{"course":{"lang":"nl","language":"Dutch","title":"Dutch Conversation-Grammar","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/nl","source":"Valette, Dutch Conversation-Grammar (1913) and its Key (1893); Defense Language Institute, Dutch Refresher Course, Books I to III (1961). Public domain. The teaching pages, the readings' English, the answers to the conversations and the narration are ours."},"unit":{"number":11,"id":"val.nl.m40-42","title":"Lessons 40 to 42","stage":"Use of the Parts of Speech, and Word-Formation","situation":"De poppenkast; De poppenkast (vervolg); De poppenkast (vervolg)","outcome":"§605. Nouns formed by vowel-change; §606. The noun-forming suffixes; §607. The suffix -aar; §608. The suffix -aar weakened to -er; §609. The suffixes -e, -de, -te; §610. The suffixes -egge, -ster, -in, -es forming feminines; §611. Words in -em, -sem, -en denoting things; §612. The suffix -ing, -ling","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/nl/11","lines":1316},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/courses/nl/10","next":"https://1732studios.com/courses/nl/12","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/","sections":[{"title":"Lesson 40: Nouns formed by vowel-change","teaching":[{"title":"Nouns built on verb roots","paragraphs":["The root of a verb is its core, before any ending. Many Dutch nouns have the same form as the root of a strong verb, usually with a different vowel.","Zingen is to sing, and de zang is a song. Springen is to jump, and de sprong is a leap. Binden is to tie, and de band is a tie.","The book groups these verbs in six classes. Each entry names the verb first, then the nouns built on it.","Some of these old nouns now occur only inside derived or compound words."]},{"title":"Nouns formed by vowel-change","paragraphs":["vliegen: de vlieg fly, de vleugel wing, de vlucht volley; vlieten: de vliet rill, het vlot raft, de vloot fleet.","VI. Class. Dragen: de dracht load, costume; graven: de gracht canal, de groeve furrow; malen: de mol mole, het meel meal, de molm mould, de mul dust; varen: de vaart canal, het veer ferry, het voer cart-load."]}],"lines":[{"number":1,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.1.1","source":"de borg","translation":"bail","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"borg","gloss":"bail"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.1.1.m4a"},{"number":2,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.1.2","source":"de drank","translation":"drink","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"drank","gloss":"drink"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.1.2.m4a"},{"number":3,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.1.3","source":"de vond","translation":"find","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vond","gloss":"find"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.1.3.m4a"},{"number":4,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.1.4","source":"de geboorte","translation":"birth","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"geboorte","gloss":"birth"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.1.4.m4a"},{"number":5,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.1.5","source":"de komst","translation":"coming","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"komst","gloss":"arrival"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.1.5.m4a"},{"number":6,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.1.6","source":"de wraak","translation":"revenge","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"wraak","gloss":"revenge"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.1.6.m4a"},{"number":7,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.1.7","source":"het gelag","translation":"share","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"gelag","gloss":"to lie (be situated)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.1.7.m4a"},{"number":8,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.1.8","source":"de zetel","translation":"seat","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"zetel","gloss":"seat"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.1.8.m4a"},{"number":9,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.1.9","source":"de kneep","translation":"pinch","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"kneep","gloss":"pinch"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.1.9.m4a"},{"number":10,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.1.10","source":"de schrede","translation":"step","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"schrede","gloss":"step"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.1.10.m4a"},{"number":11,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.1.11","source":"de streek","translation":"line, region","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"streek","gloss":"line, region"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.1.11.m4a"},{"number":12,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.1.12","source":"de beugel","translation":"ring","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"beugel","gloss":"ring"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.1.12.m4a"},{"number":13,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.1.13","source":"het slot","translation":"castle, lock","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"slot","gloss":"castle, lock"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.1.13.m4a"},{"number":14,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.1.14","source":"de teugel","translation":"rein","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"teugel","gloss":"rein"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.1.14.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":605,"text":"Nouns formed by vowel-change\n\nMany nouns are root-words: they have the same form as the root of the corresponding strong verb, generally with a vowel-change. Some of these original root-words now occur in derivations and compositions only, as will be seen in the following examples.\n\nI. Class. Bergen: de borg bail, de burg or de burcht castle; bersten: de barst burst; binden: de band tie, de bende troop, de bond confederation, de bundel bundle; dringen: het gedrang crowd; drinken: de drank drink, de dronk draught; dwingen: de dwang force; gelden: het goud gold; helpen: de hulp help; klinken: de klank sound, de klink latch; krimpen: de kramp cramp; springen: de sprong leap; vinden: de vond or de vondst find; werpen: de worp throw; zingen: de zang song.\n\nII. Class. Beren: de baar wave, bier, ingot, het gebaar gesture, de beer buttress, de berrie barrow, de beurt turn, de geboorte birth; breken: de brok piece, de breuk fraction, het gebrek fault; helen: de halm blade, de helm casque, de hel hell, de hol cave, het heul aid; komen: de komst coming; spreken: de spraak speech, het sprookje tale, de spreuk saying, het gesprek conversation; steken: de staak stake, de stok stick, het stuk piece, de stekel sting; wreken: de wraak revenge, de wrok grudge.\n\nIII. Class. Bidden: de bede request, het gebed prayer; geven: de gaaf or de gave gift, de gift donation or het gift poison; liggen: de laag layer, het gelag share, het leger army; meten: de maat measure, van meet af from the beginning; wegen: de waag balance, het gewicht weight; weven: de wafel wafer; zitten: de landzaat native, de zet move, de zetel seat.\n\nIV. Class. Bijten: de bijt gap made in the ice, de beitel chisel, de beet bite, het gebit set of teeth; blijken: het blijk token, de blik glance; grijpen: de greep handle; knijpen: de knip cut, de kneep pinch; krijten: de kreet cry; lijden: het leed grief; rijden: de rit drive; rijgen: de rij row, de rei chorus, de regel rule, de reeks series; rijten: de reet split; schrijden: de schrede step; slijpen: de slip skirt, de sleep train; snijden: de snit cut, de snede slice, edge; splijten: het split slit, de spleet split; stijgen: de steiger scaffolding, de steeg lane; strijken: de streek line, region.\n\nV. Class. Bedriegen: het bedrog deception, het gedrocht monster, de drogreden sophism; bieden: het bod offer, de bode messenger, het gebod commandment; buigen: de boog bow, de bocht turning, de beugel ring; genieten: het genot enjoyment, de genoot fellow; liegen: de logen or de leugen lie; ruiken: de reuk smell; schieten: het schot shot, de schoot lap, de scheut shoot; sluiten: het slot castle, lock, de sloot ditch, de sleutel key; stuiven: het stof dust; tien (obsolete): het tuig tackle, de getuige witness, de tocht expedition, draught, de toom bridle, de teug draught, de teugel rein, de tucht discipline; (ver)liezen: het verlies loss, de leus device, te loor gaan to be lost, te leur stellen to disappoint; vliegen: de vlieg fly, de vleugel wing, de vlucht volley; vlieten: de vliet rill, het vlot raft, de vloot fleet.\n\nVI. Class. Dragen: de dracht load, costume; graven: de gracht canal, de groeve furrow; malen: de mol mole, het meel meal, de molm mould, de mul dust; varen: de vaart canal, het veer ferry, het voer cart-load.\n\nA few from the list\nde borg              bail\nde burg              castle\nde burcht            castle\nde barst             burst\nde band              tie\nde bende             troop\nde bond              confederation\nde bundel            bundle\nhet gedrang          crowd\nde drank             drink"},{"section":606,"text":"The noun-forming suffixes\n\nThe suffixes, by means of which nouns have been formed, are: aar, de (te), e, egge (ei), el, em, en, er, ig, ik, in, ing, nis, s (es, is), sel, sem, st, ster; the diminutives: el, elijn, je (pje, tje), ken; the foreign suffixes: aan, age, eel, es, ier, iet, ist, ij."},{"section":607,"text":"The suffix -aar\n\nDerivatives in -aar denote persons, animals and things; sometimes n has been inserted between the root and the suffix.\n\nDe redenaar orator, de leraar teacher, de overwinnaar conqueror; de Egyptenaar Egyptian, de Parijzenaar Parisian; de geweldenaar usurper, de kunstenaar artist, de weduwnaar widower; de duikelaar diver, de lepelaar spoonbill, de rammelaar buck-rabbit; de appelaar apple-tree, de hazelaar hazelnut-tree, de rozelaar rose-tree; de boezelaar apron, de evenaar equator, de lessenaar desk.\n\nA few from the list\nde redenaar          orator\nde leraar            teacher\nde overwinnaar       conqueror\nde Egyptenaar        Egyptian\nde Parijzenaar       Parisian\nde geweldenaar       usurper\nde kunstenaar        artist\nde weduwnaar         widower\nde duikelaar         diver\nde lepelaar          spoonbill"},{"section":608,"text":"The suffix -aar weakened to -er\n\nAfter an accented syllable the suffix -aar has been weakened to -er; sometimes d is inserted, especially after r.\n\nDe bakker baker, de jager hunter, de vertaler translator; de doper baptizer, de visser fisher, de zanger singer; de diender policeman, de hoorder hearer, de verhuurder landlord; de Nederlander Dutchman, de Oostenrijker Austrian, de Zwitser Swiss; de doffer male pigeon, de kater tom-cat; de boender scrubbing-brush, de gieter watering-can, de passer pair of compasses.\n\nA few from the list\nde bakker            baker\nde jager             hunter\nde vertaler          translator\nde doper             baptizer\nde visser            fisher\nde zanger            singer\nde diender           policeman\nde hoorder           hearer\nde verhuurder        landlord\nde Nederlander       Dutchman"},{"section":609,"text":"The suffixes -e, -de, -te\n\nThe suffix -e occurs in a few words only, as in all other derivatives -de (generally changed into -te) has been used to form nouns from adjectives.\n\nDe koude cold, de zonde sin; de liefde love, de breedte breadth, de diepte depth, de hoogte height, de lengte length, de vlakte plain; de groente greens, vegetables."},{"section":610,"text":"The suffixes -egge, -ster, -in, -es forming feminines\n\nThe suffixes -egge (-ei), -ster, -in, -s (-es, -is) form names of females from names of male persons (animals).\n\nDe dievegge thief, de klappei or de labbei gossip, de bedelaarster beggar-woman, de schrijfster author, de tuinierster gardener's wife, de koningin queen, de godin or de godes goddess, de leeuwin lioness, de wolvin she-wolf, de dienares servant, de kunstenares artist; cf.: de zangeres = singer (artist) and de zangster = muse or female singer, songstress.\n\nRemark. The ending -es (-is) has been added also to words of foreign origin.\n\nAbdis abbess, prinses princess, profetes prophetess.\n\nA few from the list\nde dievegge          thief\nde klappei           gossip\nde labbei            gossip\nde bedelaarster      beggar-woman\nde schrijfster       author\nde tuinierster       gardener's wife\nde koningin          queen\nde godin             goddess\nde godes             goddess\nde leeuwin           lioness"},{"section":611,"text":"Words in -em, -sem, -en denoting things\n\nAll words ending in -em or the compound suffix -sem and nearly all words ending in -en are names of things.\n\nDe adem breath, de bezem broom, de bloesem blossom, de bodem bottom, de deesem leaven, de wasem vapour; de leugen lie, de reden reason, de vasten lent; also de lijfeigene serf."},{"section":612,"text":"The suffix -ing, -ling, -eling\n\nThe suffix -ing (seldom -ig) originally denotes origin of persons, afterwards it was also used to form names of animals and things. As the final l of such words as end in l was considered part of the ending, a new suffix -ling or -eling proceeded from -ing. With names of persons derived from adjectives by means of -eling, el has a diminutive meaning and then generally expresses contempt. Contempt is also connected with some words derived from verbs, although generally denoting persons doing or suffering the action expressed by the verb.\n\nDe Karoling (from Carolus) Carolingian, de Meroving (from Meroveus) Merovingian, de Vlaming Fleming, de koning king, de hemeling inhabitant of heaven, de bokking red herring, de haring herring, de honing honey; de dorpeling villager, de kloosterling monk, nun, de lieveling darling; de duisterling obscurant, de stommeling stupid person, de woesteling wild man; de drenkeling drowned or drowning person, de huurling hireling, de kweekeling pupil, de smeekeling supplicant, de zwerveling wanderer.\n\nRemark 1. Names of things ending in -ing or -eling denote origin or have a diminutive sense.\n\nDe ketting chain, de krakeling cracknel, de penning medal or farthing, de vliering garret, de zilverling silverling, de zuring sorrel.\n\nRemark 2. A few nouns in -ling are formed from numerals; they have a collective meaning.\n\nDe tweeling twin, de drieling one of three children at a birth etc.\n\nA few from the list\nde Karoling          Carolingian\nde Meroving          Merovingian\nde Vlaming           Fleming\nde koning            king\nde hemeling          inhabitant of heaven\nde bokking           red herring\nde haring            herring\nde honing            honey\nde dorpeling         villager\nde kloosterling      monk, nun"},{"section":613,"text":"The suffixes -ing, -st forming feminine verbal nouns\n\nBy means of the suffixes -ing or -st feminine substantives are formed from verbs.\n\nDe belegering siege, de kleding dress, de wandeling walk; de kunst art, de vangst catch, de winst gain."},{"section":614,"text":"The suffixes -ik, -erik\n\nThe names formed by -ik, -erik have a derisive or contemptuous meaning.\n\nDe botterik or de stommerik blockhead, de vuilik or de viezerik a filthy person.\n\nOlder written Dutch, and the proper names Diederik and Hendrik, still show a suffix -rik that meant lord, ruler, and that no longer forms new words; it is also found in names of animals and plants: de ganzerik gander, de draverik tare."},{"section":615,"text":"The suffix -nis\n\nThe suffix -nis is placed after verbs and adjectives.\n\nDe beeltenis image, de vergiffenis pardon, het vuilnis dirt."},{"section":616,"text":"The suffixes -el, -sel for tools and products\n\nThe suffix -el and the compound suffix -sel are put after verbal roots to denote: tools or instruments and products.\n\nDe sleutel key, de teugel bridle, de vleugel wing; het deksel cover, het schoeisel boots, de stijfsel starch, het baksel baking, het schepsel creature, het zaagsel saw-dust.\n\nA few Dutch words, for instance het houweel pick-axe and het toneel scene, have taken -eel instead of -el through the influence of words borrowed from the French language, as: het kasteel castle etc."},{"section":617,"text":"Diminutives with -je\n\nDiminutives, which are much used in Dutch, are generally formed by the suffix -je: boek book, boekje; huis house, huisje; kat cat, katje.\n\nIf the noun has a long vowel, occurring in the plural only, which has become short in the singular, the diminutive generally has the long vowel: pad path, paadje; slot castle or lock, slootje; tred step, treedje.\n\nFinal ng in an unaccented syllable becomes nk: koning king, koninkje; woning dwelling, woninkje; but if the syllable ending in ng is not entirely unaccented -etje is added: verzameling collection, verzamelingetje; wandeling walk, wandelingetje.\n\nThis ending is also used if the word has a short vowel with final l, n or r: bal ball, balletje; kam comb, kammetje; kan jug, kannetje; kar cart, karretje. Also after final g: big (or bigge) young pig, biggetje (or bigje). If such letters are preceded by a long vowel e is dropped: paal stake, paaltje; schaar pair of scissors, schaartje. This ending (-tje) must also be used after words ending in a vowel or in w: mama mamma, mamaatje; knie knee, knietje; mouw sleeve, mouwtje; vrouw woman, vrouwtje.\n\nAfter m the suffix -pje must be used instead of -tje: boom tree, boompje; raam window, raampje.\n\nThe suffixes -el and -elijn no longer form diminutives; -ke and -kie survive as a regional, mostly southern, alternative to -je, and the guttural-inserted -kje seen in penninkje.\n\nSome words are contracted in their diminutive form: broeder brother, broertje; meid girl, meisje; moeder mother, moertje or moedertje; vader father, vaartje or vadertje; weder weather, weertje; zuster sister, zusje.\n\nA few from the list\nhet boekje           little book\nhet huisje           little house\nhet katje            kitten\nhet paadje           little path\nhet slootje          little lock\nhet treedje          little step\nhet koninkje         little king\nhet woninkje         little dwelling\nhet verzamelingetje  little collection\nhet wandelingetje    little walk"},{"section":618,"text":"Foreign suffixes borrowed for persons\n\nSome suffixes have been borrowed from foreign languages and added to Dutch words; such are: -aan, -ier or -enier, -iet, -ist or -enist.\n\nDe bloemist florist, de drogist chemist, de herbergier innkeeper, de hovenier or de tuinier gardener, de klokkenist chimer, de kruidenier grocer. Also de Amerikaan American, de Arabier Arab, de Aziër or de Aziaat Asiatic, de Batavier Batavian, de Europeaan European, de Indiaan Indian, de Lutheraan Lutherian, de Darwinist, de Germanist, de Romanist.\n\nA few from the list\nde bloemist          florist\nde drogist           chemist\nde herbergier        innkeeper\nde hovenier          gardener\nde tuinier           gardener\nde klokkenist        chimer\nde kruidenier        grocer\nde Amerikaan         American\nde Arabier           Arab\nde Aziër             Asiatic"},{"section":619,"text":"The foreign suffix -age\n\nThe foreign suffix -age may be added to substantives with a collective meaning: bosschage grove, pakkage baggage; also to verbal roots: lekkage leakage, stellage scaffolding, vrijage courtship."},{"section":620,"text":"Words in -ij, -erij, -ernij\n\nWords ending in -ij, -erij or -ernij are derived: From names of persons: de bakker baker, de bakkerij bake-house. De bedelaar beggar, de bedelarij beggary, begging. De bedrieger impostor, de bedriegerij imposture. De burger citizen, de burgerij citizens. De dief thief, de dieverij theft, robbery. Het heerschap master, de heerschappij dominion. De huichelaar hypocrite, de huichelarij hypocrisy. Het maatschap partnership, de maatschappij society. De rijmelaar paltry rhymer, de rijmelarij doggerel. De ruiter horseman, de ruiterij cavalry. De schelm rogue, de schelmerij roguery. De schilder painter, het schilderij picture, painting. De voogd guardian, de voogdij or het voogdijschap guardianship.\n\nFrom names of things: het boek book, de boekerij library. Het kleed dress, de kledij clothes, toilet. De koopvaart commercial navigation, de koopvaardij. Cf. also: de hovaardij pride, de lekkernij dainty.\n\nA few from the list\nde bakkerij          bake-house\nde bedelarij         beggary, begging\nde bedriegerij       imposture\nde burgerij          citizens\nde dieverij          theft, robbery\nde heerschappij      dominion\nde huichelarij       hypocrisy\nde maatschappij      society\nde rijmelarij        doggerel\nde ruiterij          cavalry"},{"section":621,"text":"The foreign suffixes -et, -ment, -teit\n\nThe foreign suffixes -et, -ment and -teit occur in very few words only.\n\nHet dreigement threat, de flauwiteit silliness, de helmet helmet."}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 40: The suffix -aar","teaching":[{"title":"Nouns in aar","paragraphs":["The suffix aar makes nouns for persons, animals and things. De leraar is a teacher. De redenaar is an orator. De Parijzenaar is a Parisian.","Sometimes an n comes between the root and the ending. De kunstenaar is an artist. De Egyptenaar is an Egyptian.","Animals, trees and objects take it too. De lepelaar is a spoonbill. De appelaar is an apple tree. De lessenaar is a desk."]},{"title":"A few from the list","paragraphs":[]}],"lines":[{"number":15,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.3.1","source":"de redenaar","translation":"orator","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"redenaar","gloss":"orator"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.3.1.m4a"},{"number":16,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.3.2","source":"de leraar","translation":"teacher","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"leraar","gloss":"teacher"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.3.2.m4a"},{"number":17,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.3.3","source":"de overwinnaar","translation":"conqueror","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"overwinnaar","gloss":"conqueror"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.3.3.m4a"},{"number":18,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.3.4","source":"de Egyptenaar","translation":"Egyptian","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Egyptenaar","gloss":"Egyptenaar"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.3.4.m4a"},{"number":19,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.3.5","source":"de Parijzenaar","translation":"Parisian","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Parijzenaar","gloss":"Parijzenaar"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.3.5.m4a"},{"number":20,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.3.6","source":"de geweldenaar","translation":"usurper","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"geweldenaar","gloss":"usurper"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.3.6.m4a"},{"number":21,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.3.7","source":"de kunstenaar","translation":"artist","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"kunstenaar","gloss":"artist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.3.7.m4a"},{"number":22,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.3.8","source":"de weduwnaar","translation":"widower","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"weduwnaar","gloss":"widower"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.3.8.m4a"},{"number":23,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.3.9","source":"de duikelaar","translation":"diver","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"duikelaar","gloss":"diver"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.3.9.m4a"},{"number":24,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.3.10","source":"de lepelaar","translation":"spoonbill","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"lepelaar","gloss":"spoonbill"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.3.10.m4a"},{"number":25,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.3.11","source":"de rammelaar","translation":"buck-rabbit","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"rammelaar","gloss":"buck-rabbit"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.3.11.m4a"},{"number":26,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.3.12","source":"de appelaar","translation":"apple-tree","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"appelaar","gloss":"apple-tree"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.3.12.m4a"},{"number":27,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.3.13","source":"de hazelaar","translation":"hazelnut-tree","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"hazelaar","gloss":"hazelnut-tree"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.3.13.m4a"},{"number":28,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.3.14","source":"de rozelaar","translation":"rose-tree","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"rozelaar","gloss":"rose-tree"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.3.14.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 40: The suffix -aar weakened to -er","teaching":[{"title":"The weak form er","paragraphs":["The ending aar has a second, weaker shape, er. It comes after a syllable that carries the stress.","De bakker is a baker. De zanger is a singer. De vertaler is a translator. De Zwitser is a Swiss.","Sometimes a d comes before the ending, mostly after r. De hoorder is a hearer. De verhuurder is a landlord.","Like aar, er names persons, animals and things. De kater is a tomcat. De gieter is a watering can."]}],"lines":[{"number":29,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.4.1","source":"de bakker","translation":"baker","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"bakker","gloss":"baker"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.4.1.m4a"},{"number":30,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.4.2","source":"de jager","translation":"hunter","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"jager","gloss":"hunter"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.4.2.m4a"},{"number":31,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.4.3","source":"de vertaler","translation":"translator","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vertaler","gloss":"translator"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.4.3.m4a"},{"number":32,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.4.4","source":"de doper","translation":"baptizer","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"doper","gloss":"baptizer"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.4.4.m4a"},{"number":33,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.4.5","source":"de visser","translation":"fisher","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"visser","gloss":"fisher"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.4.5.m4a"},{"number":34,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.4.6","source":"de zanger","translation":"singer","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"zanger","gloss":"singer"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.4.6.m4a"},{"number":35,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.4.7","source":"de diender","translation":"policeman","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"diender","gloss":"policeman"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.4.7.m4a"},{"number":36,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.4.8","source":"de hoorder","translation":"hearer","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"hoorder","gloss":"hearer"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.4.8.m4a"},{"number":37,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.4.9","source":"de verhuurder","translation":"landlord","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"verhuurder","gloss":"landlord"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.4.9.m4a"},{"number":38,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.4.10","source":"de Nederlander","translation":"Dutchman","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Nederlander","gloss":"Nederlander"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.4.10.m4a"},{"number":39,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.4.11","source":"de Oostenrijker","translation":"Austrian","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Oostenrijker","gloss":"Oostenrijker"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.4.11.m4a"},{"number":40,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.4.12","source":"de Zwitser","translation":"Swiss","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Zwitser","gloss":"Zwitser"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.4.12.m4a"},{"number":41,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.4.13","source":"de doffer","translation":"male pigeon","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"doffer","gloss":"male pigeon"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.4.13.m4a"},{"number":42,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.4.14","source":"de kater","translation":"tom-cat","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"kater","gloss":"tom-cat"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.4.14.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 40: The suffixes -e, -de, -te","teaching":[{"title":"Nouns from adjectives","paragraphs":["The ending de makes nouns from adjectives. Most often it has changed to te. De hoogte is height. De lengte is length. De diepte is depth.","De liefde is love. De groente means greens or vegetables.","The ending e alone makes only a few nouns. De zonde is sin. De koude is cold."]}],"lines":[{"number":43,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.5.1","source":"de koude","translation":"cold","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"koude","gloss":"cold"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.5.1.m4a"},{"number":44,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.5.2","source":"de zonde","translation":"sin","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"zonde","gloss":"sin"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.5.2.m4a"},{"number":45,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.5.3","source":"de liefde","translation":"love","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"liefde","gloss":"love"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.5.3.m4a"},{"number":46,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.5.4","source":"de breedte","translation":"breadth","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"breedte","gloss":"breadth"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.5.4.m4a"},{"number":47,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.5.5","source":"de diepte","translation":"depth","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"diepte","gloss":"depth"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.5.5.m4a"},{"number":48,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.5.6","source":"de hoogte","translation":"height","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"hoogte","gloss":"height"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.5.6.m4a"},{"number":49,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.5.7","source":"de lengte","translation":"length","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"lengte","gloss":"length"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.5.7.m4a"},{"number":50,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.5.8","source":"de vlakte","translation":"plain","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vlakte","gloss":"plain"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.5.8.m4a"},{"number":51,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.5.9","source":"de groente","translation":"greens, vegetables","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"groente","gloss":"greens, vegetables"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.5.9.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 40: The suffixes -egge, -ster, -in, -es forming feminines","teaching":[{"title":"Female names from male names","paragraphs":["Four endings turn the name of a male person or animal into the name of a female.","Egge and ster are two of them. De dievegge is a thief. De schrijfster is an author.","In is the third. De koningin is a queen. De godin is a goddess. De leeuwin is a lioness.","Es is the fourth. De dienares is a servant. It is also added to words from other languages. De prinses is a princess. De abdis is an abbess."]}],"lines":[{"number":52,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.6.1","source":"de dievegge","translation":"thief","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"dievegge","gloss":"thief"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.6.1.m4a"},{"number":53,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.6.2","source":"de klappei","translation":"gossip","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"klappei","gloss":"gossip"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.6.2.m4a"},{"number":54,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.6.3","source":"de labbei","translation":"gossip","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"labbei","gloss":"gossip"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.6.3.m4a"},{"number":55,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.6.4","source":"de bedelaarster","translation":"beggar-woman","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"bedelaarster","gloss":"beggar-woman"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.6.4.m4a"},{"number":56,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.6.5","source":"de schrijfster","translation":"author","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"schrijfster","gloss":"author"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.6.5.m4a"},{"number":57,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.6.6","source":"de tuinierster","translation":"gardener's wife","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"tuinierster","gloss":"gardener's wife"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.6.6.m4a"},{"number":58,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.6.7","source":"de koningin","translation":"queen","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"koningin","gloss":"queen"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.6.7.m4a"},{"number":59,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.6.8","source":"de godin","translation":"goddess","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"godin","gloss":"goddess"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.6.8.m4a"},{"number":60,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.6.9","source":"de godes","translation":"goddess","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"godes","gloss":"goddess"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.6.9.m4a"},{"number":61,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.6.10","source":"de leeuwin","translation":"lioness","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"leeuwin","gloss":"lioness"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.6.10.m4a"},{"number":62,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.6.11","source":"de wolvin","translation":"she-wolf","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"wolvin","gloss":"she-wolf"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.6.11.m4a"},{"number":63,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.6.12","source":"de dienares","translation":"servant","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"dienares","gloss":"servant"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.6.12.m4a"},{"number":64,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.6.13","source":"de kunstenares","translation":"artist","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"kunstenares","gloss":"artist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.6.13.m4a"},{"number":65,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.6.14","source":"de zangeres","translation":"singer (artist)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"zangeres","gloss":"singer (artist)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.6.14.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 40: Words in -em, -sem, -en denoting things","teaching":[{"title":"Endings that mark things","paragraphs":["A word that ends in em or sem names a thing. So do nearly all words that end in en.","De adem is breath. De bezem is a broom. De bloesem is a blossom. De bodem is a bottom.","De reden is a reason. De leugen is a lie. De vasten is Lent."]}],"lines":[{"number":66,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.7.1","source":"de adem","translation":"breath","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"adem","gloss":"breath"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.7.1.m4a"},{"number":67,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.7.2","source":"de bezem","translation":"broom","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"bezem","gloss":"broom"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.7.2.m4a"},{"number":68,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.7.3","source":"de bloesem","translation":"blossom","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"bloesem","gloss":"blossom"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.7.3.m4a"},{"number":69,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.7.4","source":"de bodem","translation":"bottom","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"bodem","gloss":"bottom"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.7.4.m4a"},{"number":70,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.7.5","source":"de deesem","translation":"leaven","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"deesem","gloss":"leaven"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.7.5.m4a"},{"number":71,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.7.6","source":"de wasem","translation":"vapour","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"wasem","gloss":"vapour"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.7.6.m4a"},{"number":72,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.7.7","source":"de leugen","translation":"lie","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"leugen","gloss":"lie"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.7.7.m4a"},{"number":73,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.7.8","source":"de reden","translation":"reason","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"reden","gloss":"reason"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.7.8.m4a"},{"number":74,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.7.9","source":"de vasten","translation":"lent","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vasten","gloss":"lent"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.7.9.m4a"},{"number":75,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.7.10","source":"de lijfeigene","translation":"serf","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"lijfeigene","gloss":"serf"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.7.10.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 40: The suffix -ing, -ling, -eling","teaching":[{"title":"Ing and ling for persons","paragraphs":["The ending ing first named where a person came from. De Vlaming is a Fleming. De koning is a king.","Later it also named animals and things. De haring is a herring. De honing is honey.","Some words end in l before the suffix, and the l joined the ending. This gave ling. De dorpeling is a villager. De lieveling is a darling. De huurling is a hireling."]},{"title":"Contempt, things and twins","paragraphs":["Eling added to an adjective makes a person small, and it often shows contempt. De stommeling is a stupid person. De woesteling is a wild man.","Names of things in ing or eling show origin or a small size. De ketting is a chain. De krakeling is a cracknel.","A few nouns in ling come from numbers and have a group meaning. De tweeling is a twin. De drieling is one of three children born at one birth."]},{"title":"The suffix -ing, -ling, -eling","paragraphs":["De ketting chain, de krakeling cracknel, de penning medal or farthing, de vliering garret, de zilverling silverling, de zuring sorrel.","Remark 2. A few nouns in -ling are formed from numerals; they have a collective meaning.","De tweeling twin, de drieling one of three children at a birth etc."]}],"lines":[{"number":76,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.8.1","source":"de Karoling","translation":"Carolingian","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Karoling","gloss":"Carolingian"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.8.1.m4a"},{"number":77,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.8.2","source":"de Meroving","translation":"Merovingian","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Meroving","gloss":"Merovingian"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.8.2.m4a"},{"number":78,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.8.3","source":"de Vlaming","translation":"Fleming","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Vlaming","gloss":"Vlaming"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.8.3.m4a"},{"number":79,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.8.4","source":"de koning","translation":"king","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"koning","gloss":"king, kings"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.8.4.m4a"},{"number":80,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.8.5","source":"de hemeling","translation":"inhabitant of heaven","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"hemeling","gloss":"inhabitant of heaven"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.8.5.m4a"},{"number":81,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.8.6","source":"de bokking","translation":"red herring","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"bokking","gloss":"red herring"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.8.6.m4a"},{"number":82,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.8.7","source":"de haring","translation":"herring","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"haring","gloss":"herring"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.8.7.m4a"},{"number":83,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.8.8","source":"de honing","translation":"honey","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"honing","gloss":"honey"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.8.8.m4a"},{"number":84,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.8.9","source":"de dorpeling","translation":"villager","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"dorpeling","gloss":"villager"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.8.9.m4a"},{"number":85,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.8.10","source":"de kloosterling","translation":"monk, nun","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"kloosterling","gloss":"monk, nun"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.8.10.m4a"},{"number":86,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.8.11","source":"de lieveling","translation":"darling","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"lieveling","gloss":"darling"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.8.11.m4a"},{"number":87,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.8.12","source":"de duisterling","translation":"obscurant","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"duisterling","gloss":"obscurant"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.8.12.m4a"},{"number":88,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.8.13","source":"de stommeling","translation":"stupid person","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"stommeling","gloss":"stupid person"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.8.13.m4a"},{"number":89,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.8.14","source":"de woesteling","translation":"wild man","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"woesteling","gloss":"wild man"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.8.14.