{"course":{"lang":"nl","language":"Dutch","title":"Dutch Conversation-Grammar","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/nl","source":"Valette, Dutch Conversation-Grammar (1913) and its Key (1893); Defense Language Institute, Dutch Refresher Course, Books I to III (1961). Public domain. The teaching pages, the readings' English, the answers to the conversations and the narration are ours."},"unit":{"number":12,"id":"val.nl.m43-45","title":"Lessons 43 to 45","stage":"Use of the Parts of Speech, and Word-Formation","situation":"De poppenkast (vervolg); De poppenkast (slot); Bilderdijk","outcome":"§674–675. Formation of verbs: the prefix be-; §676. Er and her; §677. Ge; §678. Ont; §679. Ver; §680–684. Suffixes: el, er, ig and eer(en); §685–686. Suffixes el, er: frequentative and intensive verbs; §687. Causative verbs; §688. Verbs formed from particles; §689. Composition: verbal root with a bo","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/nl/12","lines":720},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/courses/nl/11","next":"https://1732studios.com/courses/nl/13","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/","sections":[{"title":"Lesson 43: Formation of verbs: the prefix be-","teaching":[{"title":"Be at the front of a verb","paragraphs":["Dutch makes new verbs with six prefixes: be, er, her, ge, ont and ver. Be is the first.","In a few verbs be keeps its old sense of at, by or near. Belenden means to border on.","Be also makes a transitive verb from an intransitive one. Bewenen means to bewail. It makes verbs from nouns too, as in bevolken, to people."]},{"title":"What be does to a meaning","paragraphs":["Before some transitive verbs be changes or strengthens the meaning. Beroven means to rob.","In a few intransitive verbs be marks the start of an action. Bevriezen means to freeze.","Learn each be verb as one word with its own meaning."]},{"title":"A few from the list","paragraphs":[]}],"lines":[{"number":1,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.1.1","source":"behoren","translation":"to belong (to)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"behoren","gloss":"to belong (to)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.1.1.m4a"},{"number":2,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.1.2","source":"belanden","translation":"to arrive (at)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"belanden","gloss":"to arrive (at)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.1.2.m4a"},{"number":3,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.1.3","source":"belenden","translation":"to border (on)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"belenden","gloss":"to border (on)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.1.3.m4a"},{"number":4,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.1.4","source":"berusten","translation":"to submit to","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"berusten","gloss":"to submit to"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.1.4.m4a"},{"number":5,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.1.5","source":"begaan","translation":"to tread upon","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"begaan","gloss":"to tread upon"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.1.5.m4a"},{"number":6,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.1.6","source":"bespringen","translation":"to attack","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"bespringen","gloss":"to attack"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.1.6.m4a"},{"number":7,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.1.7","source":"betreuren","translation":"to lament","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"betreuren","gloss":"grieve at"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.1.7.m4a"},{"number":8,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.1.8","source":"bevaren","translation":"to navigate","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"bevaren","gloss":"to navigate"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.1.8.m4a"},{"number":9,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.1.9","source":"bewenen","translation":"to bewail","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"bewenen","gloss":"to bewail"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.1.9.m4a"},{"number":10,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.1.10","source":"bekransen","translation":"to wreathe","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"bekransen","gloss":"to wreathe"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.1.10.m4a"},{"number":11,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.1.11","source":"belasten","translation":"to burden","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"belasten","gloss":"to burden"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.1.11.m4a"},{"number":12,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.1.12","source":"bevolken","translation":"to people","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"bevolken","gloss":"to people"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.1.12.m4a"},{"number":13,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.1.13","source":"bevoordelen","translation":"to benefit","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"bevoordelen","gloss":"to benefit"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.1.13.m4a"},{"number":14,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.1.14","source":"bevredigen","translation":"to satisfy","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"bevredigen","gloss":"to satisfy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.1.14.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":674,"text":"Formation of verbs: the prefix be-\n\nThe prefixes by means of which verbs are formed are: be, er, her, ge, ont and ver.\n\nBe (= bij) has its original meaning of: at, by, near, on, to, upon in a few verbs. Be also forms transitive verbs from intransitive ones, and transitive verbs from nouns whose primitive word is not itself used as a verb; before some transitive verbs be alters or strengthens the meaning, and in a few intransitive verbs be denotes the beginning of an action.\n\nA few from the list\nbehoren              to belong (to)\nbelanden             to arrive (at)\nbelenden             to border (on)\nberusten             to submit to\nbegaan               to tread upon\nbespringen           to attack\nbetreuren            to lament\nbevaren              to navigate\nbewenen              to bewail\nbekransen            to wreathe"},{"section":676,"text":"Er and her\n\nEr occurs in verbs borrowed from German only. By prefixing an h to er a new prefix her was formed, which belongs to Dutch alone and is entirely absent from German; it forms a large family of verbs meaning to do something again or over.