{"course":{"lang":"nl","language":"Dutch","title":"Dutch Conversation-Grammar","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/nl","source":"Valette, Dutch Conversation-Grammar (1913) and its Key (1893); Defense Language Institute, Dutch Refresher Course, Books I to III (1961). Public domain. The teaching pages, the readings' English, the answers to the conversations and the narration are ours."},"unit":{"number":1,"id":"val.nl.m01-05","title":"Lessons 1 to 5","stage":"Parts of Speech I","situation":"Hoge ouderdom; De slimme herbergier; De krekel en de mier; De gierigaard (vrek); Vriendelijk aanbod","outcome":"Hebben, to have: present tense; You: jij, u and jullie; Gender; The article: het lidwoord; The article is not declined; The indefinite article; Prepositions; Zijn, to be: present tense; Het Werkwoord: weak, strong and irregular verbs; Weak verbs: the past participle; Strong verbs: the past participl","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/nl/1","lines":337},"previous":null,"next":"https://1732studios.com/courses/nl/2","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/","sections":[{"title":"Lesson 1: Hebben, to have: present tense","teaching":[{"title":"One verb, four forms","paragraphs":["A verb is a word for doing or being: have, is, walk. Hebben means to have.","English changes this verb once: I have, he has. Dutch changes it with the person, and has four forms.","Ik takes heb. Jij adds a t: hebt. Hij, zij, het and men take heeft. Wij, jullie and zij meaning they take hebben. U takes hebt or heeft.","In the table, look at the form each person takes."]},{"title":"A question turns the words around","paragraphs":["The subject is the person or thing doing the verb. In ik heb, ik is the subject.","To ask a question, Dutch puts the verb first and the subject after it. Ik heb becomes heb ik? Hij heeft becomes heeft hij?","One form changes in the turn. Jij hebt becomes heb jij? The verb drops its t when jij follows it. No other person drops anything."]},{"title":"","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"As a question","paragraphs":[]}],"lines":[{"number":1,"id":"val.nl.L01.x.1.1","source":"Ik heb een hond.","translation":"I have a dog.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"hond.","gloss":"the dog, dogs"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L01.x.1.1.m4a"},{"number":2,"id":"val.nl.L01.x.1.2","source":"Heb jij een hond?","translation":"Do you have a dog?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Heb","gloss":"have"},{"text":"jij","gloss":"you"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"hond?","gloss":"the dog, dogs"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L01.x.1.2.m4a"},{"number":3,"id":"val.nl.L01.x.1.3","source":"Hebt u een hond?","translation":"Do you have a dog? (polite)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hebt","gloss":"have"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"hond?","gloss":"the dog, dogs"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L01.x.1.3.m4a"},{"number":4,"id":"val.nl.L01.x.1.4","source":"Wij hebben een huis.","translation":"We have a house.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"hebben","gloss":"to have"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"huis.","gloss":"house"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L01.x.1.4.m4a"},{"number":5,"id":"val.nl.L01.x.1.5","source":"Hebben zij geantwoord?","translation":"Have they answered?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hebben","gloss":"to have"},{"text":"zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"geantwoord?","gloss":"to answer"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L01.x.1.5.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1001,"text":"Hebben, to have: present tense\n\nPresent tense\nik heb         I have\njij hebt       you have (familiar)\nu hebt         you have (polite)\nhij heeft      he has\nzij heeft      she has\nhet heeft      it has\nmen heeft      one has\nwij hebben     we have\njullie hebben  you have (familiar plural)\nzij hebben     they have\n\nAs a question\nheb ik?         have I?\nheb jij?        have you?\nhebt u?         have you?\nheeft hij?      has he?\nheeft zij?      has she?\nheeft het?      has it?\nheeft men?      has one?\nhebben wij?     have we?\nhebben jullie?  have you?\nhebben zij?     have they?\n\nIn a question the verb stands first and the subject follows it. The verb drops its -t when jij follows it: jij hebt, but heb jij?"},{"section":1002,"text":"You: jij, u and jullie\n\nDutch has three words for you. Jij (unstressed je) is the familiar singular, for a friend, a child, a colleague on first-name terms. Jullie is the familiar plural. U is the polite form, for one person or several, and takes the verb in the second or third person singular: u hebt or u heeft. The old pronoun gij, which this book's first readers still met in print, is now archaic in the Netherlands and survives in Flemish speech and in the Bible."},{"section":1003,"text":"Gender\n\nEvery Dutch noun has a gender, and the gender decides its article. In practice there are two classes: de-words and het-words. Names of persons are de-words and are masculine or feminine as in English; names of animals and things may be de-words (masculine or feminine) or het-words (neuter). Dictionaries still mark m., f. and n., because the gender decides which pronoun refers back to the noun; for the article only de or het matters. This book's word lists give each noun with its article."},{"section":1004,"text":"The article: het lidwoord\n\nThere are in Dutch as in English two articles: the definite (het bepaald lidwoord) and the indefinite article (het onbepaald lidwoord).\n\nThe definite article has two forms in the singular: de for masculine and feminine nouns, het for neuter nouns. The plural for all genders is de. Examples: de vader the father, de moeder the mother, het kind the child; plural de vaders, de moeders, de kinderen. In speech and informal writing het is often shortened to 't."},{"section":1005,"text":"The article is not declined\n\nThe article does not change its form for the function of the noun in the sentence. De vader is de vader whether he is the subject, the object, or follows a preposition: de vader komt, ik zie de vader, het huis van de vader. Possession is expressed with van (het huis van de vader, the house of the father) or, for persons, with -s (vaders huis).\n\nWritten Dutch until 1947 declined the article: des vaders (of the father), den vader (to the father, the father as object), der moeder (of or to the mother). You will meet these forms on every page of Multatuli and of any Dutch book printed before the war. They survive today only in fixed expressions: 's morgens (des morgens) in the morning, in den beginne in the beginning, ter harte to heart, ten dienste van for the use of, ten dele partly, ter inzage for perusal, ten huize van at the house of."},{"section":1006,"text":"The indefinite article\n\nThe indefinite article has one form for all genders: een. Een vader a father, een moeder a mother, een kind a child. It is pronounced with a weak vowel, like English a; the numeral één (one) is written with accents when the two could be confused.\n\nThe indefinite article is not declined, and neither are the possessive pronouns: mijn my, jouw (unstressed je) your, zijn his, haar her, zijn its, ons (before a het-word) or onze (before a de-word and in the plural) our, uw your (polite), jullie your (familiar plural), hun their. Only ons/onze changes: ons huis our house, onze vader our father, onze kinderen our children."},{"section":1007,"text":"Prepositions\n\nA preposition is followed by the noun in its plain form, with the ordinary article: van het jaar of the year, tot de dood until death, op haar mond on her mouth, met zijn vinger with his finger."},{"section":2001,"text":"Verbs of this lesson, with their principal parts\n\nzeggen      to say            ik zeg, ik zei, ik heb gezegd\nzijn        to be             ik ben, ik was, ik ben geweest\nhebben      to have           ik heb, ik had, ik heb gehad\nvergeten    to forget         ik vergeet, ik vergat, ik ben (heb) vergeten\nantwoorden  to answer         ik antwoord, ik antwoordde, ik heb geantwoord\nleggen      to lay            ik leg, ik legde, ik heb gelegd\nmoeten      to have to, must  ik moet, ik moest, ik heb gemoeten\nmaken       to make           ik maak, ik maakte, ik heb gemaakt"}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[{"section":1001,"headword":"hebben","caption":"present tense","cells":[{"label":"ik","number":"singular","form":"heb","meaning":"I have","name":"ik, singular"},{"label":"jij","number":"singular","form":"hebt","meaning":"you have (familiar)","name":"jij, singular"},{"label":"u","number":"singular","form":"hebt","meaning":"you have (polite)","name":"u, singular"},{"label":"hij","number":"singular","form":"heeft","meaning":"he has","name":"hij, singular"},{"label":"zij","number":"singular","form":"heeft","meaning":"she has","name":"zij, singular"},{"label":"het","number":"singular","form":"heeft","meaning":"it has","name":"het, singular"},{"label":"men","number":"singular","form":"heeft","meaning":"one has","name":"men, singular"},{"label":"wij","number":"plural","form":"hebben","meaning":"we have","name":"wij, plural"},{"label":"jullie","number":"plural","form":"hebben","meaning":"you have (familiar plural)","name":"jullie, plural"},{"label":"zij","number":"plural","form":"hebben","meaning":"they have","name":"zij, plural"}]}]},{"title":"Lesson 1: You: jij, u and jullie","teaching":[{"title":"Three words for you","paragraphs":["A pronoun is a short word that stands for a person: I, you, he. Dutch has three words for you.","Jij is for one person you know well: a friend, a child, a colleague on first names. Without stress it becomes je.","Jullie is for more than one friend at once.","U is the polite word. It is the same word for one person or several. The verb after u takes the form of jij or of hij: u hebt or u heeft. Both are right."]}],"lines":[{"number":6,"id":"val.nl.L01.x.2.1","source":"Heb je een hond?","translation":"Do you have a dog? (to a friend)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Heb","gloss":"have"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"hond?","gloss":"the dog, dogs"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L01.x.2.1.m4a"},{"number":7,"id":"val.nl.L01.x.2.2","source":"Hebt u een hond?","translation":"Do you have a dog? (politely)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hebt","gloss":"have"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"hond?","gloss":"the dog, dogs"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L01.x.2.2.m4a"},{"number":8,"id":"val.nl.L01.x.2.3","source":"Hebben jullie een hond?","translation":"Do you have a dog? (to several friends)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hebben","gloss":"to have"},{"text":"jullie","gloss":"you (plural)"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"hond?","gloss":"the dog, dogs"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L01.x.2.3.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 1: Gender","teaching":[{"title":"Every noun has a gender","paragraphs":["A noun is a word for a person, a thing or an idea: father, house, age. An article is the small word before a noun: the, a.","Gender is the class a noun belongs to. Every Dutch noun has one, and it decides the word for the. De-words take de. Het-words take het.","Most names of persons are de-words: de vader, de moeder. A few are het-words, such as het kind, the child. Animals and things can be either. The word lists give each noun with its article.","Dictionaries still mark each noun m., f. or n., because gender decides the pronoun that refers back to it. For the article only de or het matters."]}],"lines":[{"number":9,"id":"val.nl.L01.x.3.1","source":"de vader","translation":"the father","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vader","gloss":"the father"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L01.x.3.1.m4a"},{"number":10,"id":"val.nl.L01.x.3.2","source":"de moeder","translation":"the mother","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"moeder","gloss":"the mother"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L01.x.3.2.m4a"},{"number":11,"id":"val.nl.L01.x.3.3","source":"het kind","translation":"the child","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"kind","gloss":"the child"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L01.x.3.3.m4a"},{"number":12,"id":"val.nl.L01.x.3.4","source":"de hond","translation":"the dog","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"hond","gloss":"the dog, dogs"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L01.x.3.4.m4a"},{"number":13,"id":"val.nl.L01.x.3.5","source":"het jaar","translation":"the year","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"jaar","gloss":"the year"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L01.x.3.5.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 1: The article: het lidwoord","teaching":[{"title":"De, het and een","paragraphs":["Dutch has two words for the and one word for a.","The plural is the form for more than one. De is the for a de-word, and for every noun in the plural. Het is the for a het-word in the singular.","De vader, de moeder, het kind. In the plural: de vaders, de moeders, de kinderen.","Een is a or an, for any noun. In speech het is often shortened to 't."]}],"lines":[{"number":14,"id":"val.nl.L01.x.4.1","source":"de vader","translation":"the father","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vader","gloss":"the father"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L01.x.4.1.m4a"},{"number":15,"id":"val.nl.L01.x.4.2","source":"de moeder","translation":"the mother","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"moeder","gloss":"the mother"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L01.x.4.2.m4a"},{"number":16,"id":"val.nl.L01.x.4.3","source":"het kind","translation":"the child","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"kind","gloss":"the child"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L01.x.4.3.m4a"},{"number":17,"id":"val.nl.L01.x.4.4","source":"de vaders, de moeders, de kinderen","translation":"the fathers, the mothers, the children","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vaders,","gloss":"father's"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"moeders,","gloss":"Mothers"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"kinderen","gloss":"children"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L01.x.4.4.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 1: The article is not declined","teaching":[{"title":"One form of the article","paragraphs":["In some languages the article changes with the noun's job in the sentence. Dutch does not do this.","De vader keeps one form in every place in the sentence: de vader komt, ik zie de vader, het huis van de vader.","To show who owns a thing, Dutch uses van: het huis van de vader. For persons it can also add s: vaders huis.","Dutch printed before 1947 changed the article: des vaders, den vader, der moeder. Today these forms live only in fixed phrases: 's morgens, ter harte."]}],"lines":[{"number":18,"id":"val.nl.L01.x.5.1","source":"het huis van de vader","translation":"the house of the father","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"huis","gloss":"house"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vader","gloss":"the father"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L01.x.5.1.m4a"},{"number":19,"id":"val.nl.L01.x.5.2","source":"het boek van het kind","translation":"the book of the child","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"boek","gloss":"book"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"kind","gloss":"the child"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L01.x.5.2.m4a"},{"number":20,"id":"val.nl.L01.x.5.3","source":"'s morgens","translation":"in the morning","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"'s","gloss":"(abbreviation)"},{"text":"morgens","gloss":"morning"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L01.x.5.3.m4a"},{"number":21,"id":"val.nl.L01.x.5.4","source":"ter harte","translation":"to heart","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ter","gloss":"for the"},{"text":"harte","gloss":"heart"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L01.x.5.4.m4a"},{"number":22,"id":"val.nl.L01.x.5.5","source":"ten huize van haar moeder","translation":"at the house of her mother","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ten","gloss":"in"},{"text":"huize","gloss":"house"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"haar","gloss":"her"},{"text":"moeder","gloss":"the mother"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L01.x.5.5.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 1: The indefinite article","teaching":[{"title":"Een means a","paragraphs":["Een is a or an. It has one form for every noun: een vader, een moeder, een kind.","Say it with a weak vowel, like the a in about. The number one is spelled the same, so the number is written één when the two could be confused.","The words for my, your, his, her and their also keep one form. Only our changes: ons before a het-word, onze before a de-word and in the plural. Ons huis, onze vader, onze kinderen."]}],"lines":[{"number":23,"id":"val.nl.L01.x.6.1","source":"een vader, een moeder, een kind","translation":"a father, a mother, a child","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"vader,","gloss":"the father"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"moeder,","gloss":"the mother"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"kind","gloss":"the child"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L01.x.6.1.m4a"},{"number":24,"id":"val.nl.L01.x.6.2","source":"mijn hond","translation":"my dog","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"hond","gloss":"the dog, dogs"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L01.x.6.2.m4a"},{"number":25,"id":"val.nl.L01.x.6.3","source":"haar mond","translation":"her mouth","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"haar","gloss":"her"},{"text":"mond","gloss":"mouth"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L01.x.6.3.m4a"},{"number":26,"id":"val.nl.L01.x.6.4","source":"ons huis, onze vader","translation":"our house, our father","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ons","gloss":"us"},{"text":"huis,","gloss":"house"},{"text":"onze","gloss":"our"},{"text":"vader","gloss":"the father"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L01.x.6.4.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 1: Prepositions","teaching":[{"title":"Words of place and relation","paragraphs":["A preposition is a small word that links a noun to the rest of the sentence: of, on, with, until.","Van is of. Op is on. Met is with. Tot is until.","The preposition comes before its noun, as in English. The noun keeps its plain form and its ordinary article: van het jaar, tot de dood, op haar mond, met zijn vinger."]},{"title":"Verbs of this lesson, with their principal parts","paragraphs":[]}],"lines":[{"number":27,"id":"val.nl.L01.x.7.1","source":"van het jaar","translation":"of the year","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"jaar","gloss":"the year"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L01.x.7.1.m4a"},{"number":28,"id":"val.nl.L01.x.7.2","source":"tot de dood","translation":"until death","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"tot","gloss":"until, to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"dood","gloss":"death"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L01.x.7.2.m4a"},{"number":29,"id":"val.nl.L01.x.7.3","source":"op haar mond","translation":"on her mouth","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"haar","gloss":"her mouth"},{"text":"mond","gloss":"her mouth"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L01.x.7.3.m4a"},{"number":30,"id":"val.nl.L01.x.7.4","source":"met zijn vinger","translation":"with his finger","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his finger"},{"text":"vinger","gloss":"his finger"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L01.x.7.4.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Hoge ouderdom","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":31,"id":"val.nl.L01.r.0","source":"Hoge ouderdom","translation":"A great age","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hoge","gloss":"high"},{"text":"ouderdom","gloss":"age"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L01.r.0.m4a"},{"number":32,"id":"val.nl.L01.r.1","source":"Een vrouw van negentig jaar zei tegen Fontenelle, die vijfennegentig was: “De dood heeft ons zeker vergeten.”","translation":"A woman of ninety said to Fontenelle, who was ninety-five: “Death has surely forgotten us.”","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"vrouw","gloss":"a woman, a lady"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"negentig","gloss":"ninety"},{"text":"jaar","gloss":"the year"},{"text":"zei","gloss":"said"},{"text":"tegen","gloss":"to (a person)"},{"text":"Fontenelle,","gloss":"Fontenelle"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"vijfennegentig","gloss":"ninety-five"},{"text":"was:","gloss":"was"},{"text":"“De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"dood","gloss":"death"},{"text":"heeft","gloss":"has"},{"text":"ons","gloss":"us"},{"text":"zeker","gloss":"surely, certainly"},{"text":"vergeten.”","gloss":"forgotten"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L01.r.1.m4a"},{"number":33,"id":"val.nl.L01.r.2","source":"“Stil!” antwoordde Fontenelle haar, terwijl hij zijn vinger op haar mond legde, “men moet geen slapende honden wakker maken.”","translation":"“Hush!” Fontenelle answered her, laying his finger on her mouth, “one must not wake sleeping dogs.”","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"“Stil!”","gloss":"hush! quiet!"