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 40: The suffixes -ing, -st forming feminine verbal nouns","teaching":[{"title":"Nouns made from verbs","paragraphs":["The endings ing and st make feminine nouns from verbs. These nouns take de.","De wandeling is a walk. De kleding is dress. De belegering is a siege.","De kunst is art. De vangst is a catch. De winst is a gain."]}],"lines":[{"number":90,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.9.1","source":"de belegering","translation":"siege","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"belegering","gloss":"siege"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.9.1.m4a"},{"number":91,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.9.2","source":"de kleding","translation":"dress","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"kleding","gloss":"dress"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.9.2.m4a"},{"number":92,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.9.3","source":"de wandeling","translation":"walk","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"wandeling","gloss":"walk"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.9.3.m4a"},{"number":93,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.9.4","source":"de kunst","translation":"art","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"kunst","gloss":"art"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.9.4.m4a"},{"number":94,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.9.5","source":"de vangst","translation":"catch","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vangst","gloss":"catch"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.9.5.m4a"},{"number":95,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.9.6","source":"de winst","translation":"gain","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"winst","gloss":"gain"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.9.6.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 40: The suffixes -ik, -erik","teaching":[{"title":"Endings that show contempt","paragraphs":["The endings ik and erik make nouns that mock a person. De botterik is a blockhead. De vuilik is a filthy person.","A different ending rik is much older. It meant lord or ruler. It no longer forms new words.","It survives in older written Dutch, in the names Diederik and Hendrik, and in a few animal and plant names. De ganzerik is a gander."]}],"lines":[{"number":96,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.10.1","source":"de botterik","translation":"blockhead","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"botterik","gloss":"blockhead"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.10.1.m4a"},{"number":97,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.10.2","source":"de stommerik","translation":"blockhead","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"stommerik","gloss":"blockhead"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.10.2.m4a"},{"number":98,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.10.3","source":"de vuilik","translation":"a filthy person","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vuilik","gloss":"a filthy person"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.10.3.m4a"},{"number":99,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.10.4","source":"de viezerik","translation":"a filthy person","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"viezerik","gloss":"a filthy person"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.10.4.m4a"},{"number":100,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.10.5","source":"de ganzerik","translation":"gander","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"ganzerik","gloss":"gander"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.10.5.m4a"},{"number":101,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.10.6","source":"de draverik","translation":"tare","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"draverik","gloss":"tare"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.10.6.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 40: The suffix -nis","teaching":[{"title":"Nis after verbs and adjectives","paragraphs":["The ending nis is added to verbs and to adjectives.","De beeltenis is an image. De vergiffenis is pardon. Het vuilnis is dirt.","De beeltenis and de vergiffenis take de. Het vuilnis takes het."]}],"lines":[{"number":102,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.11.1","source":"de beeltenis","translation":"image","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"beeltenis","gloss":"image, likeness"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.11.1.m4a"},{"number":103,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.11.2","source":"de vergiffenis","translation":"pardon","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vergiffenis","gloss":"pardon"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.11.2.m4a"},{"number":104,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.11.3","source":"het vuilnis","translation":"dirt","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"vuilnis","gloss":"dirt"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.11.3.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 40: The suffixes -el, -sel for tools and products","teaching":[{"title":"Tools and products","paragraphs":["The endings el and sel are added to verb roots. They name tools and the things that are made.","De sleutel is a key. De teugel is a bridle. De vleugel is a wing.","Het deksel is a cover. Het schoeisel is boots. Het zaagsel is sawdust. Het schepsel is a creature.","A few Dutch words took eel in place of el, after French words such as het kasteel. Het houweel is a pick-axe. Het toneel is a scene."]}],"lines":[{"number":105,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.12.1","source":"de sleutel","translation":"key","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"sleutel","gloss":"key"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.12.1.m4a"},{"number":106,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.12.2","source":"de teugel","translation":"bridle","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"teugel","gloss":"rein"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.12.2.m4a"},{"number":107,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.12.3","source":"de vleugel","translation":"wing","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vleugel","gloss":"wing"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.12.3.m4a"},{"number":108,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.12.4","source":"het deksel","translation":"cover","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"deksel","gloss":"cover"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.12.4.m4a"},{"number":109,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.12.5","source":"het schoeisel","translation":"boots","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"schoeisel","gloss":"boots"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.12.5.m4a"},{"number":110,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.12.6","source":"de stijfsel","translation":"starch","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"stijfsel","gloss":"starch"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.12.6.m4a"},{"number":111,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.12.7","source":"het baksel","translation":"baking","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"baksel","gloss":"baking"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.12.7.m4a"},{"number":112,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.12.8","source":"het schepsel","translation":"creature","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"schepsel","gloss":"creature"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.12.8.m4a"},{"number":113,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.12.9","source":"het zaagsel","translation":"saw-dust","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"zaagsel","gloss":"saw-dust"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.12.9.m4a"},{"number":114,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.12.10","source":"het houweel","translation":"pick-axe","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"houweel","gloss":"pick-axe"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.12.10.m4a"},{"number":115,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.12.11","source":"het toneel","translation":"scene","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"toneel","gloss":"scene"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.12.11.m4a"},{"number":116,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.12.12","source":"het kasteel","translation":"castle","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"kasteel","gloss":"castle"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.12.12.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 40: Diminutives with -je","teaching":[{"title":"Je makes a small thing","paragraphs":["A diminutive names a small version of a thing. Dutch uses it often. The usual ending is je. Het boek becomes het boekje. Het huis becomes het huisje. De kat becomes het katje.","If the noun has a long vowel in the plural, the diminutive keeps it. Pad becomes paadje.","An unstressed ng becomes nk. De koning becomes het koninkje. If the ng syllable is partly stressed, etje is added: het wandelingetje."]},{"title":"Choosing je, tje, etje or pje","paragraphs":["After a short vowel and l, n or r, the letter doubles and etje follows. Bal becomes balletje. Kan becomes kannetje. Kar becomes karretje.","After a long vowel the ending is tje. Paal becomes paaltje. Schaar becomes schaartje. Tje also follows a vowel or w: knie, knietje. Vrouw, vrouwtje.","After m the ending is pje. Boom becomes boompje. Raam becomes raampje.","A few diminutives are shortened. Zuster becomes zusje. Meid becomes meisje."]}],"lines":[{"number":117,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.13.1","source":"het boekje","translation":"little book","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"boekje","gloss":"a little book, little books"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.13.1.m4a"},{"number":118,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.13.2","source":"het katje","translation":"kitten","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"katje","gloss":"kitten"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.13.2.m4a"},{"number":119,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.13.3","source":"het slootje","translation":"little lock","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"slootje","gloss":"little lock"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.13.3.m4a"},{"number":120,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.13.4","source":"het koninkje","translation":"little king","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"koninkje","gloss":"little king"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.13.4.m4a"},{"number":121,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.13.5","source":"het verzamelingetje","translation":"little collection","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"verzamelingetje","gloss":"little collection"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.13.5.m4a"},{"number":122,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.13.6","source":"het balletje","translation":"little ball","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"balletje","gloss":"little ball"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.13.6.m4a"},{"number":123,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.13.7","source":"het kannetje","translation":"little jug","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"kannetje","gloss":"little jug"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.13.7.m4a"},{"number":124,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.13.8","source":"het biggetje","translation":"little pig","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"biggetje","gloss":"little pig"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.13.8.m4a"},{"number":125,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.13.9","source":"het paaltje","translation":"little stake","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"paaltje","gloss":"little stake"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.13.9.m4a"},{"number":126,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.13.10","source":"het mamaatje","translation":"little mummy","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"mamaatje","gloss":"little mummy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.13.10.m4a"},{"number":127,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.13.11","source":"het mouwtje","translation":"little sleeve","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"mouwtje","gloss":"little sleeve"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.13.11.m4a"},{"number":128,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.13.12","source":"het boompje","translation":"little tree","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"boompje","gloss":"little tree"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.13.12.m4a"},{"number":129,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.13.13","source":"het broertje","translation":"little brother","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"broertje","gloss":"little brother"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.13.13.m4a"},{"number":130,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.13.14","source":"het moertje","translation":"little mother","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"moertje","gloss":"little mother"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.13.14.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 40: Foreign suffixes borrowed for persons","teaching":[{"title":"Endings borrowed for persons","paragraphs":["Some endings came from other languages and were added to Dutch words to name persons. They are aan, ier, iet and ist.","De bloemist is a florist. De drogist is a chemist. De Germanist is a Germanist.","De herbergier is an innkeeper. De kruidenier is a grocer. De Arabier is an Arab.","De Amerikaan is an American. De Europeaan is a European. De Lutheraan is a Lutheran."]}],"lines":[{"number":131,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.14.1","source":"de bloemist","translation":"florist","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"bloemist","gloss":"florist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.14.1.m4a"},{"number":132,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.14.2","source":"de drogist","translation":"chemist","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"drogist","gloss":"chemist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.14.2.m4a"},{"number":133,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.14.3","source":"de herbergier","translation":"innkeeper","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"herbergier","gloss":"innkeeper, host"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.14.3.m4a"},{"number":134,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.14.4","source":"de hovenier","translation":"gardener","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"hovenier","gloss":"gardener"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.14.4.m4a"},{"number":135,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.14.5","source":"de tuinier","translation":"gardener","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"tuinier","gloss":"gardener"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.14.5.m4a"},{"number":136,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.14.6","source":"de klokkenist","translation":"chimer","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"klokkenist","gloss":"chimer"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.14.6.m4a"},{"number":137,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.14.7","source":"de kruidenier","translation":"grocer","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"kruidenier","gloss":"grocer"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.14.7.m4a"},{"number":138,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.14.8","source":"de Amerikaan","translation":"American","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Amerikaan","gloss":"Amerikaan"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.14.8.m4a"},{"number":139,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.14.9","source":"de Arabier","translation":"Arab","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Arabier","gloss":"Arabier"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.14.9.m4a"},{"number":140,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.14.10","source":"de Aziër","translation":"Asiatic","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Aziër","gloss":"Aziër"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.14.10.m4a"},{"number":141,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.14.11","source":"de Aziaat","translation":"Asiatic","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Aziaat","gloss":"Aziaat"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.14.11.m4a"},{"number":142,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.14.12","source":"de Batavier","translation":"Batavian","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Batavier","gloss":"Batavier"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.14.12.m4a"},{"number":143,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.14.13","source":"de Europeaan","translation":"European","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Europeaan","gloss":"Europeaan"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.14.13.m4a"},{"number":144,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.14.14","source":"de Indiaan","translation":"Indian","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Indiaan","gloss":"Indiaan"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.14.14.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 40: The foreign suffix -age","teaching":[{"title":"Age for groups and actions","paragraphs":["The ending age is foreign. Added to a noun, it gives a group meaning. De bosschage is a grove. De pakkage is baggage.","It is also added to verb roots. De lekkage is a leakage. De vrijage is courtship."]}],"lines":[{"number":145,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.15.1","source":"de bosschage","translation":"grove","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"bosschage","gloss":"grove"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.15.1.m4a"},{"number":146,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.15.2","source":"de pakkage","translation":"baggage","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"pakkage","gloss":"baggage"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.15.2.m4a"},{"number":147,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.15.3","source":"de lekkage","translation":"leakage","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"lekkage","gloss":"leakage"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.15.3.m4a"},{"number":148,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.15.4","source":"de stellage","translation":"scaffolding","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"stellage","gloss":"scaffolding"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.15.4.m4a"},{"number":149,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.15.5","source":"de vrijage","translation":"courtship","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vrijage","gloss":"courtship"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.15.5.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 40: Words in -ij, -erij, -ernij","teaching":[{"title":"Ij from persons","paragraphs":["The ending ij, with erij and ernij, builds nouns from the names of persons. The new noun names a trade, a place, a group or a kind of behavior.","De bakker is a baker. De bakkerij is a bake house. De schelm is a rogue. De schelmerij is roguery. De bedelaar is a beggar. De bedelarij is begging.","Het schilderij is a painting. De maatschappij is society."]},{"title":"Ij from things","paragraphs":["The same ending is added to names of things. Het boek is a book. De boekerij is a library.","The book also lists de hovaardij, pride, and de lekkernij, a dainty.","Most of these nouns take de. Het schilderij takes het."]},{"title":"Words in -ij, -erij, -ernij","paragraphs":["From names of things: het boek book, de boekerij library. Het kleed dress, de kledij clothes, toilet. De koopvaart commercial navigation, de koopvaardij. Cf. also: de hovaardij pride, de lekkernij dainty."]}],"lines":[{"number":150,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.16.1","source":"de bakkerij","translation":"bake-house","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"bakkerij","gloss":"bake-house"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.16.1.m4a"},{"number":151,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.16.2","source":"de bedelarij","translation":"beggary, begging","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"bedelarij","gloss":"beggary, begging"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.16.2.m4a"},{"number":152,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.16.3","source":"de bedriegerij","translation":"imposture","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"bedriegerij","gloss":"imposture"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.16.3.m4a"},{"number":153,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.16.4","source":"de burgerij","translation":"citizens","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"burgerij","gloss":"citizens"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.16.4.m4a"},{"number":154,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.16.5","source":"de dieverij","translation":"theft, robbery","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"dieverij","gloss":"theft, robbery"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.16.5.m4a"},{"number":155,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.16.6","source":"de heerschappij","translation":"dominion","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"heerschappij","gloss":"dominion"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.16.6.m4a"},{"number":156,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.16.7","source":"de huichelarij","translation":"hypocrisy","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"huichelarij","gloss":"hypocrisy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.16.7.m4a"},{"number":157,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.16.8","source":"de maatschappij","translation":"society","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"maatschappij","gloss":"society"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.16.8.m4a"},{"number":158,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.16.9","source":"de rijmelarij","translation":"doggerel","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"rijmelarij","gloss":"doggerel"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.16.9.m4a"},{"number":159,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.16.10","source":"de ruiterij","translation":"cavalry","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"ruiterij","gloss":"cavalry"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.16.10.m4a"},{"number":160,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.16.11","source":"de schelmerij","translation":"roguery","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"schelmerij","gloss":"roguery"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.16.11.m4a"},{"number":161,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.16.12","source":"het schilderij","translation":"picture, painting","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"schilderij","gloss":"picture, painting"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.16.12.m4a"},{"number":162,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.16.13","source":"de voogdij","translation":"guardianship","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"voogdij","gloss":"guardianship"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.16.13.m4a"},{"number":163,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.16.14","source":"het voogdijschap","translation":"guardianship","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"voogdijschap","gloss":"guardianship"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.16.14.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 40: The foreign suffixes -et, -ment, -teit","teaching":[{"title":"Three rare endings","paragraphs":["The endings et, ment and teit are foreign. They occur in very few Dutch words.","Het dreigement is a threat. De flauwiteit is silliness. De helmet is a helmet."]}],"lines":[{"number":164,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.17.1","source":"het dreigement","translation":"threat","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"dreigement","gloss":"threat"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.17.1.m4a"},{"number":165,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.17.2","source":"de flauwiteit","translation":"silliness","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"flauwiteit","gloss":"silliness"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.17.2.m4a"},{"number":166,"id":"val.nl.L40.x.17.3","source":"de helmet","translation":"helmet","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"helmet","gloss":"helmet"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.x.17.3.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"De poppenkast","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":167,"id":"val.nl.L40.r.0","source":"De poppenkast","translation":"The puppet show","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"poppenkast","gloss":"puppet show"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.r.0.m4a"},{"number":168,"id":"val.nl.L40.r.1","source":"Herinner jij je nog wel die vroegere vertoningen in dat linnen theater en de poppenkast, tot mijn schande, dat ik die naam vergeten ben!","translation":"Do you still remember those old shows in that linen theatre and the puppet show, to my shame, that I have forgotten that name!","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Herinner","gloss":"remember"},{"text":"jij","gloss":"you"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"nog","gloss":"still, yet; another"},{"text":"wel","gloss":"but"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"vroegere","gloss":"former"},{"text":"vertoningen","gloss":"spectacles"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"linnen","gloss":"linen"},{"text":"theater","gloss":"stage"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"poppenkast,","gloss":"puppet show"},{"text":"tot","gloss":"until, to"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"schande,","gloss":"disgrace"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"naam","gloss":"name"},{"text":"vergeten","gloss":"to forget"},{"text":"ben!","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.r.1.m4a"},{"number":169,"id":"val.nl.L40.r.2","source":"Ik geloof dat het Van den Ham was of zoiets.","translation":"I believe it was Van den Ham or something like that.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"geloof","gloss":"to believe"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"Van","gloss":"Van"},{"text":"den","gloss":"pine (the tree)"},{"text":"Ham","gloss":"Ham"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"of","gloss":"or; whether"},{"text":"zoiets.","gloss":"such a thing"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.r.2.m4a"},{"number":170,"id":"val.nl.L40.r.3","source":"Die kast was bekleed met het klassieke bonte overtrek, blauwe en witte ruiten, en het mocht toentertijd niets anders zijn; de enige gedulde afwijking was dat de ruiten soms lichtrood waren.","translation":"That box was covered with the classic motley wrapping, blue and white checks, and at that time it was not allowed to be anything else; the only tolerated deviation was that the checks were sometimes light red.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"kast","gloss":"cupboard"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"bekleed","gloss":"held"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"klassieke","gloss":"classic"},{"text":"bonte","gloss":"fur"},{"text":"overtrek,","gloss":"wrapping"},{"text":"blauwe","gloss":"blue"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"witte","gloss":"white"},{"text":"ruiten,","gloss":"checks"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"mocht","gloss":"might, was allowed"},{"text":"toentertijd","gloss":"at that time"},{"text":"niets","gloss":"nothing"},{"text":"anders","gloss":"otherwise"},{"text":"zijn;","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"enige","gloss":"only (het enige: the only thing)"},{"text":"gedulde","gloss":"tolerated"},{"text":"afwijking","gloss":"digression"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"ruiten","gloss":"checks"},{"text":"soms","gloss":"sometimes"},{"text":"lichtrood","gloss":"light red"},{"text":"waren.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.r.3.m4a"},{"number":171,"id":"val.nl.L40.r.4","source":"Het theater zelf was niet groot, misschien zelfs wel wat klein, vooral als het huis opgezet was, of als de kist op het toneel stond.","translation":"The theatre itself was not big, perhaps even rather small, especially when the house was set up, or when the box stood on the stage.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"theater","gloss":"stage"},{"text":"zelf","gloss":"self"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"groot,","gloss":"great"},{"text":"misschien","gloss":"perhaps"},{"text":"zelfs","gloss":"even"},{"text":"wel","gloss":"but"},{"text":"wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"klein,","gloss":"small"},{"text":"vooral","gloss":"above all"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"huis","gloss":"house"},{"text":"opgezet","gloss":"set"},{"text":"was,","gloss":"to 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verlaten.","translation":"Well, comrade, I am about to leave this place.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wel,","gloss":"but"},{"text":"kameraad,","gloss":"little comrade"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"sta","gloss":"to stand"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"punt","gloss":"point"},{"text":"deze","gloss":"the latter (the most recently mentioned)"},{"text":"plaats","gloss":"place"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"verlaten.","gloss":"left"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.e112.i7.m4a"},{"number":340,"id":"val.nl.L40.e112.i8","source":"Wat! Saardam verlaten! En waar ga je dan naartoe?","translation":"What? leave Saardam? Where are you going?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat!","gloss":"what"},{"text":"Saardam","gloss":"Saardam"},{"text":"verlaten!","gloss":"left"},{"text":"En","gloss":"and"},{"text":"waar","gloss":"where; true"},{"text":"ga","gloss":"to go"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"naartoe?","gloss":"to"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.e112.i8.m4a"},{"number":341,"id":"val.nl.L40.e112.i9","source":"Terug naar mijn eigen land, ons land, mag ik wel zeggen; want jij weet dat ik net als jij uit Rusland kom.","translation":"Back to my own country, our country, I may say; for you know, like yourself, I come from Russia.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Terug","gloss":"back"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"eigen","gloss":"own"},{"text":"land,","gloss":"land"},{"text":"ons","gloss":"us"},{"text":"land,","gloss":"land"},{"text":"mag","gloss":"may"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"wel","gloss":"but"},{"text":"zeggen;","gloss":"to say"},{"text":"want","gloss":"for, because"},{"text":"jij","gloss":"you"},{"text":"weet","gloss":"to know"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"net","gloss":"net"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"jij","gloss":"you"},{"text":"uit","gloss":"out of, from"},{"text":"Rusland","gloss":"Rusland"},{"text":"kom.","gloss":"to come"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.e112.i9.m4a"},{"number":342,"id":"val.nl.L40.e112.i10","source":"Ik kwam hier om de scheepsbouw te leren, en nu is het tijd om naar huis terug te keren.","translation":"I came here to learn shipbuilding, and now it is time to return home.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"kwam","gloss":"to come"},{"text":"hier","gloss":"here"},{"text":"om","gloss":"smile at"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"scheepsbouw","gloss":"shipbuilding"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"leren,","gloss":"a) to learn, b) = to teach"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"nu","gloss":"now, at present"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"tijd","gloss":"time"},{"text":"om","gloss":"smile at"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"huis","gloss":"house"},{"text":"terug","gloss":"back"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"keren.","gloss":"returned"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.e112.i10.m4a"},{"number":343,"id":"val.nl.L40.e112.i11","source":"Ik ben een heel jaar weg geweest.","translation":"I have been away a whole year.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"ben","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"heel","gloss":"whole"},{"text":"jaar","gloss":"the year"},{"text":"weg","gloss":"away; road"},{"text":"geweest.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.e112.i11.m4a"},{"number":344,"id":"val.nl.L40.e112.i12","source":"Moet jij gaan? Onze baas zal het spijten je te verliezen.","translation":"Must you go? Our master will be sorry to lose you.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Moet","gloss":"must"},{"text":"jij","gloss":"you"},{"text":"gaan?","gloss":"to go"},{"text":"Onze","gloss":"our"},{"text":"baas","gloss":"master"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"spijten","gloss":"to regret"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"verliezen.","gloss":"to lose"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.e112.i12.m4a"},{"number":345,"id":"val.nl.L40.e112.i13","source":"Hij zegt dat jij de ijverigste werkman van de werf bent; hij stelt je ons allen ten voorbeeld.","translation":"He says you are the steadiest workman in the yard; and he holds you up as an example to us all.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"zegt","gloss":"to say"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"jij","gloss":"you"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"ijverigste","gloss":"zealous"},{"text":"werkman","gloss":"workman"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"werf","gloss":"yard"},{"text":"bent;","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"stelt","gloss":"stands"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"ons","gloss":"us"},{"text":"allen","gloss":"all"},{"text":"ten","gloss":"in"},{"text":"voorbeeld.","gloss":"example"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.e112.i13.m4a"},{"number":346,"id":"val.nl.L40.e112.i14","source":"Het verheugt me een goede naam achter te laten.","translation":"I am glad to think of leaving a good name behind me.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"verheugt","gloss":"rejoice"},{"text":"me","gloss":"me"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"goede","gloss":"the good, what is good"},{"text":"naam","gloss":"name"},{"text":"achter","gloss":"behind"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"laten.","gloss":"to let"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.e112.i14.m4a"},{"number":347,"id":"val.nl.L40.e112.i15","source":"Maar zullen jullie werklieden niet allemaal blij zijn mij kwijt te zijn?","translation":"But won't all you workmen be glad to have me out of the way?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"zullen","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"jullie","gloss":"you (plural)"},{"text":"werklieden","gloss":"laborers"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"allemaal","gloss":"all"},{"text":"blij","gloss":"glad"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"kwijt","gloss":"lost, gone"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"zijn?","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.e112.i15.m4a"},{"number":348,"id":"val.nl.L40.e112.i16","source":"Nee, Peter; mij althans zal het spijten jou te moeten missen.","translation":"No, Peter; I for one, at least, shall be sorry to miss you.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nee,","gloss":"no"},{"text":"Peter;","gloss":"Peter"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"althans","gloss":"at least"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"spijten","gloss":"to regret"},{"text":"jou","gloss":"you"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"moeten","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"missen.","gloss":"do without"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.e112.i16.m4a"},{"number":349,"id":"val.nl.L40.e112.i17","source":"We zijn al die tijd vrienden geweest. Ik heb echt vriendschap voor je opgevat.","translation":"We have been friends all along. I have really a liking for you.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"We","gloss":"we"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"al","gloss":"already"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"tijd","gloss":"time"},{"text":"vrienden","gloss":"friends"},{"text":"geweest.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"echt","gloss":"real"},{"text":"vriendschap","gloss":"friendship"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"opgevat.","gloss":"to be construed"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.e112.i17.m4a"},{"number":350,"id":"val.nl.L40.e112.i18","source":"En ik ook voor jou. Waarom zouden we scheiden?","translation":"And so have I for you. Why should we part?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"En","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"ook","gloss":"also, likewise"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"jou.","gloss":"you"},{"text":"Waarom","gloss":"why"},{"text":"zouden","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"we","gloss":"we"},{"text":"scheiden?","gloss":"to separate"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.e112.i18.m4a"},{"number":351,"id":"val.nl.L40.e112.i19","source":"Waarom niet met mij naar het oude vaderland terugkeren? Is er niemand die blij zou zijn je daar te zien?","translation":"Why not return with me to the old country? Is there no one who would be glad to see you there?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Waarom","gloss":"why"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"oude","gloss":"old"},{"text":"vaderland","gloss":"fatherland"},{"text":"terugkeren?","gloss":"returned"},{"text":"Is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"niemand","gloss":"nobody"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"blij","gloss":"glad"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"daar","gloss":"as, since, because"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"zien?","gloss":"to see"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.e112.i19.m4a"},{"number":352,"id":"val.nl.L40.e112.i20","source":"Wel, ja; daar is mijn arme oude moeder, die steeds naar mijn terugkomst verlangt; en dan nog een goed, lief meisje, dat, vrees ik, meer aan me denkt dan ik verdien.","translation":"Why, yes: there is my poor old mother, always wishing me back; and a good, pretty girl too, who, I am afraid, thinks oftener about me than I deserve.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wel,","gloss":"but"},{"text":"ja;","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"daar","gloss":"as, since, because"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"arme","gloss":"poor"},{"text":"oude","gloss":"old"},{"text":"moeder,","gloss":"the mother"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"steeds","gloss":"always"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"terugkomst","gloss":"return"},{"text":"verlangt;","gloss":"to desire"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"nog","gloss":"still, yet; another"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"goed,","gloss":"good, well"},{"text":"lief","gloss":"dear"},{"text":"meisje,","gloss":"girl"},{"text":"dat,","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"vrees","gloss":"fear"},{"text":"ik,","gloss":"I"},{"text":"meer","gloss":"more"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"me","gloss":"me"},{"text":"denkt","gloss":"thinks"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"verdien.","gloss":"earn"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.e112.i20.m4a"},{"number":353,"id":"val.nl.L40.e112.i21","source":"Toch durf ik haast niet. Peter, waarom moet jij ons verlaten?","translation":"Still, I hardly dare. Peter, why must you leave us?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Toch","gloss":"indeed, after all (here: 'I did warn you, after all')"},{"text":"durf","gloss":"to dare"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"haast","gloss":"haste"},{"text":"niet.","gloss":"not"},{"text":"Peter,","gloss":"Peter"},{"text":"waarom","gloss":"why"},{"text":"moet","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"jij","gloss":"you"},{"text":"ons","gloss":"us"},{"text":"verlaten?","gloss":"left"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.e112.i21.m4a"},{"number":354,"id":"val.nl.L40.e112.i22","source":"Omdat ik plichten heb die me naar huis roepen. Je weet, plicht voor alles, dat is de stelregel van elke rechtschapen man.","translation":"Because I have duties that call me home now. Duty first, you know, is the rule for every true man.