\n\nA few from the list\nerachten             (mijns erachtens) in my opinion\nzich erbarmen        to have mercy upon\nerkennen             to acknowledge\nerlangen             to acquire\nervaren              to experience\nherinneren           to remember\nherademen            to breathe again\nherbakken            to rebake\nherbouwen            to rebuild\nherdenken            to commemorate"},{"section":677,"text":"Ge\n\nGe alters the meaning of the primitive word slightly, or in some verbs not at all; several verbs exist in both a plain and a ge- form with the same sense."},{"section":678,"text":"Ont\n\nOnt has the meaning of tegen, terug (against, back) in some verbs; in others it means bringing into a new condition, in others it denotes a bereaving or depriving, and from that last meaning follows the sense of away.\n\nA few from the list\nonthouden            to withhold\nontmoeten            to meet\nontraden             to dissuade from\nontzeggen            to deny\nontzien              to respect\nontbranden           to take fire\nontdooien            to thaw\nontruimen            to evacuate\nontslapen            to expire\nontspruiten          to bud forth"},{"section":679,"text":"Ver\n\nVer denotes the opposite of what the primitive word expresses, or evil, false, wrong; a destruction or loss by means of the action; a change or transition; or a covering or secluding.\n\nA few from the list\nverachten            to despise\nverbeuren            to lose\nverdenken            to suspect\nvergissen            to err\nverleiden            to seduce\nverbranden           to reduce to ashes\nverbrijzelen         to crush\nverdrinken           to spend on drink (also to drown)\nvermoorden           to murder\nverslapen            to oversleep oneself"},{"section":680,"text":"Suffixes: el, er, ig and eer(en)\n\nThe suffixes by means of which verbs were formed or may be formed are: el, er, ig and the foreign suffix eer; nowadays verbs are generally formed from their primitive word without any suffix.\n\nVerbs formed from nouns denote an action explained by the meaning of the primitive word.\n\nVerbs formed from adjectives denote causation, that someone or something acquires the quality the adjective expresses, or being or becoming what the adjective expresses.\n\nSome verbs are formed from nouns or adjectives by means of ig, sometimes with a prefix; these are not to be confused with verbs formed from adjectives that already end in ig.\n\nThe suffix eer(en) was borrowed along with foreign words such as dineren, to dine, and trakteren, to treat, and was then used to form verbs from Dutch nouns and adjectives too.\n\nA few from the list\nboeren               to farm\nblozen               to blush\ndoppen               to shell\nherbergen            to lodge\nhuizen               to lodge or to live (with)\nkleden               to dress\npakken               to pack up\nploegen              to plough\nvissen               to fish\ndartelen             to frolic"},{"section":685,"text":"Suffixes el, er: frequentative and intensive verbs\n\nVerbs were originally formed from nouns or adjectives ending in el or er, some of which have since fallen out of use. Later, many verbs were formed by adding the suffixes el, er to a verbal root; these denote the repetition of the action named in the root word, and are usually called Frequentative Verbs.\n\nThe Intensive Verbs stand beside other verbs but with a strengthened meaning; the root vowel has become short, hence the doubling of the final consonant. Some of these have also acquired a frequentative ending.\n\nA few from the list\nroosteren            to roast\nschilderen           to paint\nwaggelen             to stagger\nwandelen             to walk\nwankelen             to waver\nweigeren             to refuse\nduikelen             to dive\nklapperen            to chatter\nkrabbelen            to scratch\nschuifelen           to shuffle"},{"section":687,"text":"Causative verbs\n\nThe causative verbs are formed from the roots of strong verbs by vowel change: they cause the state or action of the strong verb to come about."},{"section":688,"text":"Verbs formed from particles\n\nThe verb mijnen, to buy at a public sale by calling 'mine', is formed from the possessive pronoun mijn; the following verbs are formed from particles."},{"section":689,"text":"Composition: verbal root with a body-part noun\n\nThe rules for the formation of compound verbs were already given in Lesson 22; here we mention only the peculiar formation of some verbs consisting of a verbal root with a noun for a part of the body. These compounds depart from the general rules for compounds and are used in colloquial Dutch with a comical meaning."}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 43: Er and her","teaching":[{"title":"Er from German, her for again","paragraphs":["Er comes only in verbs that Dutch borrowed from German. Erkennen, to acknowledge, is one. Ervaren, to experience, is another.","Dutch added an h to er and made her. Her belongs to Dutch alone. German does not have it.","Her forms a large family of verbs. They mean to do something again or over. Herbouwen is to rebuild. Herlezen is to read over again. Hernieuwen is to renew."]},{"title":"Er and her","paragraphs":["Er occurs in verbs borrowed from German only. By prefixing an h to er a new prefix her was formed, which belongs to Dutch alone and is entirely absent from German; it forms a large family of verbs meaning to do something again or over."]}],"lines":[{"number":15,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.2.1","source":"erachten","translation":"(mijns erachtens) in my opinion","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"erachten","gloss":"(mijns erachtens) in my opinion"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.2.1.m4a"},{"number":16,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.2.2","source":"zich erbarmen","translation":"to have mercy upon","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"erbarmen","gloss":"have mercy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.2.2.m4a"},{"number":17,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.2.3","source":"erkennen","translation":"to acknowledge","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"erkennen","gloss":"to acknowledge"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.2.3.m4a"},{"number":18,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.2.4","source":"erlangen","translation":"to acquire","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"erlangen","gloss":"to acquire"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.2.4.m4a"},{"number":19,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.2.5","source":"ervaren","translation":"to experience","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ervaren","gloss":"to