},{"text":"antwoordde","gloss":"answered"},{"text":"Fontenelle","gloss":"Fontenelle"},{"text":"haar,","gloss":"her"},{"text":"terwijl","gloss":"while"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his finger"},{"text":"vinger","gloss":"his finger"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on her mouth"},{"text":"haar","gloss":"on her mouth"},{"text":"mond","gloss":"on her mouth"},{"text":"legde,","gloss":"laid"},{"text":"“men","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":"moet","gloss":"must"},{"text":"geen","gloss":"no, not a"},{"text":"slapende","gloss":"sleeping"},{"text":"honden","gloss":"the dog, dogs"},{"text":"wakker","gloss":"to wake (someone) up"},{"text":"maken.”","gloss":"to wake (someone) up"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L01.r.2.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"ouderdom","gloss":"age"},{"word":"ouderdom","gloss":"old age (hoge ouderdom)"},{"word":"vrouw","gloss":"a woman, a lady"},{"word":"jaar","gloss":"the year"},{"word":"dood","gloss":"death"},{"word":"vinger","gloss":"his finger (zijn vinger)"},{"word":"mond","gloss":"her mouth (haar mond)"},{"word":"wakker","gloss":"awake; to wake (someone) up"},{"word":"negentig","gloss":"ninety"},{"word":"vijfennegentig","gloss":"ninety-five"},{"word":"zeker","gloss":"surely, certainly"},{"word":"Stil","gloss":"hush! quiet!"},{"word":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"word":"haar","gloss":"her"},{"word":"ons","gloss":"us"},{"word":"men","gloss":"one, people (impersonal)"},{"word":"geen","gloss":"no, not a"},{"word":"terwijl","gloss":"while"},{"word":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"word":"tegen","gloss":"to (a person); on, upon"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 1: conversation","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":34,"id":"val.nl.L01.c.q1","source":"Hoe oud was de vrouw?","translation":"How old was the woman?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hoe","gloss":"how"},{"text":"oud","gloss":"old"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vrouw?","gloss":"a woman, a lady"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L01.c.q1.m4a"},{"number":35,"id":"val.nl.L01.c.q2","source":"Hoe oud was Fontenelle?","translation":"How old was Fontenelle?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hoe","gloss":"how"},{"text":"oud","gloss":"old"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be"},{"text":"Fontenelle?","gloss":"Fontenelle"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L01.c.q2.m4a"},{"number":36,"id":"val.nl.L01.c.q3","source":"Wat zei de vrouw tegen Fontenelle?","translation":"What did the woman say to Fontenelle?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"zei","gloss":"to say"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vrouw","gloss":"a woman, a lady"},{"text":"tegen","gloss":"against; to"},{"text":"Fontenelle?","gloss":"Fontenelle"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L01.c.q3.m4a"},{"number":37,"id":"val.nl.L01.c.q4","source":"Wat antwoordde Fontenelle?","translation":"What did Fontenelle answer?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"antwoordde","gloss":"to answer"},{"text":"Fontenelle?","gloss":"Fontenelle"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L01.c.q4.m4a"},{"number":38,"id":"val.nl.L01.c.a1","source":"De vrouw was negentig jaar oud.","translation":"The woman was ninety years old.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vrouw","gloss":"a woman, a lady"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be"},{"text":"negentig","gloss":"ninety"},{"text":"jaar","gloss":"the year"},{"text":"oud.","gloss":"old"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L01.c.a1.m4a"},{"number":39,"id":"val.nl.L01.c.a2","source":"Fontenelle was vijfennegentig jaar oud.","translation":"Fontenelle was ninety-five years old.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Fontenelle","gloss":"Fontenelle"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be"},{"text":"vijfennegentig","gloss":"ninety-five"},{"text":"jaar","gloss":"the year"},{"text":"oud.","gloss":"old"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L01.c.a2.m4a"},{"number":40,"id":"val.nl.L01.c.a3","source":"Zij zei: “De dood heeft ons zeker vergeten.”","translation":"She said: “Death has surely forgotten us.”","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"zei:","gloss":"said"},{"text":"“De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"dood","gloss":"death"},{"text":"heeft","gloss":"has"},{"text":"ons","gloss":"us"},{"text":"zeker","gloss":"surely, certainly"},{"text":"vergeten.”","gloss":"forgotten"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L01.c.a3.m4a"},{"number":41,"id":"val.nl.L01.c.a4","source":"Hij antwoordde: “Stil! Men moet geen slapende honden wakker maken.”","translation":"He answered: “Hush! One must not wake sleeping dogs.”","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"antwoordde:","gloss":"answered"},{"text":"“Stil!","gloss":"hush! quiet!"},{"text":"Men","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":"moet","gloss":"must"},{"text":"geen","gloss":"no, not a"},{"text":"slapende","gloss":"sleeping"},{"text":"honden","gloss":"the dog, dogs"},{"text":"wakker","gloss":"to wake (someone) up"},{"text":"maken.”","gloss":"to wake (someone) up"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L01.c.a4.m4a"},{"number":42,"id":"val.nl.L01.c.q5","source":"Wat deed Fontenelle toen hij antwoordde?","translation":"What did Fontenelle do as he answered?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"deed","gloss":"did"},{"text":"Fontenelle","gloss":"Fontenelle"},{"text":"toen","gloss":"when (past); then"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"antwoordde?","gloss":"to answer"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L01.c.q5.m4a"},{"number":43,"id":"val.nl.L01.c.q6","source":"Welke honden moet men niet wakker maken?","translation":"Which dogs must one not wake?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Welke","gloss":"which, what"},{"text":"honden","gloss":"the dog, dogs"},{"text":"moet","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"men","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"wakker","gloss":"to wake (someone) up"},{"text":"maken?","gloss":"to wake (someone) up"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L01.c.q6.m4a"},{"number":44,"id":"val.nl.L01.c.a5","source":"Hij legde zijn vinger op haar mond.","translation":"He laid his finger on her mouth.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"legde","gloss":"to lay"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his finger"},{"text":"vinger","gloss":"his finger"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on her mouth"},{"text":"haar","gloss":"on her mouth"},{"text":"mond.","gloss":"on her mouth"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L01.c.a5.m4a"},{"number":45,"id":"val.nl.L01.c.a6","source":"Men moet geen slapende honden wakker maken.","translation":"One must not wake sleeping dogs.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Men","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":"moet","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"geen","gloss":"no, not a"},{"text":"slapende","gloss":"sleep"},{"text":"honden","gloss":"the dog, dogs"},{"text":"wakker","gloss":"to wake (someone) up"},{"text":"maken.","gloss":"to wake (someone) up"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L01.c.a6.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 1: exercise 1","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":46,"id":"val.nl.L01.e1.i1","source":"De vrouw heeft een hond.","translation":"The woman has a dog.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vrouw","gloss":"a woman, a lady"},{"text":"heeft","gloss":"to have"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"hond.","gloss":"the dog, dogs"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L01.e1.i1.m4a"},{"number":47,"id":"val.nl.L01.e1.i2","source":"De dagen van het jaar.","translation":"The days of the year.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"dagen","gloss":"days"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"jaar.","gloss":"the year"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L01.e1.i2.m4a"},{"number":48,"id":"val.nl.L01.e1.i3","source":"Wat hebt u geantwoord?","translation":"What have you answered?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"hebt","gloss":"to have"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"geantwoord?","gloss":"to answer"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L01.e1.i3.m4a"},{"number":49,"id":"val.nl.L01.e1.i4","source":"Het huis van de vader.","translation":"The house of the father.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"huis","gloss":"house"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vader.","gloss":"the father"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L01.e1.i4.m4a"},{"number":50,"id":"val.nl.L01.e1.i5","source":"Wat hebt u gemaakt?","translation":"What have you made?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"hebt","gloss":"to have"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"gemaakt?","gloss":"to make"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L01.e1.i5.m4a"},{"number":51,"id":"val.nl.L01.e1.i6","source":"Wij hebben een hart.","translation":"We have a heart.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"hebben","gloss":"to have"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"hart.","gloss":"heart"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L01.e1.i6.m4a"},{"number":52,"id":"val.nl.L01.e1.i7","source":"Hebben zij geantwoord?","translation":"Have they answered?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hebben","gloss":"to have"},{"text":"zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"geantwoord?","gloss":"to answer"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L01.e1.i7.m4a"},{"number":53,"id":"val.nl.L01.e1.i8","source":"Kom voor het eten.","translation":"Come before dinner.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Kom","gloss":"come"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for; before, in front of"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"eten.","gloss":"eat; food"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L01.e1.i8.m4a"},{"number":54,"id":"val.nl.L01.e1.i9","source":"Het middagmaal van de vrouw.","translation":"The dinner of the woman.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"middagmaal","gloss":"midday meal"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vrouw.","gloss":"a woman, a lady"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L01.e1.i9.m4a"},{"number":55,"id":"val.nl.L01.e1.i10","source":"Zijn moeder heeft een huis.","translation":"His mother has a house.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"moeder","gloss":"the mother"},{"text":"heeft","gloss":"to have"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"huis.","gloss":"house"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L01.e1.i10.m4a"},{"number":56,"id":"val.nl.L01.e1.i11","source":"Een boek ter inzage.","translation":"A book for your perusal.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"boek","gloss":"book"},{"text":"ter","gloss":"for the"},{"text":"inzage.","gloss":"sight"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L01.e1.i11.m4a"},{"number":57,"id":"val.nl.L01.e1.i12","source":"Heeft zij een hond?","translation":"Has she a dog?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Heeft","gloss":"to have"},{"text":"zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"hond?","gloss":"the dog, dogs"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L01.e1.i12.m4a"},{"number":58,"id":"val.nl.L01.e1.i13","source":"Het boek van het kind.","translation":"The book of the child.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"boek","gloss":"book"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"kind.","gloss":"the child"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L01.e1.i13.m4a"},{"number":59,"id":"val.nl.L01.e1.i14","source":"Zij was oud.","translation":"She was old.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be"},{"text":"oud.","gloss":"old"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L01.e1.i14.m4a"},{"number":60,"id":"val.nl.L01.e1.i15","source":"U moet antwoorden.","translation":"You must answer.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"U","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"moet","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"antwoorden.","gloss":"to answer"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L01.e1.i15.m4a"},{"number":61,"id":"val.nl.L01.e1.i16","source":"Zij was ten huize van haar moeder.","translation":"She was at the house of her mother.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be"},{"text":"ten","gloss":"in"},{"text":"huize","gloss":"house"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"haar","gloss":"her"},{"text":"moeder.","gloss":"the mother"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L01.e1.i16.m4a"},{"number":62,"id":"val.nl.L01.e1.i17","source":"Ten gebruike van scholen.","translation":"For the use of schools.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ten","gloss":"in"},{"text":"gebruike","gloss":"use"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"scholen.","gloss":"school"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L01.e1.i17.m4a"},{"number":63,"id":"val.nl.L01.e1.i18","source":"Hij legde zijn vinger op haar mond.","translation":"He laid his finger on her mouth.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"legde","gloss":"to lay"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his finger"},{"text":"vinger","gloss":"his finger"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on her mouth"},{"text":"haar","gloss":"on her mouth"},{"text":"mond.","gloss":"on her mouth"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L01.e1.i18.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 2: Zijn, to be: present tense","teaching":[{"title":"Zijn, to be","paragraphs":["Zijn means to be. Like hebben, it changes with the person, and its forms differ more from each other.","Ik ben. Jij bent. Hij is. Wij zijn. Jullie zijn. Zij zijn. Is serves for he, she, it and men, one.","U takes bent. The older u is is still met in print, but say u bent."]},{"title":"Questions with zijn","paragraphs":["A question puts the verb first and the subject after it, as with hebben. Ben ik? Is hij? Zijn wij?","Jij bent becomes ben jij? The verb has no t when jij follows it. Bent u? keeps its t."]}],"lines":[{"number":64,"id":"val.nl.L02.x.1.1","source":"Ik ben in Nederland geweest.","translation":"I have been in the Netherlands.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"ben","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"Nederland","gloss":"Nederland"},{"text":"geweest.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L02.x.1.1.m4a"},{"number":65,"id":"val.nl.L02.x.1.2","source":"Ben jij de herbergier?","translation":"Are you the innkeeper?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ben","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"jij","gloss":"you"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"herbergier?","gloss":"innkeeper, host"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L02.x.1.2.m4a"},{"number":66,"id":"val.nl.L02.x.1.3","source":"Bent u hier al eens geweest?","translation":"Have you been here before? (polite)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Bent","gloss":"are"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"hier","gloss":"here"},{"text":"al","gloss":"already"},{"text":"eens","gloss":"once, one day"},{"text":"geweest?","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L02.x.1.3.m4a"},{"number":67,"id":"val.nl.L02.x.1.4","source":"Wij zijn in Engeland.","translation":"We are in England.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"Engeland.","gloss":"Engeland"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L02.x.1.4.m4a"},{"number":68,"id":"val.nl.L02.x.1.5","source":"Zijn de eieren zeldzaam?","translation":"Are eggs rare?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"eieren","gloss":"egg, eggs"},{"text":"zeldzaam?","gloss":"rare"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L02.x.1.5.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1001,"text":"Zijn, to be: present tense\n\nPresent tense\nik ben         I am\njij bent       you are (familiar)\nu bent         you are (polite)\nhij is         he is\nzij is         she is\nhet is         it is\nmen is         one is\nwij zijn       we are\njullie zijn    you are (familiar plural)\nzij zijn       they are\n\nAs a question\nben ik?        am I?\nben jij?       are you?\nbent u?        are you?\nis hij?        is he?\nis zij?        is she?\nis het?        is it?\nis men?        is one?\nzijn wij?      are we?\nzijn jullie?   are you?\nzijn zij?      are they?\n\nAs with hebben, the verb stands first and the subject follows it in a question. Jij bent becomes ben jij: the verb loses its final t."},{"section":1002,"text":"Het Werkwoord: weak, strong and irregular verbs\n\nDutch verbs fall into two families. Weak verbs (zwakke werkwoorden) build their past tense and past participle with an ending on the stem and no change of vowel. Strong verbs (sterke werkwoorden) change the stem vowel instead. A verb that follows neither pattern cleanly is irregular (onregelmatig)."},{"section":1003,"text":"Weak verbs: the past participle\n\nWeak verbs have no vowel change; their past participle is formed by adding d or t to the stem."},{"section":1004,"text":"Strong verbs: the past participle\n\nStrong verbs have a vowel change; their past participle is formed by adding en to the stem."},{"section":1005,"text":"The infinitive\n\nThe infinitive of a Dutch verb is formed by adding en to the stem."},{"section":1006,"text":"Spelling: doubling and dropping consonants\n\nIf the stem ends in a double consonant, both consonants are written only before a following e; everywhere else one consonant is dropped: leggen: ik leg, jij legt / u legt, hij legt, wij leggen, zij leggen; zetten: ik zet, jij zet / u zet, hij zet, wij zetten, zij zetten."},{"section":1007,"text":"The present tense\n\nThe stem gives the first person singular: leg, zet. The second and third person singular add t to the stem, unless it already ends in t: jij legt / u legt, hij legt; jij zet, u zet, hij zet. Jij drops that -t when it follows the verb in a question: leg jij? (not legt jij?). The first and third person plural, and jullie, take the form of the infinitive: wij leggen, jullie leggen, zij leggen; wij zetten, jullie zetten, zij zetten.\n\nAn archaic first-person ending in -e appears in a few fixed formulas: zegge, printed on Dutch invoices and cheques to spell out a sum in words (driehonderd euro, zegge driehonderd euro, three hundred euros, say three hundred), and the letter-closing ik verblijve (I remain). Multatuli's prose and the Bible use gij for the second person singular."},{"section":1008,"text":"Model conjugation: leggen and zetten\n\nLeggen: ik leg (I lay), jij legt / u legt (you lay), hij legt (he lays), wij leggen (we lay), jullie leggen (you lay, plural), zij leggen (they lay).\nZetten: ik zet (I set), jij zet / u zet (you set), hij zet (he sets), wij zetten (we set), jullie zetten (you set, plural), zij zetten (they set)."},{"section":2002,"text":"Verbs of this lesson, with their principal parts\n\ntrekken     to travel          ik trek, ik trok, ik heb getrokken\nvernachten  to pass the night  ik overnacht, ik overnachtte, ik heb overnacht\nwenschen    to wish            ik wens, ik wenste, ik heb gewenst\ngebruiken   to eat, to have    ik gebruik, ik gebruikte, ik heb gebruikt\nbezorgen    to procure         ik bezorg, ik bezorgde, ik heb bezorgd\nzetten      to put, to set     ik zet, ik zette, ik heb gezet\nschijnen    to seem            het schijnt, het scheen, het heeft geschenen."