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Omdat","gloss":"because"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"plichten","gloss":"duties"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"me","gloss":"me"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"huis","gloss":"house"},{"text":"roepen.","gloss":"to call"},{"text":"Je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"weet,","gloss":"to know"},{"text":"plicht","gloss":"duty"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"alles,","gloss":"everything"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"stelregel","gloss":"rule"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"elke","gloss":"each, every"},{"text":"rechtschapen","gloss":"upright"},{"text":"man.","gloss":"man; husband"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.e112.i22.m4a"},{"number":355,"id":"val.nl.L40.e112.i23","source":"Ja, zoals de priester zegt.","translation":"Yes, so the priest says.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ja,","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"zoals","gloss":"as"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"priester","gloss":"priests"},{"text":"zegt.","gloss":"to say"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.e112.i23.m4a"},{"number":356,"id":"val.nl.L40.e112.i24","source":"Zoals elke brave man zal zeggen. Jou dwingt, denk ik, geen onafwijsbare plicht om hier te blijven. Laten we hopen dat we elkaar nog eens terugzien.","translation":"So every brave man will say. You, I think, have no absolute duty here. Let us hope to meet again.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zoals","gloss":"as"},{"text":"elke","gloss":"each, every"},{"text":"brave","gloss":"decent"},{"text":"man","gloss":"man; husband"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"zeggen.","gloss":"to say"},{"text":"Jou","gloss":"you"},{"text":"dwingt,","gloss":"to force"},{"text":"denk","gloss":"think"},{"text":"ik,","gloss":"I"},{"text":"geen","gloss":"no, not a"},{"text":"onafwijsbare","gloss":"absolute"},{"text":"plicht","gloss":"duty"},{"text":"om","gloss":"smile at"},{"text":"hier","gloss":"here"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"blijven.","gloss":"to remain, stay"},{"text":"Laten","gloss":"to let"},{"text":"we","gloss":"we"},{"text":"hopen","gloss":"be hoped"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"we","gloss":"we"},{"text":"elkaar","gloss":"each other"},{"text":"nog","gloss":"still, yet; another"},{"text":"eens","gloss":"once, one day"},{"text":"terugzien.","gloss":"reunion"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.e112.i24.m4a"},{"number":357,"id":"val.nl.L40.e112.i25","source":"Voordat je gaat, Peter, durf ik het er op te wagen je een geheim te vertellen.","translation":"Before you go, Peter, I think I may venture to tell you a secret.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Voordat","gloss":"before"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"gaat,","gloss":"to go"},{"text":"Peter,","gloss":"Peter"},{"text":"durf","gloss":"to dare"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"wagen","gloss":"carriage"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"geheim","gloss":"secret"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"vertellen.","gloss":"tell"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.e112.i25.m4a"},{"number":358,"id":"val.nl.L40.e112.i26","source":"Vertel het me niet, als het iets is waar jij je voor schaamt.","translation":"Do not tell me if it is anything you are ashamed of.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Vertel","gloss":"tell"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"me","gloss":"me"},{"text":"niet,","gloss":"not"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"iets","gloss":"something"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"waar","gloss":"where; true"},{"text":"jij","gloss":"you"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"schaamt.","gloss":"ashamed"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.e112.i26.m4a"},{"number":359,"id":"val.nl.L40.e112.i27","source":"Nee, nee, ik schaam me er niet voor; maar het is iets dat me bang maakt om naar huis terug te keren. Ik ben in Moskou geboren.","translation":"No, no, not ashamed; but it is what makes me afraid to go home. I was born at Moscow.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nee,","gloss":"no"},{"text":"nee,","gloss":"no"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"schaam","gloss":"ashamed"},{"text":"me","gloss":"me"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"voor;","gloss":"for"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"iets","gloss":"something"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"me","gloss":"me"},{"text":"bang","gloss":"afraid"},{"text":"maakt","gloss":"to make (weak)"},{"text":"om","gloss":"smile at"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"huis","gloss":"house"},{"text":"terug","gloss":"back"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"keren.","gloss":"returned"},{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"ben","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"Moskou","gloss":"Moskou"},{"text":"geboren.","gloss":"born"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.e112.i27.m4a"},{"number":360,"id":"val.nl.L40.e112.i28","source":"Wel, dat is toch geen misdaad om in Moskou geboren te zijn; bovendien is het jouw schuld niet.","translation":"Well, there is no crime in being born at Moscow; besides, that was no fault of yours.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wel,","gloss":"but"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"toch","gloss":"indeed, after all (here: 'I did warn you, after all')"},{"text":"geen","gloss":"no, not a"},{"text":"misdaad","gloss":"crime"},{"text":"om","gloss":"smile at"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"Moskou","gloss":"Moskou"},{"text":"geboren","gloss":"born"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"zijn;","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"bovendien","gloss":"besides"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"jouw","gloss":"your"},{"text":"schuld","gloss":"fault"},{"text":"niet.","gloss":"not"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.e112.i28.m4a"},{"number":361,"id":"val.nl.L40.e112.i29","source":"Dat is het niet wat ik bedoel. Luister! Op een dag hield een troep soldaten dicht bij de hut van mijn moeder rust.","translation":"That's not what I mean. Listen! It happened one day that a party of soldiers halted near my mother's cottage.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"bedoel.","gloss":"mean"},{"text":"Luister!","gloss":"listen"},{"text":"Op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"dag","gloss":"day"},{"text":"hield","gloss":"held"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"troep","gloss":"troops"},{"text":"soldaten","gloss":"soldiers"},{"text":"dicht","gloss":"close"},{"text":"bij","gloss":"with"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"hut","gloss":"hut, cottage"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"moeder","gloss":"the mother"},{"text":"rust.","gloss":"rest"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.e112.i29.m4a"},{"number":362,"id":"val.nl.L40.e112.i30","source":"De commanderende officier liet meteen zijn aandacht op mij vallen, en verzekerde me dat tsaar Peter mijn diensten hard nodig had en wenste.","translation":"The commanding officer presently took notice of me, and assured me that the Czar Peter had a particular need and desire for my services.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"commanderende","gloss":"commanding"},{"text":"officier","gloss":"Officer"},{"text":"liet","gloss":"to let"},{"text":"meteen","gloss":"at once"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"aandacht","gloss":"attention"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"vallen,","gloss":"to fall"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"verzekerde","gloss":"to assure"},{"text":"me","gloss":"me"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"tsaar","gloss":"Czar"},{"text":"Peter","gloss":"Peter"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"diensten","gloss":"services"},{"text":"hard","gloss":"hard"},{"text":"nodig","gloss":"needed (nodig hebben: to need)"},{"text":"had","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"wenste.","gloss":"to wish"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.e112.i30.m4a"},{"number":363,"id":"val.nl.L40.e112.i31","source":"Kortom, kortom, er was overvloed aan jenever, en voordat ik goed wist wat ik deed, gaf de officier me een geweer op mijn schouder en liet hij me afmarcheren.","translation":"In short, in short, there was plenty of schnapps going round, and before I well knew what he was doing, the officer clapped a gun on my shoulder, and marched me off.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Kortom,","gloss":"in short"},{"text":"kortom,","gloss":"in short"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"overvloed","gloss":"abundance"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"jenever,","gloss":"gin"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"voordat","gloss":"before"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"goed","gloss":"good, well"},{"text":"wist","gloss":"to know"},{"text":"wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"deed,","gloss":"to do"},{"text":"gaf","gloss":"to give"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"officier","gloss":"Officer"},{"text":"me","gloss":"me"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"geweer","gloss":"rifle"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"schouder","gloss":"shoulder"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"liet","gloss":"to let"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"me","gloss":"me"},{"text":"afmarcheren.","gloss":"march off"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.e112.i31.m4a"},{"number":364,"id":"val.nl.L40.e112.i32","source":"Om kort te gaan, jij was aangeworven.","translation":"In short, you were enlisted.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Om","gloss":"smile at"},{"text":"kort","gloss":"short"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"gaan,","gloss":"to go"},{"text":"jij","gloss":"you"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"aangeworven.","gloss":"enlisted"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.e112.i32.m4a"},{"number":365,"id":"val.nl.L40.e112.i33","source":"Dat veronderstel ik; maar in werkelijkheid begreep ik dat destijds niet.","translation":"I suppose so; but really I did not comprehend it at the time.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"veronderstel","gloss":"assume"},{"text":"ik;","gloss":"I"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"werkelijkheid","gloss":"reality"},{"text":"begreep","gloss":"to understand"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"destijds","gloss":"at the time"},{"text":"niet.","gloss":"not"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L40.e112.i33.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 41: Formation of nouns by composition: obsolete particles, now prefixes (and 1 more)","teaching":[{"title":"Old words now used as prefixes","paragraphs":["Eight short words were once words of their own. Now they are inseparable prefixes. They never stand alone in front of a noun.","The eight are af, ant, et, ge, on, oor, wan and aarts. Aarts comes from outside Dutch."]},{"title":"Af: distance or negation","paragraphs":["Af at the front of a noun shows a distance or a negation.","Het afdak is a penthouse. De afdruk is a printed copy. De afgrond is a precipice. De afweg is a by-way. De afgod is an idol."]}],"lines":[{"number":366,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.2.1","source":"het afdak","translation":"penthouse","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"afdak","gloss":"penthouse"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.2.1.m4a"},{"number":367,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.2.2","source":"de afdruk","translation":"printed copy","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"afdruk","gloss":"printed copy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.2.2.m4a"},{"number":368,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.2.3","source":"de afgod","translation":"idol","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"afgod","gloss":"idol"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.2.3.m4a"},{"number":369,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.2.4","source":"de afgrond","translation":"precipice","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"afgrond","gloss":"precipice"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.2.4.m4a"},{"number":370,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.2.5","source":"de afgunst","translation":"envy","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"afgunst","gloss":"envy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.2.5.m4a"},{"number":371,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.2.6","source":"de afweg","translation":"by-way","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"afweg","gloss":"by-way"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.2.6.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":622,"text":"Formation of nouns by composition: obsolete particles, now prefixes\n\nThe prefixes: af, ant, et, ge, on, oor, wan and the foreign aarts were formerly particles; now they are inseparable prefixes."},{"section":623,"text":"The prefix af\n\nAf denotes a distance or a negation.\n\nHet afdak penthouse, de afdruk printed copy, de afgod idol, de afgrond precipice, de afgunst envy, de afweg by-way."},{"section":624,"text":"The prefixes ant and et\n\nAnt and et occur in the following words only:\n\nhet antwoord answer, het etgroen after-growth, het etmaal space of twenty-four hours."},{"section":625,"text":"The prefix ge- for nouns\n\nGe (= together) forms names of persons also with a collective meaning.\n\nDe gemaal husband, de genoot fellow, de gezel companion.\n\nSubstantives which are formed from verbs denote a continuing action: het geloop running, het gepraat tattle, het geschreeuw cry, ado. A product: het gebak pastry, het gebouw building. Fitness: het gehoor hearing, het geduld patience.\n\nIf the suffix -te is added to words with ge they denote collective names of animals and things: het gedierte beasts, het gevederte fowls, het gewormte vermin; het gebladerte foliage, het gebeente bones, het gebergte chain of mountains.\n\nA few from the list\nde gemaal            husband\nde genoot            fellow\nde gezel             companion\nhet geloop           running\nhet gepraat          tattle\nhet geschreeuw       cry, ado\nhet gebak            pastry\nhet gebouw           building\nhet gehoor           hearing\nhet geduld           patience"},{"section":626,"text":"The prefixes on and wan\n\nOn and wan express the contrary of the principal word.\n\nHet onbruik disuse, de ondeugd vice, de ondienst bad service, het ongenoegen displeasure, de onmin disagreement, het onraad danger; het wanbedrijf crime, de wanbetaling non-payment, het wangeluid or de wanklank dissonance, de wanhoop despair, de wanorde disorder, het wantrouwen distrust."},{"section":627,"text":"The prefix oor\n\nOor denotes the beginning or the consequence of an action.\n\nDe oorkonde charter, de oorlog war, de oorsprong origin, de oorzaak cause."},{"section":628,"text":"The foreign prefix aarts\n\nThe foreign aarts is connected with Dutch as well as with foreign words.\n\nDe aartsbisschop archbishop, de aartsgek first-rate fool, de aartsvader patriarch, de aartsvijand archfiend, de aartswoekeraar arrant usurer."},{"section":629,"text":"Obsolete words, now suffixes\n\nThe following particles are used now as inseparable suffixes: aard (erd), dom, heid, schap."},{"section":630,"text":"The suffix aard, erd\n\nWords with aard have an unfavourable meaning, except de grijsaard old man, greybeard.\n\nDe gierigaard miser, de grijnzaard grumbler, de lafaard coward, de veinzaard dissembler, de wreedaard cruel man.\n\nIn some compounds aard is weakened to erd, generally with the same meaning.\n\nDe dikkerd a plump person, de gluiperd sneak, de leperd shrewd one; also de lieverd darling.\n\nCompounds with aard are imitations of French words with ard, such as: bâtard, de bastaard bastard; richard, de rijkaard rich fellow; Savoyard, de Savooiaard. This aard, however, is of German origin (hard), as may still be seen in proper names such as Bernard/Bernhard, Gerard/Gerhard, Reinaard/Reinhard."},{"section":631,"text":"The suffixes dom and schap\n\nDom and schap denote: A quality. Het eigendom property, de ouderdom old age, de rijkdom riches; de blijdschap joy, de gramschap anger, wrath. Some have a concrete meaning: het heiligdom sanctuary, het gereedschap tools. A dignity or rank: de adeldom nobility, het broederschap fraternity, de ridderschap knighthood, het vaderschap paternity. A collective meaning: het christendom christianity, het heidendom paganism, het broederschap brotherhood, het genootschap company. A country or dominion: het bisdom bishopric, het hertogdom duchy, het vorstendom principality, de graafschap earldom, county.\n\nA few from the list\nhet eigendom         property\nde ouderdom          old age\nde rijkdom           riches\nde blijdschap        joy\nde gramschap         anger, wrath\nhet heiligdom        sanctuary\nhet gereedschap      tools\nde adeldom           nobility\nhet broederschap     fraternity\nde ridderschap       knighthood"},{"section":632,"text":"The suffix heid\n\nWords with heid are formed from nouns and adjectives, they denote persons (some with a collective meaning) or abstract things.\n\nDe godheid deity, de mensheid humanity, de overheid authorities, de goedheid kindness, de schoonheid beauty, de voorzichtigheid prudence."},{"section":633,"text":"Compounds of two nouns: plural first member\n\nIn compounds of two nouns the first member may have a singular or a plural meaning. If the first member expresses a plural it has as a rule the ending en, seldom s.\n\nHet bokkenleer goat's skin, de ganzenmarkt goose-market, de naaldenfabriek needle-manufactury, de zedenleer morality. Cf.: de paardenstal stable for one horse, de paardenstal for more horses; het schapenvlees meat of one sheep, het schapenvlees of two or more sheep.\n\nFor compounds denoting persons or animals the following rules must be added to the preceding: The plural form must be used, if the first member is the name of a person representing the whole class.\n\nDe boerenwoning farm-house, de gravinnenkroon crown of a countess, de vrouwenhoed bonnet.\n\nAlso if the first member is the name of a male animal, having no compounds with s and representing the whole species.\n\nDe berenklauw bear's foot, de leeuwenmuil lion's mouth, het ossenbloed ox blood. Exceptions are a few compounds with haan: de hanenbalk cockloft, de hanenkam cock's comb, de hanenklauw cock's spur.\n\nIf the first member is a masculine noun having compounds with s, a feminine or a neuter noun, the plural form is not used.\n\nHet bokkenvel goat's skin, het mollengat molecast (cf. de molshoop mole-hill), de kattenstaart cat's tail, de paardenvoet horse's foot.\n\nFor the sake of euphony n is sometimes inserted, if the second member ends in a vowel or in h: het ganzenei goose-egg, het eikenhout oak. If the first member always ends in e, no n is inserted: het bodeambt duty of a servant, de medewerker cooperator, de vredeshandel negotiation of peace.\n\nA few from the list\nhet bokkenleer       goat's skin\nde ganzenmarkt       goose-market\nde naaldenfabriek    needle-manufactury\nde zedenleer         morality\nde paardenstal       horse stable\nhet schapenvlees     mutton\nde boerenwoning      farm-house\nde gravinnenkroon    crown of a countess\nde vrouwenhoed       bonnet\nde berenklauw        bear's foot"},{"section":634,"text":"Compounds with an inserted e\n\nThe first member of a true compound often has an original or afterwards inserted e.\n\nDe brillendoos spectacle-case, de hagedoorn hawthorn, de herenboer gentleman-farmer, het penmes penknife, de willekeur caprice.\n\nAlso the names of trees, the first part of which denotes the tree but not the fruit.\n\nDe beuk beech, de eik oak-tree, de peer, de perenboom pear-tree, de pruimenboom plum-tree, de perzikenboom or de perzikboom peach-tree."},{"section":635,"text":"Compounds without an inserted e\n\nThe greater part of true compounds have no e between the first and the second member.\n\nDe boekhandel book-trade, de brandspuit fire-engine, de neushoorn rhinoceros, het rundvee cattle, de stofregen drizzling rain.\n\nIf the first member admits of a pluralform in eren, it ends in er in the compound.\n\nDe eierdop egg-shell, de eierpruim horse-plum, de kindermeid nursery, het rundergebraad roast-beef.\n\nSometimes the first member has the plural-ending en or s.\n\nDe boekenkast book-case, de kleermaker tailor, de mensenliefde philanthropy, de bedelaarsherberg beggar's inn, het mannenkleed man's coat.\n\nThe genitive ending s is used in some compounds, even when the first member is a feminine noun: de manspersoon man, de watersnood inundation, de stadspoort town-gate.\n\nThe position of the first member with regard to the second is not plain in such compounds as: de broederliefde fraternal love, de kinderliefde a child's love, de moederliefde maternal love, de ouderliefde parents' love, de vaderliefde paternal love, de zusterliefde sisterly love; cf.: de mensenliefde, de waarheidsliefde love of truth.\n\nA few from the list\nde boekhandel        book-trade\nde brandspuit        fire-engine\nde neushoorn         rhinoceros\nhet rundvee          cattle\nde stofregen         drizzling rain\nde eierdop           egg-shell\nde eierpruim         horse-plum\nde kindermeid        nursery\nhet rundergebraad    roast-beef\nde boekenkast        book-case"},{"section":636,"text":"Adjective as first member: never e\n\nWhen an adjective is the first member of a compound it never has e.\n\nDe grootmeester grandmaster, de hoogmoed pride, de kleinzoon grandson, de schoonmoeder mother-in-law, het smaldeel squadron, de zuurkool sauerkraut."},{"section":637,"text":"Adjective plus noun denoting a person\n\nSome names of things compounded with adjectives denote persons, distinguishing themselves by the possession of the thing mentioned.\n\nDe blauwbaard blue-beard, de blauwkous blue-stocking, de domkop blockhead, de langhals long-necked person, de platneus flat nose, de roodhuid red-skin, de spitsneus pointed nose, de zwartkop black-haired one."},{"section":638,"text":"Verb root as first member\n\nIf the root of a verb is the first member of a compound it generally denotes the use of the substantive.\n\nDe drinkbeker cup, de loopjongen errand boy, de schrijftafel writing-table, de slaapkamer bed-room.\n\nSometimes s has been inserted or final d dropped.\n\nDe leidsman guide, de scheidsmuur partition-wall, de scheidsman arbiter; de leiband leading-string, het rijtuig carriage.\n\nIn some names of persons the substantive is to be considered as the object of the verb.\n\nDe deugniet good-for-nothing, de dwingeland tyrant, de vernielal destroyer, de waaghals dare-devil.\n\nIn a few compounds the object stands as the first part.\n\nDe beeldjeskoper seller of statues, de eerbied respect, de scharenslijper knife-grinder, het tijdverdrijf pastime.\n\nA few from the list\nde drinkbeker        cup\nde loopjongen        errand boy\nde schrijftafel      writing-table\nde slaapkamer        bed-room\nde leidsman          guide\nde scheidsmuur       partition-wall\nde scheidsman        arbiter\nde leiband           leading-string\nhet rijtuig          carriage\nde deugniet          good-for-nothing"},{"section":639,"text":"Compounds with a numeral\n\nDe drieman triumvir, het tiental ten, het vierspan team of four. Some have a possessive meaning, such as: de drievoet trivet, de duizendpoot milleped, de eenhoorn unicorn, het negenoog lamprey, de tweeklank diphthong, het vierkant square, de vijfhoek pentagon, het zevengesternte Pleiades."},{"section":640,"text":"Compounds with an adverb\n\nDe achterbuurt back street, het achterhoofd occiput, de binnenplaats inner-court, de buitenplaats country-seat, de buitenzijde outside, het vooroordeel prejudice, de voorproef fore-taste."},{"section":641,"text":"Compounds whose second member is lost\n\nOf some compounds the second member is either lost or no longer used.\n\nDe baker (originally bakermoeder) dry nurse, de das (dassevel) neck-cloth, de kraag (kraagdoek) collar, de kroeg (kroeghuis) public-house, de min (minnemoeder) nurse, de spin (or spinnekop) spider, het spoor (spoortrein, spoorweg) railway or train, de tram (tramwagen) tramway, de winkel (winkelhuis) shop, de zerk (French: cercueil = zerksteen) tomb-stone."},{"section":642,"text":"Other parts of speech used substantively\n\nOther parts of speech, even whole expressions, may be used as substantives.\n\nHet schone the beautiful, mijn eigen ik my own self, het lezen reading, het waarom the reason why, het voor en tegen pro and con, het ach en wee (ach en wee roepen to cry aloud), het ken uzelf self-knowledge."},{"section":643,"text":"Adjectives used substantively\n\nSome adjectives used substantively have got the character of a real noun.\n\nDe dode dead person, de dwaas fool, de gulden guilder, de heilige saint, de jongen boy, de mens (from man) man, de schijndode one apparently dead, de vrek miser, de zot fool; het euvel evil, het (doel)wit aim, de ziel soul, het jong young one; also een schone a beauty.\n\nCollective words without article.\n\nHet goed (de goederen) goods, het ongelijk wrong, het vuil dirt.\n\nNames of colours.\n\nHet blauw blue, het geel yellow, het rood red, het zwart black etc.\n\nA few of such words are used with a diminutive-ending only.\n\nEen bittertje a glass of bitters, het grootje (little) grandmother, een nieuwtje a novelty.\n\nAlso the numerals denoting a coin, though the guilder itself is now the euro:\n\nEen dubbeltje ten cents, een kwartje twenty-five cents, een tientje ten euros.\n\nA few from the list\nde dode              dead person\nde dwaas             fool\nde gulden            guilder\nde heilige           saint\nde jongen            boy\nde mens              man\nde schijndode        one apparently dead\nde vrek              miser\nde zot               fool\nhet euvel            evil"},{"section":644,"text":"Infinitives and imperatives used substantively\n\nInfinitives used substantively have already been mentioned in Lesson 33. Het vermoeden supposition and het gevoelen opinion are also used in the plural; the plural of het leven, levens, has the meaning of levensbeschrijving biography.\n\nImperative forms occur in the words: het kruidje-roer-mij-niet sensitive plant, het vergeet-mij-nietje forget-me-not, de spring-in-'t-veld wild spark; also in the French expressions: een passe-partout a master-key, een rendez-vous a rendez-vous, een vol-au-vent a meat-pie."},{"section":645,"text":"Obsolete present participles used substantively\n\nOn the participles used substantively, see Lesson 34. Of the obsolete present participles used substantively we mention: de Heiland from heilen (to save) Saviour, de vijand from vijen (to hate) enemy, de vriend from vrijen (to love) friend."}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 41: The prefixes ant and et","teaching":[{"title":"Two prefixes found in three words","paragraphs":["Ant and et occur in only three nouns. Het antwoord is an answer. Het etgroen is after-growth. Het etmaal is a space of twenty-four hours.","They occur in no other word."]}],"lines":[{"number":372,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.3.1","source":"het antwoord","translation":"answer","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"antwoord","gloss":"answer"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.3.1.m4a"},{"number":373,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.3.2","source":"het etgroen","translation":"after-growth","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"etgroen","gloss":"after-growth"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.3.2.m4a"},{"number":374,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.3.3","source":"het etmaal","translation":"space of twenty-four hours","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"etmaal","gloss":"space of twenty-four hours"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.3.3.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 41: The prefix ge- for nouns","teaching":[{"title":"Ge: together","paragraphs":["Ge means together. With it Dutch forms names of persons, some with a group meaning. De gezel is a companion. De genoot is a fellow.","A ge noun formed from a verb names an action that goes on. Het geloop is running. Het gepraat is tattle.","Other ge nouns name a product or a fitness. Het gebak is pastry. Het gebouw is a building. Het gehoor is hearing. Het geduld is patience."]},{"title":"Ge plus te: groups of animals and things","paragraphs":["Add te to the end of a ge noun and it names a whole group. Het gedierte is beasts. Het gevederte is fowls. Het gewormte is vermin.","Things work the same way. Het gebladerte is foliage. Het gebeente is bones. Het gebergte is a chain of mountains."]}],"lines":[{"number":375,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.4.1","source":"de gemaal","translation":"husband","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"gemaal","gloss":"husband"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.4.1.m4a"},{"number":376,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.4.2","source":"de genoot","translation":"fellow","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"genoot","gloss":"fellow"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.4.2.m4a"},{"number":377,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.4.3","source":"de gezel","translation":"companion","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"gezel","gloss":"companion"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.4.3.m4a"},{"number":378,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.4.4","source":"het geloop","translation":"running","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"geloop","gloss":"running"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.4.4.m4a"},{"number":379,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.4.5","source":"het gepraat","translation":"tattle","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"gepraat","gloss":"tattle"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.4.5.m4a"},{"number":380,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.4.6","source":"het geschreeuw","translation":"cry, ado","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"geschreeuw","gloss":"cry, ado"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.4.6.m4a"},{"number":381,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.4.7","source":"het gebak","translation":"pastry","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"gebak","gloss":"pastry"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.4.7.m4a"},{"number":382,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.4.8","source":"het gebouw","translation":"building","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"gebouw","gloss":"building"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.4.8.m4a"},{"number":383,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.4.9","source":"het gehoor","translation":"hearing","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"gehoor","gloss":"hearing"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.4.9.m4a"},{"number":384,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.4.10","source":"het geduld","translation":"patience","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"geduld","gloss":"patience"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.4.10.m4a"},{"number":385,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.4.11","source":"het gedierte","translation":"beasts","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"gedierte","gloss":"beasts"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.4.11.m4a"},{"number":386,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.4.12","source":"het gevederte","translation":"fowls","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"gevederte","gloss":"fowls"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.4.12.m4a"},{"number":387,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.4.13","source":"het gewormte","translation":"vermin","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"gewormte","gloss":"vermin"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.4.13.m4a"},{"number":388,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.4.14","source":"het gebladerte","translation":"foliage","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"gebladerte","gloss":"foliage"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.4.14.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 41: The prefixes on and wan","teaching":[{"title":"On and wan: the opposite","paragraphs":["On and wan give the opposite of the word after them. Het onbruik is disuse. De ondeugd is vice. Het ongenoegen is displeasure. Het onraad is danger.","Wan works the same way. De wanhoop is despair. De wanorde is disorder. Het wantrouwen is distrust. De wanbetaling is non-payment."]}],"lines":[{"number":389,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.5.1","source":"het onbruik","translation":"disuse","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"onbruik","gloss":"disuse"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.5.1.m4a"},{"number":390,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.5.2","source":"de ondeugd","translation":"vice","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"ondeugd","gloss":"vice"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.5.2.m4a"},{"number":391,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.5.3","source":"de ondienst","translation":"bad service","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"ondienst","gloss":"bad service"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.5.3.m4a"},{"number":392,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.5.4","source":"het ongenoegen","translation":"displeasure","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"ongenoegen","gloss":"displeasure"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.5.4.m4a"},{"number":393,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.5.5","source":"de onmin","translation":"disagreement","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"onmin","gloss":"disagreement"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.5.5.m4a"},{"number":394,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.5.6","source":"het onraad","translation":"danger","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"onraad","gloss":"danger"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.5.6.m4a"},{"number":395,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.5.7","source":"het wanbedrijf","translation":"crime","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"wanbedrijf","gloss":"crime"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.5.7.m4a"},{"number":396,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.5.8","source":"de wanbetaling","translation":"non-payment","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"wanbetaling","gloss":"non-payment"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.5.8.m4a"},{"number":397,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.5.9","source":"het wangeluid","translation":"dissonance","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"wangeluid","gloss":"dissonance"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.5.9.m4a"},{"number":398,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.5.10","source":"de wanklank","translation":"dissonance","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"wanklank","gloss":"dissonance"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.5.10.m4a"},{"number":399,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.5.11","source":"de wanhoop","translation":"despair","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"wanhoop","gloss":"despair"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.5.11.m4a"},{"number":400,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.5.12","source":"de wanorde","translation":"disorder","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"wanorde","gloss":"disorder"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.5.12.m4a"},{"number":401,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.5.13","source":"het wantrouwen","translation":"distrust","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"wantrouwen","gloss":"distrust"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.5.13.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 41: The prefix oor","teaching":[{"title":"Oor: a beginning or a result","paragraphs":["Oor shows the beginning of an action or what comes of it. De oorsprong is an origin. De oorzaak is a cause. De oorlog is war. De oorkonde is a charter."]}],"lines":[{"number":402,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.6.1","source":"de oorkonde","translation":"charter","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"oorkonde","gloss":"charter"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.6.1.m4a"},{"number":403,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.6.2","source":"de oorlog","translation":"war","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"oorlog","gloss":"war"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.6.2.m4a"},{"number":404,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.6.3","source":"de oorsprong","translation":"origin","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"oorsprong","gloss":"origin"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.6.3.m4a"},{"number":405,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.6.4","source":"de oorzaak","translation":"cause","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"oorzaak","gloss":"cause"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.6.4.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 41: The foreign prefix aarts (and 1 more)","teaching":[{"title":"Aarts, a prefix from outside Dutch","paragraphs":["Aarts comes from outside Dutch. It joins Dutch words as well as foreign words.","De aartsbisschop is an archbishop. De aartsvader is a patriarch. De aartsvijand is an archfiend. De aartsgek is a first-rate fool."]},{"title":"Old words now used as suffixes","paragraphs":["Four short words were once words of their own. Now they are inseparable suffixes: aard, dom, heid and schap.","Aard has a second form, erd."]}],"lines":[{"number":406,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.7.1","source":"de aartsbisschop","translation":"archbishop","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"aartsbisschop","gloss":"archbishop"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.7.1.m4a"},{"number":407,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.7.2","source":"de aartsgek","translation":"first-rate fool","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"aartsgek","gloss":"first-rate fool"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.7.2.m4a"},{"number":408,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.7.3","source":"de aartsvader","translation":"patriarch","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"aartsvader","gloss":"patriarch"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.7.3.m4a"},{"number":409,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.7.4","source":"de aartsvijand","translation":"archfiend","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"aartsvijand","gloss":"archfiend"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.7.4.m4a"},{"number":410,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.7.5","source":"de aartswoekeraar","translation":"arrant usurer","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"aartswoekeraar","gloss":"arrant usurer"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.7.5.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 41: The suffix aard, erd","teaching":[{"title":"Aard and erd: an unfavourable meaning","paragraphs":["A noun with aard has an unfavourable meaning. De lafaard is a coward. De gierigaard is a miser. De wreedaard is a cruel man.","De grijsaard is the one exception. It means an old man, and the meaning is not unfavourable.","In some words aard weakens to erd, mostly with the same meaning. De dikkerd is a plump person. De gluiperd is a sneak. De lieverd is a darling."]}],"lines":[{"number":411,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.9.1","source":"de grijsaard","translation":"old man, greybeard","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"grijsaard","gloss":"old man, greybeard"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.9.1.m4a"},{"number":412,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.9.2","source":"de gierigaard","translation":"miser","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"gierigaard","gloss":"miser"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.9.2.m4a"},{"number":413,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.9.3","source":"de grijnzaard","translation":"grumbler","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"grijnzaard","gloss":"grumbler"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.9.3.m4a"},{"number":414,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.9.4","source":"de lafaard","translation":"coward","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"lafaard","gloss":"coward"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.9.4.m4a"},{"number":415,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.9.5","source":"de veinzaard","translation":"dissembler","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"veinzaard","gloss":"dissembler"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.9.5.m4a"},{"number":416,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.9.6","source":"de wreedaard","translation":"cruel man","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"wreedaard","gloss":"cruel man"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.9.6.m4a"},{"number":417,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.9.7","source":"de dikkerd","translation":"a plump person","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"dikkerd","gloss":"a plump person"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.9.7.m4a"},{"number":418,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.9.8","source":"de gluiperd","translation":"sneak","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"gluiperd","gloss":"sneak"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.9.8.m4a"},{"number":419,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.9.9","source":"de leperd","translation":"shrewd one","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"leperd","gloss":"shrewd one"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.9.9.m4a"},{"number":420,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.9.10","source":"de lieverd","translation":"darling","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"lieverd","gloss":"darling"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.9.10.m4a"},{"number":421,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.9.11","source":"de bastaard","translation":"bastard","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"bastaard","gloss":"bastard"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.9.11.m4a"},{"number":422,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.9.12","source":"de rijkaard","translation":"rich fellow","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"rijkaard","gloss":"rich fellow"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.9.12.m4a"},{"number":423,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.9.13","source":"de Savooiaard","translation":"Savoyard","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Savooiaard","gloss":"Savooiaard"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.9.13.