experience"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.2.5.m4a"},{"number":20,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.2.6","source":"herinneren","translation":"to remember","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"herinneren","gloss":"to remember"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.2.6.m4a"},{"number":21,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.2.7","source":"herademen","translation":"to breathe again","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"herademen","gloss":"to breathe again"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.2.7.m4a"},{"number":22,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.2.8","source":"herbakken","translation":"to rebake","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"herbakken","gloss":"to rebake"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.2.8.m4a"},{"number":23,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.2.9","source":"herbouwen","translation":"to rebuild","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"herbouwen","gloss":"to rebuild"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.2.9.m4a"},{"number":24,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.2.10","source":"herdenken","translation":"to commemorate","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"herdenken","gloss":"to commemorate"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.2.10.m4a"},{"number":25,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.2.11","source":"herdoen","translation":"to do over again","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"herdoen","gloss":"to do over again"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.2.11.m4a"},{"number":26,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.2.12","source":"herdopen","translation":"to rebaptize","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"herdopen","gloss":"to rebaptize"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.2.12.m4a"},{"number":27,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.2.13","source":"herdrukken","translation":"to reprint","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"herdrukken","gloss":"to reprint"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.2.13.m4a"},{"number":28,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.2.14","source":"herenigen","translation":"to reunite","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"herenigen","gloss":"to reunite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.2.14.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 43: Ge","teaching":[{"title":"Ge changes little","paragraphs":["Ge alters the meaning of the base word slightly. In some verbs it alters nothing.","Several verbs exist in two forms with the same sense, one plain and one with ge. Lukken and gelukken both mean to succeed. Lijken and gelijken both mean to resemble.","Other ge verbs stand alone. Gebeuren means to happen. Geloven means to believe."]}],"lines":[{"number":29,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.3.1","source":"gebeuren","translation":"to happen","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"gebeuren","gloss":"to happen"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.3.1.m4a"},{"number":30,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.3.2","source":"geschieden","translation":"to happen","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"geschieden","gloss":"to happen"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.3.2.m4a"},{"number":31,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.3.3","source":"gedragen","translation":"to behave","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"gedragen","gloss":"to behave"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.3.3.m4a"},{"number":32,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.3.4","source":"geloven","translation":"to believe","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"geloven","gloss":"to believe"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.3.4.m4a"},{"number":33,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.3.5","source":"genaken","translation":"to approach","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"genaken","gloss":"to approach"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.3.5.m4a"},{"number":34,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.3.6","source":"gewagen","translation":"to mention","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"gewagen","gloss":"to mention"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.3.6.m4a"},{"number":35,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.3.7","source":"lijken","translation":"to resemble","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"lijken","gloss":"to resemble"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.3.7.m4a"},{"number":36,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.3.8","source":"gelijken","translation":"to resemble","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"gelijken","gloss":"to resemble"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.3.8.m4a"},{"number":37,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.3.9","source":"lukken","translation":"to succeed","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"lukken","gloss":"to succeed"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.3.9.m4a"},{"number":38,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.3.10","source":"gelukken","translation":"to succeed","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"gelukken","gloss":"fortune"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.3.10.m4a"},{"number":39,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.3.11","source":"voelen","translation":"to feel","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"voelen","gloss":"to feel"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.3.11.m4a"},{"number":40,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.3.12","source":"gevoelen","translation":"to feel","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"gevoelen","gloss":"opinion"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.3.12.m4a"},{"number":41,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.3.13","source":"winnen","translation":"to gain","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"winnen","gloss":"to gain"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.3.13.m4a"},{"number":42,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.3.14","source":"gewinnen","translation":"to gain","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"gewinnen","gloss":"to gain"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.3.14.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 43: Ont","teaching":[{"title":"Meanings of ont","paragraphs":["In some verbs ont means against or back. Ontzeggen is to deny. In others it brings something into a new condition. Ontdooien is to thaw.","In others it takes something away from someone. Ontadelen is to deprive of nobility. Ontsluiten is to unlock.","From that last sense comes the plain sense of away. Ontglippen is to escape or drop."]