}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[{"section":1001,"headword":"zijn","caption":"present tense","cells":[{"label":"ik","number":"singular","form":"ben","meaning":"I am","name":"ik, singular"},{"label":"jij","number":"singular","form":"bent","meaning":"you are (familiar)","name":"jij, singular"},{"label":"u","number":"singular","form":"bent","meaning":"you are (polite)","name":"u, singular"},{"label":"hij","number":"singular","form":"is","meaning":"he is","name":"hij, singular"},{"label":"zij","number":"singular","form":"is","meaning":"she is","name":"zij, singular"},{"label":"het","number":"singular","form":"is","meaning":"it is","name":"het, singular"},{"label":"men","number":"singular","form":"is","meaning":"one is","name":"men, singular"},{"label":"wij","number":"plural","form":"zijn","meaning":"we are","name":"wij, plural"},{"label":"jullie","number":"plural","form":"zijn","meaning":"you are (familiar plural)","name":"jullie, plural"},{"label":"zij","number":"plural","form":"zijn","meaning":"they are","name":"zij, plural"}]}]},{"title":"Lesson 2: Het Werkwoord: weak, strong and irregular verbs (and 2 more)","teaching":[{"title":"Three kinds of verb","paragraphs":["Dutch verbs fall into two families. The family decides how a verb talks about the past.","The stem is the verb without its ending: the stem of maken is maak. The past tense says what happened: I made. The past participle is the form after have: I have made.","Weak verbs add an ending to the stem and keep its vowel. Maken is weak. Strong verbs change the stem vowel instead. Trekken is strong.","An irregular verb follows neither pattern cleanly. Zijn is irregular."]},{"title":"The weak past participle","paragraphs":["A weak verb keeps its vowel. Its past participle adds d or t to the stem.","Maken becomes gemaakt. The stem maak keeps its vowel and takes a t. Antwoorden becomes geantwoord.","In both examples ge also comes before the stem."]},{"title":"The strong past participle","paragraphs":["A strong verb changes its vowel. Its past participle adds en to the stem.","Trekken becomes getrokken. The e of the stem turns into o. Zingen becomes gezongen. The i turns into o."]}],"lines":[{"number":69,"id":"val.nl.L02.x.2.1","source":"maken","translation":"to make (weak)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"maken","gloss":"to make (weak)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L02.x.2.1.m4a"},{"number":70,"id":"val.nl.L02.x.2.2","source":"trekken","translation":"to travel, to pull (strong)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"trekken","gloss":"to travel, to pull (strong)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L02.x.2.2.m4a"},{"number":71,"id":"val.nl.L02.x.2.3","source":"zijn","translation":"to be (irregular)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L02.x.2.3.m4a"},{"number":72,"id":"val.nl.L02.x.3.1","source":"maken - gemaakt","translation":"to make - made","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"maken","gloss":"to make (weak)"},{"text":"-","gloss":""},{"text":"gemaakt","gloss":"to make (weak)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L02.x.3.1.m4a"},{"number":73,"id":"val.nl.L02.x.3.2","source":"antwoorden - geantwoord","translation":"to answer - answered","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"antwoorden","gloss":"answer"},{"text":"-","gloss":""},{"text":"geantwoord","gloss":"to answer"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L02.x.3.2.m4a"},{"number":74,"id":"val.nl.L02.x.4.1","source":"trekken - getrokken","translation":"to travel, to pull - traveled, pulled","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"trekken","gloss":"to travel, to pull (strong)"},{"text":"-","gloss":""},{"text":"getrokken","gloss":"to travel"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L02.x.4.1.m4a"},{"number":75,"id":"val.nl.L02.x.4.2","source":"zingen - gezongen","translation":"to sing - sung","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"zingen","gloss":"singing"},{"text":"-","gloss":""},{"text":"gezongen","gloss":"sung"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L02.x.4.2.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 2: The infinitive (and 1 more)","teaching":[{"title":"The whole verb","paragraphs":["The infinitive is the form that names the verb. In English it is to make or to set.","A Dutch infinitive is the stem plus en. Maak plus en is maken. Zet plus en is zetten."]},{"title":"Double letters","paragraphs":["Some verbs write a double letter in some forms and a single letter in others. The spelling follows one rule.","In leggen and zetten the stem ends in a double letter: the g and the t are doubled. Both letters are written only when an e follows: wij leggen, wij zetten.","Everywhere else one letter is dropped: ik leg, hij legt, ik zet."]}],"lines":[{"number":76,"id":"val.nl.L02.x.5.1","source":"maak + en = maken","translation":"make + en = to make","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"maak","gloss":"to make (weak)"},{"text":"+","gloss":""},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"=","gloss":""},{"text":"maken","gloss":"to make (weak)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L02.x.5.1.m4a"},{"number":77,"id":"val.nl.L02.x.5.2","source":"zet + en = zetten","translation":"set + en = to set","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"zet","gloss":"to put, to set"},{"text":"+","gloss":""},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"=","gloss":""},{"text":"zetten","gloss":"to put, to set"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L02.x.5.2.m4a"},{"number":78,"id":"val.nl.L02.x.6.1","source":"ik leg, wij leggen","translation":"I lay, we lay","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"leg,","gloss":"to lay"},{"text":"wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"leggen","gloss":"to lay"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L02.x.6.1.m4a"},{"number":79,"id":"val.nl.L02.x.6.2","source":"ik zet, wij zetten","translation":"I set, we set","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"zet,","gloss":"to put, to set"},{"text":"wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"zetten","gloss":"to put, to set"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L02.x.6.2.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 2: The present tense (and 1 more)","teaching":[{"title":"Building the present tense","paragraphs":["Person is the word for who does the verb. First person is I or we. Second person is you. Third person is he, she, it or they.","The stem is the form for I: leg, zet. Jij, u and hij add t to the stem: jij legt, hij legt. A stem that already ends in t adds nothing: jij zet, hij zet.","Wij, jullie and zij take the infinitive form: wij leggen, jullie leggen, zij zetten.","In a question jij drops that t. Leg jij? is correct. Legt jij? is not."]},{"title":"Old forms in fixed phrases","paragraphs":["An old first person ending in e survives in a few fixed phrases.","Zegge is printed on invoices and cheques to spell out a sum in words: zegge driehonderd euro. It means say three hundred euros. Ik verblijve closes a letter and means I remain.","Gij is an old word for you, one person. Some old prose and the Bible use it."]},{"title":"Two verbs as models","paragraphs":["A model shows one verb in every person. Leggen and zetten are the two models.","Ik leg and ik zet are the stems. Wij leggen and wij zetten are the infinitive forms.","Jij legt and u legt are the same form. Jij zet and u zet are also the same form. Zetten adds no t, because its stem already ends in t."]}],"lines":[{"number":80,"id":"val.nl.L02.x.7.1","source":"Leg jij het ei op tafel?","translation":"Are you putting the egg on the table?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Leg","gloss":"to lay"},{"text":"jij","gloss":"you"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"ei","gloss":"egg, eggs"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"tafel?","gloss":"table"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L02.x.7.1.m4a"},{"number":81,"id":"val.nl.L02.x.7.2","source":"Hij zet de guinje op de rekening.","translation":"He puts the guinea on the bill.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"zet","gloss":"to put, to set"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"guinje","gloss":"a guinea"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"rekening.","gloss":"the bill"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L02.x.7.2.m4a"},{"number":82,"id":"val.nl.L02.x.7.3","source":"Wij trekken naar Hannover.","translation":"We are traveling to Hannover.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"trekken","gloss":"to travel, to pull (strong)"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"Hannover.","gloss":"Hannover"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L02.x.7.3.m4a"},{"number":83,"id":"val.nl.L02.x.7.4","source":"zegge driehonderd euro","translation":"say three hundred euros (on an invoice)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"zegge","gloss":"to say"},{"text":"driehonderd","gloss":"three hundred"},{"text":"euro","gloss":"euro"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L02.x.7.4.m4a"},{"number":84,"id":"val.nl.L02.x.8.1","source":"Ik leg mijn vinger op de rekening.","translation":"I put my finger on the bill.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"leg","gloss":"to lay"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"vinger","gloss":"finger"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"rekening.","gloss":"the bill"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L02.x.8.1.m4a"},{"number":85,"id":"val.nl.L02.x.8.2","source":"Zet jij het ei op tafel?","translation":"Are you putting the egg on the table?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zet","gloss":"to put, to set"},{"text":"jij","gloss":"you"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"ei","gloss":"egg, eggs"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"tafel?","gloss":"table"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L02.x.8.2.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"De slimme herbergier","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":86,"id":"val.nl.L02.r.0","source":"De slimme herbergier","translation":"The sly innkeeper","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"slimme","gloss":"sly"},{"text":"herbergier","gloss":"innkeeper, host"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L02.r.0.m4a"},{"number":87,"id":"val.nl.L02.r.1","source":"George II, koning van Engeland, trok eens door Nederland naar Hannover, overnachtte in een dorpsherberg en wenste een enkel ei voor zijn ontbijt te gebruiken.","translation":"George II, king of England, once traveled through the Netherlands to Hannover, spent the night at a country inn, and wished to have a single egg for his breakfast.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"George","gloss":"George"},{"text":"II,","gloss":"II"},{"text":"koning","gloss":"king, kings"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"Engeland,","gloss":"Engeland"},{"text":"trok","gloss":"to travel"},{"text":"eens","gloss":"once, one day"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"Nederland","gloss":"Nederland"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"Hannover,","gloss":"Hannover"},{"text":"overnachtte","gloss":"to pass the night"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"dorpsherberg","gloss":"a country inn"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"wenste","gloss":"to wish"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"enkel","gloss":"single"},{"text":"ei","gloss":"egg, eggs"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his breakfast"},{"text":"ontbijt","gloss":"his breakfast"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"gebruiken.","gloss":"to use"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L02.r.1.m4a"},{"number":88,"id":"val.nl.L02.r.2","source":"De herbergier bezorgde hem het ei en zette een guinje op de rekening.","translation":"The innkeeper brought him the egg and put a guinea on the bill.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"herbergier","gloss":"innkeeper, host"},{"text":"bezorgde","gloss":"to procure"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"ei","gloss":"egg, eggs"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"zette","gloss":"to put, to set"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"guinje","gloss":"a guinea"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"rekening.","gloss":"the bill"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L02.r.2.m4a"},{"number":89,"id":"val.nl.L02.r.3","source":"De koning zei glimlachend tegen hem: “Het schijnt wel dat de eieren zeldzaam zijn in uw land.”","translation":"The king said, smiling, to him: “It certainly seems that eggs are rare in your country.”","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"koning","gloss":"king, kings"},{"text":"zei","gloss":"said"},{"text":"glimlachend","gloss":"smiling"},{"text":"tegen","gloss":"to (a person)"},{"text":"hem:","gloss":"him"},{"text":"“Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"schijnt","gloss":"seems"},{"text":"wel","gloss":"but"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"eieren","gloss":"egg, eggs"},{"text":"zeldzaam","gloss":"rare"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"uw","gloss":"your country"},{"text":"land.”","gloss":"your country"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L02.r.3.m4a"},{"number":90,"id":"val.nl.L02.r.4","source":"“Dat niet, Sire”, antwoordde de herbergier; “de eieren zijn zo schaars niet, wel de koningen.”","translation":"“Not so, Sire”, answered the innkeeper; “eggs are not so scarce, but kings are.”","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"“Dat","gloss":"not so (I beg your pardon)"},{"text":"niet,","gloss":"not so (I beg your pardon)"},{"text":"Sire”,","gloss":"Sire"},{"text":"antwoordde","gloss":"answered"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"herbergier;","gloss":"innkeeper, host"},{"text":"“de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"eieren","gloss":"egg, eggs"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"zo","gloss":"so, as"},{"text":"schaars","gloss":"scarce"},{"text":"niet,","gloss":"not"},{"text":"wel","gloss":"but"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"koningen.”","gloss":"king, kings"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L02.r.4.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"herbergier","gloss":"innkeeper, host"},{"word":"koning","gloss":"king, kings"},{"word":"Engeland","gloss":"England"},{"word":"Nederland","gloss":"the Netherlands"},{"word":"dorpsherberg","gloss":"a country inn"},{"word":"ei","gloss":"egg, eggs"},{"word":"ontbijt","gloss":"his breakfast (zijn ontbijt)"},{"word":"guinje","gloss":"a guinea"},{"word":"rekening","gloss":"the bill"},{"word":"land","gloss":"your country (uw land)"},{"word":"enkel","gloss":"single"},{"word":"glimlachend","gloss":"smiling"},{"word":"zeldzaam","gloss":"rare"},{"word":"schaars","gloss":"scarce"},{"word":"eens","gloss":"once, one day"},{"word":"wel","gloss":"but; so, as"},{"word":"niet","gloss":"not so (I beg your pardon) (dat niet)"},{"word":"door","gloss":"through; for"},{"word":"te","gloss":"to (infinitive marker); to, towards"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 2: conversation","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":91,"id":"val.nl.L02.c.q1","source":"Waarheen trok George II?","translation":"Where was George II traveling to?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Waarheen","gloss":"where to"},{"text":"trok","gloss":"to travel"},{"text":"George","gloss":"George"},{"text":"II?","gloss":"II"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L02.c.q1.m4a"},{"number":92,"id":"val.nl.L02.c.q2","source":"Door welk land trok George II?","translation":"Through which country did George II travel?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"welk","gloss":"which, what"},{"text":"land","gloss":"land"},{"text":"trok","gloss":"to travel"},{"text":"George","gloss":"George"},{"text":"II?","gloss":"II"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L02.c.q2.m4a"},{"number":93,"id":"val.nl.L02.c.q3","source":"Waar overnachtte de koning?","translation":"Where did the king spend the night?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Waar","gloss":"where; true"},{"text":"overnachtte","gloss":"to pass the night"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"koning?","gloss":"king, kings"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L02.c.q3.m4a"},{"number":94,"id":"val.nl.L02.c.q4","source":"Wat wenste hij voor zijn ontbijt te gebruiken?","translation":"What did he wish to have for his breakfast?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"wenste","gloss":"to wish"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his breakfast"},{"text":"ontbijt","gloss":"his breakfast"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"gebruiken?","gloss":"to use"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L02.c.q4.m4a"},{"number":95,"id":"val.nl.L02.c.a1","source":"George II trok naar Hannover.","translation":"George II was traveling to Hannover.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"George","gloss":"George"},{"text":"II","gloss":"II"},{"text":"trok","gloss":"to travel"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"Hannover.","gloss":"Hannover"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L02.c.a1.m4a"},{"number":96,"id":"val.nl.L02.c.a2","source":"George II trok door Nederland.","translation":"George II traveled through the Netherlands.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"George","gloss":"George"},{"text":"II","gloss":"II"},{"text":"trok","gloss":"to travel"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"Nederland.","gloss":"Nederland"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L02.c.a2.m4a"},{"number":97,"id":"val.nl.L02.c.a3","source":"De koning overnachtte in een dorpsherberg.","translation":"The king spent the night at a country inn.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"koning","gloss":"king, kings"},{"text":"overnachtte","gloss":"to pass the night"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"dorpsherberg.","gloss":"a country inn"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L02.c.a3.m4a"},{"number":98,"id":"val.nl.L02.c.a4","source":"Hij wenste een enkel ei voor zijn ontbijt te gebruiken.","translation":"He wished to have a single egg for his breakfast.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"wenste","gloss":"to wish"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"enkel","gloss":"single"},{"text":"ei","gloss":"egg, eggs"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his breakfast"},{"text":"ontbijt","gloss":"his breakfast"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"gebruiken.","gloss":"to use"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L02.c.a4.m4a"},{"number":99,"id":"val.nl.L02.c.q5","source":"Hoeveel zette de herbergier hem op de rekening?","translation":"How much did the innkeeper put on the bill?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hoeveel","gloss":"how much, how many"},{"text":"zette","gloss":"to put, to set"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"herbergier","gloss":"innkeeper, host"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"rekening?","gloss":"the bill"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L02.c.q5.m4a"},{"number":100,"id":"val.nl.L02.c.q6","source":"Wat zei de koning glimlachend tegen de herbergier?","translation":"What did the king say, smiling, to the innkeeper?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"zei","gloss":"to say"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"koning","gloss":"king, kings"},{"text":"glimlachend","gloss":"smiling"},{"text":"tegen","gloss":"against; to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"herbergier?","gloss":"innkeeper, host"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L02.c.q6.m4a"},{"number":101,"id":"val.nl.L02.c.q7","source":"Wat antwoordde de herbergier?","translation":"What did the innkeeper answer?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"antwoordde","gloss":"to answer"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"herbergier?","gloss":"innkeeper, host"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L02.c.q7.m4a"},{"number":102,"id":"val.nl.L02.c.a5","source":"De herbergier zette een guinje op de rekening.","translation":"The innkeeper put a guinea on the bill.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"herbergier","gloss":"innkeeper, host"},{"text":"zette","gloss":"to put, to set"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"guinje","gloss":"a guinea"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"rekening.","gloss":"the bill"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L02.c.a5.m4a"},{"number":103,"id":"val.nl.L02.c.a6","source":"Hij zei: “Het schijnt wel dat de eieren zeldzaam zijn in uw land.”","translation":"He said: “It certainly seems that eggs are rare in your country.”","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"zei:","gloss":"said"},{"text":"“Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"schijnt","gloss":"seems"},{"text":"wel","gloss":"but"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"eieren","gloss":"egg, eggs"},{"text":"zeldzaam","gloss":"rare"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"uw","gloss":"your country"},{"text":"land.”","gloss":"your country"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L02.c.a6.m4a"},{"number":104,"id":"val.nl.L02.c.a7","source":"Hij antwoordde: “Dat niet, Sire; de eieren zijn zo schaars 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have"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"hond.","gloss":"the dog, dogs"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L02.e4.i4.m4a"},{"number":162,"id":"val.nl.L02.e4.i5","source":"Hij heeft een ei.","translation":"He has an egg.