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 41: The suffixes dom and schap","teaching":[{"title":"Dom and schap: quality, rank, group, country","paragraphs":["Dom and schap name a quality. De rijkdom is riches. De blijdschap is joy. De ouderdom is old age.","They also name a rank. De adeldom is nobility. De ridderschap is knighthood. Het vaderschap is paternity.","They name a group, or a country. Het christendom is christianity. Het bisdom is a bishopric. Het hertogdom is a duchy.","A few name a concrete thing. Het gereedschap is tools."]}],"lines":[{"number":424,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.10.1","source":"het eigendom","translation":"property","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"eigendom","gloss":"property"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.10.1.m4a"},{"number":425,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.10.2","source":"de ouderdom","translation":"old age","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"ouderdom","gloss":"age"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.10.2.m4a"},{"number":426,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.10.3","source":"de rijkdom","translation":"riches","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"rijkdom","gloss":"riches, wealth"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.10.3.m4a"},{"number":427,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.10.4","source":"de blijdschap","translation":"joy","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"blijdschap","gloss":"joy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.10.4.m4a"},{"number":428,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.10.5","source":"de gramschap","translation":"anger, wrath","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"gramschap","gloss":"anger, wrath"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.10.5.m4a"},{"number":429,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.10.6","source":"het heiligdom","translation":"sanctuary","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"heiligdom","gloss":"sanctuary"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.10.6.m4a"},{"number":430,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.10.7","source":"het gereedschap","translation":"tools","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"gereedschap","gloss":"tools"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.10.7.m4a"},{"number":431,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.10.8","source":"de adeldom","translation":"nobility","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"adeldom","gloss":"nobility"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.10.8.m4a"},{"number":432,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.10.9","source":"het broederschap","translation":"fraternity","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"broederschap","gloss":"fraternity"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.10.9.m4a"},{"number":433,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.10.10","source":"de ridderschap","translation":"knighthood","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"ridderschap","gloss":"knighthood"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.10.10.m4a"},{"number":434,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.10.11","source":"het vaderschap","translation":"paternity","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"vaderschap","gloss":"paternity"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.10.11.m4a"},{"number":435,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.10.12","source":"het christendom","translation":"christianity","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"christendom","gloss":"Christianity"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.10.12.m4a"},{"number":436,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.10.13","source":"het heidendom","translation":"paganism","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"heidendom","gloss":"paganism"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.10.13.m4a"},{"number":437,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.10.14","source":"het genootschap","translation":"company","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"genootschap","gloss":"company"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.10.14.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 41: The suffix heid","teaching":[{"title":"Heid: a person or an abstract thing","paragraphs":["Heid is added to nouns and adjectives. The result names a person, sometimes a whole group, or an abstract thing.","De godheid is a deity. De mensheid is humanity. De overheid is the authorities.","De goedheid is kindness. De schoonheid is beauty. De voorzichtigheid is prudence."]}],"lines":[{"number":438,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.11.1","source":"de godheid","translation":"deity","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"godheid","gloss":"deity"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.11.1.m4a"},{"number":439,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.11.2","source":"de mensheid","translation":"humanity","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"mensheid","gloss":"humanity"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.11.2.m4a"},{"number":440,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.11.3","source":"de overheid","translation":"authorities","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"overheid","gloss":"authorities"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.11.3.m4a"},{"number":441,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.11.4","source":"de goedheid","translation":"kindness","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"goedheid","gloss":"kindness"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.11.4.m4a"},{"number":442,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.11.5","source":"de schoonheid","translation":"beauty","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"schoonheid","gloss":"beauty"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.11.5.m4a"},{"number":443,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.11.6","source":"de voorzichtigheid","translation":"prudence","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"voorzichtigheid","gloss":"prudence"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.11.6.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 41: Compounds of two nouns: plural first member","teaching":[{"title":"A plural in the first part","paragraphs":["The first part of a compound noun may mean one thing or many. When it means many, it usually ends in en and seldom in s.","Het bokkenleer is goat's skin. De ganzenmarkt is a goose-market. De zedenleer is morality.","Some compounds can mean either. De paardenstal can be a stable for one horse or for more horses."]},{"title":"Persons, animals and an added n","paragraphs":["A person who stands for a whole class takes the plural form. De boerenwoning is a farm-house. De vrouwenhoed is a bonnet.","So does a male animal that stands for the whole species. De berenklauw is a bear's foot. Het ossenbloed is ox blood.","A feminine or neuter noun does not take the plural form. Neither does a masculine noun that has compounds with s.","Before a vowel or h, an n is sometimes added for the sound. Het ganzenei is a goose-egg. Het eikenhout is oak."]},{"title":"Compounds of two nouns: plural first member","paragraphs":["For the sake of euphony n is sometimes inserted, if the second member ends in a vowel or in h: het ganzenei goose-egg, het eikenhout oak. If the first member always ends in e, no n is inserted: het bodeambt duty of a servant, de medewerker cooperator, de vredeshandel negotiation of peace."]}],"lines":[{"number":444,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.12.1","source":"het bokkenleer","translation":"goat's skin","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"bokkenleer","gloss":"goat's skin"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.12.1.m4a"},{"number":445,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.12.2","source":"de ganzenmarkt","translation":"goose-market","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"ganzenmarkt","gloss":"goose-market"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.12.2.m4a"},{"number":446,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.12.3","source":"de naaldenfabriek","translation":"needle-manufactury","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"naaldenfabriek","gloss":"needle-manufactury"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.12.3.m4a"},{"number":447,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.12.4","source":"de zedenleer","translation":"morality","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"zedenleer","gloss":"morality"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.12.4.m4a"},{"number":448,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.12.5","source":"de paardenstal","translation":"horse stable","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"paardenstal","gloss":"horse stable"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.12.5.m4a"},{"number":449,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.12.6","source":"het schapenvlees","translation":"mutton","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"schapenvlees","gloss":"mutton"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.12.6.m4a"},{"number":450,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.12.7","source":"de boerenwoning","translation":"farm-house","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"boerenwoning","gloss":"farm-house"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.12.7.m4a"},{"number":451,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.12.8","source":"de gravinnenkroon","translation":"crown of a countess","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"gravinnenkroon","gloss":"crown of a countess"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.12.8.m4a"},{"number":452,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.12.9","source":"de vrouwenhoed","translation":"bonnet","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vrouwenhoed","gloss":"bonnet"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.12.9.m4a"},{"number":453,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.12.10","source":"de berenklauw","translation":"bear's foot","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"berenklauw","gloss":"bear's foot"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.12.10.m4a"},{"number":454,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.12.11","source":"de leeuwenmuil","translation":"lion's mouth","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"leeuwenmuil","gloss":"lion's mouth"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.12.11.m4a"},{"number":455,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.12.12","source":"het ossenbloed","translation":"ox blood","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"ossenbloed","gloss":"ox blood"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.12.12.m4a"},{"number":456,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.12.13","source":"de hanenbalk","translation":"cockloft","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"hanenbalk","gloss":"cockloft"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.12.13.m4a"},{"number":457,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.12.14","source":"de hanenkam","translation":"cock's comb","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"hanenkam","gloss":"cock's comb"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.12.14.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 41: Compounds with an inserted e","teaching":[{"title":"An e inside the compound","paragraphs":["The first part of a true compound often has an e. De brillendoos is a spectacle-case. De hagedoorn is a hawthorn. De willekeur is caprice.","Tree names do this too, when the first part names the tree and not the fruit. De perenboom is a pear-tree. De pruimenboom is a plum-tree."]}],"lines":[{"number":458,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.13.1","source":"de brillendoos","translation":"spectacle-case","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"brillendoos","gloss":"spectacle-case"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.13.1.m4a"},{"number":459,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.13.2","source":"de hagedoorn","translation":"hawthorn","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"hagedoorn","gloss":"hawthorn"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.13.2.m4a"},{"number":460,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.13.3","source":"de herenboer","translation":"gentleman-farmer","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"herenboer","gloss":"gentleman-farmer"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.13.3.m4a"},{"number":461,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.13.4","source":"het penmes","translation":"penknife","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"penmes","gloss":"penknife"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.13.4.m4a"},{"number":462,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.13.5","source":"de willekeur","translation":"caprice","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"willekeur","gloss":"caprice"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.13.5.m4a"},{"number":463,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.13.6","source":"de beuk","translation":"beech","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"beuk","gloss":"beech"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.13.6.m4a"},{"number":464,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.13.7","source":"de eik","translation":"oak-tree","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"eik","gloss":"oak-tree"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.13.7.m4a"},{"number":465,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.13.8","source":"de perenboom","translation":"pear-tree","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"perenboom","gloss":"pear-tree"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.13.8.m4a"},{"number":466,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.13.9","source":"de pruimenboom","translation":"plum-tree","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"pruimenboom","gloss":"plum-tree"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.13.9.m4a"},{"number":467,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.13.10","source":"de perzikenboom","translation":"peach-tree","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"perzikenboom","gloss":"peach-tree"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.13.10.m4a"},{"number":468,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.13.11","source":"de perzikboom","translation":"peach-tree","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"perzikboom","gloss":"peach-tree"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.13.11.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 41: Compounds without an inserted e","teaching":[{"title":"Compounds with no e","paragraphs":["Most true compounds put no e between the two parts. De boekhandel is the book-trade. De neushoorn is a rhinoceros. Het rundvee is cattle.","If the first part has a plural in eren, it ends in er inside the compound. De eierdop is an egg-shell. Het rundergebraad is roast-beef.","Sometimes the first part takes en or s. De boekenkast is a book-case. De stadspoort is a town-gate.","The relation between the parts is not always plain. De moederliefde is maternal love. De mensenliefde is philanthropy."]}],"lines":[{"number":469,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.14.1","source":"de boekhandel","translation":"book-trade","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"boekhandel","gloss":"book-trade"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.14.1.m4a"},{"number":470,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.14.2","source":"de brandspuit","translation":"fire-engine","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"brandspuit","gloss":"fire-engine"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.14.2.m4a"},{"number":471,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.14.3","source":"de neushoorn","translation":"rhinoceros","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"neushoorn","gloss":"rhinoceros"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.14.3.m4a"},{"number":472,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.14.4","source":"het rundvee","translation":"cattle","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"rundvee","gloss":"cattle"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.14.4.m4a"},{"number":473,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.14.5","source":"de stofregen","translation":"drizzling rain","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"stofregen","gloss":"drizzling rain"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.14.5.m4a"},{"number":474,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.14.6","source":"de eierdop","translation":"egg-shell","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"eierdop","gloss":"egg-shell"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.14.6.m4a"},{"number":475,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.14.7","source":"de eierpruim","translation":"horse-plum","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"eierpruim","gloss":"horse-plum"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.14.7.m4a"},{"number":476,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.14.8","source":"de kindermeid","translation":"nursery","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"kindermeid","gloss":"nursery"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.14.8.m4a"},{"number":477,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.14.9","source":"het rundergebraad","translation":"roast-beef","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"rundergebraad","gloss":"roast-beef"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.14.9.m4a"},{"number":478,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.14.10","source":"de boekenkast","translation":"book-case","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"boekenkast","gloss":"book-case"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.14.10.m4a"},{"number":479,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.14.11","source":"de kleermaker","translation":"tailor","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"kleermaker","gloss":"tailor"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.14.11.m4a"},{"number":480,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.14.12","source":"de mensenliefde","translation":"philanthropy","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"mensenliefde","gloss":"philanthropy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.14.12.m4a"},{"number":481,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.14.13","source":"de bedelaarsherberg","translation":"beggar's inn","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"bedelaarsherberg","gloss":"beggar's inn"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.14.13.m4a"},{"number":482,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.14.14","source":"het mannenkleed","translation":"man's coat","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"mannenkleed","gloss":"man's coat"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.14.14.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 41: Adjective as first member: never e","teaching":[{"title":"An adjective at the front","paragraphs":["When an adjective is the first part of a compound, it never takes an e. De hoogmoed is pride. De kleinzoon is a grandson. De schoonmoeder is a mother-in-law. De zuurkool is sauerkraut.","Hogepriester and hogeschool are false compounds."]}],"lines":[{"number":483,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.15.1","source":"de grootmeester","translation":"grandmaster","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"grootmeester","gloss":"grandmaster"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.15.1.m4a"},{"number":484,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.15.2","source":"de hoogmoed","translation":"pride","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"hoogmoed","gloss":"pride"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.15.2.m4a"},{"number":485,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.15.3","source":"de kleinzoon","translation":"grandson","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"kleinzoon","gloss":"grandson"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.15.3.m4a"},{"number":486,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.15.4","source":"de schoonmoeder","translation":"mother-in-law","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"schoonmoeder","gloss":"mother-in-law"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.15.4.m4a"},{"number":487,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.15.5","source":"het smaldeel","translation":"squadron","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"smaldeel","gloss":"squadron"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.15.5.m4a"},{"number":488,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.15.6","source":"de zuurkool","translation":"sauerkraut","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"zuurkool","gloss":"sauerkraut"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.15.6.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 41: Adjective plus noun denoting a person","teaching":[{"title":"A person named by a thing","paragraphs":["Some compounds of an adjective and a noun name a person by a thing that person has.","De blauwkous is a blue-stocking. De domkop is a blockhead. De langhals is a long-necked person. De roodhuid is a red-skin."]}],"lines":[{"number":489,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.16.1","source":"de blauwbaard","translation":"blue-beard","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"blauwbaard","gloss":"blue-beard"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.16.1.m4a"},{"number":490,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.16.2","source":"de blauwkous","translation":"blue-stocking","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"blauwkous","gloss":"blue-stocking"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.16.2.m4a"},{"number":491,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.16.3","source":"de domkop","translation":"blockhead","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"domkop","gloss":"blockhead"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.16.3.m4a"},{"number":492,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.16.4","source":"de langhals","translation":"long-necked person","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"langhals","gloss":"long-necked person"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.16.4.m4a"},{"number":493,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.16.5","source":"de platneus","translation":"flat nose","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"platneus","gloss":"flat nose"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.16.5.m4a"},{"number":494,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.16.6","source":"de roodhuid","translation":"red-skin","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"roodhuid","gloss":"red-skin"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.16.6.m4a"},{"number":495,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.16.7","source":"de spitsneus","translation":"pointed nose","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"spitsneus","gloss":"pointed nose"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.16.7.m4a"},{"number":496,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.16.8","source":"de zwartkop","translation":"black-haired one","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"zwartkop","gloss":"black-haired one"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.16.8.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 41: Verb root as first member","teaching":[{"title":"A verb root at the front","paragraphs":["When the root of a verb is the first part of a compound, it usually tells what the thing is used for.","De drinkbeker is a cup. De schrijftafel is a writing-table. De slaapkamer is a bed-room.","Sometimes an s is inserted or a final d is dropped. De leidsman is a guide. Het rijtuig is a carriage."]},{"title":"The thing as the object of the verb","paragraphs":["In some names of persons the noun is the object of the verb. De deugniet is a good-for-nothing. De dwingeland is a tyrant. De waaghals is a dare-devil.","In a few compounds the object comes first. De scharenslijper is a knife-grinder. Het tijdverdrijf is a pastime."]},{"title":"Verb root as first member","paragraphs":["De beeldjeskoper seller of statues, de eerbied respect, de scharenslijper knife-grinder, het tijdverdrijf pastime."]}],"lines":[{"number":497,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.17.1","source":"de drinkbeker","translation":"cup","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"drinkbeker","gloss":"cup"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.17.1.m4a"},{"number":498,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.17.2","source":"de loopjongen","translation":"errand boy","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"loopjongen","gloss":"errand boy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.17.2.m4a"},{"number":499,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.17.3","source":"de schrijftafel","translation":"writing-table","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"schrijftafel","gloss":"writing table, desk"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.17.3.m4a"},{"number":500,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.17.4","source":"de slaapkamer","translation":"bed-room","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"slaapkamer","gloss":"bed-room"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.17.4.m4a"},{"number":501,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.17.5","source":"de leidsman","translation":"guide","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"leidsman","gloss":"guide"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.17.5.m4a"},{"number":502,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.17.6","source":"de scheidsmuur","translation":"partition-wall","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"scheidsmuur","gloss":"partition-wall"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.17.6.m4a"},{"number":503,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.17.7","source":"de scheidsman","translation":"arbiter","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"scheidsman","gloss":"arbiter"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.17.7.m4a"},{"number":504,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.17.8","source":"de leiband","translation":"leading-string","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"leiband","gloss":"leading-string"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.17.8.m4a"},{"number":505,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.17.9","source":"het rijtuig","translation":"carriage","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"rijtuig","gloss":"carriage, cab"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.17.9.m4a"},{"number":506,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.17.10","source":"de deugniet","translation":"good-for-nothing","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"deugniet","gloss":"good-for-nothing"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.17.10.m4a"},{"number":507,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.17.11","source":"de dwingeland","translation":"tyrant","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"dwingeland","gloss":"tyrant"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.17.11.m4a"},{"number":508,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.17.12","source":"de vernielal","translation":"destroyer","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vernielal","gloss":"destroyer"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.17.12.m4a"},{"number":509,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.17.13","source":"de waaghals","translation":"dare-devil","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"waaghals","gloss":"dare-devil"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.17.13.m4a"},{"number":510,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.17.14","source":"de beeldjeskoper","translation":"seller of statues","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"beeldjeskoper","gloss":"seller of statues"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.17.14.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 41: Compounds with a numeral","teaching":[{"title":"A number at the front","paragraphs":["A number can start a compound. De drieman is a triumvir. Het tiental is ten. Het vierspan is a team of four.","Some of these name a thing by what it has. De drievoet is a trivet. De eenhoorn is a unicorn. De vijfhoek is a pentagon. Het vierkant is a square."]}],"lines":[{"number":511,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.18.1","source":"de drieman","translation":"triumvir","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"drieman","gloss":"triumvir"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.18.1.m4a"},{"number":512,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.18.2","source":"het tiental","translation":"ten","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"tiental","gloss":"ten"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.18.2.m4a"},{"number":513,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.18.3","source":"het vierspan","translation":"team of four","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"vierspan","gloss":"team of four"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.18.3.m4a"},{"number":514,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.18.4","source":"de drievoet","translation":"trivet","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"drievoet","gloss":"trivet"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.18.4.m4a"},{"number":515,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.18.5","source":"de duizendpoot","translation":"milleped","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"duizendpoot","gloss":"milleped"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.18.5.m4a"},{"number":516,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.18.6","source":"de eenhoorn","translation":"unicorn","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"eenhoorn","gloss":"unicorn"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.18.6.m4a"},{"number":517,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.18.7","source":"het negenoog","translation":"lamprey","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"negenoog","gloss":"lamprey"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.18.7.m4a"},{"number":518,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.18.8","source":"de tweeklank","translation":"diphthong","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"tweeklank","gloss":"diphthong"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.18.8.m4a"},{"number":519,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.18.9","source":"het vierkant","translation":"square","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"vierkant","gloss":"square"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.18.9.m4a"},{"number":520,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.18.10","source":"de vijfhoek","translation":"pentagon","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vijfhoek","gloss":"pentagon"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.18.10.m4a"},{"number":521,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.18.11","source":"het zevengesternte","translation":"Pleiades","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"zevengesternte","gloss":"Pleiades"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.18.11.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 41: Compounds with an adverb","teaching":[{"title":"An adverb at the front","paragraphs":["An adverb can be the first part of a compound noun.","De achterbuurt is a back street. De binnenplaats is an inner-court. De buitenzijde is the outside. Het vooroordeel is prejudice. De voorproef is a fore-taste."]}],"lines":[{"number":522,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.19.1","source":"de achterbuurt","translation":"back street","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"achterbuurt","gloss":"back street"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.19.1.m4a"},{"number":523,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.19.2","source":"het achterhoofd","translation":"occiput","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"achterhoofd","gloss":"occiput"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.19.2.m4a"},{"number":524,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.19.3","source":"de binnenplaats","translation":"inner-court","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"binnenplaats","gloss":"inner-court"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.19.3.m4a"},{"number":525,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.19.4","source":"de buitenplaats","translation":"country-seat","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"buitenplaats","gloss":"country house, country seat"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.19.4.m4a"},{"number":526,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.19.5","source":"de buitenzijde","translation":"outside","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"buitenzijde","gloss":"outside"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.19.5.m4a"},{"number":527,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.19.6","source":"het vooroordeel","translation":"prejudice","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"vooroordeel","gloss":"prejudice"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.19.6.m4a"},{"number":528,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.19.7","source":"de voorproef","translation":"fore-taste","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"voorproef","gloss":"fore-taste"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.19.7.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 41: Compounds whose second member is lost","teaching":[{"title":"A lost second part","paragraphs":["In some compounds the second part is lost or no longer used. The first part now stands for the whole word.","De kroeg is a public-house, from kroeghuis. De winkel is a shop, from winkelhuis. De spin is a spider, also spinnekop."]}],"lines":[{"number":529,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.20.1","source":"de baker","translation":"dry nurse","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"baker","gloss":"dry nurse"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.20.1.m4a"},{"number":530,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.20.2","source":"de das","translation":"neck-cloth","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"das","gloss":"neck-cloth"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.20.2.m4a"},{"number":531,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.20.3","source":"de kraag","translation":"collar","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"kraag","gloss":"collar"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.20.3.m4a"},{"number":532,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.20.4","source":"de kroeg","translation":"public-house","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"kroeg","gloss":"public-house"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.20.4.m4a"},{"number":533,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.20.5","source":"de min","translation":"nurse","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"min","gloss":"nurse"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.20.5.m4a"},{"number":534,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.20.6","source":"de spin","translation":"spider","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"spin","gloss":"spider"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.20.6.m4a"},{"number":535,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.20.7","source":"het spoor","translation":"railway or train","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"spoor","gloss":"railway or train"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.20.7.m4a"},{"number":536,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.20.8","source":"de tram","translation":"tramway","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"tram","gloss":"tramway"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.20.8.m4a"},{"number":537,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.20.9","source":"de winkel","translation":"shop","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"winkel","gloss":"shop"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.20.9.m4a"},{"number":538,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.20.10","source":"de zerk","translation":"tomb-stone","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"zerk","gloss":"tomb-stone"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.20.10.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 41: Other parts of speech used substantively","teaching":[{"title":"Other words used as nouns","paragraphs":["Other kinds of words, and even whole expressions, can be used as nouns.","Het schone is the beautiful. Het lezen is reading. Het waarom is the reason why. Het voor en tegen is pro and con. Mijn eigen ik is my own self."]}],"lines":[{"number":539,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.21.1","source":"het schone","translation":"the beautiful","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"schone","gloss":"the beautiful"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.21.1.m4a"},{"number":540,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.21.2","source":"mijn eigen ik","translation":"my own self","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"eigen","gloss":"own"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.21.2.m4a"},{"number":541,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.21.3","source":"het lezen","translation":"reading","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"lezen","gloss":"to read"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.21.3.m4a"},{"number":542,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.21.4","source":"het waarom","translation":"the reason why","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"waarom","gloss":"the reason why"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.21.4.m4a"},{"number":543,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.21.5","source":"het voor en tegen","translation":"pro and con","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"tegen","gloss":"against; to"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.21.5.m4a"},{"number":544,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.21.6","source":"het ach en wee","translation":"woe","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"ach","gloss":"ah"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"wee","gloss":"woe"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.21.6.m4a"},{"number":545,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.21.7","source":"het ken uzelf","translation":"self-knowledge","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"ken","gloss":"self-knowledge"},{"text":"uzelf","gloss":"self-knowledge"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.21.7.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 41: Adjectives used substantively","teaching":[{"title":"Adjectives used as nouns","paragraphs":["Some adjectives used as nouns have become real nouns. De dode is a dead person. De heilige is a saint. De vrek is a miser.","Some name a group and take no article. Het goed is goods. Het vuil is dirt.","Names of colours work this way. Het blauw is blue. Het rood is red. Het zwart is black.","A few occur only with a diminutive ending. Een nieuwtje is a novelty. So do coin names: een dubbeltje is ten cents."]},{"title":"Adjectives used substantively","paragraphs":["Also the numerals denoting a coin, though the guilder itself is now the euro:","Een dubbeltje ten cents, een kwartje twenty-five cents, een tientje ten euros."]