},{"title":"Ont","paragraphs":["Ont has the meaning of tegen, terug (against, back) in some verbs; in others it means bringing into a new condition, in others it denotes a bereaving or depriving, and from that last meaning follows the sense of away."]}],"lines":[{"number":43,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.4.1","source":"onthouden","translation":"to withhold","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"onthouden","gloss":"to withhold"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.4.1.m4a"},{"number":44,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.4.2","source":"ontmoeten","translation":"to meet","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ontmoeten","gloss":"to meet"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.4.2.m4a"},{"number":45,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.4.3","source":"ontraden","translation":"to dissuade from","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ontraden","gloss":"to dissuade from"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.4.3.m4a"},{"number":46,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.4.4","source":"ontzeggen","translation":"to deny","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ontzeggen","gloss":"to deny"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.4.4.m4a"},{"number":47,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.4.5","source":"ontzien","translation":"to respect","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ontzien","gloss":"to respect"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.4.5.m4a"},{"number":48,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.4.6","source":"ontbranden","translation":"to take fire","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ontbranden","gloss":"to take fire"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.4.6.m4a"},{"number":49,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.4.7","source":"ontdooien","translation":"to thaw","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ontdooien","gloss":"to thaw"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.4.7.m4a"},{"number":50,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.4.8","source":"ontruimen","translation":"to evacuate","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ontruimen","gloss":"to leave, to evacuate"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.4.8.m4a"},{"number":51,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.4.9","source":"ontslapen","translation":"to expire","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ontslapen","gloss":"to expire"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.4.9.m4a"},{"number":52,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.4.10","source":"ontspruiten","translation":"to bud forth","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ontspruiten","gloss":"to bud forth"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.4.10.m4a"},{"number":53,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.4.11","source":"ontvreemden","translation":"to embezzle","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ontvreemden","gloss":"to embezzle"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.4.11.m4a"},{"number":54,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.4.12","source":"ontadelen","translation":"to deprive of nobility","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ontadelen","gloss":"to deprive of nobility"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.4.12.m4a"},{"number":55,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.4.13","source":"ontbinden","translation":"to dissolve","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ontbinden","gloss":"to dissolve"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.4.13.m4a"},{"number":56,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.4.14","source":"ontdekken","translation":"to uncover or discover","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ontdekken","gloss":"hunt down"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.4.14.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 43: Ver","teaching":[{"title":"Meanings of ver","paragraphs":["Ver can give the opposite of the base word, or mean evil, false or wrong. Verachten is to despise. Vergissen is to err.","It can mean destruction or loss through the action. Verbranden is to reduce to ashes. Verspelen is to lose in playing.","It can mean a change. Verkleden is to change one's dress. It can also mean covering. Verzegelen is to seal."]},{"title":"Ver","paragraphs":["Ver denotes the opposite of what the primitive word expresses, or evil, false, wrong; a destruction or loss by means of the action; a change or transition; or a covering or secluding."]}],"lines":[{"number":57,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.5.1","source":"verachten","translation":"to despise","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"verachten","gloss":"to despise"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.5.1.m4a"},{"number":58,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.5.2","source":"verbeuren","translation":"to lose","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"verbeuren","gloss":"to lose"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.5.2.m4a"},{"number":59,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.5.3","source":"verdenken","translation":"to suspect","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"verdenken","gloss":"to suspect"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.5.3.m4a"},{"number":60,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.5.4","source":"vergissen","translation":"to err","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"vergissen","gloss":"to err"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.5.4.m4a"},{"number":61,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.5.5","source":"verleiden","translation":"to seduce","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"verleiden","gloss":"to seduce"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.5.5.m4a"},{"number":62,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.5.6","source":"verbranden","translation":"to reduce to ashes","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"verbranden","gloss":"to reduce to ashes"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.5.6.m4a"},{"number":63,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.5.7","source":"verbrijzelen","translation":"to crush","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"verbrijzelen","gloss":"to crush"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.5.7.m4a"},{"number":64,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.5.8","source":"verdrinken","translation":"to