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"heeft","gloss":"to have"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"ei.","gloss":"egg, eggs"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L02.e4.i5.m4a"},{"number":163,"id":"val.nl.L02.e4.i6","source":"De herbergier is slim.","translation":"The host is sly.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"herbergier","gloss":"innkeeper, host"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"slim.","gloss":"sly"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L02.e4.i6.m4a"},{"number":164,"id":"val.nl.L02.e4.i7","source":"De koning is oud.","translation":"The king is old.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"koning","gloss":"king, kings"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"oud.","gloss":"old"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L02.e4.i7.m4a"},{"number":165,"id":"val.nl.L02.e4.i8","source":"De eieren zijn schaars.","translation":"The eggs are scarce.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"eieren","gloss":"egg, eggs"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"schaars.","gloss":"scarce"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L02.e4.i8.m4a"},{"number":166,"id":"val.nl.L02.e4.i9","source":"Hebben de Nederlanden een koning?","translation":"Have the Netherlands a king?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hebben","gloss":"to have"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Nederlanden","gloss":"Nederlanden"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"koning?","gloss":"king, kings"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L02.e4.i9.m4a"},{"number":167,"id":"val.nl.L02.e4.i10","source":"Is de vrouw oud?","translation":"Is the woman old?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vrouw","gloss":"a woman, a lady"},{"text":"oud?","gloss":"old"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L02.e4.i10.m4a"},{"number":168,"id":"val.nl.L02.e4.i11","source":"Heeft de herbergier een hond?","translation":"Has the host a dog?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Heeft","gloss":"to have"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"herbergier","gloss":"innkeeper, host"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"hond?","gloss":"the dog, dogs"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L02.e4.i11.m4a"},{"number":169,"id":"val.nl.L02.e4.i12","source":"Wij hebben een kwitantie.","translation":"We have a receipt.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"hebben","gloss":"to have"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"kwitantie.","gloss":"receipt"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L02.e4.i12.m4a"},{"number":170,"id":"val.nl.L02.e4.i13","source":"Wij bezorgen hem een hond.","translation":"We procure him a dog.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"bezorgen","gloss":"to procure"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"hond.","gloss":"the dog, dogs"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L02.e4.i13.m4a"},{"number":171,"id":"val.nl.L02.e4.i14","source":"Koningen zijn schaars.","translation":"Kings are scarce.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Koningen","gloss":"king, kings"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"schaars.","gloss":"scarce"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L02.e4.i14.m4a"},{"number":172,"id":"val.nl.L02.e4.i15","source":"De vrouw glimlacht.","translation":"The woman smiles.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vrouw","gloss":"a woman, a lady"},{"text":"glimlacht.","gloss":"smiles"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L02.e4.i15.m4a"},{"number":173,"id":"val.nl.L02.e4.i16","source":"Hier is een herberg.","translation":"Here (Hier) is an inn.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hier","gloss":"here"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"herberg.","gloss":"inn"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L02.e4.i16.m4a"},{"number":174,"id":"val.nl.L02.e4.i17","source":"Hij wenst een ei voor zijn ontbijt.","translation":"He wishes an egg for his breakfast.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"wenst","gloss":"wished"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"ei","gloss":"egg, eggs"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his breakfast"},{"text":"ontbijt.","gloss":"his breakfast"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L02.e4.i17.m4a"},{"number":175,"id":"val.nl.L02.e4.i18","source":"Zijn land heeft een koning.","translation":"His country has a king.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"land","gloss":"land"},{"text":"heeft","gloss":"to have"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"koning.","gloss":"king, kings"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L02.e4.i18.m4a"},{"number":176,"id":"val.nl.L02.e4.i19","source":"Was de herbergier oud?","translation":"Was the host old?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"herbergier","gloss":"innkeeper, host"},{"text":"oud?","gloss":"old"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L02.e4.i19.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 3: Hebben, to have: past tense (and 1 more)","teaching":[{"title":"Two past forms of hebben","paragraphs":["The past tense of hebben has only two forms. Ik heb is I have. Ik had is I had.","Had is for one person: ik had, jij had, hij had. Hadden is for more than one: wij hadden, jullie hadden, zij hadden.","U takes had or hadt. Both are right."]},{"title":"No t after jij in the past","paragraphs":["In the present tense, jij hebt ends in t. In the past tense, jij had takes no ending.","A question puts the verb first and the subject after it. Had ik? Had jij? Hadden wij? The verb keeps the same form."]},{"title":"The weak past endings","paragraphs":["A weak verb makes its past tense and past participle with an ending on the stem. Every weak verb does this the same way.","Add -de to the stem for the past tense. Add -d for the past participle.","Ik legde is I laid. Ik heb gelegd is I have laid."]},{"title":"Endings -te and -t","paragraphs":["A consonant is any letter that is not a vowel. If the stem ends in the consonant t, k, f, s, ch or p, the endings are -te and -t.","Ik wenste, ik heb gewenst. Ik vernachtte, ik heb vernacht.","If the stem already ends in t, the past participle adds no second t. Ik zette, ik heb gezet."]}],"lines":[{"number":177,"id":"val.nl.L03.x.1.1","source":"Ik had een hond.","translation":"I had a dog.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"had","gloss":"to have"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"hond.","gloss":"the dog, dogs"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L03.x.1.1.m4a"},{"number":178,"id":"val.nl.L03.x.1.2","source":"Had jij honger?","translation":"Were you hungry?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Had","gloss":"to have"},{"text":"jij","gloss":"you"},{"text":"honger?","gloss":"hunger"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L03.x.1.2.m4a"},{"number":179,"id":"val.nl.L03.x.1.3","source":"Wij hadden een huis.","translation":"We had a house.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"hadden","gloss":"to have"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"huis.","gloss":"house"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L03.x.1.3.m4a"},{"number":180,"id":"val.nl.L03.x.1.4","source":"Hadden zij gezongen?","translation":"Had they sung?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hadden","gloss":"to have"},{"text":"zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"gezongen?","gloss":"to sing"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L03.x.1.4.m4a"},{"number":181,"id":"val.nl.L03.x.2.1","source":"ik legde, ik heb gelegd","translation":"I laid, I have laid","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"legde,","gloss":"to lay"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have"},{"text":"gelegd","gloss":"to lay"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L03.x.2.1.m4a"},{"number":182,"id":"val.nl.L03.x.2.2","source":"ik wenste, ik heb gewenst","translation":"I wished, I have wished","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"wenste,","gloss":"to wish"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have"},{"text":"gewenst","gloss":"to wish"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L03.x.2.2.m4a"},{"number":183,"id":"val.nl.L03.x.2.3","source":"ik zette, ik heb gezet","translation":"I set, I have set","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"zette,","gloss":"to put, to set"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have"},{"text":"gezet","gloss":"to put, to set"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L03.x.2.3.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1001,"text":"Hebben, to have: past tense\n\nPast tense\nik had         I had\njij had        you had (familiar)\nu had          you had (polite)\nhij (zij       het, men) had, he (she, it, one) had\nwij hadden     we had\njullie hadden  you had (familiar plural)\nzij hadden     they had\n\nAs a question\nhad ik?         had I?\nhad jij?        had you?\nhad u?          had you?\nhad hij?        had he?\nhadden wij?     had we?\nhadden jullie?  had you?\nhadden zij?     had they?\n\nJij and je take no ending in the past tense: jij had, not jij hadt; compare the present tense, jij hebt."},{"section":174,"text":"Weak verbs: past tense and past participle\n\nAll weak verbs form the past tense by adding -de to the stem, and the past participle by adding -d. This -de/-d changes to -te/-t if the stem ends in one of the consonants t, k, f, s, ch, p (the mnemonic is 't kofschip, or soft ketchup). Ik legde, wenste, vernachtte; gelegd, gewenst, vernacht. If the stem already ends in t, the past participle adds no second t: gezet, vernacht."},{"section":175,"text":"Stem-final v or z becomes f or s\n\nA stem ending in a simple v or z changes it to f or s: before -de, -d: leven to live, leefde, geleefd; verhuizen to move house, verhuisde, verhuisd; and in every other form of the conjugation where no e immediately follows: leven: ik leef, jij leeft, hij leeft; wij leven, zij leven. Verhuizen: ik verhuis, jij (hij) verhuist; wij (zij) verhuizen."},{"section":176,"text":"Weak past tense: plural forms, and leggen, redden, zetten\n\nThe third person singular of the past tense has the same form as the first. The first and third person plural add -n to that same singular form: legde becomes legden; wenste becomes wensten. If the stem already ends in dd or tt, these plural forms look the same as the present tense: wij (zij) redden means we (they) save or we (they) saved; zetten wij (zij)? means do we (they) set? or did we (they) set?\n\nExamples.\n\nWeak past tense: plural forms, and leggen, redden, zetten\nik legde                                                   I laid\nhij legde                                                  he laid\nwij legden                                                 we laid\njij legde                                                  you laid (familiar)\nzij legden                                                 they laid\n\nWeak past tense: plural forms, and leggen, redden, zetten\nik redde                                                   I saved\nhij redde                                                  he saved\nwij redden                                                 we saved\njij redde                                                  you saved (familiar)\nzij redden                                                 they saved\n\nWeak past tense: plural forms, and leggen, redden, zetten\nik zette                                                   I set\nhij zette                                                  he set\nwij zetten                                                 we set\njij zette                                                  you set (familiar)\nzij zetten                                                 they set"},{"section":2003,"text":"Verbs of this lesson, with their principal parts\n\ndoorbrengen  to pass, to spend (time)                  ik breng door, ik bracht door, ik heb doorgebracht\nzingen       to sing                                   ik zing, ik zong, ik heb gezongen\nkrijgen      to get; honger krijgen: to become hungry  ik krijg, ik kreeg, ik heb gekregen\nverzoeken    to beg, to request                        ik verzoek, ik verzocht, ik heb verzocht\neten         to eat                                    ik eet, ik at, ik heb gegeten\ngeven        to give                                   ik geef, ik gaf, ik heb gegeven\ndoen         to do                                     ik doe, ik deed, ik heb gedaan\ndansen       to dance                                  ik dans, ik danste, ik heb gedanst"}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[{"section":1001,"headword":"hebben","caption":"past tense","cells":[{"label":"ik","number":"singular","form":"had","meaning":"I had","name":"ik, singular"},{"label":"jij","number":"singular","form":"had","meaning":"you had (familiar)","name":"jij, singular"},{"label":"u","number":"singular","form":"had","meaning":"you had (polite)","name":"u, singular"},{"label":"hij","number":"singular","form":"(zij","meaning":"het, men) had, he (she, it, one) had","name":"hij, singular"},{"label":"wij","number":"plural","form":"hadden","meaning":"we had","name":"wij, plural"},{"label":"jullie","number":"plural","form":"hadden","meaning":"you had (familiar plural)","name":"jullie, plural"},{"label":"zij","number":"plural","form":"hadden","meaning":"they had","name":"zij, plural"}]}]},{"title":"Lesson 3: Stem-final v or z becomes f or s (and 1 more)","teaching":[{"title":"V and z written as f and s","paragraphs":["Some stems end in v or z. Where no e follows that letter, v is written f and z is written s.","This happens before -de and -d. Leven gives leefde and geleefd. Verhuizen gives verhuisde and verhuisd.","It also happens in the present tense. Ik leef, jij leeft, hij leeft. Wij leven keeps the v, because an e follows it.","Verhuizen works the same way: ik verhuis, jij verhuist, wij verhuizen."]},{"title":"One singular form, one plural form","paragraphs":["The weak past tense has one form for a single person and one for more than one.","Ik, jij and hij take the same form. Ik legde, jij legde, hij legde.","For wij and zij, add -n to that form. Legde becomes legden. Wenste becomes wensten."]},{"title":"Plural past forms that match the present","paragraphs":["If the stem ends in dd or tt, the plural past looks the same as the present tense.","Wij redden means we save or we saved. Zetten wij? means do we set or did we set.","The singular past forms are ik redde and ik zette."]},{"title":"Weak past tense: plural forms, and leggen, redden, zetten","paragraphs":["The third person singular of the past tense has the same form as the first. The first and third person plural add -n to that same singular form: legde becomes legden; wenste becomes wensten. If the stem already ends in dd or tt, these plural forms look the same as the present tense: wij (zij) redden means we (they) save or we (they) saved; zetten wij (zij)? means do we (they) set? or did we (they) set?","Examples."]}],"lines":[{"number":184,"id":"val.nl.L03.x.3.1","source":"ik leef, wij leven","translation":"I live, we live","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"leef,","gloss":"live"},{"text":"wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"leven","gloss":"life"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L03.x.3.1.m4a"},{"number":185,"id":"val.nl.L03.x.3.2","source":"ik verhuis, wij verhuizen","translation":"I move house, we move house","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"verhuis,","gloss":"move house"},{"text":"wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"verhuizen","gloss":"move"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L03.x.3.2.m4a"},{"number":186,"id":"val.nl.L03.x.4.1","source":"wij legden, zij legden","translation":"we laid, they laid","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"legden,","gloss":"put"},{"text":"zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"legden","gloss":"put"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L03.x.4.1.m4a"},{"number":187,"id":"val.nl.L03.x.4.2","source":"wij redden een kind","translation":"we saved a child","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"redden","gloss":"save"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"kind","gloss":"the child"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L03.x.4.2.m4a"},{"number":188,"id":"val.nl.L03.x.4.3","source":"zetten wij de tafel?","translation":"did we set the table?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"zetten","gloss":"to put, to set"},{"text":"wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"tafel?","gloss":"table"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L03.x.4.3.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[{"section":176,"headword":"leggen","caption":"weak past tense: plural forms, and leggen, redden, zetten","cells":[{"label":"ik","number":"singular","form":"legde","meaning":"I laid","name":"ik, singular"},{"label":"hij","number":"singular","form":"legde","meaning":"he laid","name":"hij, singular"},{"label":"wij","number":"plural","form":"legden","meaning":"we laid","name":"wij, plural"},{"label":"jij","number":"singular","form":"legde","meaning":"you laid (familiar)","name":"jij, singular"},{"label":"zij","number":"plural","form":"legden","meaning":"they laid","name":"zij, plural"}]},{"section":176,"headword":"redden","caption":"weak past tense: plural forms, and leggen, redden, zetten","cells":[{"label":"ik","number":"singular","form":"redde","meaning":"I saved","name":"ik, singular"},{"label":"hij","number":"singular","form":"redde","meaning":"he saved","name":"hij, singular"},{"label":"wij","number":"plural","form":"redden","meaning":"we saved","name":"wij, plural"},{"label":"jij","number":"singular","form":"redde","meaning":"you saved (familiar)","name":"jij, singular"},{"label":"zij","number":"plural","form":"redden","meaning":"they saved","name":"zij, plural"}]},{"section":176,"headword":"zetten","caption":"weak past tense: plural forms, and leggen, redden, zetten","cells":[{"label":"ik","number":"singular","form":"zette","meaning":"I set","name":"ik, singular"},{"label":"hij","number":"singular","form":"zette","meaning":"he set","name":"hij, singular"},{"label":"wij","number":"plural","form":"zetten","meaning":"we set","name":"wij, plural"},{"label":"jij","number":"singular","form":"zette","meaning":"you set (familiar)","name":"jij, singular"},{"label":"zij","number":"plural","form":"zetten","meaning":"they set","name":"zij, plural"}]}]},{"title":"De krekel en de mier","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":189,"id":"val.nl.L03.r.0","source":"De krekel en de mier","translation":"The cricket and the ant","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"krekel","gloss":"cricket"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"mier","gloss":"ant"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L03.r.0.m4a"},{"number":190,"id":"val.nl.L03.r.1","source":"De krekel had de hele zomer doorgebracht met zingen.","translation":"The cricket had spent the whole summer singing.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"krekel","gloss":"cricket"},{"text":"had","gloss":"to have"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"hele","gloss":"whole"},{"text":"zomer","gloss":"summer"},{"text":"doorgebracht","gloss":"to pass, to spend (time)"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"zingen.","gloss":"to sing"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L03.r.1.m4a"},{"number":191,"id":"val.nl.L03.r.2","source":"Toen het winter geworden was, kreeg hij honger en wendde zich tot de mier, en verzocht haar hem wat te eten te geven.","translation":"When it had become winter, he grew hungry and turned to the ant, and asked her to give him something to eat.