}],"lines":[{"number":546,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.22.1","source":"de dode","translation":"dead person","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"dode","gloss":"dead person"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.22.1.m4a"},{"number":547,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.22.2","source":"de gulden","translation":"guilder","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"gulden","gloss":"guilder"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.22.2.m4a"},{"number":548,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.22.3","source":"de jongen","translation":"boy","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"jongen","gloss":"boy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.22.3.m4a"},{"number":549,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.22.4","source":"de schijndode","translation":"one apparently dead","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"schijndode","gloss":"one apparently dead"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.22.4.m4a"},{"number":550,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.22.5","source":"de zot","translation":"fool","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"zot","gloss":"fool"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.22.5.m4a"},{"number":551,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.22.6","source":"het wit","translation":"aim","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"wit","gloss":"aim"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.22.6.m4a"},{"number":552,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.22.7","source":"het jong","translation":"young one","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"jong","gloss":"young"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.22.7.m4a"},{"number":553,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.22.8","source":"het goed","translation":"goods","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"goed","gloss":"goods"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.22.8.m4a"},{"number":554,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.22.9","source":"het ongelijk","translation":"wrong","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"ongelijk","gloss":"wrong"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.22.9.m4a"},{"number":555,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.22.10","source":"het blauw","translation":"blue","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"blauw","gloss":"blue"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.22.10.m4a"},{"number":556,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.22.11","source":"het rood","translation":"red","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"rood","gloss":"red"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.22.11.m4a"},{"number":557,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.22.12","source":"een bittertje","translation":"a glass of bitters","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"bittertje","gloss":"a glass of bitters"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.22.12.m4a"},{"number":558,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.22.13","source":"een nieuwtje","translation":"a novelty","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"nieuwtje","gloss":"a novelty"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.22.13.m4a"},{"number":559,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.22.14","source":"een kwartje","translation":"twenty-five cents","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"kwartje","gloss":"twenty-five cents"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.22.14.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 41: Infinitives and imperatives used substantively","teaching":[{"title":"Infinitives and imperatives as nouns","paragraphs":["An infinitive can be used as a noun. Het vermoeden is a supposition. Het gevoelen is an opinion. Both also have a plural.","The plural of het leven is levens, and it means a biography.","A few nouns are built from an imperative. Het vergeet-mij-nietje is a forget-me-not. Het kruidje-roer-mij-niet is a sensitive plant."]}],"lines":[{"number":560,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.23.1","source":"het vermoeden","translation":"supposition","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"vermoeden","gloss":"guess at"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.23.1.m4a"},{"number":561,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.23.2","source":"het gevoelen","translation":"opinion","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"gevoelen","gloss":"opinion"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.23.2.m4a"},{"number":562,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.23.3","source":"de levens","translation":"biography","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"levens","gloss":"biography"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.23.3.m4a"},{"number":563,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.23.4","source":"het kruidje-roer-mij-niet","translation":"sensitive plant","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"kruidje-roer-mij-niet","gloss":"sensitive plant"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.23.4.m4a"},{"number":564,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.23.5","source":"het vergeet-mij-nietje","translation":"forget-me-not","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"vergeet-mij-nietje","gloss":"forget-me-not"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.23.5.m4a"},{"number":565,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.23.6","source":"de spring-in-'t-veld","translation":"wild spark","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"spring-in-'t-veld","gloss":"wild spark"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.23.6.m4a"},{"number":566,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.23.7","source":"een passe-partout","translation":"a master-key","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"passe-partout","gloss":"a master-key"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.23.7.m4a"},{"number":567,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.23.8","source":"een rendez-vous","translation":"a rendez-vous","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"rendez-vous","gloss":"a rendez-vous"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.23.8.m4a"},{"number":568,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.23.9","source":"een vol-au-vent","translation":"a meat-pie","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"vol-au-vent","gloss":"meat-pie"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.23.9.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 41: Obsolete present participles used substantively","teaching":[{"title":"Old participles as nouns","paragraphs":["Three nouns were once present participles that are now obsolete.","De vijand is an enemy, from vijen, to hate. De vriend is a friend, from vrijen, to love. De Heiland is the Saviour, from heilen, to save."]}],"lines":[{"number":569,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.24.1","source":"de Heiland","translation":"Saviour","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Heiland","gloss":"Heiland"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.24.1.m4a"},{"number":570,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.24.2","source":"de vijand","translation":"enemy","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vijand","gloss":"enemy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.24.2.m4a"},{"number":571,"id":"val.nl.L41.x.24.3","source":"de vriend","translation":"friend","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vriend","gloss":"friend"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.x.24.3.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"De poppenkast (vervolg)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":572,"id":"val.nl.L41.r.0","source":"De poppenkast (vervolg)","translation":"The puppet show (continued)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"poppenkast","gloss":"puppet show"},{"text":"(vervolg)","gloss":"future"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.r.0.m4a"},{"number":573,"id":"val.nl.L41.r.1","source":"Op zij van het toneel stak een kromme ijzeren arm uit met een verroest blakertje aan het uiteinde; als het donker was, werd dat met een dun kaarsje erop naar voren gedraaid, en dat was verlichting genoeg.","translation":"At the side of the stage a bent iron arm stuck out with a rusty little lamp at the end; when it was dark, that was turned forward with a thin little candle on it, and that was light enough.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"toneel","gloss":"scene"},{"text":"stak","gloss":"to sting, to put"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"kromme","gloss":"bent"},{"text":"ijzeren","gloss":"iron"},{"text":"arm","gloss":"poor, poorer"},{"text":"uit","gloss":"out of, from"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"verroest","gloss":"rusty"},{"text":"blakertje","gloss":"little lamp"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"uiteinde;","gloss":"end"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"donker","gloss":"dark"},{"text":"was,","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"werd","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"dun","gloss":"thin"},{"text":"kaarsje","gloss":"little candle"},{"text":"erop","gloss":"on it"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"voren","gloss":"then"},{"text":"gedraaid,","gloss":"turning"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"verlichting","gloss":"relief"},{"text":"genoeg.","gloss":"enough"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.r.1.m4a"},{"number":574,"id":"val.nl.L41.r.2","source":"Ik weet ook niet waarvoor meer licht nodig was: wij wisten allen ten naaste bij wat er komen moest en konden het desnoods in het donker wel volgen.","translation":"I do not know either what more light was needed for: we all knew roughly what was going to happen and could, if need be, follow it well enough in the dark.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"weet","gloss":"to know"},{"text":"ook","gloss":"also, likewise"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"waarvoor","gloss":"for which"},{"text":"meer","gloss":"more"},{"text":"licht","gloss":"light"},{"text":"nodig","gloss":"needed (nodig hebben: to need)"},{"text":"was:","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"wisten","gloss":"to know"},{"text":"allen","gloss":"all"},{"text":"ten","gloss":"in"},{"text":"naaste","gloss":"neighbor"},{"text":"bij","gloss":"with"},{"text":"wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"komen","gloss":"to come"},{"text":"moest","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"konden","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"desnoods","gloss":"if need be"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"donker","gloss":"dark"},{"text":"wel","gloss":"but"},{"text":"volgen.","gloss":"follow"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.r.2.m4a"},{"number":575,"id":"val.nl.L41.r.3","source":"Wat was die Jan Klaassen een kerel!","translation":"What a fellow that Jan Klaassen was!","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"Jan","gloss":"Jan"},{"text":"Klaassen","gloss":"Klaassen"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"kerel!","gloss":"fellow"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.r.3.m4a"},{"number":576,"id":"val.nl.L41.r.4","source":"Wat een gemakkelijkheid en losheid in zijn bewegingen!","translation":"What ease and looseness in his movements!","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"gemakkelijkheid","gloss":"ease"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"losheid","gloss":"ease"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"bewegingen!","gloss":"movements"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.r.4.m4a"},{"number":577,"id":"val.nl.L41.r.5","source":"Wat kon hij die twee slappe benen met klompen met een onnavolgbare zwier over de rand van het toneel gooien!","translation":"How he could throw those two limp legs in clogs over the edge of the stage with an inimitable swagger!","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"kon","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"twee","gloss":"two"},{"text":"slappe","gloss":"limp"},{"text":"benen","gloss":"leg"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"klompen","gloss":"clogs"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"onnavolgbare","gloss":"inimitable"},{"text":"zwier","gloss":"swagger"},{"text":"over","gloss":"across, over"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"rand","gloss":"edge"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"toneel","gloss":"scene"},{"text":"gooien!","gloss":"throw"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.r.5.m4a"},{"number":578,"id":"val.nl.L41.r.6","source":"En die vlugheid en gevatheid, waarmee hij aan alle gevaren ontkwam!","translation":"And that quickness and wit with which he escaped every danger!","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"En","gloss":"and"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"vlugheid","gloss":"quickness"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"gevatheid,","gloss":"wit"},{"text":"waarmee","gloss":"with which"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"alle","gloss":"all"},{"text":"gevaren","gloss":"dangers"},{"text":"ontkwam!","gloss":"escaped (ontkomen)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.r.6.m4a"},{"number":579,"id":"val.nl.L41.r.7","source":"Of was het geen gevaar als Katrijn in de hoogste aanval van haar woede haar hoofd vooroverboog tussen de twee stijf overeindgezette poppenarmen en als een woedende bok op hem aanrende?","translation":"Or was it not dangerous when Katrijn, at the height of her rage, bent her head forward between the two stiffly upright puppet arms and charged at him like a furious goat?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Of","gloss":"or; 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Maar hoe kom je dan hier?","translation":"You were enlisted as a soldier of the Czar. How come you, then, to be here?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Jij","gloss":"you"},{"text":"werd","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"aangeworven","gloss":"enlisted"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"soldaat","gloss":"soldier"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"tsaar.","gloss":"Czar"},{"text":"Maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"hoe","gloss":"how"},{"text":"kom","gloss":"to come"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"hier?","gloss":"here"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.e114.i1.m4a"},{"number":781,"id":"val.nl.L41.e114.i2","source":"Ja, daar heb je het! Ik verzeker je dat de tsaar een grote vergissing beging toen hij mij als soldaat verlangde of wilde!","translation":"Ah, there it is! I assure you the Czar made a great mistake in wishing to have me for a soldier!","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ja,","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"daar","gloss":"as, since, because"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"het!","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"verzeker","gloss":"to assure"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"tsaar","gloss":"Czar"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"grote","gloss":"big, great"},{"text":"vergissing","gloss":"mistake"},{"text":"beging","gloss":"committed"},{"text":"toen","gloss":"as, when"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"soldaat","gloss":"soldier"},{"text":"verlangde","gloss":"to desire"},{"text":"of","gloss":"or; whether"},{"text":"wilde!","gloss":"to want, to wish"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.e114.i2.m4a"},{"number":782,"id":"val.nl.L41.e114.i3","source":"Ik ben inderdaad niet van het hout waarvan men helden maakt. Ik vond de dienst helemaal niet naar mijn smaak.","translation":"Indeed I am not of the sort of man to make a hero of. I found the service did not agree with me at all.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"ben","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"inderdaad","gloss":"indeed"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"hout","gloss":"wood"},{"text":"waarvan","gloss":"of which"},{"text":"men","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":"helden","gloss":"heroes"},{"text":"maakt.","gloss":"to make (weak)"},{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"vond","gloss":"to find"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"dienst","gloss":"service"},{"text":"helemaal","gloss":"entirely"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"smaak.","gloss":"taste"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.e114.i3.m4a"},{"number":783,"id":"val.nl.L41.e114.i4","source":"Ik moest mijn arme moeder en Catharina verlaten. Ik werd hierheen gecommandeerd, dan weer daarheen, harde woorden, harde slagen.","translation":"I had to leave my poor mother and Catharina. I was ordered here, ordered there, hard words, hard blows.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"moest","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"arme","gloss":"poor"},{"text":"moeder","gloss":"the mother"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"Catharina","gloss":"Catharina"},{"text":"verlaten.","gloss":"left"},{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"werd","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"hierheen","gloss":"this way"},{"text":"gecommandeerd,","gloss":"command"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"weer","gloss":"again"},{"text":"daarheen,","gloss":"there"},{"text":"harde","gloss":"loud"},{"text":"woorden,","gloss":"words"},{"text":"harde","gloss":"loud"},{"text":"slagen.","gloss":"succeed"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.e114.i4.m4a"},{"number":784,"id":"val.nl.L41.e114.i5","source":"Op een bitter koude ochtend in december werd ik om drie uur opgeroepen om op een hoge winderige wal in de sneeuw de wacht te betrekken.","translation":"One bitter cold morning in December I was called up at three o'clock to mount guard on a high windy rampart in the snow.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"bitter","gloss":"bitterly"},{"text":"koude","gloss":"cold"},{"text":"ochtend","gloss":"morning"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"december","gloss":"december"},{"text":"werd","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"om","gloss":"smile at"},{"text":"drie","gloss":"three"},{"text":"uur","gloss":"hour"},{"text":"opgeroepen","gloss":"summoned"},{"text":"om","gloss":"smile at"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"hoge","gloss":"high"},{"text":"winderige","gloss":"windy"},{"text":"wal","gloss":"shore"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"sneeuw","gloss":"snow"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"wacht","gloss":"is waiting"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"betrekken.","gloss":"occupy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.e114.i5.m4a"},{"number":785,"id":"val.nl.L41.e114.i6","source":"Ik moest echt lopen om niet te bevriezen, en, kun je het geloven, ik merkte uiteindelijk dat ik aan het lopen was op een afstand van vijf mijl van de buitenposten!","translation":"I really had to walk in order to keep myself from being frozen, and, would you believe it, I found myself at last walking five leagues away from the outposts!","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"moest","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"echt","gloss":"real"},{"text":"lopen","gloss":"to walk"},{"text":"om","gloss":"smile at"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"bevriezen,","gloss":"freeze"},{"text":"en,","gloss":"and"},{"text":"kun","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"geloven,","gloss":"to believe"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"merkte","gloss":"noticed"},{"text":"uiteindelijk","gloss":"at last"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"lopen","gloss":"to walk"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"afstand","gloss":"distance"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"vijf","gloss":"five"},{"text":"mijl","gloss":"miles"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"buitenposten!","gloss":"outpost"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.e114.i6.m4a"},{"number":786,"id":"val.nl.L41.e114.i7","source":"Dat wil zeggen, jij was gedeserteerd?","translation":"That is to say, you are a deserter.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"wil","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"zeggen,","gloss":"to say"},{"text":"jij","gloss":"you"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"gedeserteerd?","gloss":"deserted"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.e114.i7.m4a"},{"number":787,"id":"val.nl.L41.e114.i8","source":"Zo, is dat deserteren? Ik was er zelf ook bang voor.","translation":"Is that being a deserter? I had my own fears that it was.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zo,","gloss":"so, as"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"deserteren?","gloss":"deserting"},{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"zelf","gloss":"self"},{"text":"ook","gloss":"also, likewise"},{"text":"bang","gloss":"afraid"},{"text":"voor.","gloss":"for"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.e114.i8.m4a"},{"number":788,"id":"val.nl.L41.e114.i9","source":"Goede vriend, weet jij wel dat jij de kogel krijgt, als je ontdekt wordt?","translation":"My good fellow, do you know that if you be discovered you will be shot?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Goede","gloss":"the good, what is good"},{"text":"vriend,","gloss":"friend"},{"text":"weet","gloss":"to know"},{"text":"jij","gloss":"you"},{"text":"wel","gloss":"but"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"jij","gloss":"you"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"kogel","gloss":"bullet"},{"text":"krijgt,","gloss":"to get; honger krijgen: to become hungry"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"ontdekt","gloss":"discovered"},{"text":"wordt?","gloss":"to become, to get"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.e114.i9.m4a"},{"number":789,"id":"val.nl.L41.e114.i10","source":"Die gedachte kwam vaak bij me op; en zo vond ik het verstandig een beetje verder te gaan, en ik maakte gebruik van de weg naar Saardam, en zo ben ik hier.","translation":"That idea frequently occurred to me; so I thought it wise to go on a little further, and I made the best of my way to Saardam, and here I am.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"gedachte","gloss":"thought"},{"text":"kwam","gloss":"to come"},{"text":"vaak","gloss":"often"},{"text":"bij","gloss":"with"},{"text":"me","gloss":"me"},{"text":"op;","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"zo","gloss":"so, as"},{"text":"vond","gloss":"to find"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"verstandig","gloss":"sensible"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"beetje","gloss":"little"},{"text":"verder","gloss":"further"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"gaan,","gloss":"to go"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"maakte","gloss":"to make (weak)"},{"text":"gebruik","gloss":"custom"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"weg","gloss":"away; road"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"Saardam,","gloss":"Saardam"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"zo","gloss":"so, as"},{"text":"ben","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"hier.","gloss":"here"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.e114.i10.m4a"},{"number":790,"id":"val.nl.L41.e114.i11","source":"Zo, nu ken je mijn geheim, en ik geloof je te kunnen vertrouwen, want ik heb zo'n idee dat jij je in een soortgelijke verlegenheid bevindt als ik.","translation":"So now you know my secret, and I think I may trust you; for I have an idea that you are yourself in some scrape of the same sort.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zo,","gloss":"so, as"},{"text":"nu","gloss":"now, at present"},{"text":"ken","gloss":"know"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"geheim,","gloss":"secret"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"geloof","gloss":"to believe"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"kunnen","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"vertrouwen,","gloss":"confidence"},{"text":"want","gloss":"for, because"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"zo'n","gloss":"such a"},{"text":"idee","gloss":"idea"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"jij","gloss":"you"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"soortgelijke","gloss":"similar"},{"text":"verlegenheid","gloss":"an awkward position"},{"text":"bevindt","gloss":"found"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"ik.","gloss":"I"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.e114.i11.m4a"},{"number":791,"id":"val.nl.L41.e114.i12","source":"Ik een deserteur! De ongerijmdheid zelf!","translation":"I a deserter! most absurd!","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"deserteur!","gloss":"deserter"},{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"ongerijmdheid","gloss":"absurdity"},{"text":"zelf!","gloss":"self"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.e114.i12.m4a"},{"number":792,"id":"val.nl.L41.e114.i13","source":"Wel, ik heb altijd de indruk gehad dat er iets geheimzinnigs aan jou was.","translation":"Well, I have always felt there was some mystery about you.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wel,","gloss":"but"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"altijd","gloss":"always"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"indruk","gloss":"impression"},{"text":"gehad","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"iets","gloss":"something"},{"text":"geheimzinnigs","gloss":"mysterious"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"jou","gloss":"you"},{"text":"was.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.e114.i13.m4a"},{"number":793,"id":"val.nl.L41.e114.i14","source":"Maar als jij naar huis terugkeert, zul je mijn geheim voor je houden, is het niet? Want als een van de agenten van de tsaar mijn geschiedenis wist, zou het slecht met mij kunnen aflopen.","translation":"But when you return home you will keep my secret? for if any of the Czar's agents knew my story, it might be a serious matter for me.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"jij","gloss":"you"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"huis","gloss":"house"},{"text":"terugkeert,","gloss":"returned"},{"text":"zul","gloss":"will"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"geheim","gloss":"secret"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"houden,","gloss":"to keep"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"niet?","gloss":"not"},{"text":"Want","gloss":"for, because"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"agenten","gloss":"agents"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"tsaar","gloss":"Czar"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"geschiedenis","gloss":"story"},{"text":"wist,","gloss":"to know"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"slecht","gloss":"bad"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"kunnen","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"aflopen.","gloss":"finished"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.e114.i14.m4a"},{"number":794,"id":"val.nl.L41.e114.i15","source":"De tsaar zal er nooit meer van weten dan hij er op dit moment van weet, als ik er iets aan kan doen.","translation":"The Czar shall never know more of it than he does at this moment, if I can prevent it.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"tsaar","gloss":"Czar"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"nooit","gloss":"never"},{"text":"meer","gloss":"more"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"weten","gloss":"to know"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"dit","gloss":"this"},{"text":"moment","gloss":"moment"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"weet,","gloss":"to know"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"iets","gloss":"something"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"kan","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"doen.","gloss":"to do"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.e114.i15.m4a"},{"number":795,"id":"val.nl.L41.e114.i16","source":"Maar hij heeft een eigenaardige manier, zegt men, om achter allerlei soort van dingen te komen.","translation":"But he has a queer way, they say, of finding out all sorts of things.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"heeft","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"eigenaardige","gloss":"peculiar"},{"text":"manier,","gloss":"manner"},{"text":"zegt","gloss":"to say"},{"text":"men,","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":"om","gloss":"smile at"},{"text":"achter","gloss":"behind"},{"text":"allerlei","gloss":"all manner of"},{"text":"soort","gloss":"kind"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"dingen","gloss":"things"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"komen.","gloss":"to come"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.e114.i16.m4a"},{"number":796,"id":"val.nl.L41.e114.i17","source":"Wat een hardvochtige, wrede man, om een wet te maken dat een arme drommel doodgeschoten moet worden, omdat hij geen aanleg heeft voor de krijgsdienst!","translation":"What a hard, cruel man, to make a law that a poor fellow must be shot, because he has no talent for soldiering!","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"hardvochtige,","gloss":"hard-hearted"},{"text":"wrede","gloss":"cruelly"},{"text":"man,","gloss":"man; husband"},{"text":"om","gloss":"smile at"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"wet","gloss":"law"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"maken","gloss":"to make (weak)"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"arme","gloss":"poor"},{"text":"drommel","gloss":"the deuce"},{"text":"doodgeschoten","gloss":"shot dead"},{"text":"moet","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"worden,","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"omdat","gloss":"because"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"geen","gloss":"no, not a"},{"text":"aanleg","gloss":"disposition, talent"},{"text":"heeft","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"krijgsdienst!","gloss":"military service"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.e114.i17.m4a"},{"number":797,"id":"val.nl.L41.e114.i18","source":"Kom, spreek geen kwaad van de tsaar. Ik zou met genoegen iedereen op zijn gezicht slaan die kwaad van hem sprak;","translation":"Come, don't abuse our Czar. I would willingly fight any man who speaks evil of him;","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Kom,","gloss":"to come"},{"text":"spreek","gloss":"speak"},{"text":"geen","gloss":"no, not a"},{"text":"kwaad","gloss":"evil"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"tsaar.","gloss":"Czar"},{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"genoegen","gloss":"pleasure"},{"text":"iedereen","gloss":"everyone"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"gezicht","gloss":"sight"},{"text":"slaan","gloss":"to beat"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"kwaad","gloss":"evil"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"sprak;","gloss":"to speak"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.e114.i18.m4a"},{"number":798,"id":"val.nl.L41.e114.i19","source":"en al heb ik geen zin om in zijn leger te dienen, toch komt vaak de wens bij mij op om hem op een andere manier van dienst te kunnen zijn.","translation":"and though I have no desire to serve in his army, I often wish I were serving him in some other way.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"al","gloss":"already"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"geen","gloss":"no, not a"},{"text":"zin","gloss":"sense"},{"text":"om","gloss":"smile at"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"leger","gloss":"the army"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"dienen,","gloss":"to serve"},{"text":"toch","gloss":"indeed, after all (here: 'I did warn you, after all')"},{"text":"komt","gloss":"to come"},{"text":"vaak","gloss":"often"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"wens","gloss":"wish"},{"text":"bij","gloss":"with"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"om","gloss":"smile at"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"andere","gloss":"other"},{"text":"manier","gloss":"manner"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"dienst","gloss":"service"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"kunnen","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"zijn.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.e114.i19.m4a"},{"number":799,"id":"val.nl.L41.e114.i20","source":"Denk eraan, oude jongen, jij bent de enige sterveling aan wie ik mijn geheim verteld heb.","translation":"Remember, old comrade, you are the only mortal to whom I have told my secret.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Denk","gloss":"think"},{"text":"eraan,","gloss":"of it"},{"text":"oude","gloss":"old"},{"text":"jongen,","gloss":"boy"},{"text":"jij","gloss":"you"},{"text":"bent","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"enige","gloss":"only (het enige: the only thing)"},{"text":"sterveling","gloss":"mortal, mortals"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"wie","gloss":"who"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"geheim","gloss":"secret"},{"text":"verteld","gloss":"told"},{"text":"heb.","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.e114.i20.m4a"},{"number":800,"id":"val.nl.L41.e114.i21","source":"Je kunt me vertrouwen; ik zal je nooit verraden, en op een dag, wie weet wat er nog gebeurt, zou ik nog wel eens in staat kunnen zijn je te bewijzen dat ik je vriend ben.","translation":"Trust me; I shall never betray you, and some day, who knows what may happen, I may be able to prove myself your friend.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"kunt","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"me","gloss":"me"},{"text":"vertrouwen;","gloss":"confidence"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"nooit","gloss":"never"},{"text":"verraden,","gloss":"betray"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"dag,","gloss":"day"},{"text":"wie","gloss":"who"},{"text":"weet","gloss":"to know"},{"text":"wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"nog","gloss":"still, yet; another"},{"text":"gebeurt,","gloss":"happens"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"nog","gloss":"still, yet; another"},{"text":"wel","gloss":"but"},{"text":"eens","gloss":"once, one day"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"staat","gloss":"stands; state"},{"text":"kunnen","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"bewijzen","gloss":"to prove; proofs"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"vriend","gloss":"friend"},{"text":"ben.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L41.e114.i21.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 42: Adjectives formed by vowel-change","teaching":[{"title":"Adjectives from strong verbs","paragraphs":["Some adjectives grew directly from the root of a strong verb. Blank, white, comes from blinken. Brak, brackish, comes from breken.","The list groups these adjectives by the class of their verb. Each entry gives the verb, then the adjective, then the English.","Laag, low, comes from liggen. Vlug, quick, comes from vliegen. In each entry, look for the verb behind the adjective."]}],"lines":[{"number":801,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.1.1","source":"blank","translation":"white","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"blank","gloss":"white"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.1.1.m4a"},{"number":802,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.1.2","source":"slank","translation":"slender","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"slank","gloss":"slender"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.1.2.m4a"},{"number":803,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.1.3","source":"brak","translation":"brackish","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"brak","gloss":"to break"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.1.3.m4a"},{"number":804,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.1.4","source":"hol","translation":"hollow","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"hol","gloss":"den"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.1.4.m4a"},{"number":805,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.1.5","source":"bekwaam","translation":"capable","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"bekwaam","gloss":"capable"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.1.5.m4a"},{"number":806,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.1.6","source":"aangenaam","translation":"agreeable","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"aangenaam","gloss":"agreeable, pleasant"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.1.6.m4a"},{"number":807,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.1.7","source":"stuk","translation":"broken","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"stuk","gloss":"piece"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.1.7.m4a"},{"number":808,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.1.8","source":"gaaf","translation":"sound","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"gaaf","gloss":"gift"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.1.8.m4a"},{"number":809,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.1.9","source":"laag","translation":"low","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"laag","gloss":"layer"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.1.9.m4a"},{"number":810,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.1.10","source":"bitter","translation":"bitter","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"bitter","gloss":"bitter"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.1.10.m4a"},{"number":811,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.1.11","source":"bleek","translation":"pale","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"bleek","gloss":"to appear"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.1.11.m4a"},{"number":812,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.1.12","source":"dicht","translation":"close","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"dicht","gloss":"close"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.1.12.m4a"},{"number":813,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.1.13","source":"dik","translation":"thick","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"dik","gloss":"thick"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.1.13.m4a"},{"number":814,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.1.14","source":"rijzig","translation":"tall","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"rijzig","gloss":"tall"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.1.14.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":646,"text":"Adjectives formed by vowel-change\n\nJust as with the nouns, some adjectives arose directly from the root of a strong verb.\n\nI. Class. Blinken: blank white; slinken: slank slender.\nII. Class. Breken: brak brackish; helen: hol hollow; komen: bekwaam capable; nemen: aangenaam agreeable; steken: stuk broken.\nIII. Class. Geven: gaaf sound; liggen: laag low.\nIV. Class. Bijten: bitter bitter; blijken: bleek pale; dijen: dicht close, dik thick; rijzen: rijzig tall; slijten: sleets wearing away soon.\nV. Class. Vliegen: vlug quick; (ver)liezen: los loose, loos empty.\nVI. Class. Malen: mul loose (mul zand).\n\nA few from the list\nblank                white\nslank                slender\nbrak                 brackish\nhol                  hollow\nbekwaam              capable\naangenaam            agreeable\nstuk                 broken\ngaaf                 sound\nlaag                 low\nbitter               bitter"},{"section":647,"text":"The adjective-forming suffixes\n\nThe suffixes, by means of which adjectives are formed, are: -en, -ig or -erig, -isch or -sch."},{"section":648,"text":"The suffix -en for materials\n\nThe suffix -en forms from names of materials adjectives denoting the material a thing is made of.\n\nGaren of yarn, gouden or gulden gold(en), houten wooden, ijzeren iron, koperen copper, linnen linen, loden leaden, zilveren silver."},{"section":649,"text":"The suffixes -ig, -erig\n\nAdjectives with -ig are derived from substantives: bestendig steady, bokkig surly, kippig near-sighted, lastig troublesome, machtig mighty, wettig lawful. Verbs: begerig covetous, geldig legal, nalatig negligent. Numerals, adjectives or participles: enig only, goedig good-natured, levendig lively. Adverbs: innig cordial, nederig humble, vorig former.\n\nDerivatives with -erig generally have an unfavourable meaning: beverig shaky, slaperig sleepy, stoterig jerky, weelderig luxurious, winderig vain (cf. windig windy), zangerig melodious.\n\nAdjectives such as godsdienstig religious, staatkundig political, taalkundig philological are used strictly for persons, but they also occur in expressions such as: een godsdienstige beweging a religious movement, op staatkundig gebied in politics, een taalkundig tijdschrift a philological periodical.\n\nA few from the list\nbestendig            steady\nbokkig               surly\nkippig               near-sighted\nlastig               troublesome\nmachtig              mighty\nwettig               lawful\nbegerig              covetous\ngeldig               legal\nnalatig              negligent\nenig                 only"},{"section":650,"text":"The suffix -isch\n\nThe suffix -isch occurs: In the Dutch adjectives: afgodisch idolatrous and wettisch sticking slavishly to the law. In derivatives from foreign words: geografisch geographical, grammatisch grammatical, mathematisch mathematical. In derivatives from names of countries, cities or nations: Frankisch, Moscovisch, Pruisisch, Russisch, Saksisch. In all other derivatives i is dropped; they have the suffix -s: Beiers Bavarian, Duits German, Fries Frisian."},{"section":651,"text":"The suffix -sch\n\nAdjectives with -s denote: A relation with the principal word. Hoofs courtly, steeds townish, trots haughty. The genitive form of the principal word. Boers clownish, vaderlands patriotic. The material things are made of. Duffels duffel, lakens (of) cloth, neteldoeks (of) muslin. From the names of the days of the week are formed: zondags, maandags, dinsdags etc. Derivatives from adverbs ending in s have s doubled to sh in writing no longer, they simply add s: daags from (des) daags daily, vergeefs from vergeefs vain etc."},{"section":652,"text":"Formation of adjectives by composition: obsolete particles, now prefixes\n\nThe old particles ge, on, aarts are now used as prefixes. The prefix be in the adjectives bekwaam able, bereid ready, bestand proof etc. belongs to the verb from which they have been derived. Bewust (conscious of) has been borrowed from the German."},{"section":653,"text":"The prefix ge- for adjectives\n\nGe originally signified together, as in gelijk equal. Now it has lost much of its meaning; often it has a strengthening force only.\n\nGestreng or streng severe, getrouw or trouw faithful, gewillig or willig willing, gewis or wis sure; cf.: dienstig useful, gedienstig officious."},{"section":654,"text":"The prefix on-\n\nOn denotes a negation.\n\nOnbreekbaar unbreakable, onhandig clumsy, ondiep shallow.\n\nIn some compounds with on the principal words have gone out of use.\n\nOnguur rough, onnozel silly, onstuimig impetuous, ondeugend naughty."},{"section":655,"text":"The prefix aarts-\n\nAarts is put before some adjectives to denote a bad quality in its highest degree.\n\nAartsdom extremely stupid, aartslui exceedingly lazy; cf.: aartsvaderlijk patriarchal."},{"section":656,"text":"Obsolete particles, now suffixes\n\nThe obsolete particles which are now used as suffixes are: achtig, haftig, achtig, baar, lijk, loos, zaam."