spend on drink (also to drown)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"verdrinken","gloss":"to spend on drink (also to drown)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.5.8.m4a"},{"number":65,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.5.9","source":"vermoorden","translation":"to murder","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"vermoorden","gloss":"to murder"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.5.9.m4a"},{"number":66,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.5.10","source":"verslapen","translation":"to oversleep oneself","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"verslapen","gloss":"to oversleep oneself"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.5.10.m4a"},{"number":67,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.5.11","source":"verspelen","translation":"to lose in playing","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"verspelen","gloss":"to lose in playing"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.5.11.m4a"},{"number":68,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.5.12","source":"vervliegen","translation":"to evaporate","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"vervliegen","gloss":"to evaporate"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.5.12.m4a"},{"number":69,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.5.13","source":"verbedden","translation":"to change beds","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"verbedden","gloss":"to change beds"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.5.13.m4a"},{"number":70,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.5.14","source":"verhuizen","translation":"to remove","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"verhuizen","gloss":"to remove"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.5.14.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 43: Suffixes: el, er, ig and eer(en)","teaching":[{"title":"Suffixes that make verbs","paragraphs":["Verbs were once made with the suffixes el, er, ig and the foreign eer. Today most verbs are made from the base word with no suffix at all.","A verb made from a noun names an action that the noun explains. Boeren is to farm. Ploegen is to plough."]},{"title":"Verbs from adjectives and with ig or eer","paragraphs":["A verb made from an adjective means to cause the quality, to gain it or to be it. Sterken is to strengthen. Groenen is to become green.","Some verbs are made from nouns or adjectives with ig, as in eindigen, to finish. Do not confuse these with verbs made from adjectives that already end in ig.","Eer came in with foreign words such as dineren, to dine. Dutch then used it on its own nouns and adjectives. Halveren is to halve."]},{"title":"Suffixes: el, er, ig and eer(en)","paragraphs":["The suffix eer(en) was borrowed along with foreign words such as dineren, to dine, and trakteren, to treat, and was then used to form verbs from Dutch nouns and adjectives too."]}],"lines":[{"number":71,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.6.1","source":"boeren","translation":"to farm","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"boeren","gloss":"peasant"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.6.1.m4a"},{"number":72,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.6.2","source":"doppen","translation":"to shell","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"doppen","gloss":"to shell"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.6.2.m4a"},{"number":73,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.6.3","source":"huizen","translation":"to lodge or to live (with)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"huizen","gloss":"houses"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.6.3.m4a"},{"number":74,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.6.4","source":"pakken","translation":"to pack up","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"pakken","gloss":"to seize"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.6.4.m4a"},{"number":75,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.6.5","source":"vissen","translation":"to fish","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"vissen","gloss":"to fish"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.6.5.m4a"},{"number":76,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.6.6","source":"doden","translation":"to kill","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"doden","gloss":"death"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.6.6.m4a"},{"number":77,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.6.7","source":"richten","translation":"to point","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"richten","gloss":"to point"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.6.7.m4a"},{"number":78,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.6.8","source":"sterken","translation":"to strengthen","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"sterken","gloss":"to strengthen"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.6.8.m4a"},{"number":79,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.6.9","source":"witten","translation":"to whitewash","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"witten","gloss":"to whitewash"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.6.9.m4a"},{"number":80,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.6.10","source":"eindigen","translation":"to finish","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"eindigen","gloss":"to finish"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.6.10.m4a"},{"number":81,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.6.11","source":"stenigen","translation":"to stone","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"stenigen","gloss":"to stone"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.6.11.m4a"},{"number":82,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.6.12","source":"bevredigen","translation":"to satisfy or pacify","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"bevredigen","gloss":"to satisfy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.6.12.m4a"},{"number":83,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.6.13","source":"beveiligen","translation":"to secure","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"beveiligen","gloss":"to secure"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.6.13.m4a"},{"number":84,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.6.14","source":"rechtvaardigen","translation":"to justify","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"rechtvaardigen","gloss":"to justify"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.6.14.