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Toen","gloss":"as, when"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"winter","gloss":"winter"},{"text":"geworden","gloss":"become"},{"text":"was,","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"kreeg","gloss":"to get; honger krijgen: to become hungry"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"honger","gloss":"hunger"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"wendde","gloss":"turned"},{"text":"zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"tot","gloss":"until, to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"mier,","gloss":"ant"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"verzocht","gloss":"to beg, to request"},{"text":"haar","gloss":"her"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"eten","gloss":"to eat"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"geven.","gloss":"to give"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L03.r.2.m4a"},{"number":192,"id":"val.nl.L03.r.3","source":"Maar de mier zei: “Wat heb je de hele zomer gedaan?”","translation":"But the ant said: “What have you done all summer?”","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"mier","gloss":"ant"},{"text":"zei:","gloss":"said"},{"text":"“Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"have"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"hele","gloss":"whole"},{"text":"zomer","gloss":"summer"},{"text":"gedaan?”","gloss":"done"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L03.r.3.m4a"},{"number":193,"id":"val.nl.L03.r.4","source":"“Nacht en dag heb ik gezongen.”","translation":"“Night and day I have sung.”","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"“Nacht","gloss":"night"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"dag","gloss":"day"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"have"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"gezongen.”","gloss":"sung"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L03.r.4.m4a"},{"number":194,"id":"val.nl.L03.r.5","source":"“Zo, zo, heb je gezongen? Heel goed, dans dan nu.”","translation":"“Indeed, indeed, you have sung? Very well, dance now then.”","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"“Zo,","gloss":"so, as"},{"text":"zo,","gloss":"so, as"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"have"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"gezongen?","gloss":"sung"},{"text":"Heel","gloss":"very well"},{"text":"goed,","gloss":"very well"},{"text":"dans","gloss":"dance"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"nu.”","gloss":"now, at present"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L03.r.5.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"krekel","gloss":"cricket"},{"word":"mier","gloss":"ant"},{"word":"zomer","gloss":"summer"},{"word":"met","gloss":"with"},{"word":"winter","gloss":"winter"},{"word":"Toen","gloss":"as, when"},{"word":"honger","gloss":"hunger"},{"word":"geworden","gloss":"it had become ... (Het was ... geworden)"},{"word":"tot","gloss":"he applied to, he turned to (hij wendde zich tot)"},{"word":"goed","gloss":"very well (heel goed)"},{"word":"je","gloss":"you (familiar; ge/gij is now archaic)"},{"word":"Maar","gloss":"but"},{"word":"dag","gloss":"day"},{"word":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"word":"Nacht","gloss":"night"},{"word":"nu","gloss":"now, at present"},{"word":"Heel","gloss":"whole"},{"word":"Zo","gloss":"indeed!"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 3: conversation","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":195,"id":"val.nl.L03.c.q1","source":"Hoe had de krekel de hele zomer doorgebracht?","translation":"How had the cricket spent the whole summer?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hoe","gloss":"how"},{"text":"had","gloss":"to have"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"krekel","gloss":"cricket"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"hele","gloss":"whole"},{"text":"zomer","gloss":"summer"},{"text":"doorgebracht?","gloss":"to pass, to spend (time)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L03.c.q1.m4a"},{"number":196,"id":"val.nl.L03.c.q2","source":"Wanneer kreeg hij honger?","translation":"When did he become hungry?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wanneer","gloss":"when"},{"text":"kreeg","gloss":"to get; honger krijgen: to become hungry"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"honger?","gloss":"hunger"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L03.c.q2.m4a"},{"number":197,"id":"val.nl.L03.c.q3","source":"Tot wie wendde hij zich?","translation":"To whom did he turn?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Tot","gloss":"until, to"},{"text":"wie","gloss":"who"},{"text":"wendde","gloss":"turned"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"zich?","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L03.c.q3.m4a"},{"number":198,"id":"val.nl.L03.c.q4","source":"Wat verzocht hij haar?","translation":"What did he ask her?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"verzocht","gloss":"to beg, to request"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"haar?","gloss":"her"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L03.c.q4.m4a"},{"number":199,"id":"val.nl.L03.c.a1","source":"Hij had de hele zomer doorgebracht met zingen.","translation":"He had spent the whole summer singing.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"had","gloss":"to have"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"hele","gloss":"whole"},{"text":"zomer","gloss":"summer"},{"text":"doorgebracht","gloss":"to pass, to spend (time)"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"zingen.","gloss":"to sing"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L03.c.a1.m4a"},{"number":200,"id":"val.nl.L03.c.a2","source":"Hij kreeg honger toen het winter geworden was.","translation":"He became hungry when it had become winter.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"kreeg","gloss":"to get; honger krijgen: to become hungry"},{"text":"honger","gloss":"hunger"},{"text":"toen","gloss":"as, when"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"winter","gloss":"winter"},{"text":"geworden","gloss":"become"},{"text":"was.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L03.c.a2.m4a"},{"number":201,"id":"val.nl.L03.c.a3","source":"Hij wendde zich tot de mier.","translation":"He turned to the ant.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he applied to, he turned to"},{"text":"wendde","gloss":"he applied to, he turned to"},{"text":"zich","gloss":"he applied to, he turned to"},{"text":"tot","gloss":"he applied to, he turned to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"mier.","gloss":"ant"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L03.c.a3.m4a"},{"number":202,"id":"val.nl.L03.c.a4","source":"Hij verzocht haar hem wat te eten te geven.","translation":"He asked her to give him something to eat.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"verzocht","gloss":"to beg, to request"},{"text":"haar","gloss":"her"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"eten","gloss":"to eat"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"geven.","gloss":"to give"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L03.c.a4.m4a"},{"number":203,"id":"val.nl.L03.c.q5","source":"Wat zei de mier toen?","translation":"What did the ant say then?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"zei","gloss":"to say"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"mier","gloss":"ant"},{"text":"toen?","gloss":"as, when"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L03.c.q5.m4a"},{"number":204,"id":"val.nl.L03.c.q6","source":"Wat had de krekel nacht en dag gedaan?","translation":"What had the cricket done night and day?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"had","gloss":"to have"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"krekel","gloss":"cricket"},{"text":"nacht","gloss":"night"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"dag","gloss":"day"},{"text":"gedaan?","gloss":"to do"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L03.c.q6.m4a"},{"number":205,"id":"val.nl.L03.c.q7","source":"Welke raad kreeg hij?","translation":"What advice did he get?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Welke","gloss":"which, what"},{"text":"raad","gloss":"counsel"},{"text":"kreeg","gloss":"to get; honger krijgen: to become hungry"},{"text":"hij?","gloss":"he"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L03.c.q7.m4a"},{"number":206,"id":"val.nl.L03.c.a5","source":"Zij zei: “Wat heb je de hele zomer gedaan?”","translation":"She said: “What have you done all summer?”","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"zei:","gloss":"said"},{"text":"“Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"have"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"hele","gloss":"whole"},{"text":"zomer","gloss":"summer"},{"text":"gedaan?”","gloss":"done"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L03.c.a5.m4a"},{"number":207,"id":"val.nl.L03.c.a6","source":"Hij had nacht en dag gezongen.","translation":"He had sung night and day.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"had","gloss":"to have"},{"text":"nacht","gloss":"night"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"dag","gloss":"day"},{"text":"gezongen.","gloss":"to sing"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L03.c.a6.m4a"},{"number":208,"id":"val.nl.L03.c.a7","source":"Hij kreeg de raad om te dansen.","translation":"He got the advice to dance.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"kreeg","gloss":"to get; honger krijgen: to become hungry"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"raad","gloss":"counsel"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"dansen.","gloss":"to dance"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L03.c.a7.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 3: exercise 5","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":209,"id":"val.nl.L03.e5.i1.1","source":"ik zeg","translation":"I say","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L03.e5.i1.1.m4a"},{"number":210,"id":"val.nl.L03.e5.i3.1","source":"ik leg","translation":"I lay","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L03.e5.i3.1.m4a"},{"number":211,"id":"val.nl.L03.e5.i5.1","source":"ik vernacht","translation":"I spend the night (dated/formal; overnachten is the everyday word)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L03.e5.i5.1.m4a"},{"number":212,"id":"val.nl.L03.e5.i7.1","source":"ik gebruik","translation":"I use","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L03.e5.i7.1.m4a"},{"number":213,"id":"val.nl.L03.e5.i9.1","source":"ik zet","translation":"I set","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L03.e5.i9.1.m4a"},{"number":214,"id":"val.nl.L03.e5.i11.1","source":"ik leef","translation":"I live","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L03.e5.i11.1.m4a"},{"number":215,"id":"val.nl.L03.e5.i13.1","source":"ik red","translation":"I save","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L03.e5.i13.1.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 3: exercise 6","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":216,"id":"val.nl.L03.e6.i1","source":"De herbergier had een hond.","translation":"The host had a dog.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"herbergier","gloss":"innkeeper, host"},{"text":"had","gloss":"to have"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"hond.","gloss":"the dog, dogs"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L03.e6.i1.m4a"},{"number":217,"id":"val.nl.L03.e6.i2","source":"Had de vrouw eieren?","translation":"Had the woman eggs?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Had","gloss":"to have"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vrouw","gloss":"a woman, a lady"},{"text":"eieren?","gloss":"egg, eggs"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L03.e6.i2.m4a"},{"number":218,"id":"val.nl.L03.e6.i3","source":"Had George II een koninkrijk?","translation":"Had George II. a kingdom?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Had","gloss":"to have"},{"text":"George","gloss":"George"},{"text":"II","gloss":"II"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"koninkrijk?","gloss":"Kingdom"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L03.e6.i3.m4a"},{"number":219,"id":"val.nl.L03.e6.i4","source":"Wij hadden een kwitantie.","translation":"We had a receipt.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"hadden","gloss":"to have"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"kwitantie.","gloss":"receipt"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L03.e6.i4.m4a"},{"number":220,"id":"val.nl.L03.e6.i5","source":"Had u een guinje?","translation":"Had you a guinea?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Had","gloss":"to have"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"guinje?","gloss":"a guinea"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L03.e6.i5.m4a"},{"number":221,"id":"val.nl.L03.e6.i6","source":"De krekel had gezongen.","translation":"The cricket had sung.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"krekel","gloss":"cricket"},{"text":"had","gloss":"to have"},{"text":"gezongen.","gloss":"to sing"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L03.e6.i6.m4a"},{"number":222,"id":"val.nl.L03.e6.i7","source":"De vrouw had gedanst en gezongen.","translation":"The woman had danced and sung.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vrouw","gloss":"a woman, a lady"},{"text":"had","gloss":"to have"},{"text":"gedanst","gloss":"to dance"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"gezongen.","gloss":"to sing"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L03.e6.i7.m4a"},{"number":223,"id":"val.nl.L03.e6.i8","source":"Had hij iets gedaan?","translation":"Had he done anything (iets)?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Had","gloss":"to have"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"iets","gloss":"something"},{"text":"gedaan?","gloss":"to do"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L03.e6.i8.m4a"},{"number":224,"id":"val.nl.L03.e6.i9","source":"Zij hadden een herberg.","translation":"They had an inn.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"hadden","gloss":"to have"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"herberg.","gloss":"inn"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L03.e6.i9.m4a"},{"number":225,"id":"val.nl.L03.e6.i10","source":"Wij wensten enige eieren voor het ontbijt.","translation":"We wished some (eenige) eggs for [the] breakfast.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"wensten","gloss":"wished"},{"text":"enige","gloss":"only (het enige: the only thing)"},{"text":"eieren","gloss":"egg, eggs"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"ontbijt.","gloss":"breakfast"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L03.e6.i10.m4a"},{"number":226,"id":"val.nl.L03.e6.i11","source":"Zij wendden zich tot de koning.","translation":"They applied to the king.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"wendden","gloss":"applied"},{"text":"zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"tot","gloss":"until, to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"koning.","gloss":"king, kings"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L03.e6.i11.m4a"},{"number":227,"id":"val.nl.L03.e6.i12","source":"Hebben zij gedanst?","translation":"Have they danced?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hebben","gloss":"to have"},{"text":"zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"gedanst?","gloss":"to dance"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L03.e6.i12.m4a"},{"number":228,"id":"val.nl.L03.e6.i13","source":"Wij redden een kind.","translation":"We saved a child.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"redden","gloss":"save"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"kind.","gloss":"the child"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L03.e6.i13.m4a"},{"number":229,"id":"val.nl.L03.e6.i14","source":"De koning had enige honden.","translation":"The king had some dogs.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"koning","gloss":"king, kings"},{"text":"had","gloss":"to have"},{"text":"enige","gloss":"only (het enige: the only thing)"},{"text":"honden.","gloss":"the dog, dogs"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L03.e6.i14.m4a"},{"number":230,"id":"val.nl.L03.e6.i15","source":"Wat had het kind?","translation":"What had the child?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"had","gloss":"to have"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"kind?","gloss":"the child"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L03.e6.i15.m4a"},{"number":231,"id":"val.nl.L03.e6.i16","source":"Het kind had een guinje.","translation":"The child had a guinea.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"kind","gloss":"the child"},{"text":"had","gloss":"to have"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"guinje.","gloss":"a guinea"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L03.e6.i16.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 4: Zijn, to be: past tense (and 1 more)","teaching":[{"title":"Was and waren","paragraphs":["Zijn means to be. Its past tense has two forms, as English has was and were.","Was goes with one person. Waren goes with more than one. Ik was. Jij was. Hij was. Wij waren. Jullie waren.","Zij waren means they were. The word zij also means she, and then the verb is was: zij was.","U takes was for one person: u was. Het was and men was also take was. Men means one, as in one was."]},{"title":"The question keeps the verb form","paragraphs":["A question puts the verb first and the subject after it. Was ik? Was jij? Waren wij? Waren zij?","The verb does not change in the turn. Wij waren becomes waren wij. Ik was becomes was ik."]},{"title":"An old ending in fixed phrases","paragraphs":["A statement of fact uses the ordinary present tense: ik leg, hij legt, wij leggen.","The subjunctive is an older form of the verb. It ends in e for I, he, she and it. Leve de koning! means long live the king.","Today only a few fixed, formal phrases keep it. God zegene u means God bless you.","Writers of the nineteenth century used it more freely, for a wish: dat hij kome, let him come. Today's Dutch says this with another verb."]}],"lines":[{"number":232,"id":"val.nl.L04.x.1.1","source":"De schat was in de tuin.","translation":"The treasure was in the garden.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"schat","gloss":"treasure"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"tuin.","gloss":"garden"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L04.x.1.1.m4a"},{"number":233,"id":"val.nl.L04.x.1.2","source":"Was jij woedend?","translation":"Were you furious?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"jij","gloss":"you"},{"text":"woedend?","gloss":"furious"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L04.x.1.2.m4a"},{"number":234,"id":"val.nl.L04.x.1.3","source":"Wij waren niet rijk.","translation":"We were not rich.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"waren","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"rijk.","gloss":"rich, richer"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L04.x.1.3.m4a"},{"number":235,"id":"val.nl.L04.x.1.4","source":"Waren zij thuis?","translation":"Were they at home?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Waren","gloss":"were"},{"text":"zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"thuis?","gloss":"at home"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L04.x.1.4.m4a"},{"number":236,"id":"val.nl.L04.x.2.1","source":"Leve de koning!","translation":"Long live the king!","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Leve","gloss":"live"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"koning!","gloss":"king, kings"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L04.x.2.1.m4a"},{"number":237,"id":"val.nl.L04.x.2.2","source":"God zegene u.","translation":"God bless you.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"God","gloss":"God"},{"text":"zegene","gloss":"bless"},{"text":"u.","gloss":"you (polite)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L04.x.2.2.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1001,"text":"Zijn, to be: past tense\n\nPast tense\nik was        I was\njij was       you were (familiar)\nu was         you were (polite)\nhij was       he was\nzij was       she was\nhet was       it was\nmen was       one was\nwij waren     we were\njullie waren  you were (familiar plural)\nzij waren     they were\n\nAs a question\nwas ik?        was I?\nwas jij?       were you?\nwas u?         were you?\nwas hij?       was he?\nwas zij?       was she?\nwas het?       was it?\nwas men?       was one?\nwaren wij?     were we?\nwaren jullie?  were you?\nwaren zij?     were they?\n\nIn a question the verb stands first and the subject follows it."},{"section":177,"text":"The Present Subjunctive\n\nFor an ordinary statement, use the present indicative: ik leg, hij legt, wij leggen. A handful of fixed, formal or ceremonial phrases keep the old ending in -e for the first and third person singular: leve de koning! (long live the king), God zegene u (God bless you). Multatuli and other nineteenth-century writers used this subjunctive productively, for a wish or a concession (dat hij kome, let him come), where present-day Dutch uses a modal verb instead."},{"section":179,"text":"The Imperative\n\nThe imperative has one form, the bare stem, for every listener: leg! zet! leef! reis! antwoord! Older Dutch marked a plural listener by adding -t to the stem (legt, leeft, reist, antwoordt); you meet this form in the Bible and in a handful of set phrases such as weest gegroet, hail."},{"section":180,"text":"The Present and Past Participle\n\nThe present participle is formed with stem + -d: klagend, reizend, stelend, overnachtend; a final -e is the ordinary adjective ending, added when the participle stands before a noun (de klagende vrek). The past participle takes the prefix ge-, unless the verb already carries an inseparable prefix on its stem (ver-, be-, ont-, ge-, her-, er-, ...), in which case no ge- is added: geklaagd, gereisd, gestolen, overnacht."},{"section":181,"text":"The compound tenses\n\nThe compound tenses (samengestelde tijden) are formed, as in English, with an auxiliary verb (hebben, zijn, zullen) plus a participle or infinitive."