},{"section":657,"text":"Achtig (accented) and haftig\n\nAchtig (accented) and haftig signify the having or possessing of what the primitive word denotes.\n\nDeelachtig participating, twijfelachtig doubtful, waarachtig true; ernstig grave, heldhaftig heroic, manhaftig manly."},{"section":658,"text":"The unaccented suffix -achtig\n\nAdjectives with the unaccented achtig (= acht + ig) are formed: From substantives, denoting resemblance: beestachtig beastly, ezelachtig stupid, kinderachtig childish, olieachtig oily, steenachtig stony. From adjectives, denoting the form or colour: groenachtig greenish, oudachtig oldish, zwartachtig blackish. From the root of a verb, denoting an inclination: schrikachtig easily frightened, snoepachtig lickerish, spotachtig jeering, mocking."},{"section":659,"text":"The suffix -baar\n\nBaar signifies bearing in oneself, producing. Adjectives with baar are formed from substantives or from roots of verbs.\n\nDankbaar thankful, eerbaar honest, vruchtbaar fertile, kostbaar costly, schijnbaar apparent; deelbaar divisible, draagbaar portable, rekbaar extensible, zichtbaar visible."},{"section":660,"text":"The suffix -lijk\n\nLijk signifies origin, resemblance or agreement. Adjectives with lijk are formed: From substantives: lichamelijk bodily, menselijk human, zedelijk moral. From adjectives: goelijk kindly, liefelijk charming, ouwelijk oldish. From adverbs: achterlijk backward, innerlijk inward, uiterlijk outward. From roots of verbs: beminnelijk amiable, sterfelijk mortal, vermakelijk diverting.\n\nVerbal roots with lijk are not to be confused with those composed with baar: draaglijk supportable or tolerable, draagbaar portable or wearable; onverbrekelijk is something which must not be violated, onverbreekbaar something which cannot be violated; verkieslijk preferable, verkiesbaar eligible.\n\nA few from the list\nlichamelijk          bodily\nmenselijk            human\nzedelijk             moral\ngoelijk              kindly\nliefelijk            charming\nouwelijk             oldish\nachterlijk           backward\ninnerlijk            inward\nuiterlijk            outward\nbeminnelijk          amiable"},{"section":661,"text":"The suffix -loos\n\nLoos signifies deprived or devoid of.\n\nEerloos infamous, hulpeloos helpless, reddeloos irrecoverable, werkloos inactive, zielloos inanimate; also goddeloos wicked, impious."},{"section":662,"text":"The suffix -zaam\n\nZaam denotes a relation, resemblance, an equality.\n\nBedachtzaam considerate, eerzaam honourable, heilzaam salutary, langzaam slow, zorgzaam careful, buigzaam flexible, gehoorzaam obedient, lijdzaam patient."},{"section":663,"text":"Compounds with a noun that are not true compounds\n\nAdjectives compounded with a noun are not real compounds if the noun has a declension-ending, or if both words may also be used separately, such as: achtingswaardig or achtenswaardig respectable, eervol (= vol eer) honourable, lofwaardig (= lof waardig) praise-worthy."},{"section":664,"text":"Real compounds with nouns\n\nThe real compounds with nouns denote several relations with the primitive word.\n\nBomvrij (= vrij voor bommen) bomb-proof, schaduwrijk (= rijk aan schaduw) shady, schijnheilig (= heilig in schijn) hypocritical, stokoud (= te oud om zonder stok te lopen) very old, zeeziek (= ziek van de zee) sea-sick.\n\nSome compounds denote a quality which is already expressed by the adjective itself.\n\nGrasgroen grass-green, ijzersterk strong as iron, melkwit milk-white, reuzegroot gigantic, rozerood rose-coloured, steenhard as hard as stone, stokdoof stone-deaf; and with an inserted s: doodsbleek deadly pale, hemelsblauw sky-blue."},{"section":665,"text":"The suffix -matig\n\nAdjectives with matig denote a conformity to what is expressed by the noun.\n\nDoelmatig suitable to, instinctmatig instinctively, kunstmatig artificial, plichtmatig attentive to one's duty, rechtmatig lawful, regelmatig regular, toneelmatig theatrical."},{"section":666,"text":"Compounds with vol\n\nNearly all the compounds with vol (full, cf.: hoopvol hopeful) are rendered in English by other words.\n\nBerouwvol repentant, eervol honourable, gevaarvol hazardous, gevoelvol heart-felt, liefdevol charitable, talentvol talented, troostvol consoling."},{"section":667,"text":"Two adjectives compounded together\n\nTwo adjectives always form real compounds. The qualifying part denotes the degree of the quality or it adds a completing qualification to the primitive word.\n\nAlleen alone, almachtig almighty, langdurig lasting, menigvuldig manifold, voltallig complete; also blauwzwart blue-black, donkerrood or hoogrood dark-red, grijsgroen gray-green, lichtgroen light-green, vaalwit pale white.\n\nAs titles were used: Edelachtbaar honourable, (Uw) Edelgrootachtbare most worthy, Edelgeboren noble; these forms of address are historical and no longer used."},{"section":668,"text":"Adjective compounded with the root of a verb\n\nSome adjectives are compounded with the root of a verb.\n\nFonkelnieuw bran-new, kakelbont motley, merkwaardig remarkable, weetgierig inquisitive; beminnenswaardig amiable, betreurenswaardig deplorable, dankenswaardig thank-worthy, deerniswaardig pitiable.\n\nSuch with ziek have an unfavourable meaning.\n\nBabbelziek talkative, behaagziek coquettish, twistziek quarrelsome, vitziek cavilling etc."},{"section":669,"text":"Adjectives with adverbs\n\nWel: welzalig blessed, and in older titles: Weledel honourable, Weledelgeboren right honourable, Weleerwaard or Zeereerwaard reverend (forms of address now confined to very formal or ecclesiastical letters).\n\nCompounds with the accented particles door, in, over denote the highest degree of the signification of the adjective.\n\nDoorgoed extremely good-natured, doorkoud very cold, doornat wet through, doorrijp thoroughly ripe; inbitter very bitter, inbruin very brown, inschoon most beautiful; overaardig very pretty, overoud very old, overvol over-full."},{"section":670,"text":"Adjectives compounded after derivation\n\nSome adjectives are compounded after having been derived by means of the suffixes -ig and -s.\n\nRechtvaardig just, viervoetig quadruped, zwartharig black-haired; alledaags quotidian, daily, onderaards subterraneous, vierdraads four-thread."},{"section":671,"text":"Substantives used adjectively\n\nA few substantives are used as adjectives. Meester in the expression meester zijn, to be in possession of; vrede in the compound tevreden, content, and in the negation ontevreden, discontented. Also words derived from geographical names by means of -er: Haarlemmer, Leipziger etc."},{"section":672,"text":"Participles used adjectively\n\nThe number of participles used as adjectives is much greater, as we have already seen in Lesson 33. After the analogy of past participles formed from substantival verbs, adjectives have been formed directly from substantives by means of d or t.\n\nGebloemd flowered, gedast with a necktie, geharnast in armour, gelaarsd en gespoord booted and spurred, genaamd called, gerokt with a dress-coat.\n\nSuch words may still be qualified by an adjective or by an adverb.\n\nBreedgeschouderd broad-shouldered, snelgewiekt fast-winged, witgedast with a white necktie, zwartgerokt with a black dress-coat; bijgenaamd surnamed."},{"section":673,"text":"Derivatives from geographical names\n\nThe following derivatives (nouns and adjectives) from much used geographical names should be noticed.\n\nAbyssinië         Abyssinia\nde Abyssiniër     Abyssinia (an inhabitant)\nAbyssinisch       Abyssinia (adjective)\nAfrika            Africa\nde Afrikaan       Africa (an inhabitant)\nAfrikaans         Africa (adjective)\nAlbanië           Albania\nde Albanees       Albania (an inhabitant)\nAlbanisch         Albania (adjective)\nAlexandrië        Alexandria\nde Alexandriër    Alexandria (an inhabitant)\nAlexandrijns      Alexandria (adjective)\nAlgiers           Algiers\nde Algerijn       Algiers (an inhabitant)\nAlgerijns         Algiers (adjective)\nAmerika           America\nde Amerikaan      America (an inhabitant)\nAmerikaans        America (adjective)\nArabië            Arabia\nde Arabier        Arabia (an inhabitant)\nArabisch          Arabia (adjective)\nAthene            Athens\nde Athener        Athens (an inhabitant)\nAtheens           Athens (adjective)\nAustralië         Australia\nde Australiër     Australia (an inhabitant)\nAustralisch       Australia (adjective)\nBatavia           Batavia\nde Batavier       Batavia (an inhabitant)\nBataviaans        Batavia (adjective)\nBeieren           Bavaria\nde Beier          Bavaria (an inhabitant)\nBeiers            Bavaria (adjective)\nBelgië            Belgium\nde Belg           Belgium (an inhabitant)\nBelgisch          Belgium (adjective)\nBerlijn           Berlin\nde Berlijner      Berlin (an inhabitant)\nBerlijns          Berlin (adjective)\nBohemen           Bohemia\nde Bohemer        Bohemia (an inhabitant)\nBoheems           Bohemia (adjective)\nBrazilië          Brazil\nde Braziliaan     Brazil (an inhabitant)\nBraziliaans       Brazil (adjective)\nGroot-Brittannië  Britain\nde Brit           Britain (an inhabitant)\nBrits             Britain (adjective)\nBulgarije         Bulgaria\nde Bulgaar        Bulgaria (an inhabitant)\nBulgaars          Bulgaria (adjective)\nChina             China\nde Chinees        China (an inhabitant)\nChinees           China (adjective)\nKeulen            Cologne\nde Keulenaar      Cologne (an inhabitant)\nKeuls             Cologne (adjective)\nDenemarken        Denmark\nde Deen           Denmark (an inhabitant)\nDeens             Denmark (adjective)\nDuitsland         Germany\nde Duitser        Germany (an inhabitant)\nDuits             Germany (adjective)\nOost-Indië        the East-Indies\nde Oost-Indiër    the East-Indies (an inhabitant)\nOostindisch       the East-Indies (adjective)\nEgypte            Egypt\nde Egyptenaar     Egypt (an inhabitant)\nEgyptisch         Egypt (adjective)\nEngeland          England\nde Engelsman      England (an inhabitant)\nEngels            England (adjective)\nEuropa            Europe\nde Europeaan      Europe (an inhabitant)\nEuropees          Europe (adjective)\nFrankrijk         France\nde Fransman       France (an inhabitant)\nFrans             France (adjective)\nVlaanderen        Flanders\nde Vlaming        Flanders (an inhabitant)\nVlaams            Flanders (adjective)\nFriesland         Friesland\nde Fries          Friesland (an inhabitant)\nFries             Friesland (adjective)\nGascogne          Gascony\nde Gasconjer      Gascony (an inhabitant)\nGasconisch        Gascony (adjective)\nGallië            Gaul\nde Gallier        Gaul (an inhabitant)\nGallisch          Gaul (adjective)\nGenua             Genoa\nde Genuees        Genoa (an inhabitant)\nGenuees           Genoa (adjective)\nGriekenland       Greece\nde Griek          Greece (an inhabitant)\nGrieks            Greece (adjective)\nHannover          Hanover\nde Hannoveraan    Hanover (an inhabitant)\nHannoveraans      Hanover (adjective)\nHolland           Holland\nde Hollander      Holland (an inhabitant)\nHollands          Holland (adjective)\nHongarije         Hungary\nde Hongaar        Hungary (an inhabitant)\nHongaars          Hungary (adjective)\nIerland           Ireland\nde Ier            Ireland (an inhabitant)\nIers              Ireland (adjective)\nJapan             Japan\nde Japanner       Japan (an inhabitant)\nJapans            Japan (adjective)\nJava              Java\nde Javaan         Java (an inhabitant)\nJavaans           Java (adjective)\nMalta             Malta\nde Maltezer       Malta (an inhabitant)\nMaltees           Malta (adjective)\nMilaan            Milan\nde Milanees       Milan (an inhabitant)\nMilanees          Milan (adjective)\nNapels            Naples\nde Napolitaan     Naples (an inhabitant)\nNapolitaans       Naples (adjective)\nNederland         the Netherlands\nde Nederlander    the Netherlands (an inhabitant)\nNederlands        the Netherlands (adjective)\nOostenrijk        Austria\nde Oostenrijker   Austria (an inhabitant)\nOostenrijks       Austria (adjective)\nParijs            Paris\nde Parijzenaar    Paris (an inhabitant)\nParijse           Paris (adjective)\nPerzië            Persia\nde Pers           Persia (an inhabitant)\nPerzisch          Persia (adjective)\nPortugal          Portugal\nde Portugees      Portugal (an inhabitant)\nPortugees         Portugal (adjective)\nPruisen           Prussia\nde Pruis          Prussia (an inhabitant)\nPruisisch         Prussia (adjective)\nRome              Rome\nde Romein         Rome (an inhabitant)\nRomeins           Rome (adjective)\nRusland           Russia\nde Rus            Russia (an inhabitant)\nRussisch          Russia (adjective)\nSaksen            Saxony\nde Saks           Saxony (an inhabitant)\nSaksisch          Saxony (adjective)\nSchotland         Scotland\nde Schot          Scotland (an inhabitant)\nSchots            Scotland (adjective)\nServië            Servia\nde Serviër        Servia (an inhabitant)\nServisch          Servia (adjective)\nSpanje            Spain\nde Spanjaard      Spain (an inhabitant)\nSpaans            Spain (adjective)\nTurkije           Turkey\nde Turk           Turkey (an inhabitant)\nTurks             Turkey (adjective)\nWenen             Vienna\nde Wener          Vienna (an inhabitant)\nWeens             Vienna (adjective)\nWestfalen         Westphalia\nde Westfaal       Westphalia (an inhabitant)\nWestfaals         Westphalia (adjective)\nWest-Indië        the West-Indies\nde West-Indiër    the West-Indies (an inhabitant)\nWestindisch       the West-Indies (adjective)\nZeeland           Zeeland\nde Zeeuw          Zeeland (an inhabitant)\nZeeuws            Zeeland (adjective)\nZwaben            Swabia\nde Zwaab          Swabia (an inhabitant)\nZwabisch          Swabia (adjective)\nZweden            Sweden\nde Zweed          Sweden (an inhabitant)\nZweeds            Sweden (adjective)\nZwitserland       Switzerland\nde Zwitser        Switzerland (an inhabitant)\nZwitsers          Switzerland (adjective)\n\nA few from the list\nAbyssinië            Abyssinia\nde Abyssiniër        Abyssinia (an inhabitant)\nAbyssinisch          Abyssinia (adjective)\nAfrika               Africa\nde Afrikaan          Africa (an inhabitant)\nAfrikaans            Africa (adjective)\nAlbanië              Albania\nde Albanees          Albania (an inhabitant)\nAlbanisch            Albania (adjective)\nAlexandrië           Alexandria"}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 42: The suffix -en for materials","teaching":[{"title":"En names the material","paragraphs":["The suffix en turns the name of a material into an adjective. The adjective says what a thing is made of.","Houten means wooden. Zilveren means silver. Ijzeren means iron. Linnen means linen.","Gouden and gulden both mean golden. Dutch has two forms for that one meaning."]}],"lines":[{"number":815,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.3.1","source":"garen","translation":"of yarn","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"garen","gloss":"of yarn"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.3.1.m4a"},{"number":816,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.3.2","source":"gouden","translation":"golden","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"gouden","gloss":"golden"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.3.2.m4a"},{"number":817,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.3.3","source":"gulden","translation":"golden","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"gulden","gloss":"guilder"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.3.3.m4a"},{"number":818,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.3.4","source":"houten","translation":"wooden","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"houten","gloss":"wooden"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.3.4.m4a"},{"number":819,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.3.5","source":"ijzeren","translation":"iron","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ijzeren","gloss":"iron"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.3.5.m4a"},{"number":820,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.3.6","source":"koperen","translation":"copper","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"koperen","gloss":"copper"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.3.6.m4a"},{"number":821,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.3.7","source":"linnen","translation":"linen","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"linnen","gloss":"linen"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.3.7.m4a"},{"number":822,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.3.8","source":"loden","translation":"leaden","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"loden","gloss":"leaden"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.3.8.m4a"},{"number":823,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.3.9","source":"zilveren","translation":"silver","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"zilveren","gloss":"silver"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.3.9.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 42: The suffixes -ig, -erig","teaching":[{"title":"Ig makes an adjective from many words","paragraphs":["The suffix ig builds adjectives from several kinds of word. The source can be a noun, a verb, a number, an adjective, a participle or an adverb.","Lastig, troublesome, comes from a noun. Geldig, legal, comes from a verb. Vorig, former, comes from an adverb."]},{"title":"Erig and the adjectives for persons","paragraphs":["The suffix erig generally gives an unfavourable meaning. Slaperig means sleepy. Stoterig means jerky. Beverig means shaky.","Some ig adjectives, such as godsdienstig, religious, and taalkundig, philological, are used strictly for persons.","They also occur in some expressions. Een godsdienstige beweging is a religious movement. Op staatkundig gebied means in politics."]},{"title":"The suffixes -ig, -erig","paragraphs":["Adjectives such as godsdienstig religious, staatkundig political, taalkundig philological are used strictly for persons, but they also occur in expressions such as: een godsdienstige beweging a religious movement, op staatkundig gebied in politics, een taalkundig tijdschrift a philological periodical."]}],"lines":[{"number":824,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.4.1","source":"bestendig","translation":"steady","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"bestendig","gloss":"steady"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.4.1.m4a"},{"number":825,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.4.2","source":"bokkig","translation":"surly","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"bokkig","gloss":"surly"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.4.2.m4a"},{"number":826,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.4.3","source":"kippig","translation":"near-sighted","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"kippig","gloss":"near-sighted"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.4.3.m4a"},{"number":827,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.4.4","source":"lastig","translation":"troublesome","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"lastig","gloss":"troublesome"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.4.4.m4a"},{"number":828,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.4.5","source":"machtig","translation":"mighty","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"machtig","gloss":"mighty"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.4.5.m4a"},{"number":829,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.4.6","source":"wettig","translation":"lawful","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"wettig","gloss":"lawful"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.4.6.m4a"},{"number":830,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.4.7","source":"begerig","translation":"covetous","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"begerig","gloss":"covetous"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.4.7.m4a"},{"number":831,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.4.8","source":"geldig","translation":"legal","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"geldig","gloss":"legal"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.4.8.m4a"},{"number":832,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.4.9","source":"nalatig","translation":"negligent","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"nalatig","gloss":"negligent"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.4.9.m4a"},{"number":833,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.4.10","source":"enig","translation":"only","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"enig","gloss":"only"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.4.10.m4a"},{"number":834,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.4.11","source":"goedig","translation":"good-natured","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"goedig","gloss":"good-natured"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.4.11.m4a"},{"number":835,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.4.12","source":"levendig","translation":"lively","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"levendig","gloss":"lively"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.4.12.m4a"},{"number":836,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.4.13","source":"innig","translation":"cordial","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"innig","gloss":"cordial"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.4.13.m4a"},{"number":837,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.4.14","source":"nederig","translation":"humble","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"nederig","gloss":"humble"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.4.14.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 42: The suffix -isch","teaching":[{"title":"Isch and the dropped i","paragraphs":["The suffix isch appears in three places. Two Dutch adjectives use it: afgodisch and wettisch. Adjectives from foreign words use it, as in geografisch and grammatisch.","Adjectives from the names of countries, cities and nations use it too. Pruisisch, Russisch and Saksisch are examples.","In all other adjectives of this kind the i drops, and the suffix is s. Duits means German. Fries means Frisian. Beiers means Bavarian."]}],"lines":[{"number":838,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.5.1","source":"afgodisch","translation":"idolatrous","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"afgodisch","gloss":"idolatrous"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.5.1.m4a"},{"number":839,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.5.2","source":"wettisch","translation":"sticking slavishly to the law","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"wettisch","gloss":"sticking slavishly to the law"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.5.2.m4a"},{"number":840,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.5.3","source":"geografisch","translation":"geographical","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"geografisch","gloss":"geographical"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.5.3.m4a"},{"number":841,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.5.4","source":"grammatisch","translation":"grammatical","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"grammatisch","gloss":"grammatical"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.5.4.m4a"},{"number":842,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.5.5","source":"mathematisch","translation":"mathematical","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"mathematisch","gloss":"mathematical"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.5.5.m4a"},{"number":843,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.5.6","source":"Frankisch","translation":"Frankish","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Frankisch","gloss":"Frankish"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.5.6.m4a"},{"number":844,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.5.7","source":"Moscovisch","translation":"Muscovite","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Moscovisch","gloss":"Muscovite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.5.7.m4a"},{"number":845,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.5.8","source":"Pruisisch","translation":"Prussian","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Pruisisch","gloss":"Prussian"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.5.8.m4a"},{"number":846,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.5.9","source":"Russisch","translation":"Russian","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Russisch","gloss":"Russisch"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.5.9.m4a"},{"number":847,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.5.10","source":"Saksisch","translation":"Saxon","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Saksisch","gloss":"Saksisch"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.5.10.m4a"},{"number":848,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.5.11","source":"Beiers","translation":"Bavarian","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Beiers","gloss":"Beiers"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.5.11.m4a"},{"number":849,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.5.12","source":"Duits","translation":"German","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Duits","gloss":"German"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.5.12.m4a"},{"number":850,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.5.13","source":"Fries","translation":"Frisian","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Fries","gloss":"Friesland (an inhabitant)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.5.13.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 42: The suffix -sch","teaching":[{"title":"Adjectives with s","paragraphs":["The suffix s forms adjectives that show a relation to the main word. Hoofs means courtly, and trots means haughty.","Some have the genitive form of the main word. Boers means clownish. Vaderlands means patriotic.","Others name a material. Duffels means duffel. The days of the week take s too: zondags means of Sunday."]},{"title":"Adverbs ending in s","paragraphs":["An adjective from an adverb that already ends in s no longer doubles the s in writing. It adds one s only.","Daags means daily, from des daags. Vergeefs means vain."]}],"lines":[{"number":851,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.6.1","source":"hoofs","translation":"courtly","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"hoofs","gloss":"courtly"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.6.1.m4a"},{"number":852,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.6.2","source":"steeds","translation":"townish","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"steeds","gloss":"townish"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.6.2.m4a"},{"number":853,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.6.3","source":"trots","translation":"haughty","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"trots","gloss":"haughty"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.6.3.m4a"},{"number":854,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.6.4","source":"boers","translation":"clownish","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"boers","gloss":"clownish"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.6.4.m4a"},{"number":855,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.6.5","source":"vaderlands","translation":"patriotic","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"vaderlands","gloss":"patriotic"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.6.5.m4a"},{"number":856,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.6.6","source":"duffels","translation":"duffel","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"duffels","gloss":"duffel"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.6.6.m4a"},{"number":857,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.6.7","source":"lakens","translation":"of cloth","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"lakens","gloss":"of cloth"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.6.7.m4a"},{"number":858,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.6.8","source":"neteldoeks","translation":"of muslin","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"neteldoeks","gloss":"of muslin"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.6.8.m4a"},{"number":859,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.6.9","source":"zondags","translation":"of Sunday","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"zondags","gloss":"of Sunday"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.6.9.m4a"},{"number":860,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.6.10","source":"maandags","translation":"of Monday","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"maandags","gloss":"of Monday"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.6.10.m4a"},{"number":861,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.6.11","source":"dinsdags","translation":"of Tuesday","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"dinsdags","gloss":"of Tuesday"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.6.11.m4a"},{"number":862,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.6.12","source":"daags","translation":"daily","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"daags","gloss":"daily"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.6.12.m4a"},{"number":863,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.6.13","source":"vergeefs","translation":"vain","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"vergeefs","gloss":"vain"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.6.13.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 42: Formation of adjectives by composition: obsolete particles, now prefixes","teaching":[{"title":"Old words now used as prefixes","paragraphs":["Ge, on and aarts were once small words of their own. Now they are prefixes on adjectives.","The be in bekwaam, able, and bereid, ready, is a different case. It belongs to the verb the adjective came from.","Bewust, conscious of, was borrowed from German."]}],"lines":[{"number":864,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.7.1","source":"bekwaam","translation":"able","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"bekwaam","gloss":"capable"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.7.1.m4a"},{"number":865,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.7.2","source":"bereid","translation":"ready","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"bereid","gloss":"ready"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.7.2.m4a"},{"number":866,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.7.3","source":"bestand","translation":"proof","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"bestand","gloss":"proof"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.7.3.m4a"},{"number":867,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.7.4","source":"bewust","translation":"conscious of","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"bewust","gloss":"conscious of"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.7.4.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 42: The prefix ge- for adjectives","teaching":[{"title":"Ge adds strength","paragraphs":["Ge once meant together, as in gelijk, equal. Now it has lost much of that meaning. Often it only makes the word stronger.","Many adjectives exist with and without it. Gestreng and streng both mean severe. Getrouw and trouw both mean faithful. Gewillig and willig both mean willing.","Some pairs differ in meaning. Dienstig means useful. Gedienstig means officious."]}],"lines":[{"number":868,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.8.1","source":"gelijk","translation":"equal","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"gelijk","gloss":"equal"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.8.1.m4a"},{"number":869,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.8.2","source":"gestreng","translation":"severe","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"gestreng","gloss":"severe"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.8.2.m4a"},{"number":870,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.8.3","source":"streng","translation":"severe","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"streng","gloss":"severe"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.8.3.m4a"},{"number":871,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.8.4","source":"getrouw","translation":"faithful","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"getrouw","gloss":"faithful"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.8.4.m4a"},{"number":872,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.8.5","source":"trouw","translation":"faithful","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"trouw","gloss":"fidelity"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.8.5.m4a"},{"number":873,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.8.6","source":"gewillig","translation":"willing","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"gewillig","gloss":"willing"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.8.6.m4a"},{"number":874,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.8.7","source":"willig","translation":"willing","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"willig","gloss":"willing"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.8.7.m4a"},{"number":875,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.8.8","source":"gewis","translation":"sure","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"gewis","gloss":"sure"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.8.8.m4a"},{"number":876,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.8.9","source":"wis","translation":"sure","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"wis","gloss":"sure"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.8.9.m4a"},{"number":877,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.8.10","source":"dienstig","translation":"useful","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"dienstig","gloss":"useful"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.8.10.m4a"},{"number":878,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.8.11","source":"gedienstig","translation":"officious","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"gedienstig","gloss":"officious"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.8.11.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 42: The prefix on-","teaching":[{"title":"On makes the opposite","paragraphs":["The prefix on gives a negation. It turns an adjective into its opposite.","Onbreekbaar means unbreakable. Onhandig means clumsy. Ondiep means shallow.","In some words the main word has gone out of use. Onguur means rough, and onnozel means silly. Onstuimig means impetuous, and ondeugend means naughty."]}],"lines":[{"number":879,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.9.1","source":"onbreekbaar","translation":"unbreakable","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"onbreekbaar","gloss":"unbreakable"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.9.1.m4a"},{"number":880,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.9.2","source":"onhandig","translation":"clumsy","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"onhandig","gloss":"clumsy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.9.2.m4a"},{"number":881,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.9.3","source":"ondiep","translation":"shallow","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ondiep","gloss":"shallow"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.9.3.m4a"},{"number":882,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.9.4","source":"onguur","translation":"rough","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"onguur","gloss":"rough"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.9.4.m4a"},{"number":883,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.9.5","source":"onnozel","translation":"silly","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"onnozel","gloss":"silly"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.9.5.m4a"},{"number":884,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.9.6","source":"onstuimig","translation":"impetuous","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"onstuimig","gloss":"impetuous"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.9.6.m4a"},{"number":885,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.9.7","source":"ondeugend","translation":"naughty","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ondeugend","gloss":"naughty"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.9.7.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 42: The prefix aarts- (and 1 more)","teaching":[{"title":"Aarts for the worst degree","paragraphs":["The prefix aarts goes before some adjectives. It marks a bad quality at its highest degree.","Aartsdom means extremely stupid. Aartslui means exceedingly lazy.","Aartsvaderlijk, patriarchal, is a different case. It does not mark a bad quality."]},{"title":"Six old words now used as suffixes","paragraphs":["Some old particles now serve as suffixes on adjectives. They are achtig, haftig, baar, lijk, loos and zaam.","Achtig comes in two kinds: one with the stress on it and one without. The two have different meanings."]}],"lines":[{"number":886,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.10.1","source":"aartsdom","translation":"extremely stupid","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"aartsdom","gloss":"extremely stupid"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.10.1.m4a"},{"number":887,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.10.2","source":"aartslui","translation":"exceedingly lazy","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"aartslui","gloss":"exceedingly lazy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.10.2.m4a"},{"number":888,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.10.3","source":"aartsvaderlijk","translation":"patriarchal","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"aartsvaderlijk","gloss":"patriarchal"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.10.3.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 42: Achtig (accented) and haftig","teaching":[{"title":"Achtig and haftig mean having","paragraphs":["The accented achtig and the suffix haftig say that something has or possesses what the first word names.","Deelachtig means participating. Twijfelachtig means doubtful. Waarachtig means true.","Heldhaftig means heroic, and manhaftig means manly. In both, the person has the quality of the first word."]}],"lines":[{"number":889,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.12.1","source":"deelachtig","translation":"participating","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"deelachtig","gloss":"participating"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.12.1.m4a"},{"number":890,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.12.2","source":"twijfelachtig","translation":"doubtful","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"twijfelachtig","gloss":"doubtful"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.12.2.m4a"},{"number":891,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.12.3","source":"waarachtig","translation":"true","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"waarachtig","gloss":"true"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.12.3.m4a"},{"number":892,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.12.4","source":"ernstig","translation":"grave","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ernstig","gloss":"grave"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.12.4.m4a"},{"number":893,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.12.5","source":"heldhaftig","translation":"heroic","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"heldhaftig","gloss":"heroic"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.12.5.m4a"},{"number":894,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.12.6","source":"manhaftig","translation":"manly","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"manhaftig","gloss":"manly"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.12.6.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 42: The unaccented suffix -achtig","teaching":[{"title":"Three uses of unaccented achtig","paragraphs":["The unaccented achtig has three uses, and each depends on the source word.","From a noun it shows resemblance. Kinderachtig means childish. Steenachtig means stony.","From an adjective it shows form or colour. Groenachtig means greenish. Oudachtig means oldish.","From the root of a verb it shows an inclination. Schrikachtig means easily frightened."]}],"lines":[{"number":895,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.13.1","source":"beestachtig","translation":"beastly","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"beestachtig","gloss":"beastly"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.13.1.m4a"},{"number":896,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.13.2","source":"ezelachtig","translation":"stupid","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ezelachtig","gloss":"stupid"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.13.2.m4a"},{"number":897,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.13.3","source":"kinderachtig","translation":"childish","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"kinderachtig","gloss":"childish"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.13.3.m4a"},{"number":898,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.13.4","source":"olieachtig","translation":"oily","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"olieachtig","gloss":"oily"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.13.4.m4a"},{"number":899,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.13.5","source":"steenachtig","translation":"stony","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"steenachtig","gloss":"stony"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.13.5.m4a"},{"number":900,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.13.6","source":"groenachtig","translation":"greenish","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"groenachtig","gloss":"greenish"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.13.6.m4a"},{"number":901,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.13.7","source":"oudachtig","translation":"oldish","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"oudachtig","gloss":"oldish"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.13.7.m4a"},{"number":902,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.13.8","source":"zwartachtig","translation":"blackish","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"zwartachtig","gloss":"blackish"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.13.8.m4a"},{"number":903,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.13.9","source":"schrikachtig","translation":"easily frightened","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"schrikachtig","gloss":"easily frightened"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.13.9.m4a"},{"number":904,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.13.10","source":"snoepachtig","translation":"lickerish","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"snoepachtig","gloss":"lickerish"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.13.10.m4a"},{"number":905,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.13.11","source":"spotachtig","translation":"jeering, mocking","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"spotachtig","gloss":"jeering, mocking"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.13.11.