hunger and thirst have been driven away.

**140** Hōra cēnae adest, et omnēs propter labōrem ēsurientēs et sitientēs domum redeunt.  
The hour of dinner is here, and everyone, hungry and thirsty from work, returns home.

**141** Nōnne famēs optimum cibi condīmentum est?  
Isn't hunger the best sauce for food?

**142** Cibō igitur parātō servīsque circumstantibus, tōta familia in trīclīniō accumbit: Cornēlius ipse in summa locō, uxor in proximō, deinde fīliī fīliaeque.  
So, the food being ready and the slaves standing round, the whole family reclines in the dining room: Cornelius himself in the highest place, his wife in the next, then the sons and daughters.

**143** Servī cibum ante eōs pōnunt et ex amphorā vīnum aut aquam in pōcula fundunt; prīmō ōva aut piscēs edunt, deinde carnem aut ovium aut boum aut avium, postrēmō pōma.  
The slaves put the food before them and pour wine or water from the jar into the cups; first they eat eggs or fish, then the meat of sheep or oxen or birds, lastly fruit.

**144** Pānem digitīs frangunt; dextrā omnēs cibōs ad ōs ferunt; pōcula vīnō plēna ad labra tollunt.  
They break bread with their fingers; with the right hand they all carry food to the mouth; they raise cups full of wine to their lips.

**145** Nōnnunquam Semprōnia Titum culpat, quod nimis est et rapidius quam oportet.  
Sometimes Sempronia blames Titus because he eats too much and faster than he should.

**146** 'Nōlī tanta frusta sorbēre, sed parvam partem dentibus mordē!' Tum pater 'Neque edācēs', inquit, 'nōs oportet esse neque ēbriōsōs, sed sobriōs; satis este et satis bibite, meī līberī; deinde, famē sitīque dēpulsīs, dēsistite! mentem sānam ita servābitis in corpore sānō.  
'Don't gulp such big pieces, but bite off a small part with your teeth!' Then the father says, 'We ought to be neither gluttons nor drunkards, but sober; eat enough and drink enough, my children; then, hunger and thirst driven away, stop! so you will keep a sound mind in a sound body.

**147** Hominibus vērō edendum est vīvendī causā; sīc renovātus sanguis ex corde per omnia membra fluit; itaque corpora nōbīs validiōra fīunt et sāniōra.'  
Men indeed must eat for the sake of living; so the renewed blood flows from the heart through all the limbs; and thus our bodies become stronger and healthier.'

**148** Quandō tōta familia in trīclīniō accumbit?  
When does the whole family recline in the dining room?

**149** Cūr Semprōnia Titum culpat?  
Why does Sempronia blame Titus?

**150** Quid Titum nōn oportet facere?  
What ought Titus not to do?

**151** Quālēs nōs nōn oportet esse?  
What ought we not to be?

**152** Quandō nōbīs dēsistendum est?  
When must we stop?

**153** Quō cōnsiliō hominibus edendum est?  
With what purpose must men eat?

**154** Quid Titō nōn sorbendum est?  
What must Titus not gulp?

**155** Quid eī mordendum est?  
What must he bite?

**156** Quantum nōbīs edendum et bibendum est?  
How much must we eat and drink?

**157** Cūr omnēs domum redeunt?  
Why does everyone return home?

**158** Quō cōnsiliō omnēs domum redeunt?  
With what purpose does everyone return home?

**159** Cūr omnēs ēsuriunt et sitiunt?  
Why is everyone hungry and thirsty?

**160** Quālēs nōs oportet esse?  
What ought we to be?

**161** Quōmodo corpora nōbīs validiōra fīunt?  
How do our bodies become stronger?

**162** Unde servus vīnum effundit?  
From where does the slave pour the wine?

| word | gloss |
|---|---|
| propter | on account of, because of |
| condīmentum | spice, seasoning |
| circumstantibus | encircling position, from circumstantia |
| trīclīniō | dining couch, from triclinium |
| accumbit | take a place, from accumbo |
| amphorā | amphora, pitcher |
| pōcula | cup, bowl, from poculum |
| fundunt | pour, cast, from fundo |
| Pānem | bread, from panis |
| digitīs | finger, from digitus |
| ōs | mouth, speech |
| labra | bowl, from labrum |
| culpat | blame, find fault with, from culpo |
| nimis | very much |
| frusta | crumb, morsel, from frustum |
| sorbēre | drink, absorb, from sorbeo |
| dentibus | tooth, from dens |
| mordē | bite, from mordeo |
| edācēs | greedy, rapacious, from edax |
| sobriōs | sober, from sobrius |
| sitīque | allow, permit, from sino |
| dēpulsīs | drive, repel, from depello |
| dēsistite | stop, from desisto |
| mentem | mind, from mens |
| sānam | sound, from sanus |
| sīc | so, thus |
| renovātus | renew, restore, from renovo |

## Give the forms: famēs, sitis

**163** famēs  
hunger

**164** sitis  
thirst

| word | gloss |
|---|---|
| sitis | thirst |

## Give the forms: sitis, dēns

**165** sitis  
thirst

**166** dēns  
tooth

## Give the forms: cor, ōs

**167** cor  
heart

**168** ōs  
mouth

## Give the forms: ōs, sanguis

**169** ōs  
mouth

**170** sanguis  
blood

## Give the forms: bōs, carō

**171** bōs  
ox

**172** carō  
flesh

## Give the forms: carō

**173** carō  
flesh