},{"section":2004,"text":"Verbs of this lesson, with their principal parts\n\nstelen    to steal           ik steel, ik stal, ik heb gestolen (ontstelen: to rob)\nbegraven  to bury            ik begraaf, ik begroef, ik heb begraven\nkunnen    to be able (can)   ik kan, ik kon, ik heb gekund (kunnen)\nworden    to become, to get  ik word, ik werd, ik ben geworden"}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[{"section":1001,"headword":"zijn","caption":"past tense","cells":[{"label":"ik","number":"singular","form":"was","meaning":"I was","name":"ik, singular"},{"label":"jij","number":"singular","form":"was","meaning":"you were (familiar)","name":"jij, singular"},{"label":"u","number":"singular","form":"was","meaning":"you were (polite)","name":"u, singular"},{"label":"hij","number":"singular","form":"was","meaning":"he was","name":"hij, singular"},{"label":"zij","number":"singular","form":"was","meaning":"she was","name":"zij, singular"},{"label":"het","number":"singular","form":"was","meaning":"it was","name":"het, singular"},{"label":"men","number":"singular","form":"was","meaning":"one was","name":"men, singular"},{"label":"wij","number":"plural","form":"waren","meaning":"we were","name":"wij, plural"},{"label":"jullie","number":"plural","form":"waren","meaning":"you were (familiar plural)","name":"jullie, plural"},{"label":"zij","number":"plural","form":"waren","meaning":"they were","name":"zij, plural"}]}]},{"title":"Lesson 4: The Imperative (and 2 more)","teaching":[{"title":"One form to give an order","paragraphs":["The imperative is the form of a verb that gives an order. It is the bare stem: leg! zet! leef! reis! antwoord!","The same form speaks to one person or to many.","Older Dutch added a t to speak to several people: legt, leeft, reist, antwoordt. That form remains in the Bible and in a few set phrases. Weest gegroet means hail."]},{"title":"The present participle","paragraphs":["A participle is a form made from a verb. Dutch has two: the present participle and the past participle.","The present participle is the stem plus d: klagend, reizend, stelend, overnachtend. It matches English words in ing: complaining, travelling.","Before a noun it adds a final e: de klagende vrek, the complaining miser."]},{"title":"The past participle and ge","paragraphs":["The past participle puts ge in front of the verb: geklaagd, gereisd, gestolen.","A verb whose stem already begins with ver, be, ont, ge, her or er adds no ge. Begraven is the participle of begraven. Ontstolen is the participle of ontstelen.","Overnacht also takes no ge: wij hebben in het hotel overnacht, we spent the night in the hotel."]},{"title":"Two verbs make one tense","paragraphs":["An auxiliary verb is a verb that helps another verb. The auxiliary verbs here are hebben, zijn and zullen.","A compound tense is an auxiliary plus a participle or an infinitive. English makes the same kind of tense: I have stolen.","Ik heb gestolen means I have stolen. Ik ben geworden means I have become.","Stelen takes hebben. Worden takes zijn. The list of verbs shows the auxiliary in each one's last form: ik heb gestolen, ik ben geworden."]}],"lines":[{"number":238,"id":"val.nl.L04.x.4.1","source":"Leg het boek op tafel.","translation":"Put the book on the table.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Leg","gloss":"to lay"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"boek","gloss":"book"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"tafel.","gloss":"table"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L04.x.4.1.m4a"},{"number":239,"id":"val.nl.L04.x.4.2","source":"Antwoord!","translation":"Answer!","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Antwoord!","gloss":"answer"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L04.x.4.2.m4a"},{"number":240,"id":"val.nl.L04.x.5.1","source":"de klagende vrek","translation":"the complaining miser","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"klagende","gloss":"the complaining miser"},{"text":"vrek","gloss":"the complaining miser"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L04.x.5.1.m4a"},{"number":241,"id":"val.nl.L04.x.5.2","source":"wij hebben in het hotel overnacht","translation":"we spent the night in the hotel","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"hebben","gloss":"to have"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"hotel","gloss":"hotel"},{"text":"overnacht","gloss":"to pass the night"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L04.x.5.2.m4a"},{"number":242,"id":"val.nl.L04.x.6.1","source":"ik heb gestolen","translation":"I have stolen","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have"},{"text":"gestolen","gloss":"to steal"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L04.x.6.1.m4a"},{"number":243,"id":"val.nl.L04.x.6.2","source":"ik ben geworden","translation":"I have become","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"ben","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"geworden","gloss":"to become, to get"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L04.x.6.2.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"De gierigaard (vrek)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":244,"id":"val.nl.L04.r.0","source":"De gierigaard (vrek)","translation":"The miser","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"gierigaard","gloss":"miser"},{"text":"(vrek)","gloss":"miser"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L04.r.0.m4a"},{"number":245,"id":"val.nl.L04.r.1","source":"“Ik ongelukkige!” zo klaagde een vrek bij zijn buurman.","translation":"“Miserable me!” thus complained a miser to his neighbor.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"“Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"ongelukkige!”","gloss":"unhappy"},{"text":"zo","gloss":"so, as"},{"text":"klaagde","gloss":"complained"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"vrek","gloss":"miser"},{"text":"bij","gloss":"at, near, with"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"buurman.","gloss":"neighbor"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L04.r.1.m4a"},{"number":246,"id":"val.nl.L04.r.2","source":"“Men heeft mij de schat ontstolen die ik in mijn tuin begraven had, en een ellendige steen in de plaats gelegd.”","translation":"“Someone has stolen from me the treasure that I had buried in my garden, and put a miserable stone in its place.”","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"“Men","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":"heeft","gloss":"has"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"schat","gloss":"treasure"},{"text":"ontstolen","gloss":"stolen"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"tuin","gloss":"garden"},{"text":"begraven","gloss":"buried"},{"text":"had,","gloss":"had"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"ellendige","gloss":"wretched"},{"text":"steen","gloss":"stone"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"plaats","gloss":"place"},{"text":"gelegd.”","gloss":"set"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L04.r.2.m4a"},{"number":247,"id":"val.nl.L04.r.3","source":"De buurman antwoordde: “U zou uw schat toch niet hebben.”","translation":"The neighbor answered: “You would not have your treasure anyway.”","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"buurman","gloss":"neighbor"},{"text":"antwoordde:","gloss":"answered"},{"text":"“U","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"uw","gloss":"your (polite)"},{"text":"schat","gloss":"treasure"},{"text":"toch","gloss":"not... after all"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not... after all"},{"text":"hebben.”","gloss":"have"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L04.r.3.m4a"},{"number":248,"id":"val.nl.L04.r.4","source":"“Geloof daarom dat de steen uw schat is en u bent niets armer dan tevoren.”","translation":"“Believe therefore that the stone is your treasure and you are no poorer than before.”","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"“Geloof","gloss":"believe"},{"text":"daarom","gloss":"therefore"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"steen","gloss":"stone"},{"text":"uw","gloss":"your (polite)"},{"text":"schat","gloss":"treasure"},{"text":"is","gloss":"is"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"bent","gloss":"are"},{"text":"niets","gloss":"nothing"},{"text":"armer","gloss":"poor, poorer"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"than before"},{"text":"tevoren.”","gloss":"than before"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L04.r.4.m4a"},{"number":249,"id":"val.nl.L04.r.5","source":"“Ben ik ook niet armer”, zei de vrek, “zo is een ander veel rijker.”","translation":"“Am I not poorer either?” said the miser, “then someone else is much richer.”","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"“Ben","gloss":"am"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"ook","gloss":"also"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"armer”,","gloss":"poor, poorer"},{"text":"zei","gloss":"said"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vrek,","gloss":"miser"},{"text":"“zo","gloss":"so, as"},{"text":"is","gloss":"is"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"ander","gloss":"another (person)"},{"text":"veel","gloss":"much"},{"text":"rijker.”","gloss":"rich, richer"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L04.r.5.m4a"},{"number":250,"id":"val.nl.L04.r.6","source":"“Ik zou woedend kunnen worden!”","translation":"“I could become furious!”","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"“Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"woedend","gloss":"furious"},{"text":"kunnen","gloss":"can"},{"text":"worden!”","gloss":"become, are (passive)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L04.r.6.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"gierigaard","gloss":"miser"},{"word":"plaats","gloss":"place"},{"word":"buurman","gloss":"neighbor"},{"word":"schat","gloss":"treasure"},{"word":"tuin","gloss":"garden"},{"word":"steen","gloss":"stone"},{"word":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"word":"die","gloss":"which, that (relative, object case)"},{"word":"woedend","gloss":"furious"},{"word":"niet","gloss":"not... after all (toch niet)"},{"word":"daarom","gloss":"therefore"},{"word":"tevoren","gloss":"than before (dan tevoren)"},{"word":"ander","gloss":"another (person)"},{"word":"veel","gloss":"much"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 4: conversation","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":251,"id":"val.nl.L04.c.q1","source":"Wat zei de vrek klagend tegen zijn buurman?","translation":"What did the miser say, complaining, to his neighbor?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"zei","gloss":"to say"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vrek","gloss":"miser"},{"text":"klagend","gloss":"to complain, to lament"},{"text":"tegen","gloss":"against; to"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"buurman?","gloss":"neighbor"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L04.c.q1.m4a"},{"number":252,"id":"val.nl.L04.c.q2","source":"Welke schat had men hem ontstolen?","translation":"What treasure had been stolen from him?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Welke","gloss":"which, what"},{"text":"schat","gloss":"treasure"},{"text":"had","gloss":"to have"},{"text":"men","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"ontstolen?","gloss":"stolen"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L04.c.q2.m4a"},{"number":253,"id":"val.nl.L04.c.q3","source":"Wat had men in de plaats gelegd?","translation":"What had been put in its place?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"had","gloss":"to have"},{"text":"men","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"plaats","gloss":"place"},{"text":"gelegd?","gloss":"to lay"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L04.c.q3.m4a"},{"number":254,"id":"val.nl.L04.c.q4","source":"Wat antwoordde de buurman op het klagen van de vrek?","translation":"What did the neighbor answer to the miser's complaint?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"antwoordde","gloss":"to answer"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"buurman","gloss":"neighbor"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"klagen","gloss":"to complain, to lament"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vrek?","gloss":"miser"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L04.c.q4.m4a"},{"number":255,"id":"val.nl.L04.c.a1","source":"Hij zei: “Ik ongelukkige! Men heeft mij de schat ontstolen, die ik in mijn tuin begraven had, en een ellendige steen in de plaats gelegd.”","translation":"He said: “Miserable me! Someone has stolen my treasure, which I had buried in my garden, and put a wretched stone in its place.”","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"zei:","gloss":"said"},{"text":"“Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"ongelukkige!","gloss":"unhappy"},{"text":"Men","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":"heeft","gloss":"has"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"schat","gloss":"treasure"},{"text":"ontstolen,","gloss":"stolen"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"tuin","gloss":"garden"},{"text":"begraven","gloss":"buried"},{"text":"had,","gloss":"had"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"ellendige","gloss":"wretched"},{"text":"steen","gloss":"stone"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"plaats","gloss":"place"},{"text":"gelegd.”","gloss":"set"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L04.c.a1.m4a"},{"number":256,"id":"val.nl.L04.c.a2","source":"Men had hem de schat ontstolen die hij in zijn tuin begraven had.","translation":"The treasure that he had buried in his garden had been stolen from him.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Men","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":"had","gloss":"to have"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"schat","gloss":"treasure"},{"text":"ontstolen","gloss":"stolen"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"tuin","gloss":"garden"},{"text":"begraven","gloss":"to bury"},{"text":"had.","gloss":"to have"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L04.c.a2.m4a"},{"number":257,"id":"val.nl.L04.c.a3","source":"Men had een ellendige steen in de plaats gelegd.","translation":"A miserable stone had been put in its place.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Men","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":"had","gloss":"to have"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"ellendige","gloss":"wretched"},{"text":"steen","gloss":"stone"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"plaats","gloss":"place"},{"text":"gelegd.","gloss":"to lay"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L04.c.a3.m4a"},{"number":258,"id":"val.nl.L04.c.a4","source":"De buurman antwoordde dat de vrek zijn schat toch niet zou hebben, en dat hij moest geloven dat de steen zijn schat was en dat hij niets armer was dan tevoren.","translation":"The neighbor answered that the miser would not have had his treasure anyway, and that he should believe that the stone was his treasure and that he was no poorer than before.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"buurman","gloss":"neighbor"},{"text":"antwoordde","gloss":"to answer"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vrek","gloss":"miser"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"schat","gloss":"treasure"},{"text":"toch","gloss":"not... after all"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not... after all"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"hebben,","gloss":"to have"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"moest","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"geloven","gloss":"to believe"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"steen","gloss":"stone"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"schat","gloss":"treasure"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"niets","gloss":"nothing"},{"text":"armer","gloss":"poor, poorer"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"than before"},{"text":"tevoren.","gloss":"than before"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L04.c.a4.m4a"},{"number":259,"id":"val.nl.L04.c.q5","source":"Wat moest de vrek maar geloven?","translation":"What was the miser simply to believe?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"moest","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vrek","gloss":"miser"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"geloven?","gloss":"to believe"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L04.c.q5.m4a"},{"number":260,"id":"val.nl.L04.c.q6","source":"Waarom zou de vrek woedend kunnen worden?","translation":"Why might the miser become furious?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Waarom","gloss":"why"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vrek","gloss":"miser"},{"text":"woedend","gloss":"furious"},{"text":"kunnen","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"worden?","gloss":"to become, to get"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L04.c.q6.m4a"},{"number":261,"id":"val.nl.L04.c.a5","source":"Hij moest geloven dat de steen zijn schat was en dat hij niets armer was dan tevoren.","translation":"He was to believe that the stone was his treasure and that he was no poorer than before.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"moest","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"geloven","gloss":"to believe"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"steen","gloss":"stone"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"schat","gloss":"treasure"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"niets","gloss":"nothing"},{"text":"armer","gloss":"poor, poorer"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"than before"},{"text":"tevoren.","gloss":"than before"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L04.c.a5.m4a"},{"number":262,"id":"val.nl.L04.c.a6","source":"Hij zou woedend kunnen worden, omdat een ander nu veel rijker was dan hij.","translation":"He might become furious, because someone else was now much richer than he was.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"woedend","gloss":"furious"},{"text":"kunnen","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"worden,","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"omdat","gloss":"because"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"ander","gloss":"another (person)"},{"text":"nu","gloss":"now, at present"},{"text":"veel","gloss":"much"},{"text":"rijker","gloss":"rich, richer"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"hij.","gloss":"he"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L04.c.a6.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 4: exercise 7","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":263,"id":"val.nl.L04.e7.i1.1","source":"ik antwoord","translation":"I answer","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L04.e7.i1.1.m4a"},{"number":264,"id":"val.nl.L04.e7.i3.1","source":"ik klaag","translation":"I complain","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L04.e7.i3.1.m4a"},{"number":265,"id":"val.nl.L04.e7.i5.1","source":"ik reis","translation":"I travel","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L04.e7.i5.1.m4a"},{"number":266,"id":"val.nl.L04.e7.i7.1","source":"ik weef","translation":"I weave","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L04.e7.i7.1.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 4: exercise 8","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":267,"id":"val.nl.L04.e8.i1","source":"De koning was in Hannover en in Nederland.","translation":"The king was in Hanover and in the Netherlands.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"koning","gloss":"king, kings"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"Hannover","gloss":"Hannover"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"Nederland.","gloss":"Nederland"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L04.e8.i1.m4a"},{"number":268,"id":"val.nl.L04.e8.i2","source":"Was de herbergier slim?","translation":"Was the inn-keeper sly?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"herbergier","gloss":"innkeeper, host"},{"text":"slim?","gloss":"sly"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L04.e8.i2.m4a"},{"number":269,"id":"val.nl.L04.e8.i3","source":"Was u in Engeland?","translation":"Were you in England?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Was","gloss":"was"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"Engeland?","gloss":"Engeland"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L04.e8.i3.m4a"},{"number":270,"id":"val.nl.L04.e8.i4","source":"Waren zij woedend?","translation":"Were they furious?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Waren","gloss":"were"},{"text":"zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"woedend?","gloss":"furious"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L04.e8.i4.m4a"},{"number":271,"id":"val.nl.L04.e8.i5","source":"Was de vrouw oud?","translation":"Was the woman old?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vrouw","gloss":"a woman, a lady"},{"text":"oud?","gloss":"old"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L04.e8.i5.m4a"},{"number":272,"id":"val.nl.L04.e8.i6","source":"Zij had een schat.","translation":"She had a treasure.