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 42: The suffix -baar","teaching":[{"title":"Baar means bearing or producing","paragraphs":["The suffix baar means bearing in oneself, or producing. It forms adjectives from nouns and from the roots of verbs.","From nouns: dankbaar means thankful, and vruchtbaar means fertile.","From roots of verbs: deelbaar means divisible, and zichtbaar means visible. Draagbaar means portable."]}],"lines":[{"number":906,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.14.1","source":"dankbaar","translation":"thankful","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"dankbaar","gloss":"thankful"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.14.1.m4a"},{"number":907,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.14.2","source":"eerbaar","translation":"honest","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"eerbaar","gloss":"honest"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.14.2.m4a"},{"number":908,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.14.3","source":"vruchtbaar","translation":"fertile","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"vruchtbaar","gloss":"fertile"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.14.3.m4a"},{"number":909,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.14.4","source":"kostbaar","translation":"costly","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"kostbaar","gloss":"costly"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.14.4.m4a"},{"number":910,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.14.5","source":"schijnbaar","translation":"apparent","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"schijnbaar","gloss":"apparent"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.14.5.m4a"},{"number":911,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.14.6","source":"deelbaar","translation":"divisible","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"deelbaar","gloss":"divisible"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.14.6.m4a"},{"number":912,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.14.7","source":"draagbaar","translation":"portable","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"draagbaar","gloss":"portable"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.14.7.m4a"},{"number":913,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.14.8","source":"rekbaar","translation":"extensible","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"rekbaar","gloss":"extensible"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.14.8.m4a"},{"number":914,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.14.9","source":"zichtbaar","translation":"visible","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"zichtbaar","gloss":"visible"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.14.9.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 42: The suffix -lijk","teaching":[{"title":"Lijk shows origin or resemblance","paragraphs":["The suffix lijk signifies origin, resemblance or agreement. It attaches to nouns, adjectives, adverbs and the roots of verbs.","From nouns: lichamelijk means bodily, and menselijk means human. From adjectives: liefelijk means charming. From adverbs: uiterlijk means outward. From roots of verbs: sterfelijk means mortal."]},{"title":"Lijk and baar on one verb","paragraphs":["On the root of a verb, lijk and baar give different meanings. Do not confuse them.","Draaglijk means supportable or tolerable. Draagbaar means portable or wearable.","Onverbrekelijk is something which must not be violated. Onverbreekbaar is something which cannot be violated.","Verkieslijk means preferable. Verkiesbaar means eligible."]}],"lines":[{"number":915,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.15.1","source":"lichamelijk","translation":"bodily","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"lichamelijk","gloss":"bodily"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.15.1.m4a"},{"number":916,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.15.2","source":"menselijk","translation":"human","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"menselijk","gloss":"human"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.15.2.m4a"},{"number":917,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.15.3","source":"zedelijk","translation":"moral","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"zedelijk","gloss":"moral"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.15.3.m4a"},{"number":918,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.15.4","source":"goelijk","translation":"kindly","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"goelijk","gloss":"kindly"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.15.4.m4a"},{"number":919,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.15.5","source":"liefelijk","translation":"charming","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"liefelijk","gloss":"charming"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.15.5.m4a"},{"number":920,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.15.6","source":"ouwelijk","translation":"oldish","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ouwelijk","gloss":"oldish"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.15.6.m4a"},{"number":921,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.15.7","source":"achterlijk","translation":"backward","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"achterlijk","gloss":"backward"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.15.7.m4a"},{"number":922,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.15.8","source":"innerlijk","translation":"inward","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"innerlijk","gloss":"inward"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.15.8.m4a"},{"number":923,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.15.9","source":"uiterlijk","translation":"outward","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"uiterlijk","gloss":"outward"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.15.9.m4a"},{"number":924,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.15.10","source":"beminnelijk","translation":"amiable","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"beminnelijk","gloss":"amiable"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.15.10.m4a"},{"number":925,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.15.11","source":"sterfelijk","translation":"mortal","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"sterfelijk","gloss":"mortal"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.15.11.m4a"},{"number":926,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.15.12","source":"vermakelijk","translation":"diverting","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"vermakelijk","gloss":"diverting"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.15.12.m4a"},{"number":927,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.15.13","source":"draaglijk","translation":"supportable, tolerable","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"draaglijk","gloss":"supportable, tolerable"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.15.13.m4a"},{"number":928,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.15.14","source":"onverbrekelijk","translation":"must not be violated","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"onverbrekelijk","gloss":"must not be violated"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.15.14.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 42: The suffix -loos","teaching":[{"title":"Loos means without","paragraphs":["The suffix loos signifies deprived or devoid of.","Werkloos means inactive. Zielloos means inanimate. Hulpeloos means helpless.","Goddeloos has two meanings, wicked and impious."]}],"lines":[{"number":929,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.16.1","source":"eerloos","translation":"infamous","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"eerloos","gloss":"infamous"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.16.1.m4a"},{"number":930,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.16.2","source":"hulpeloos","translation":"helpless","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"hulpeloos","gloss":"helpless"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.16.2.m4a"},{"number":931,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.16.3","source":"reddeloos","translation":"irrecoverable","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"reddeloos","gloss":"irrecoverable"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.16.3.m4a"},{"number":932,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.16.4","source":"werkloos","translation":"inactive","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"werkloos","gloss":"inactive"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.16.4.m4a"},{"number":933,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.16.5","source":"zielloos","translation":"inanimate","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"zielloos","gloss":"inanimate"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.16.5.m4a"},{"number":934,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.16.6","source":"goddeloos","translation":"wicked, impious","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"goddeloos","gloss":"wicked, impious"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.16.6.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 42: The suffix -zaam","teaching":[{"title":"Zaam shows relation or likeness","paragraphs":["The suffix zaam denotes a relation, a resemblance or an equality.","Langzaam means slow. Zorgzaam means careful. Heilzaam means salutary. Buigzaam means flexible."]}],"lines":[{"number":935,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.17.1","source":"bedachtzaam","translation":"considerate","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"bedachtzaam","gloss":"considerate"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.17.1.m4a"},{"number":936,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.17.2","source":"eerzaam","translation":"honourable","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"eerzaam","gloss":"honourable"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.17.2.m4a"},{"number":937,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.17.3","source":"heilzaam","translation":"salutary","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"heilzaam","gloss":"salutary"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.17.3.m4a"},{"number":938,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.17.4","source":"langzaam","translation":"slow","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"langzaam","gloss":"slow"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.17.4.m4a"},{"number":939,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.17.5","source":"zorgzaam","translation":"careful","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"zorgzaam","gloss":"careful"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.17.5.m4a"},{"number":940,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.17.6","source":"buigzaam","translation":"flexible","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"buigzaam","gloss":"flexible"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.17.6.m4a"},{"number":941,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.17.7","source":"gehoorzaam","translation":"obedient","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"gehoorzaam","gloss":"obedient"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.17.7.m4a"},{"number":942,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.17.8","source":"lijdzaam","translation":"patient","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"lijdzaam","gloss":"patient"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.17.8.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 42: Compounds with a noun that are not true compounds","teaching":[{"title":"Compounds that are not real compounds","paragraphs":["Some adjectives look like one compound but are not a real one.","This happens when the noun carries an ending of its own. It also happens when both words can still be used separately.","Eervol is vol eer written as one word. Lofwaardig is lof waardig. Each means the same as the two words apart.","Achtingswaardig and achtenswaardig both mean respectable."]}],"lines":[{"number":943,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.18.1","source":"achtingswaardig","translation":"respectable","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"achtingswaardig","gloss":"respectable"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.18.1.m4a"},{"number":944,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.18.2","source":"achtenswaardig","translation":"respectable","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"achtenswaardig","gloss":"respectable"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.18.2.m4a"},{"number":945,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.18.3","source":"eervol","translation":"honourable","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"eervol","gloss":"honourable"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.18.3.m4a"},{"number":946,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.18.4","source":"lofwaardig","translation":"praise-worthy","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"lofwaardig","gloss":"praise-worthy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.18.4.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 42: Real compounds with nouns","teaching":[{"title":"Real compounds with a noun","paragraphs":["In a real compound the noun relates to the adjective in several ways. Each compound can be said again as a phrase.","Bomvrij is vrij voor bommen, and it means bomb-proof. Schaduwrijk is rijk aan schaduw, and it means shady. Zeeziek is ziek van de zee, and it means sea-sick.","Schijnheilig is heilig in schijn, and it means hypocritical."]},{"title":"Compounds that repeat the quality","paragraphs":["Some compounds name a quality that the adjective already expresses.","Grasgroen means grass-green. Melkwit means milk-white. Steenhard means hard as stone. Stokdoof means stone-deaf.","Some take an inserted s. Doodsbleek means deadly pale, and hemelsblauw means sky-blue."]}],"lines":[{"number":947,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.19.1","source":"bomvrij","translation":"bomb-proof","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"bomvrij","gloss":"bomb-proof"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.19.1.m4a"},{"number":948,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.19.2","source":"schaduwrijk","translation":"shady","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"schaduwrijk","gloss":"shady"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.19.2.m4a"},{"number":949,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.19.3","source":"schijnheilig","translation":"hypocritical","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"schijnheilig","gloss":"hypocritical"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.19.3.m4a"},{"number":950,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.19.4","source":"stokoud","translation":"very old","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"stokoud","gloss":"very old"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.19.4.m4a"},{"number":951,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.19.5","source":"zeeziek","translation":"sea-sick","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"zeeziek","gloss":"sea-sick"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.19.5.m4a"},{"number":952,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.19.6","source":"grasgroen","translation":"grass-green","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"grasgroen","gloss":"grass-green"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.19.6.m4a"},{"number":953,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.19.7","source":"ijzersterk","translation":"strong as iron","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ijzersterk","gloss":"strong as iron"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.19.7.m4a"},{"number":954,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.19.8","source":"melkwit","translation":"milk-white","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"melkwit","gloss":"milk-white"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.19.8.m4a"},{"number":955,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.19.9","source":"reuzegroot","translation":"gigantic","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"reuzegroot","gloss":"gigantic"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.19.9.m4a"},{"number":956,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.19.10","source":"rozerood","translation":"rose-coloured","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"rozerood","gloss":"rose-coloured"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.19.10.m4a"},{"number":957,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.19.11","source":"steenhard","translation":"hard as stone","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"steenhard","gloss":"hard as stone"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.19.11.m4a"},{"number":958,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.19.12","source":"stokdoof","translation":"stone-deaf","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"stokdoof","gloss":"stone-deaf"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.19.12.m4a"},{"number":959,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.19.13","source":"doodsbleek","translation":"deadly pale","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"doodsbleek","gloss":"deadly pale"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.19.13.m4a"},{"number":960,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.19.14","source":"hemelsblauw","translation":"sky-blue","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"hemelsblauw","gloss":"sky-blue"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.19.14.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 42: The suffix -matig","teaching":[{"title":"Matig means in line with","paragraphs":["The suffix matig shows that something conforms to what the noun names.","Regelmatig means regular. Kunstmatig means artificial. Rechtmatig means lawful. Plichtmatig means attentive to one's duty."]}],"lines":[{"number":961,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.20.1","source":"doelmatig","translation":"suitable to","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"doelmatig","gloss":"suitable to"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.20.1.m4a"},{"number":962,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.20.2","source":"instinctmatig","translation":"instinctively","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"instinctmatig","gloss":"instinctively"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.20.2.m4a"},{"number":963,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.20.3","source":"kunstmatig","translation":"artificial","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"kunstmatig","gloss":"artificial"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.20.3.m4a"},{"number":964,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.20.4","source":"plichtmatig","translation":"attentive to one's duty","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"plichtmatig","gloss":"attentive to one's duty"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.20.4.m4a"},{"number":965,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.20.5","source":"rechtmatig","translation":"lawful","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"rechtmatig","gloss":"lawful"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.20.5.m4a"},{"number":966,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.20.6","source":"regelmatig","translation":"regular","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"regelmatig","gloss":"regular"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.20.6.m4a"},{"number":967,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.20.7","source":"toneelmatig","translation":"theatrical","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"toneelmatig","gloss":"theatrical"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.20.7.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 42: Compounds with vol","teaching":[{"title":"Vol is rendered by other words","paragraphs":["Vol means full. Hoopvol is hopeful, and the English follows the Dutch.","Nearly all other compounds with vol need a different English word.","Berouwvol means repentant. Eervol means honourable. Liefdevol means charitable. Troostvol means consoling."]}],"lines":[{"number":968,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.21.1","source":"hoopvol","translation":"hopeful","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"hoopvol","gloss":"hopeful"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.21.1.m4a"},{"number":969,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.21.2","source":"berouwvol","translation":"repentant","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"berouwvol","gloss":"repentant"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.21.2.m4a"},{"number":970,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.21.3","source":"eervol","translation":"honourable","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"eervol","gloss":"honourable"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.21.3.m4a"},{"number":971,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.21.4","source":"gevaarvol","translation":"hazardous","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"gevaarvol","gloss":"hazardous"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.21.4.m4a"},{"number":972,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.21.5","source":"gevoelvol","translation":"heart-felt","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"gevoelvol","gloss":"heart-felt"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.21.5.m4a"},{"number":973,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.21.6","source":"liefdevol","translation":"charitable","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"liefdevol","gloss":"charitable"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.21.6.m4a"},{"number":974,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.21.7","source":"talentvol","translation":"talented","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"talentvol","gloss":"talented"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.21.7.m4a"},{"number":975,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.21.8","source":"troostvol","translation":"consoling","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"troostvol","gloss":"consoling"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.21.8.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 42: Two adjectives compounded together","teaching":[{"title":"Two adjectives in one word","paragraphs":["Two adjectives always form a real compound. The first part gives the degree of the quality, or it adds a further quality to the second.","Blauwzwart means blue-black. Donkerrood means dark-red. Lichtgroen means light-green. Grijsgroen means gray-green.","Almachtig means almighty, and langdurig means lasting."]},{"title":"Old forms of address","paragraphs":["Titles such as Edelachtbaar, Edelgrootachtbare and Edelgeboren were once adjective compounds.","These forms of address are historical and no longer used."]}],"lines":[{"number":976,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.22.1","source":"alleen","translation":"alone","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"alleen","gloss":"only"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.22.1.m4a"},{"number":977,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.22.2","source":"almachtig","translation":"almighty","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"almachtig","gloss":"almighty"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.22.2.m4a"},{"number":978,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.22.3","source":"langdurig","translation":"lasting","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"langdurig","gloss":"lasting"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.22.3.m4a"},{"number":979,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.22.4","source":"menigvuldig","translation":"manifold","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"menigvuldig","gloss":"manifold"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.22.4.m4a"},{"number":980,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.22.5","source":"voltallig","translation":"complete","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"voltallig","gloss":"complete"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.22.5.m4a"},{"number":981,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.22.6","source":"blauwzwart","translation":"blue-black","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"blauwzwart","gloss":"blue-black"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.22.6.m4a"},{"number":982,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.22.7","source":"donkerrood","translation":"dark-red","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"donkerrood","gloss":"dark-red"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.22.7.m4a"},{"number":983,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.22.8","source":"hoogrood","translation":"dark-red","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"hoogrood","gloss":"dark-red"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.22.8.m4a"},{"number":984,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.22.9","source":"grijsgroen","translation":"gray-green","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"grijsgroen","gloss":"gray-green"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.22.9.m4a"},{"number":985,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.22.10","source":"lichtgroen","translation":"light-green","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"lichtgroen","gloss":"light-green"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.22.10.m4a"},{"number":986,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.22.11","source":"vaalwit","translation":"pale white","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"vaalwit","gloss":"pale white"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.22.11.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 42: Adjective compounded with the root of a verb","teaching":[{"title":"Adjectives on the root of a verb","paragraphs":["Some adjectives start with the root of a verb. Merkwaardig means remarkable. Weetgierig means inquisitive. Kakelbont means motley.","Those that end in ziek have an unfavourable meaning. Babbelziek means talkative. Twistziek means quarrelsome. Behaagziek means coquettish."]}],"lines":[{"number":987,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.23.1","source":"fonkelnieuw","translation":"bran-new","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"fonkelnieuw","gloss":"bran-new"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.23.1.m4a"},{"number":988,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.23.2","source":"kakelbont","translation":"motley","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"kakelbont","gloss":"motley"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.23.2.m4a"},{"number":989,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.23.3","source":"merkwaardig","translation":"remarkable","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"merkwaardig","gloss":"remarkable"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.23.3.m4a"},{"number":990,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.23.4","source":"weetgierig","translation":"inquisitive","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"weetgierig","gloss":"inquisitive"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.23.4.m4a"},{"number":991,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.23.5","source":"beminnenswaardig","translation":"amiable","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"beminnenswaardig","gloss":"amiable"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.23.5.m4a"},{"number":992,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.23.6","source":"betreurenswaardig","translation":"deplorable","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"betreurenswaardig","gloss":"deplorable"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.23.6.m4a"},{"number":993,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.23.7","source":"dankenswaardig","translation":"thank-worthy","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"dankenswaardig","gloss":"thank-worthy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.23.7.m4a"},{"number":994,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.23.8","source":"deerniswaardig","translation":"pitiable","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"deerniswaardig","gloss":"pitiable"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.23.8.m4a"},{"number":995,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.23.9","source":"babbelziek","translation":"talkative","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"babbelziek","gloss":"talkative"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.23.9.m4a"},{"number":996,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.23.10","source":"behaagziek","translation":"coquettish","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"behaagziek","gloss":"coquettish"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.23.10.m4a"},{"number":997,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.23.11","source":"twistziek","translation":"quarrelsome","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"twistziek","gloss":"quarrelsome"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.23.11.m4a"},{"number":998,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.23.12","source":"vitziek","translation":"cavilling","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"vitziek","gloss":"cavilling"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.23.12.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 42: Adjectives with adverbs","teaching":[{"title":"Adverbs before an adjective","paragraphs":["Some adjectives take an adverb in front. Wel gives welzalig, blessed.","Older titles with wel are forms of address. They are now confined to very formal or church letters.","The accented door, in and over mark the highest degree of the adjective. Doorkoud means very cold. Doornat means wet through. Inbitter means very bitter. Overvol means over-full."]}],"lines":[{"number":999,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.24.1","source":"welzalig","translation":"blessed","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"welzalig","gloss":"blessed"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.24.1.m4a"},{"number":1000,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.24.2","source":"doorgoed","translation":"extremely good-natured","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"doorgoed","gloss":"extremely good-natured"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.24.2.m4a"},{"number":1001,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.24.3","source":"doorkoud","translation":"very cold","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"doorkoud","gloss":"very cold"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.24.3.m4a"},{"number":1002,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.24.4","source":"doornat","translation":"wet through","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"doornat","gloss":"wet through"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.24.4.m4a"},{"number":1003,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.24.5","source":"doorrijp","translation":"thoroughly ripe","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"doorrijp","gloss":"thoroughly ripe"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.24.5.m4a"},{"number":1004,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.24.6","source":"inbitter","translation":"very bitter","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"inbitter","gloss":"very bitter"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.24.6.m4a"},{"number":1005,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.24.7","source":"inbruin","translation":"very brown","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"inbruin","gloss":"very brown"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.24.7.m4a"},{"number":1006,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.24.8","source":"inschoon","translation":"most beautiful","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"inschoon","gloss":"most beautiful"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.24.8.m4a"},{"number":1007,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.24.9","source":"overaardig","translation":"very pretty","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"overaardig","gloss":"very pretty"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.24.9.m4a"},{"number":1008,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.24.10","source":"overoud","translation":"very old","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"overoud","gloss":"very ancient"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.24.10.m4a"},{"number":1009,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.24.11","source":"overvol","translation":"over-full","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"overvol","gloss":"over-full"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.24.11.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 42: Adjectives compounded after derivation","teaching":[{"title":"Two steps to one adjective","paragraphs":["Some adjectives were first made with the suffix ig or s. Then a word was joined in front.","Rechtvaardig means just. Viervoetig means quadruped. Zwartharig means black-haired.","With s: alledaags means quotidian or daily. Onderaards means subterraneous. Vierdraads means four-thread."]}],"lines":[{"number":1010,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.25.1","source":"rechtvaardig","translation":"just","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"rechtvaardig","gloss":"just"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.25.1.m4a"},{"number":1011,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.25.2","source":"viervoetig","translation":"quadruped","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"viervoetig","gloss":"quadruped"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.25.2.m4a"},{"number":1012,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.25.3","source":"zwartharig","translation":"black-haired","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"zwartharig","gloss":"black-haired"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.25.3.m4a"},{"number":1013,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.25.4","source":"alledaags","translation":"quotidian, daily","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"alledaags","gloss":"quotidian, daily"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.25.4.m4a"},{"number":1014,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.25.5","source":"onderaards","translation":"subterraneous","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"onderaards","gloss":"subterraneous"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.25.5.m4a"},{"number":1015,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.25.6","source":"vierdraads","translation":"four-thread","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"vierdraads","gloss":"four-thread"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.25.6.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 42: Substantives used adjectively","teaching":[{"title":"A noun used as an adjective","paragraphs":["A few nouns work as adjectives.","Meester in meester zijn means to be in possession of. Vrede is inside tevreden, which means content, and inside ontevreden, which means discontented.","Words made from geographical names with er also work this way. Haarlemmer means of Haarlem. Leipziger means of Leipzig."]}],"lines":[{"number":1016,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.26.1","source":"meester zijn","translation":"to be in possession of","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"meester","gloss":"teacher (in everyday speech, meester/schoolmeester is often used for a primary-school teacher; a teacher at a public secondary school (H.B.S.) or a gymnasium is called leraar, a university professor is called professor or hoogleraar)"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.26.1.m4a"},{"number":1017,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.26.2","source":"tevreden","translation":"content","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"tevreden","gloss":"contented"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.26.2.m4a"},{"number":1018,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.26.3","source":"ontevreden","translation":"discontented","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ontevreden","gloss":"discontented"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.26.3.m4a"},{"number":1019,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.26.4","source":"Haarlemmer","translation":"of Haarlem","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Haarlemmer","gloss":"Haarlem"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.26.4.m4a"},{"number":1020,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.26.5","source":"Leipziger","translation":"of Leipzig","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Leipziger","gloss":"Leipziger"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.26.5.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 42: Participles used adjectively","teaching":[{"title":"Participles as adjectives","paragraphs":["Many participles work as adjectives.","Like the past participle of a verb, Dutch also forms adjectives straight from nouns. The ending is d or t.","Gebloemd means flowered. Gedast means with a necktie. Geharnast means in armour. Gerokt means with a dress-coat.","Such words may still take an adjective or an adverb in front. Zwartgerokt means with a black dress-coat. Snelgewiekt means fast-winged."]}],"lines":[{"number":1021,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.27.1","source":"gebloemd","translation":"flowered","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"gebloemd","gloss":"flowered"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.27.1.m4a"},{"number":1022,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.27.2","source":"gedast","translation":"with a necktie","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"gedast","gloss":"with a necktie"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.27.2.m4a"},{"number":1023,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.27.3","source":"geharnast","translation":"in armour","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"geharnast","gloss":"in armour"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.27.3.m4a"},{"number":1024,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.27.4","source":"gelaarsd en gespoord","translation":"booted and spurred","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"gelaarsd","gloss":"booted"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"gespoord","gloss":"spurred"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.27.4.m4a"},{"number":1025,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.27.5","source":"genaamd","translation":"called","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"genaamd","gloss":"called"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.27.5.m4a"},{"number":1026,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.27.6","source":"gerokt","translation":"with a dress-coat","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"gerokt","gloss":"with a dress-coat"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.27.6.m4a"},{"number":1027,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.27.7","source":"breedgeschouderd","translation":"broad-shouldered","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"breedgeschouderd","gloss":"broad-shouldered"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.27.7.m4a"},{"number":1028,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.27.8","source":"snelgewiekt","translation":"fast-winged","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"snelgewiekt","gloss":"fast-winged"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.27.8.m4a"},{"number":1029,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.27.9","source":"witgedast","translation":"with a white necktie","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"witgedast","gloss":"with a white necktie"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.27.9.m4a"},{"number":1030,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.27.10","source":"zwartgerokt","translation":"with a black dress-coat","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"zwartgerokt","gloss":"with a black dress-coat"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.27.10.m4a"},{"number":1031,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.27.11","source":"bijgenaamd","translation":"surnamed","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"bijgenaamd","gloss":"surnamed"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.27.11.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 42: Derivatives from geographical names","teaching":[{"title":"How to read the list of place names","paragraphs":["The list gives a place, then a person from that place, then the adjective. Each line has three words in that order.","Take the line for Duitsland. After the country come Duitser, a person from there, and Duits, the adjective.","Spanje is the country. A Spanjaard is a person from there. Spaans is the adjective.","Some lines give one form twice, because the person and the adjective are the same word."]},{"title":"Derivatives from geographical names","paragraphs":["The following derivatives (nouns and adjectives) from much used geographical names should be noticed."]