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"had","gloss":"to have"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"schat.","gloss":"treasure"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L04.e8.i6.m4a"},{"number":273,"id":"val.nl.L04.e8.i7","source":"De steen was in de tuin.","translation":"The stone was in the garden.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"steen","gloss":"stone"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"tuin.","gloss":"garden"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L04.e8.i7.m4a"},{"number":274,"id":"val.nl.L04.e8.i8","source":"De buurman was veel rijker.","translation":"The neighbour was much richer.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"buurman","gloss":"neighbor"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"veel","gloss":"much"},{"text":"rijker.","gloss":"rich, richer"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L04.e8.i8.m4a"},{"number":275,"id":"val.nl.L04.e8.i9","source":"Waren de eieren schaars?","translation":"Were the eggs scarce?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Waren","gloss":"were"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"eieren","gloss":"egg, eggs"},{"text":"schaars?","gloss":"scarce"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L04.e8.i9.m4a"},{"number":276,"id":"val.nl.L04.e8.i10","source":"De hond was oud.","translation":"The dog was old.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"hond","gloss":"the dog, dogs"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"oud.","gloss":"old"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L04.e8.i10.m4a"},{"number":277,"id":"val.nl.L04.e8.i11","source":"Was het in de zomer?","translation":"Was it in [the] summer?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"zomer?","gloss":"summer"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L04.e8.i11.m4a"},{"number":278,"id":"val.nl.L04.e8.i12","source":"De krekel had gezongen.","translation":"The cricket had sung.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"krekel","gloss":"cricket"},{"text":"had","gloss":"to have"},{"text":"gezongen.","gloss":"to sing"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L04.e8.i12.m4a"},{"number":279,"id":"val.nl.L04.e8.i13","source":"Was de krekel hongerig?","translation":"Was the cricket hungry (Had . . . honger)?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"krekel","gloss":"cricket"},{"text":"hongerig?","gloss":"hungry"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L04.e8.i13.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 5: Zijn or wezen, to be (and 1 more)","teaching":[{"title":"Zijn in the present and the past","paragraphs":["Zijn means to be. Wezen is the literary form of the same verb. A tense is a form of the verb that places the action in time.","The present has a different form for most persons. Ik ben. Jij bent. Hij is. Wij zijn. Jullie and zij also take zijn.","The past has two forms. Was goes with one person: ik was, jij was, hij was. Waren goes with more than one: wij waren, jullie waren, zij waren.","U takes the same form as jij: u bent, u was."]},{"title":"Every other tense has two parts","paragraphs":["The other tenses of zijn are built from two words. The first is a form of zijn, or zal, zult, zou. The last is geweest or zijn.","Geweest means been. Ik ben geweest is I have been. Ik was geweest is I had been.","Zal and zult place the action in the future. Ik zal zijn is I shall be. Jij zult zijn is you will be.","Zou and zouden say what would happen. Ik zou zijn is I should be. Hij zou geweest zijn is he would have been."]},{"title":"Zijn or wezen, to be","paragraphs":["Infinitief: zijn (literary: wezen), to be. Voltooid infinitief: geweest zijn, to have been.","Deelwoorden: zijnde, being; geweest, been."]},{"title":"One command form","paragraphs":["A command with zijn uses one form for one listener or many: wees. Wees stil means be quiet.","Wees eerlijk. Wees niet bang.","Weest is an old plural form. It survives only in set phrases, such as weest gegroet, which means hail."]}],"lines":[{"number":280,"id":"val.nl.L05.x.1.1","source":"Ik ben hier.","translation":"I am here.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"ben","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"hier.","gloss":"here"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L05.x.1.1.m4a"},{"number":281,"id":"val.nl.L05.x.1.2","source":"Was jij thuis?","translation":"Were you at home?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"jij","gloss":"you"},{"text":"thuis?","gloss":"at home"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L05.x.1.2.m4a"},{"number":282,"id":"val.nl.L05.x.1.3","source":"Zij zijn arm geweest.","translation":"They have been poor.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"arm","gloss":"poor, poorer"},{"text":"geweest.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L05.x.1.3.m4a"},{"number":283,"id":"val.nl.L05.x.1.4","source":"Wij zullen rijk zijn.","translation":"We shall be rich.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"zullen","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"rijk","gloss":"rich, richer"},{"text":"zijn.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L05.x.1.4.m4a"},{"number":284,"id":"val.nl.L05.x.1.5","source":"Hij zou gelukkig geweest zijn.","translation":"He would have been happy.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"gelukkig","gloss":"happy, unhappy"},{"text":"geweest","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"zijn.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L05.x.1.5.m4a"},{"number":285,"id":"val.nl.L05.x.2.1","source":"Wees niet bang.","translation":"Don't be afraid.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wees","gloss":"be (imperative)"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"bang.","gloss":"afraid"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L05.x.2.1.m4a"},{"number":286,"id":"val.nl.L05.x.2.2","source":"Wees eerlijk.","translation":"Be honest.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wees","gloss":"be (imperative)"},{"text":"eerlijk.","gloss":"honest"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L05.x.2.2.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":182,"text":"Zijn or wezen, to be\n\nInfinitief: zijn (literary: wezen), to be. Voltooid infinitief: geweest zijn, to have been.\n\nDeelwoorden: zijnde, being; geweest, been.\n\nOnvoltooid tegenwoordige tijd (present)\nik ben                                   I am\njij bent                                 you are\nhij is                                   he is\nwij zijn                                 we are\njullie zijn                              you are\nzij zijn                                 they are\n\nOnvoltooid verleden tijd (past)\nik was                           I was\njij was                          you were\nhij was                          he was\nwij waren                        we were\njullie waren                     you were\nzij waren                        they were\n\nVoltooid tegenwoordige tijd (present perfect)\nik ben geweest                                 I have been\njij bent geweest                               you have been\nhij is geweest                                 he has been\nwij zijn geweest                               we have been\njullie zijn geweest                            you have been\nzij zijn geweest                               they have been\n\nVoltooid verleden tijd (pluperfect)\nik was geweest                       I had been\njij was geweest                      you had been\nhij was geweest                      he had been\nwij waren geweest                    we had been\njullie waren geweest                 you had been\nzij waren geweest                    they had been\n\nOnvoltooid toekomende tijd (future)\nik zal zijn                          I shall be\njij zult zijn                        you will be\nhij zal zijn                         he will be\nwij zullen zijn                      we shall be\njullie zullen zijn                   you will be\nzij zullen zijn                      they will be\n\nVoltooid toekomende tijd (future perfect)\nik zal geweest zijn                        I shall have been\njij zult geweest zijn                      you will have been\nhij zal geweest zijn                       he will have been\nwij zullen geweest zijn                    we shall have been\njullie zullen geweest zijn                 you will have been\nzij zullen geweest zijn                    they will have been\n\nOnvoltooid verleden-toekomende tijd (present conditional)\nik zou zijn                                                I should be\njij zou zijn                                               you would be\nhij zou zijn                                               he would be\nwij zouden zijn                                            we should be\njullie zouden zijn                                         you would be\nzij zouden zijn                                            they would be\n\nVoltooid verleden-toekomende tijd (past conditional)\nik zou geweest zijn                                   I should have been\njij zou geweest zijn                                  you would have been\nhij zou geweest zijn                                  he would have been\nwij zouden geweest zijn                               we should have been\njullie zouden geweest zijn                            you would have been\nzij zouden geweest zijn                               they would have been"},{"section":1002,"text":"The imperative of zijn\n\nThe imperative of zijn has one form for every listener: wees. Wees stil! Be quiet! The old plural ending in -t, weest, survives only in set phrases, such as weest gegroet, hail."},{"section":183,"text":"The past participle stands at the end\n\nIn a compound tense the past participle stands at the end of the sentence. Ik heb een boek gehad, I have had a book. Hij is koning geweest, he has been king. Zij hebben een steen gevonden, they have found a stone. Zij waren gelukkig geweest, they had been happy. Zij zijn hier geweest, they have been here."},{"section":184,"text":"Adverbs of time\n\nAn adverb of time often opens the sentence; when it does, the first (or only) verb comes right after it, before the subject. An adverb of time that does not open the sentence follows immediately after the verb. Gisteren hebben wij een steen in de tuin gevonden, yesterday we found a stone in the garden. Deze morgen zijn wij hier geweest, this morning we have been here. Wij hebben deze morgen een steen gevonden, we have found a stone this morning. Wij zijn deze morgen hier geweest, we have been here this morning."},{"section":185,"text":"Word order in a dependent clause\n\nIn a dependent clause the verb stands at the end of the clause; in a compound tense the auxiliary comes last of all. Ik geloof, dat hij hier is, I believe he is here. Ik geloof, dat hij hier geweest is, I believe he has been here."},{"section":186,"text":"Position of the negation niet\n\nThe negation niet follows the direct object. Hij heeft de steen niet gevonden, he has not found the stone. Wij hebben hem niet gezien, we have not seen him."},{"section":2005,"text":"Verbs of this lesson, with their principal parts\n\ngaan    to go                                  ik ga, ik ging, ik ben gegaan\nwillen  to want, to wish                       ik wil, ik wilde (or wou), ik heb gewild\nzullen  shall, will (modal, forms the future)  ik zal, ik zou"}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[{"section":182,"headword":"zijn","caption":"Onvoltooid tegenwoordige tijd (present)","cells":[{"label":"ik","number":"singular","form":"ben","meaning":"I am","name":"ik, singular"},{"label":"jij","number":"singular","form":"bent","meaning":"you are","name":"jij, singular"},{"label":"hij","number":"singular","form":"is","meaning":"he is","name":"hij, singular"},{"label":"wij","number":"plural","form":"zijn","meaning":"we are","name":"wij, plural"},{"label":"jullie","number":"plural","form":"zijn","meaning":"you are","name":"jullie, plural"},{"label":"zij","number":"plural","form":"zijn","meaning":"they are","name":"zij, plural"}]},{"section":182,"headword":"zijn","caption":"Onvoltooid verleden tijd (past)","cells":[{"label":"ik","number":"singular","form":"was","meaning":"I was","name":"ik, singular"},{"label":"jij","number":"singular","form":"was","meaning":"you were","name":"jij, singular"},{"label":"hij","number":"singular","form":"was","meaning":"he was","name":"hij, singular"},{"label":"wij","number":"plural","form":"waren","meaning":"we were","name":"wij, plural"},{"label":"jullie","number":"plural","form":"waren","meaning":"you were","name":"jullie, plural"},{"label":"zij","number":"plural","form":"waren","meaning":"they were","name":"zij, plural"}]},{"section":182,"headword":"zijn","caption":"Voltooid tegenwoordige tijd (present perfect)","cells":[{"label":"ik","number":"singular","form":"ben geweest","meaning":"I have been","name":"ik, singular"},{"label":"jij","number":"singular","form":"bent geweest","meaning":"you have been","name":"jij, singular"},{"label":"hij","number":"singular","form":"is geweest","meaning":"he has been","name":"hij, singular"},{"label":"wij","number":"plural","form":"zijn geweest","meaning":"we have been","name":"wij, plural"},{"label":"jullie","number":"plural","form":"zijn geweest","meaning":"you have been","name":"jullie, plural"},{"label":"zij","number":"plural","form":"zijn geweest","meaning":"they have been","name":"zij, plural"}]},{"section":182,"headword":"zijn","caption":"Voltooid verleden tijd (pluperfect)","cells":[{"label":"ik","number":"singular","form":"was geweest","meaning":"I had been","name":"ik, singular"},{"label":"jij","number":"singular","form":"was geweest","meaning":"you had been","name":"jij, singular"},{"label":"hij","number":"singular","form":"was geweest","meaning":"he had been","name":"hij, singular"},{"label":"wij","number":"plural","form":"waren geweest","meaning":"we had been","name":"wij, plural"},{"label":"jullie","number":"plural","form":"waren geweest","meaning":"you had been","name":"jullie, plural"},{"label":"zij","number":"plural","form":"waren geweest","meaning":"they had been","name":"zij, plural"}]},{"section":182,"headword":"zijn","caption":"Onvoltooid toekomende tijd (future)","cells":[{"label":"ik","number":"singular","form":"zal zijn","meaning":"I shall be","name":"ik, singular"},{"label":"jij","number":"singular","form":"zult zijn","meaning":"you will be","name":"jij, singular"},{"label":"hij","number":"singular","form":"zal zijn","meaning":"he will be","name":"hij, singular"},{"label":"wij","number":"plural","form":"zullen zijn","meaning":"we shall be","name":"wij, plural"},{"label":"jullie","number":"plural","form":"zullen zijn","meaning":"you will be","name":"jullie, plural"},{"label":"zij","number":"plural","form":"zullen zijn","meaning":"they will be","name":"zij, plural"}]}]},{"title":"Lesson 5: The past participle stands at the end (and 2 more)","teaching":[{"title":"The participle goes last","paragraphs":["In Dutch the past participle waits until the end of the sentence. English keeps it next to the helper verb.","A compound tense has two parts. The first is an auxiliary, a helper verb such as hebben or zijn. The second is the past participle.","Zij hebben een steen gevonden means they have found a stone. The object een steen comes between hebben and gevonden.","Ik heb een boek gehad. Hij is koning geweest. Zij zijn hier geweest. In each one the participle is the last word."]},{"title":"A time word at the start","paragraphs":["An adverb of time says when something happens. Gisteren means yesterday. Deze morgen means this morning.","When the adverb opens the sentence, the first verb comes right after it. The subject follows that verb.","Wij hebben becomes gisteren hebben wij. The sentence is Gisteren hebben wij een steen in de tuin gevonden.","The participle still stands at the end."]},{"title":"A time word in the middle","paragraphs":["When the adverb does not open the sentence, it follows immediately after the verb. The subject stays first.","Wij hebben deze morgen een steen gevonden. The adverb deze morgen follows hebben.","Wij zijn deze morgen hier geweest. The adverb deze morgen follows zijn, and hier comes after it."]},{"title":"The verb goes to the end","paragraphs":["A dependent clause is a part of a sentence that depends on another part. In Ik geloof, dat hij hier is, the clause is dat hij hier is.","In a dependent clause the verb stands at the end of the clause. Compare hij is hier with dat hij hier is.","A compound tense has two verbs to place. The participle comes first and the auxiliary comes last of all. Ik geloof, dat hij hier geweest is.","Compare the main sentence, hij is hier geweest. The two verbs swap places in the clause."]}],"lines":[{"number":287,"id":"val.nl.L05.x.3.1","source":"Ik heb een boek gehad.","translation":"I have had a book.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"boek","gloss":"book"},{"text":"gehad.","gloss":"to have"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L05.x.3.1.m4a"},{"number":288,"id":"val.nl.L05.x.3.2","source":"Zij hebben een steen gevonden.","translation":"They have found a stone.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"hebben","gloss":"to have"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"steen","gloss":"stone"},{"text":"gevonden.","gloss":"found"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L05.x.3.2.m4a"},{"number":289,"id":"val.nl.L05.x.3.3","source":"Zij zijn hier geweest.","translation":"They have been here.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"hier","gloss":"here"},{"text":"geweest.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L05.x.3.3.m4a"},{"number":290,"id":"val.nl.L05.x.4.1","source":"Gisteren hebben wij een steen in de tuin gevonden.","translation":"Yesterday we found a stone in the garden.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Gisteren","gloss":"yesterday"},{"text":"hebben","gloss":"to have"},{"text":"wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"steen","gloss":"stone"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"tuin","gloss":"garden"},{"text":"gevonden.","gloss":"found"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L05.x.4.1.m4a"},{"number":291,"id":"val.nl.L05.x.4.2","source":"Wij hebben deze morgen een steen gevonden.","translation":"We have found a stone this morning.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"hebben","gloss":"to have"},{"text":"deze","gloss":"the latter (the most recently mentioned)"},{"text":"morgen","gloss":"morning"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"steen","gloss":"stone"},{"text":"gevonden.","gloss":"found"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L05.x.4.2.m4a"},{"number":292,"id":"val.nl.L05.x.5.1","source":"Ik geloof, dat hij hier is.","translation":"I believe he is here.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"geloof,","gloss":"to believe"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"hier","gloss":"here"},{"text":"is.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L05.x.5.1.m4a"},{"number":293,"id":"val.nl.L05.x.5.2","source":"Ik geloof, dat hij hier geweest is.","translation":"I believe he has been here.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"geloof,","gloss":"to believe"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"hier","gloss":"here"},{"text":"geweest","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"is.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L05.x.5.2.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 5: Position of the negation niet","teaching":[{"title":"Niet follows the object","paragraphs":["A negation is a word that says no. In Dutch it is niet. The direct object is the person or thing that the verb acts on.","Niet follows the direct object. In Hij heeft de steen niet gevonden, de steen is the object. Niet comes right after it.","The participle gevonden stays at the end. Wij hebben hem niet gezien. Here hem is the object, and niet follows it."]}],"lines":[{"number":294,"id":"val.nl.L05.x.6.1","source":"Hij heeft de steen niet gevonden.","translation":"He has not found the stone.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"heeft","gloss":"to have"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"steen","gloss":"stone"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"gevonden.","gloss":"found"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L05.x.6.1.m4a"},{"number":295,"id":"val.nl.L05.x.6.2","source":"Wij hebben hem niet gezien.","translation":"We have not seen him.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"hebben","gloss":"to have"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"gezien.","gloss":"seen"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L05.x.6.2.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Vriendelijk aanbod","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":296,"id":"val.nl.L05.r.0","source":"Vriendelijk aanbod","translation":"A friendly offer","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Vriendelijk","gloss":"friendly, kind"},{"text":"aanbod","gloss":"the offer"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L05.r.0.m4a"},{"number":297,"id":"val.nl.L05.r.1","source":"Een burgerman kreeg eens in de schouwburg twist met een jonge en zeer trotse edelman.","translation":"A commoner once got into a quarrel with a young and very haughty nobleman at the theater.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"burgerman","gloss":"commoner"},{"text":"kreeg","gloss":"to get; honger krijgen: to become hungry"},{"text":"eens","gloss":"once, one day"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"schouwburg","gloss":"theater"},{"text":"twist","gloss":"quarrel, dispute"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"jonge","gloss":"young"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"zeer","gloss":"very"},{"text":"trotse","gloss":"haughty"},{"text":"edelman.","gloss":"nobleman"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L05.r.1.m4a"},{"number":298,"id":"val.nl.L05.r.2","source":"Deze bedreigde hem, dat hij zijn bedienden zou gelasten hem een pak stokslagen toe te dienen.","translation":"The latter threatened him that he would order his servants to give him a good caning.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Deze","gloss":"the latter (the most recently mentioned)"},{"text":"bedreigde","gloss":"to threaten, to menace"},{"text":"hem,","gloss":"him"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"bedienden","gloss":"the servant, the servants"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"gelasten","gloss":"to order, to charge (someone to do something)"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"pak","gloss":"a good caning, a beating with a stick"},{"text":"stokslagen","gloss":"a good caning, a beating with a stick"},{"text":"toe","gloss":"to"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"dienen.","gloss":"to serve"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L05.r.2.m4a"},{"number":299,"id":"val.nl.L05.r.3","source":"“Mijnheer”, zei de eerste, “bedienden heb ik niet, maar als u even met mij naar buiten wilt gaan, zal ik de eer hebben ze u zelf te geven.”","translation":"“Sir”, said the former, “servants I have none, but if you will just step outside with me for a moment, I shall have the honor of giving them to you myself.”","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"“Mijnheer”,","gloss":"sir!; Mr. (as a title before a name)"},{"text":"zei","gloss":"said"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"eerste,","gloss":"the former (the first-mentioned)"},{"text":"“bedienden","gloss":"the servant, the servants"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"have"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"niet,","gloss":"not"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"even","gloss":"a moment, just"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"outside, out"},{"text":"buiten","gloss":"outside, out"},{"text":"wilt","gloss":"want"},{"text":"gaan,","gloss":"go"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"eer","gloss":"honor"},{"text":"hebben","gloss":"have"},{"text":"ze","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"zelf","gloss":"self"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to (before a verb); at, in (before a place); too"},{"text":"geven.”","gloss":"give"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L05.r.3.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"aanbod","gloss":"the offer"},{"word":"burgerman","gloss":"commoner"},{"word":"schouwburg","gloss":"theater"},{"word":"twist","gloss":"quarrel, dispute"},{"word":"stokslagen","gloss":"a good caning, a beating with a stick (een pak stokslagen)"},{"word":"Mijnheer","gloss":"sir!; Mr. (as a title before a name)"},{"word":"eer","gloss":"honor"},{"word":"Vriendelijk","gloss":"friendly, kind"},{"word":"eerste","gloss":"the former (the first-mentioned)"},{"word":"zelf","gloss":"I myself (ik zelf)"},{"word":"Deze","gloss":"the latter (the most recently mentioned)"},{"word":"ze","gloss":"they, them (unstressed form of zij) (ze = zij)"},{"word":"zeer","gloss":"very"},{"word":"als","gloss":"if"},{"word":"even","gloss":"a moment, just"},{"word":"buiten","gloss":"outside, out (naar buiten)"},{"word":"gelasten","gloss":"to order, to charge (someone to do something)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 5: conversation","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":300,"id":"val.nl.L05.c.q1","source":"Met wie kreeg de burgerman twist?","translation":"With whom did the commoner get into a quarrel?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"wie","gloss":"who"},{"text":"kreeg","gloss":"to get; honger krijgen: to become hungry"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"burgerman","gloss":"commoner"},{"text":"twist?","gloss":"quarrel, dispute"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L05.c.q1.m4a"},{"number":301,"id":"val.nl.L05.c.q2","source":"Waar kreeg hij twist?","translation":"Where did he get into the quarrel?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Waar","gloss":"where; true"},{"text":"kreeg","gloss":"to get; honger krijgen: to become hungry"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"twist?","gloss":"quarrel, dispute"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L05.c.q2.m4a"},{"number":302,"id":"val.nl.L05.c.q3","source":"Waarmee bedreigde de edelman hem?","translation":"With what did the nobleman threaten him?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Waarmee","gloss":"with which"},{"text":"bedreigde","gloss":"to threaten, to menace"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"edelman","gloss":"nobleman"},{"text":"hem?","gloss":"him"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L05.c.q3.m4a"},{"number":303,"id":"val.nl.L05.c.q4","source":"Wie zou hij gelasten de stokslagen toe te dienen?","translation":"Whom would he order to administer the blows?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wie","gloss":"who"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"gelasten","gloss":"to order, to charge (someone to do something)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"stokslagen","gloss":"a stroke with a stick"},{"text":"toe","gloss":"to"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"dienen?","gloss":"to serve"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L05.c.q4.m4a"},{"number":304,"id":"val.nl.L05.c.a1","source":"De burgerman kreeg twist met een jonge en zeer trotse edelman.","translation":"The commoner got into a quarrel with a young and very haughty nobleman.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"burgerman","gloss":"commoner"},{"text":"kreeg","gloss":"to get; honger krijgen: to become hungry"},{"text":"twist","gloss":"quarrel, dispute"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"jonge","gloss":"young"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"zeer","gloss":"very"},{"text":"trotse","gloss":"haughty"},{"text":"edelman.","gloss":"nobleman"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L05.c.a1.m4a"},{"number":305,"id":"val.nl.L05.c.a2","source":"Hij kreeg twist in de schouwburg.","translation":"He got into the quarrel at the theater.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"kreeg","gloss":"to get; honger krijgen: to become hungry"},{"text":"twist","gloss":"quarrel, dispute"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"schouwburg.","gloss":"theater"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L05.c.a2.m4a"},{"number":306,"id":"val.nl.L05.c.a3","source":"De edelman bedreigde hem ermee dat hij zijn bedienden zou gelasten hem een pak stokslagen toe te dienen.","translation":"The nobleman threatened him that he would order his servants to give him a good caning.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"edelman","gloss":"nobleman"},{"text":"bedreigde","gloss":"to threaten, to menace"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"ermee","gloss":"with it"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"bedienden","gloss":"the servant, the servants"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"gelasten","gloss":"to order, to charge (someone to do something)"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"pak","gloss":"a good caning, a beating with a stick"},{"text":"stokslagen","gloss":"a good caning, a beating with a stick"},{"text":"toe","gloss":"to"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"dienen.","gloss":"to serve"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L05.c.a3.m4a"},{"number":307,"id":"val.nl.L05.c.a4","source":"Hij zou zijn bedienden gelasten de stokslagen toe te dienen.","translation":"He would order his servants to administer the blows.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"bedienden","gloss":"the servant, the servants"},{"text":"gelasten","gloss":"to order, to charge (someone to do something)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"stokslagen","gloss":"a stroke with a stick"},{"text":"toe","gloss":"to"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"dienen.","gloss":"to serve"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L05.c.a4.m4a"},{"number":308,"id":"val.nl.L05.c.q5","source":"Wat antwoordde de burgerman?","translation":"What did the commoner answer?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"antwoordde","gloss":"to answer"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"burgerman?","gloss":"commoner"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L05.c.q5.m4a"},{"number":309,"id":"val.nl.L05.c.q6","source":"Welke eer wilde hij hebben?","translation":"What honor did he wish to have?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Welke","gloss":"which, what"},{"text":"eer","gloss":"honor"},{"text":"wilde","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"hebben?","gloss":"to have"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L05.c.q6.m4a"},{"number":310,"id":"val.nl.L05.c.a5","source":"De burgerman antwoordde: “Bedienden heb ik niet, maar als u even met mij naar buiten wilt gaan, zal ik de eer hebben ze u zelf te geven.”","translation":"The commoner answered: “Servants I have none, but if you will just step outside with me for a moment, I shall have the honor of giving them to you myself.”","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"burgerman","gloss":"commoner"},{"text":"antwoordde:","gloss":"answered"},{"text":"“Bedienden","gloss":"the servant, the servants"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"have"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"niet,","gloss":"not"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"even","gloss":"a moment, just"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"outside, out"},{"text":"buiten","gloss":"outside, out"},{"text":"wilt","gloss":"want"},{"text":"gaan,","gloss":"go"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"eer","gloss":"honor"},{"text":"hebben","gloss":"have"},{"text":"ze","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"zelf","gloss":"self"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to (before a verb); at, in (before a place); too"},{"text":"geven.”","gloss":"give"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L05.c.a5.m4a"},{"number":311,"id":"val.nl.L05.c.a6","source":"Hij wilde de eer hebben de stokslagen zelf aan de edelman te geven.","translation":"He wished to have the honor of giving the blows to the nobleman himself.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"wilde","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"eer","gloss":"honor"},{"text":"hebben","gloss":"to have"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"stokslagen","gloss":"a stroke with a stick"},{"text":"zelf","gloss":"self"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"edelman","gloss":"nobleman"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"geven.","gloss":"to give"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L05.c.a6.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 5: exercise 9","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":312,"id":"val.nl.L05.e9.i1","source":"De vrouw was negentig jaar oud.","translation":"The woman was ninety years old.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vrouw","gloss":"a woman, a lady"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"negentig","gloss":"ninety"},{"text":"jaar","gloss":"the year"},{"text":"oud.","gloss":"old"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L05.e9.i1.m4a"},{"number":313,"id":"val.nl.L05.e9.i2","source":"De honden waren wakker.","translation":"The dogs were awake.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"honden","gloss":"the dog, dogs"},{"text":"waren","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"wakker.","gloss":"awake"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L05.e9.i2.m4a"},{"number":314,"id":"val.nl.L05.e9.i3","source":"De koning is in Engeland.","translation":"The king is in England.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"koning","gloss":"king, kings"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"Engeland.","gloss":"Engeland"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L05.e9.i3.m4a"},{"number":315,"id":"val.nl.L05.e9.i4","source":"De eieren zullen schaars zijn.","translation":"The eggs will be scarce.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"eieren","gloss":"egg, eggs"},{"text":"zullen","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"schaars","gloss":"scarce"},{"text":"zijn.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L05.e9.i4.m4a"},{"number":316,"id":"val.nl.L05.e9.i5","source":"De koning is in Hannover geweest.","translation":"The king has been in Hanover.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"koning","gloss":"king, kings"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"Hannover","gloss":"Hannover"},{"text":"geweest.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L05.e9.i5.m4a"},{"number":317,"id":"val.nl.L05.e9.i6","source":"De herbergier zou slim geweest zijn.","translation":"The inn-keeper would have been sly.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"herbergier","gloss":"innkeeper, host"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"slim","gloss":"sly"},{"text":"geweest","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"zijn.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L05.e9.i6.m4a"},{"number":318,"id":"val.nl.L05.e9.i7","source":"De krekel was lui geweest.","translation":"The cricket had been lazy (lui).","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"krekel","gloss":"cricket"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"lui","gloss":"lazy"},{"text":"geweest.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L05.e9.i7.m4a"},{"number":319,"id":"val.nl.L05.e9.i8","source":"Het is in orde.","translation":"It is all right.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"orde.","gloss":"order"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L05.e9.i8.m4a"},{"number":320,"id":"val.nl.L05.e9.i9","source":"De vrek zal zeer ongelukkig zijn.","translation":"The miser will be very unhappy.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vrek","gloss":"miser"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"zeer","gloss":"very"},{"text":"ongelukkig","gloss":"happy, unhappy"},{"text":"zijn.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L05.e9.i9.m4a"},{"number":321,"id":"val.nl.L05.e9.i10","source":"U bent niet armer dan tevoren.","translation":"You are not poorer than before.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"U","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"bent","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"armer","gloss":"poor, poorer"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"than before"},{"text":"tevoren.","gloss":"than before"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L05.e9.i10.m4a"},{"number":322,"id":"val.nl.L05.e9.i11","source":"Wees stil!","translation":"Be quiet (S. and Pl.)!","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wees","gloss":"be (imperative)"},{"text":"stil!","gloss":"hush! quiet!"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L05.e9.i11.m4a"},{"number":323,"id":"val.nl.L05.e9.i12","source":"Hij zou woedend geweest zijn.","translation":"He would have been furious.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"woedend","gloss":"furious"},{"text":"geweest","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"zijn.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L05.e9.i12.m4a"},{"number":324,"id":"val.nl.L05.e9.i13","source":"Wees niet lui!","translation":"Do not be (translate: be not, S. and Pl.) lazy!","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wees","gloss":"be (imperative)"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"lui!","gloss":"lazy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L05.e9.i13.m4a"},{"number":325,"id":"val.nl.L05.e9.i14","source":"Wij zouden rijker geweest zijn.","translation":"We should have been richer.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"zouden","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"rijker","gloss":"rich, richer"},{"text":"geweest","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"zijn.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L05.e9.i14.m4a"},{"number":326,"id":"val.nl.L05.e9.i15","source":"De koning is hier geweest.","translation":"The king has been here.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"koning","gloss":"king, kings"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"hier","gloss":"here"},{"text":"geweest.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L05.e9.i15.m4a"},{"number":327,"id":"val.nl.L05.e9.i16","source":"De schat is nog in de tuin.","translation":"The treasure is still (nog) in the garden.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"schat","gloss":"treasure"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"nog","gloss":"still, yet; another"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"tuin.","gloss":"garden"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L05.e9.i16.m4a"},{"number":328,"id":"val.nl.L05.e9.i17","source":"Waren zij gelukkig?","translation":"Were they happy?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Waren","gloss":"were"},{"text":"zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"gelukkig?","gloss":"happy, unhappy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L05.e9.i17.m4a"},{"number":329,"id":"val.nl.L05.e9.i18","source":"Wij zijn arm.","translation":"We are poor.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"arm.","gloss":"poor, poorer"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L05.e9.i18.m4a"},{"number":330,"id":"val.nl.L05.e9.i19","source":"Zij waren rijk.","translation":"They were rich.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"waren","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"rijk.","gloss":"rich, richer"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L05.e9.i19.m4a"},{"number":331,"id":"val.nl.L05.e9.i20","source":"Waren zij oud?","translation":"Were they old?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Waren","gloss":"were"},{"text":"zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"oud?","gloss":"old"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L05.e9.i20.m4a"},{"number":332,"id":"val.nl.L05.e9.i21","source":"U bent lui geweest.","translation":"You have been lazy.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"U","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"bent","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"lui","gloss":"lazy"},{"text":"geweest.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L05.e9.i21.m4a"},{"number":333,"id":"val.nl.L05.e9.i22","source":"De burgerman was niet slim.","translation":"The commoner was not sly.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"burgerman","gloss":"commoner"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"slim.","gloss":"sly"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L05.e9.i22.m4a"},{"number":334,"id":"val.nl.L05.e9.i23","source":"Hij is vriendelijk geweest.","translation":"He has been friendly.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"vriendelijk","gloss":"friendly, kind"},{"text":"geweest.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L05.e9.i23.m4a"},{"number":335,"id":"val.nl.L05.e9.i24","source":"Ik geloof, dat hij rijk is.","translation":"I believe that he is rich.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"geloof,","gloss":"to believe"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"rijk","gloss":"rich, richer"},{"text":"is.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L05.e9.i24.m4a"},{"number":336,"id":"val.nl.L05.e9.i25","source":"Was de edelman trots?","translation":"Was the noble-man haughty?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"edelman","gloss":"nobleman"},{"text":"trots?","gloss":"haughty"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L05.e9.i25.m4a"},{"number":337,"id":"val.nl.L05.e9.i26","source":"Zou hij gelukkig geweest zijn?","translation":"Would he have been happy?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"gelukkig","gloss":"happy, unhappy"},{"text":"geweest","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"zijn?","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L05.e9.i26.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]}]}