}],"lines":[{"number":1032,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.28.1","source":"Abyssinië","translation":"Abyssinia","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Abyssinië","gloss":"Abyssinië"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.28.1.m4a"},{"number":1033,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.28.2","source":"de Algerijn","translation":"Algiers (an inhabitant)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Algerijn","gloss":"Algerijn"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.28.2.m4a"},{"number":1034,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.28.3","source":"Australisch","translation":"Australia (adjective)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Australisch","gloss":"Australian"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.28.3.m4a"},{"number":1035,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.28.4","source":"Bohemen","translation":"Bohemia","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Bohemen","gloss":"Bohemen"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.28.4.m4a"},{"number":1036,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.28.5","source":"de Chinees","translation":"China (an inhabitant)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Chinees","gloss":"Chinees"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.28.5.m4a"},{"number":1037,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.28.6","source":"Oostindisch","translation":"the East-Indies (adjective)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Oostindisch","gloss":"East Indian"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.28.6.m4a"},{"number":1038,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.28.7","source":"Vlaanderen","translation":"Flanders","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Vlaanderen","gloss":"Flanders"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.28.7.m4a"},{"number":1039,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.28.8","source":"de Genuees","translation":"Genoa (an inhabitant)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Genuees","gloss":"Genuees"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.28.8.m4a"},{"number":1040,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.28.9","source":"Hongaars","translation":"Hungary (adjective)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hongaars","gloss":"Hongaars"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.28.9.m4a"},{"number":1041,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.28.10","source":"Milaan","translation":"Milan","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Milaan","gloss":"Milaan"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.28.10.m4a"},{"number":1042,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.28.11","source":"de Parijzenaar","translation":"Paris (an inhabitant)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Parijzenaar","gloss":"Parijzenaar"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.28.11.m4a"},{"number":1043,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.28.12","source":"Romeins","translation":"Rome (adjective)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Romeins","gloss":"Roman"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.28.12.m4a"},{"number":1044,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.28.13","source":"Spanje","translation":"Spain","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Spanje","gloss":"Spain"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.28.13.m4a"},{"number":1045,"id":"val.nl.L42.x.28.14","source":"de West-Indiër","translation":"the West-Indies (an inhabitant)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"West-Indiër","gloss":"the West-Indies (an inhabitant)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.x.28.14.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"De poppenkast (vervolg)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":1046,"id":"val.nl.L42.r.0","source":"De poppenkast (vervolg)","translation":"The puppet show (continued)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"poppenkast","gloss":"puppet show"},{"text":"(vervolg)","gloss":"future"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.r.0.m4a"},{"number":1047,"id":"val.nl.L42.r.1","source":"Dat is geen kleinigheid!","translation":"That is no small thing!","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"geen","gloss":"no, not a"},{"text":"kleinigheid!","gloss":"trifle"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.r.1.m4a"},{"number":1048,"id":"val.nl.L42.r.2","source":"En als naderhand de gendarme komt, die hem, tot straf voor al zijn euveldaden, ter dood met de strop veroordeeld heeft, vraag ik het u, of zijn koelbloedigheid hem een ogenblik verlaat?","translation":"And when afterward the gendarme comes, who has sentenced him to death by the noose as punishment for all his misdeeds, I ask you, does his cool-bloodedness leave him for a moment?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"En","gloss":"and"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"naderhand","gloss":"later on"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"gendarme","gloss":"gendarme"},{"text":"komt,","gloss":"to come"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"hem,","gloss":"him"},{"text":"tot","gloss":"until, to"},{"text":"straf","gloss":"punishment"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"al","gloss":"already"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"euveldaden,","gloss":"misdeeds"},{"text":"ter","gloss":"for the"},{"text":"dood","gloss":"death"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"strop","gloss":"noose"},{"text":"veroordeeld","gloss":"to condemn"},{"text":"heeft,","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"vraag","gloss":"to ask"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"u,","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"of","gloss":"or; whether"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"koelbloedigheid","gloss":"cool blood"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"ogenblik","gloss":"moment"},{"text":"verlaat?","gloss":"leaves"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.r.2.m4a"},{"number":1049,"id":"val.nl.L42.r.3","source":"De galg wordt geplant, de strop hangt eraan met het schuifje om aangehaald te worden.","translation":"The gallows is planted, the noose hangs on it with the little slide to be pulled tight.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"galg","gloss":"gallows"},{"text":"wordt","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"geplant,","gloss":"planted"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"strop","gloss":"noose"},{"text":"hangt","gloss":"to hang"},{"text":"eraan","gloss":"on it"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"schuifje","gloss":"little slide"},{"text":"om","gloss":"smile at"},{"text":"aangehaald","gloss":"quoted"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"worden.","gloss":"to become, to get"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.r.3.m4a"},{"number":1050,"id":"val.nl.L42.r.4","source":"Een ogenblik nog, en hij is verloren, maar hij begrijpt de zaak niet, zo het schijnt, en de lichtgelovige gendarme is genoodzaakt hem voor te doen hoe hij het hoofd door de strop moet steken.","translation":"One more moment, and he is lost, but he does not understand the matter, it seems, and the credulous gendarme is forced to show him how he must put his head through the noose.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"ogenblik","gloss":"moment"},{"text":"nog,","gloss":"still, yet; another"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"verloren,","gloss":"to lose"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"begrijpt","gloss":"to understand"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"zaak","gloss":"matter"},{"text":"niet,","gloss":"not"},{"text":"zo","gloss":"so, as"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"schijnt,","gloss":"to seem"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"lichtgelovige","gloss":"credulous"},{"text":"gendarme","gloss":"gendarme"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"genoodzaakt","gloss":"obliged"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"doen","gloss":"to do"},{"text":"hoe","gloss":"how"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"hoofd","gloss":"head"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"strop","gloss":"noose"},{"text":"moet","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"steken.","gloss":"to sting, to put"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.r.4.m4a"},{"number":1051,"id":"val.nl.L42.r.5","source":"Maar daar wacht hem juist onze Jan Klaassen: pas is de kop erin, of hij haalt de sleuf dicht, en ziet hem nu, hoe hij in triomf de galg uit de grond trekt, de gendarme daaraan hangend over de rand van het toneel gooit en hem nu onder daverend gejuich van het opgewonden publiek als een molen in het rond draait.","translation":"But right there our Jan Klaassen is waiting for him: no sooner is the head in than he pulls the loop shut, and now watch how he triumphantly pulls the gallows out of the ground, throws the gendarme, hanging from it, over the edge of the stage, and now, amid the thunderous cheering of the excited audience, spins him around like a windmill.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"daar","gloss":"as, since, because"},{"text":"wacht","gloss":"is waiting"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"juist","gloss":"exactly"},{"text":"onze","gloss":"our"},{"text":"Jan","gloss":"Jan"},{"text":"Klaassen:","gloss":"Klaassen"},{"text":"pas","gloss":"only just"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"kop","gloss":"head"},{"text":"erin,","gloss":"in it"},{"text":"of","gloss":"or; whether"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"haalt","gloss":"is to find"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"sleuf","gloss":"loop"},{"text":"dicht,","gloss":"close"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ziet","gloss":"to see"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"nu,","gloss":"now, at present"},{"text":"hoe","gloss":"how"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"triomf","gloss":"triumph"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"galg","gloss":"gallows"},{"text":"uit","gloss":"out of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"grond","gloss":"ground, earth"},{"text":"trekt,","gloss":"to travel, to pull (strong)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"gendarme","gloss":"gendarme"},{"text":"daaraan","gloss":"with that, in that"},{"text":"hangend","gloss":"to hang"},{"text":"over","gloss":"across, over"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"rand","gloss":"edge"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"toneel","gloss":"scene"},{"text":"gooit","gloss":"throws"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"nu","gloss":"now, at present"},{"text":"onder","gloss":"under; among"},{"text":"daverend","gloss":"thunderous"},{"text":"gejuich","gloss":"cheering"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"opgewonden","gloss":"excited"},{"text":"publiek","gloss":"public"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"molen","gloss":"windmill"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"rond","gloss":"around"},{"text":"draait.","gloss":"circles"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.r.5.m4a"},{"number":1052,"id":"val.nl.L42.r.6","source":"Zie, voor dat ene toneel geef ik tien prinsen en prinsessen met fluwelen pakken en goudgalon.","translation":"See, for that one scene I would give ten princes and princesses with velvet suits and gold braid.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zie,","gloss":"to see"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"ene","gloss":"a"},{"text":"toneel","gloss":"scene"},{"text":"geef","gloss":"to give"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"tien","gloss":"ten"},{"text":"prinsen","gloss":"prince"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"prinsessen","gloss":"princesses"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"fluwelen","gloss":"velvet"},{"text":"pakken","gloss":"to seize"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"goudgalon.","gloss":"gold braid"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.r.6.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 42: exercise 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passend","translation":"suitable (to)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"doelmatig,","gloss":"suitable to"},{"text":"passend","gloss":"take care"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.e118.i108.m4a"},{"number":1279,"id":"val.nl.L42.e118.i109","source":"wis, gewis, zeker","translation":"sure","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"wis,","gloss":"sure"},{"text":"gewis,","gloss":"sure"},{"text":"zeker","gloss":"surely, certainly"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.e118.i109.m4a"},{"number":1280,"id":"val.nl.L42.e118.i110","source":"bijgenaamd","translation":"surnamed","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"bijgenaamd","gloss":"surnamed"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.e118.i110.m4a"},{"number":1281,"id":"val.nl.L42.e118.i111","source":"babbelziek, praatziek","translation":"talkative","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"babbelziek,","gloss":"talkative"},{"text":"praatziek","gloss":"talkative"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.e118.i111.m4a"},{"number":1282,"id":"val.nl.L42.e118.i112","source":"dankbaar, erkentelijk","translation":"thankful","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"dankbaar,","gloss":"thankful"},{"text":"erkentelijk","gloss":"grateful"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.e118.i112.m4a"},{"number":1283,"id":"val.nl.L42.e118.i113","source":"dankenswaardig","translation":"thank-worthy","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"dankenswaardig","gloss":"thank-worthy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.e118.i113.m4a"},{"number":1284,"id":"val.nl.L42.e118.i114","source":"toneelmatig, theatraal","translation":"theatrical","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"toneelmatig,","gloss":"theatrical"},{"text":"theatraal","gloss":"theatrical"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.e118.i114.m4a"},{"number":1285,"id":"val.nl.L42.e118.i115","source":"verdraaglijk, draaglijk","translation":"tolerable","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"verdraaglijk,","gloss":"verdraaglijk"},{"text":"draaglijk","gloss":"supportable, tolerable"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.e118.i115.m4a"},{"number":1286,"id":"val.nl.L42.e118.i116","source":"waarachtig, waar","translation":"true","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"waarachtig,","gloss":"true"},{"text":"waar","gloss":"where; true"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.e118.i116.m4a"},{"number":1287,"id":"val.nl.L42.e118.i117","source":"dienstig, nuttig","translation":"useful","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"dienstig,","gloss":"useful"},{"text":"nuttig","gloss":"useful"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.e118.i117.m4a"},{"number":1288,"id":"val.nl.L42.e118.i118","source":"zichtbaar","translation":"visible","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"zichtbaar","gloss":"visible"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.e118.i118.m4a"},{"number":1289,"id":"val.nl.L42.e118.i119","source":"draagbaar","translation":"wearable","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"draagbaar","gloss":"portable"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.e118.i119.m4a"},{"number":1290,"id":"val.nl.L42.e118.i120","source":"willig, gewillig","translation":"willing","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"willig,","gloss":"willing"},{"text":"gewillig","gloss":"willing"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.e118.i120.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 42: exercise 119","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":1291,"id":"val.nl.L42.e119.i1","source":"Mevrouw S. O, Michael, moet je ons zo gauw weer verlaten?","translation":"O, Michael, must you leave us again so soon?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mevrouw","gloss":"madam, Mrs."},{"text":"S.","gloss":"(abbreviation)"},{"text":"O,","gloss":"O"},{"text":"Michael,","gloss":"Michael"},{"text":"moet","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"ons","gloss":"us"},{"text":"zo","gloss":"so, as"},{"text":"gauw","gloss":"soon"},{"text":"weer","gloss":"again"},{"text":"verlaten?","gloss":"left"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.e119.i1.m4a"},{"number":1292,"id":"val.nl.L42.e119.i2","source":"S. Ja, moeder; ik ben al te lang gebleven. Ik kwam om jou en Catharina te zien met gevaar voor mijn leven; maar het gevaar daargelaten, als ik langer blijf, verlies ik mijn plaats in Saardam en al mijn hoop voor de toekomst.","translation":"Yes, mother; I have stayed too long already. I came to see you and Katerina at the risk of my life; and, apart from the danger, if I remain longer I shall lose my situation at Saardam and all my hopes for the future.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"S.","gloss":"(abbreviation)"},{"text":"Ja,","gloss":"Ja"},{"text":"moeder;","gloss":"the mother"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"ben","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"al","gloss":"already"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"lang","gloss":"long"},{"text":"gebleven.","gloss":"to remain, stay"},{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"kwam","gloss":"to come"},{"text":"om","gloss":"smile at"},{"text":"jou","gloss":"you"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"Catharina","gloss":"Catharina"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"zien","gloss":"to see"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"gevaar","gloss":"danger"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"leven;","gloss":"life"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"gevaar","gloss":"danger"},{"text":"daargelaten,","gloss":"aside from"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"langer","gloss":"longer"},{"text":"blijf,","gloss":"to remain, stay"},{"text":"verlies","gloss":"to lose"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"plaats","gloss":"place"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"Saardam","gloss":"Saardam"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"al","gloss":"already"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"hoop","gloss":"hope"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"toekomst.","gloss":"future"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.e119.i2.m4a"},{"number":1293,"id":"val.nl.L42.e119.i3","source":"Je weet dat men mij soldaat maakte tegen mijn wil, en hoe meer ik ervan zag, hoe meer ik een afkeer kreeg van het soldatenleven.","translation":"You know I was made a soldier against my will, and hated the army life the more I saw of it.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"weet","gloss":"to know"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"men","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"soldaat","gloss":"soldier"},{"text":"maakte","gloss":"to make (weak)"},{"text":"tegen","gloss":"against; to"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"wil,","gloss":"want"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"hoe","gloss":"how"},{"text":"meer","gloss":"more"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"ervan","gloss":"of it"},{"text":"zag,","gloss":"to see"},{"text":"hoe","gloss":"how"},{"text":"meer","gloss":"more"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"afkeer","gloss":"aversion"},{"text":"kreeg","gloss":"to get; honger krijgen: to become hungry"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"soldatenleven.","gloss":"army life"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.e119.i3.m4a"},{"number":1294,"id":"val.nl.L42.e119.i4","source":"Maar als timmerman ben ik vrij en onafhankelijk, en ik zou helemaal gelukkig zijn, als jij en Catharina maar met mij mee zouden willen gaan en voor mijn spaargeld zorgen.","translation":"But as a carpenter I am free and independent, and should be quite happy, if only you and Katerina would come with me, and take care of my wages.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"timmerman","gloss":"carpenter (also a surname)"},{"text":"ben","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"vrij","gloss":"rather, quite; free"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"onafhankelijk,","gloss":"independent"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"helemaal","gloss":"entirely"},{"text":"gelukkig","gloss":"happy, unhappy"},{"text":"zijn,","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"jij","gloss":"you"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"Catharina","gloss":"Catharina"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"mee","gloss":"along, with"},{"text":"zouden","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"willen","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"gaan","gloss":"to go"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"spaargeld","gloss":"savings"},{"text":"zorgen.","gloss":"cares"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.e119.i4.m4a"},{"number":1295,"id":"val.nl.L42.e119.i5","source":"Mevrouw S. Ach, Michael, ik ben te oud om nu nog het land te verlaten; en wat Catharina betreft, jij bent zeker nog niet in staat een vrouw te onderhouden, is het wel?","translation":"Ah, Michael, I am too old now to leave home; and as for Katerina, you are surely not able yet to maintain a wife?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mevrouw","gloss":"madam, Mrs."},{"text":"S.","gloss":"(abbreviation)"},{"text":"Ach,","gloss":"Ach"},{"text":"Michael,","gloss":"Michael"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"ben","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"oud","gloss":"old"},{"text":"om","gloss":"smile at"},{"text":"nu","gloss":"now, at present"},{"text":"nog","gloss":"still, yet; another"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"land","gloss":"land"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"verlaten;","gloss":"left"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"Catharina","gloss":"Catharina"},{"text":"betreft,","gloss":"concerns"},{"text":"jij","gloss":"you"},{"text":"bent","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"zeker","gloss":"surely, certainly"},{"text":"nog","gloss":"still, yet; another"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"staat","gloss":"stands; state"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"vrouw","gloss":"a woman, a lady"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"onderhouden,","gloss":"maintained"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"wel?","gloss":"but"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.e119.i5.m4a"},{"number":1296,"id":"val.nl.L42.e119.i6","source":"S. Dat is maar al te waar, moeder; maar juist daarom is het des te noodzakelijker dat ik meteen terugkeer om weer aan het werk te gaan.","translation":"That is too true, mother; the more need, therefore, for me to go back to my trade at once.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"S.","gloss":"(abbreviation)"},{"text":"Dat","gloss":"Dat"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"al","gloss":"already"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"waar,","gloss":"where; true"},{"text":"moeder;","gloss":"the mother"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"juist","gloss":"exactly"},{"text":"daarom","gloss":"therefore"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"des","gloss":"of the"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"noodzakelijker","gloss":"more necessary"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"meteen","gloss":"at once"},{"text":"terugkeer","gloss":"return"},{"text":"om","gloss":"smile at"},{"text":"weer","gloss":"again"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"werk","gloss":"work"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"gaan.","gloss":"to go"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.e119.i6.m4a"},{"number":1297,"id":"val.nl.L42.e119.i7","source":"Bovendien verkeer ik hier echt in gevaar. Er wordt geklopt. He! wat iedere klop op de deur me doet schrikken.","translation":"Besides, I am really in danger here. (A knock.) Ah! how every knock makes me start.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Bovendien","gloss":"besides"},{"text":"verkeer","gloss":"dealings"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"hier","gloss":"here"},{"text":"echt","gloss":"real"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"gevaar.","gloss":"danger"},{"text":"Er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"wordt","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"geklopt.","gloss":"knocked"},{"text":"He!","gloss":"ah"},{"text":"wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"iedere","gloss":"each, every"},{"text":"klop","gloss":"knock"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"deur","gloss":"door"},{"text":"me","gloss":"me"},{"text":"doet","gloss":"to do"},{"text":"schrikken.","gloss":"to startle"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.e119.i7.m4a"},{"number":1298,"id":"val.nl.L42.e119.i8","source":"Wacht, moeder; doe de deur niet open voordat ik me verborgen heb. Hij sluipt achter een scherm.","translation":"Stop, mother; don't open the door until I get out of sight. (He slips behind a screen.)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wacht,","gloss":"is waiting"},{"text":"moeder;","gloss":"the mother"},{"text":"doe","gloss":"to do"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"deur","gloss":"door"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"open","gloss":"open"},{"text":"voordat","gloss":"before"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"me","gloss":"me"},{"text":"verborgen","gloss":"hidden"},{"text":"heb.","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"sluipt","gloss":"slips"},{"text":"achter","gloss":"behind"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"scherm.","gloss":"screen"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.e119.i8.m4a"},{"number":1299,"id":"val.nl.L42.e119.i9","source":"Peter komt haastig binnen. Kom tevoorschijn, oude kameraad! Houd je maar niet verborgen; ik zag je toch door het raam? Jij bent toch zeker niet bang voor mij?","translation":"Enter Peter, hastily. Come out, old comrade! Don't be hiding yourself; did I not see you through the window? Surely you are not afraid of me?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Peter","gloss":"Peter"},{"text":"komt","gloss":"to come"},{"text":"haastig","gloss":"hastily"},{"text":"binnen.","gloss":"within"},{"text":"Kom","gloss":"to come"},{"text":"tevoorschijn,","gloss":"out"},{"text":"oude","gloss":"old"},{"text":"kameraad!","gloss":"little comrade"},{"text":"Houd","gloss":"hold, keep"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"verborgen;","gloss":"hidden"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"zag","gloss":"to see"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"toch","gloss":"indeed, after all (here: 'I did warn you, after all')"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"raam?","gloss":"window"},{"text":"Jij","gloss":"you"},{"text":"bent","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"toch","gloss":"indeed, after all (here: 'I did warn you, after all')"},{"text":"zeker","gloss":"surely, certainly"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"bang","gloss":"afraid"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"mij?","gloss":"me"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.e119.i9.m4a"},{"number":1300,"id":"val.nl.L42.e119.i10","source":"S. Peter! is het mogelijk? Ik ben echt blij je weer te zien. Maar hoe kom je in vredesnaam hier in Moskou terecht? Zo diep het land in worden geen schepen gebouwd.","translation":"Peter! is it possible? I am right glad to see you again. But how on earth come you to be here in Moscow? There is no ship-building going on so far inland.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"S.","gloss":"(abbreviation)"},{"text":"Peter!","gloss":"Peter"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"mogelijk?","gloss":"possible"},{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"ben","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"echt","gloss":"real"},{"text":"blij","gloss":"glad"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"weer","gloss":"again"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"zien.","gloss":"to see"},{"text":"Maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"hoe","gloss":"how"},{"text":"kom","gloss":"to come"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"vredesnaam","gloss":"on earth"},{"text":"hier","gloss":"here"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"Moskou","gloss":"Moskou"},{"text":"terecht?","gloss":"make do"},{"text":"Zo","gloss":"so, as"},{"text":"diep","gloss":"deep"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"land","gloss":"land"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"worden","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"geen","gloss":"no, not a"},{"text":"schepen","gloss":"ship, ships"},{"text":"gebouwd.","gloss":"built"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.e119.i10.m4a"},{"number":1301,"id":"val.nl.L42.e119.i11","source":"P. Dat klopt, maar wel in Sint-Petersburg, de nieuwe stad die de tsaar aan het bouwen is.","translation":"No, but there is in St. Petersburg, the new city that the Czar is building.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"P.","gloss":"Peter"},{"text":"Dat","gloss":"Dat"},{"text":"klopt,","gloss":"knocked"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"wel","gloss":"but"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"Sint-Petersburg,","gloss":"Saint Petersburg"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"nieuwe","gloss":"new"},{"text":"stad","gloss":"city, town"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"tsaar","gloss":"tsar"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"bouwen","gloss":"built"},{"text":"is.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.e119.i11.m4a"},{"number":1302,"id":"val.nl.L42.e119.i12","source":"S. Men zegt dat de tsaar juist vandaag in Moskou is.","translation":"They say that the Czar is in Moscow just now.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"S.","gloss":"(abbreviation)"},{"text":"Men","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":"zegt","gloss":"to say"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"tsaar","gloss":"tsar"},{"text":"juist","gloss":"exactly"},{"text":"vandaag","gloss":"today"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"Moskou","gloss":"Moskou"},{"text":"is.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.e119.i12.m4a"},{"number":1303,"id":"val.nl.L42.e119.i13","source":"P. Ja. Hij kwam vanmorgen door jouw straat.","translation":"Yes. He passed through your street this morning.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"P.","gloss":"Peter"},{"text":"Ja.","gloss":"Ja"},{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"kwam","gloss":"to come"},{"text":"vanmorgen","gloss":"this morning"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"jouw","gloss":"your"},{"text":"straat.","gloss":"street"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.e119.i13.m4a"},{"number":1304,"id":"val.nl.L42.e119.i14","source":"S. Dat hoor ik, maar ik heb hem niet gezien. Peter, hoe heb je me toch gevonden?","translation":"So I heard, but I did not see him. Peter, how did you ever find me out?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"S.","gloss":"(abbreviation)"},{"text":"Dat","gloss":"Dat"},{"text":"hoor","gloss":"to hear"},{"text":"ik,","gloss":"I"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"gezien.","gloss":"to see"},{"text":"Peter,","gloss":"Peter"},{"text":"hoe","gloss":"how"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"me","gloss":"me"},{"text":"toch","gloss":"indeed, after all (here: 'I did warn you, after all')"},{"text":"gevonden?","gloss":"to find"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.e119.i14.m4a"},{"number":1305,"id":"val.nl.L42.e119.i15","source":"P. Wel, doordat ik toevallig de naam van je moeder boven de deur had gezien, kwam de gedachte bij me op, nadat ik naar het paleis was teruggekeerd.","translation":"Why, happening to see your mother's name over the door, it occurred to me, after I returned to the palace.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"P.","gloss":"Peter"},{"text":"Wel,","gloss":"Wel"},{"text":"doordat","gloss":"because"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"toevallig","gloss":"by chance"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"naam","gloss":"name"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"moeder","gloss":"the mother"},{"text":"boven","gloss":"above, over"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"deur","gloss":"door"},{"text":"had","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"gezien,","gloss":"to see"},{"text":"kwam","gloss":"to come"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"gedachte","gloss":"thought"},{"text":"bij","gloss":"with"},{"text":"me","gloss":"me"},{"text":"op,","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"nadat","gloss":"after"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"paleis","gloss":"palace"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"teruggekeerd.","gloss":"returned"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.e119.i15.m4a"},{"number":1306,"id":"val.nl.L42.e119.i16","source":"S. Het paleis!","translation":"The palace!","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"S.","gloss":"(abbreviation)"},{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"paleis!","gloss":"palace"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.e119.i16.m4a"},{"number":1307,"id":"val.nl.L42.e119.i17","source":"P. Ja, ik noem de plaats waar ik intrek altijd een paleis. Dat is een gril van mij.","translation":"Yes, I always call the place a palace where I put up. It is a fancy I have.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"P.","gloss":"Peter"},{"text":"Ja,","gloss":"Ja"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"noem","gloss":"to call, to name"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"plaats","gloss":"place"},{"text":"waar","gloss":"where; true"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"intrek","gloss":"lodge"},{"text":"altijd","gloss":"always"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"paleis.","gloss":"palace"},{"text":"Dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"gril","gloss":"whim"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"mij.","gloss":"me"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.e119.i17.m4a"},{"number":1308,"id":"val.nl.L42.e119.i18","source":"S. Jij bent altijd een zonderlinge vent geweest!","translation":"You were always a queer fellow!","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"S.","gloss":"(abbreviation)"},{"text":"Jij","gloss":"Jij"},{"text":"bent","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"altijd","gloss":"always"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"zonderlinge","gloss":"strange"},{"text":"vent","gloss":"little fellow"},{"text":"geweest!","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.e119.i18.m4a"},{"number":1309,"id":"val.nl.L42.e119.i19","source":"P. Zoals ik al zei, kwam ik op de gedachte of mevrouw Stanmitz de moeder of de tante kon zijn van mijn oude kameraad, en zo trok ik deze vermomming aan.","translation":"As I was saying, it occurred to me that Mrs. Stanmitz might be the mother or the aunt of my old comrade, and so I put on this disguise.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"P.","gloss":"Peter"},{"text":"Zoals","gloss":"as"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"al","gloss":"already"},{"text":"zei,","gloss":"to say"},{"text":"kwam","gloss":"to come"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"gedachte","gloss":"thought"},{"text":"of","gloss":"or; whether"},{"text":"mevrouw","gloss":"madam, Mrs."},{"text":"Stanmitz","gloss":"Stanmitz"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"moeder","gloss":"the mother"},{"text":"of","gloss":"or; whether"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"tante","gloss":"aunt"},{"text":"kon","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"oude","gloss":"old"},{"text":"kameraad,","gloss":"little comrade"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"zo","gloss":"so, as"},{"text":"trok","gloss":"to travel"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"deze","gloss":"the latter (the most recently mentioned)"},{"text":"vermomming","gloss":"disguise"},{"text":"aan.","gloss":"on, at, to"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.e119.i19.m4a"},{"number":1310,"id":"val.nl.L42.e119.i20","source":"S. Ha, ha! een herenpak, Peter, waar heb je die mooie kleren vandaan?","translation":"Ha, ha! the disguise of a gentleman. Peter, where did you get such fine clothes?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"S.","gloss":"(abbreviation)"},{"text":"Ha,","gloss":"Ha"},{"text":"ha!","gloss":"ha"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"herenpak,","gloss":"gentleman's suit"},{"text":"Peter,","gloss":"Peter"},{"text":"waar","gloss":"where; true"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"mooie","gloss":"beautiful"},{"text":"kleren","gloss":"clothes"},{"text":"vandaan?","gloss":"from"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.e119.i20.m4a"},{"number":1311,"id":"val.nl.L42.e119.i21","source":"P. Streng: val me niet in de rede, meneer!","translation":"(sternly). Don't interrupt me, sir!","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"P.","gloss":"Peter"},{"text":"Streng:","gloss":"Streng"},{"text":"val","gloss":"fall"},{"text":"me","gloss":"me"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"rede,","gloss":"discourse"},{"text":"meneer!","gloss":"sir, Mr"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.e119.i21.m4a"},{"number":1312,"id":"val.nl.L42.e119.i22","source":"S. Wat een vreemde toon, om tegen een oude vriend te spreken! Maar ik weet dat je het goed meent; en ik vind het aardig van je dat je iets van mij wilde horen.","translation":"What a strange tone to speak in to an old friend! But I am sure you mean well; and I thank you for wishing to hear something of me.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"S.","gloss":"(abbreviation)"},{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"vreemde","gloss":"strange"},{"text":"toon,","gloss":"tone, voice"},{"text":"om","gloss":"smile at"},{"text":"tegen","gloss":"against; to"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"oude","gloss":"old"},{"text":"vriend","gloss":"friend"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"spreken!","gloss":"to speak"},{"text":"Maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"weet","gloss":"to know"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"goed","gloss":"goods"},{"text":"meent;","gloss":"to think, to believe"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"vind","gloss":"to find"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"aardig","gloss":"charming"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"iets","gloss":"something"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"wilde","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"horen.","gloss":"to hear"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.e119.i22.m4a"},{"number":1313,"id":"val.nl.L42.e119.i23","source":"P. Ach, Michael, we hebben samen menig zwaar houtblok gekloofd, de lange zomerdag door op de scheepswerf van Van Block.","translation":"Ah, Michael, many's the big log we have chopped at together, through the long summer day, in Van Block's ship-yard.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"P.","gloss":"Peter"},{"text":"Ach,","gloss":"Ach"},{"text":"Michael,","gloss":"Michael"},{"text":"we","gloss":"we"},{"text":"hebben","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"samen","gloss":"together"},{"text":"menig","gloss":"many a"},{"text":"zwaar","gloss":"heavy"},{"text":"houtblok","gloss":"log"},{"text":"gekloofd,","gloss":"chopped"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"lange","gloss":"long"},{"text":"zomerdag","gloss":"summer day"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"scheepswerf","gloss":"shipyard"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"Van","gloss":"Van"},{"text":"Block.","gloss":"Block"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.e119.i23.m4a"},{"number":1314,"id":"val.nl.L42.e119.i24","source":"S. Ja, dat hebben we, Peter! Ik zou willen dat je weer met mij terugging!","translation":"That we have, Peter! I wish you were going back with me!","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"S.","gloss":"(abbreviation)"},{"text":"Ja,","gloss":"Ja"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"hebben","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"we,","gloss":"we"},{"text":"Peter!","gloss":"Peter"},{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"willen","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"weer","gloss":"again"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"terugging!","gloss":"went back"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.e119.i24.m4a"},{"number":1315,"id":"val.nl.L42.e119.i25","source":"P. Ik kan een hoger loon in Petersburg verdienen.","translation":"I can get better wages at St. Petersburg.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"P.","gloss":"Peter"},{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"kan","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"hoger","gloss":"high; (of age) great, old"},{"text":"loon","gloss":"reward"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"Petersburg","gloss":"Petersburg"},{"text":"verdienen.","gloss":"earn"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.e119.i25.m4a"},{"number":1316,"id":"val.nl.L42.e119.i26","source":"S. Als ik niet bang was voor een oproep om rekenschap te geven van mijn lange wandeling op die decembermorgen, dan zou ik met je mee willen.","translation":"If it were not the fear of being called to account for my long walk that December morning, I would go with you.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"S.","gloss":"(abbreviation)"},{"text":"Als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"bang","gloss":"afraid"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"oproep","gloss":"summons"},{"text":"om","gloss":"smile at"},{"text":"rekenschap","gloss":"an account"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"geven","gloss":"to give"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"lange","gloss":"long"},{"text":"wandeling","gloss":"walk"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"decembermorgen,","gloss":"December morning"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"mee","gloss":"along, with"},{"text":"willen.","gloss":"to want, to wish"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L42.e119.i26.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]}]}