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 43: Suffixes el, er: frequentative and intensive verbs","teaching":[{"title":"Verbs of repeated action","paragraphs":["A frequentative verb names an action that repeats. It is made by adding el or er to a verb root.","Wandelen is to walk. Krabbelen is to scratch. Schuifelen is to shuffle.","The first verbs with el or er were made from nouns or adjectives that ended in el or er. Some of those words are no longer used."]},{"title":"Verbs of strengthened meaning","paragraphs":["An intensive verb stands beside another verb and strengthens its meaning.","The root vowel has become short, so the last consonant is doubled. Bukken is to bow or stoop. Hikken is to hiccough.","Some of these also carry a frequentative ending, as in knabbelen, to nibble."]}],"lines":[{"number":85,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.7.1","source":"roosteren","translation":"to roast","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"roosteren","gloss":"to roast"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.7.1.m4a"},{"number":86,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.7.2","source":"schilderen","translation":"to paint","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"schilderen","gloss":"to paint"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.7.2.m4a"},{"number":87,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.7.3","source":"waggelen","translation":"to stagger","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"waggelen","gloss":"to stagger"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.7.3.m4a"},{"number":88,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.7.4","source":"wandelen","translation":"to walk","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"wandelen","gloss":"to walk, stroll"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.7.4.m4a"},{"number":89,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.7.5","source":"wankelen","translation":"to waver","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"wankelen","gloss":"to waver"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.7.5.m4a"},{"number":90,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.7.6","source":"weigeren","translation":"to refuse","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"weigeren","gloss":"to refuse"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.7.6.m4a"},{"number":91,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.7.7","source":"duikelen","translation":"to dive","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"duikelen","gloss":"to dive"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.7.7.m4a"},{"number":92,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.7.8","source":"klapperen","translation":"to chatter","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"klapperen","gloss":"to chatter"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.7.8.m4a"},{"number":93,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.7.9","source":"krabbelen","translation":"to scratch","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"krabbelen","gloss":"to scratch"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.7.9.m4a"},{"number":94,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.7.10","source":"schuifelen","translation":"to shuffle","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"schuifelen","gloss":"to shuffle"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.7.10.m4a"},{"number":95,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.7.11","source":"wentelen","translation":"to welter or wallow","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"wentelen","gloss":"to welter or wallow"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.7.11.m4a"},{"number":96,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.7.12","source":"bukken","translation":"to bow or stoop","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"bukken","gloss":"to bow or stoop"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.7.12.m4a"},{"number":97,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.7.13","source":"hikken","translation":"to hiccough","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"hikken","gloss":"to hiccough"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.7.13.m4a"},{"number":98,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.7.14","source":"stikken","translation":"to stitch","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"stikken","gloss":"to stitch"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.7.14.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 43: Causative verbs","teaching":[{"title":"Verbs that make something happen","paragraphs":["A causative verb is made from the root of a strong verb by a change of vowel. It causes the action of the strong verb to come about.","Zitten means to sit. Zetten means to set, which makes something sit. Liggen means to lie. Leggen means to lay, which makes something lie.","Vallen means to fall. Vellen means to fell, which makes something fall."]}],"lines":[{"number":99,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.8.1","source":"drenken","translation":"to drench or water (from drank – drinken)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"drenken","gloss":"to drench or water (from drank – drinken)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.8.1.m4a"},{"number":100,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.8.2","source":"gehengen","translation":"to allow (hang – hangen)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"gehengen","gloss":"to allow (hang – hangen)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.8.2.m4a"},{"number":101,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.8.3","source":"kloven","translation":"to cleave (kloof – klieven)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"kloven","gloss":"to cleave (kloof – klieven)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.8.3.m4a"},{"number":102,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.8.4","source":"leggen","translation":"to lay (lag – liggen)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"leggen","gloss":"to lay (lag – liggen)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.8.4.m4a"},{"number":103,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.8.5","source":"leiden","translation":"to lead (leed – lijden)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"leiden","gloss":"to lead (leed – lijden)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.8.5.m4a"},{"number":104,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.8.6","source":"neigen","translation":"to incline (neeg – nijgen)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"neigen","gloss":"to incline (neeg – nijgen)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.8.6.m4a"},{"number":105,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.8.7","source":"vellen","translation":"to fell (val – vallen)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"vellen","gloss":"to fell (val – vallen)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.8.7.m4a"},{"number":106,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.8.8","source":"voeren","translation":"to convey (voer – varen)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"voeren","gloss":"to convey (voer – varen)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.8.8.m4a"},{"number":107,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.8.9","source":"wenden","translation":"to turn (wand – winden)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"wenden","gloss":"to turn (wand – winden)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.8.9.m4a"},{"number":108,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.8.10","source":"zetten","translation":"to set (zat – zitten)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"zetten","gloss":"to set (zat – zitten)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.8.10.m4a"},{"number":109,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.8.11","source":"zogen","translation":"to suckle (zoog – zuigen)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"zogen","gloss":"to suckle (zoog – zuigen)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.8.11.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 43: Verbs formed from particles","teaching":[{"title":"Verbs from small words","paragraphs":["A few verbs are formed from particles, small words that are not nouns, adjectives or verbs.","Naderen is to approach. Uiten is to utter. Veroveren is to conquer.","One verb comes from mijn, the word for my. Mijnen means to buy at a public sale by calling mine."]}],"lines":[{"number":110,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.9.1","source":"mijnen","translation":"to buy at a public sale by calling 'mine'","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"mijnen","gloss":"my"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.9.1.m4a"},{"number":111,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.9.2","source":"bejegenen","translation":"to treat","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"bejegenen","gloss":"to treat"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.9.2.m4a"},{"number":112,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.9.3","source":"bevorderen","translation":"to promote","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"bevorderen","gloss":"to promote"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.9.3.m4a"},{"number":113,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.9.4","source":"innen","translation":"to gather","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"innen","gloss":"to gather"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.9.4.m4a"},{"number":114,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.9.5","source":"naderen","translation":"to approach","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"naderen","gloss":"to approach"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.9.5.m4a"},{"number":115,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.9.6","source":"opperen","translation":"to propose","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"opperen","gloss":"to propose"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.9.6.m4a"},{"number":116,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.9.7","source":"uiten","translation":"to utter","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"uiten","gloss":"to utter"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.9.7.m4a"},{"number":117,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.9.8","source":"vernederen","translation":"to humble","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"vernederen","gloss":"to humiliate, humble"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.9.8.m4a"},{"number":118,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.9.9","source":"veroveren","translation":"to conquer","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"veroveren","gloss":"to conquer"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.9.9.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 43: Composition: verbal root with a body-part noun","teaching":[{"title":"Verbs with a body part in them","paragraphs":["A few compound verbs join a verb root to a noun for a part of the body. They break the usual rules for compounds.","Everyday Dutch uses them with a comical meaning. Knipogen means to wink. Stampvoeten means to stamp one's feet. Klappertanden means to chatter one's teeth.","Treat each one as a single verb with its own meaning."]}],"lines":[{"number":119,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.10.1","source":"druipstaarten","translation":"to be abashed or sneak away","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"druipstaarten","gloss":"to be abashed or sneak away"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.10.1.m4a"},{"number":120,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.10.2","source":"klappertanden","translation":"to chatter (one's teeth)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"klappertanden","gloss":"to chatter (one's teeth)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.10.2.m4a"},{"number":121,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.10.3","source":"klapwieken","translation":"to clap the wings","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"klapwieken","gloss":"to clap the wings"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.10.3.m4a"},{"number":122,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.10.4","source":"knarsetanden","translation":"to gnash the teeth","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"knarsetanden","gloss":"to gnash the teeth"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.10.4.m4a"},{"number":123,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.10.5","source":"knikkebollen","translation":"to nod or doze","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"knikkebollen","gloss":"to nod or doze"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.10.5.m4a"},{"number":124,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.10.6","source":"knipogen","translation":"to wink","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"knipogen","gloss":"to wink"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.10.6.m4a"},{"number":125,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.10.7","source":"kortwieken","translation":"to clip (the wings)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"kortwieken","gloss":"to clip (the wings)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.10.7.m4a"},{"number":126,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.10.8","source":"plukharen","translation":"to catch each other by the hair","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"plukharen","gloss":"to catch each other by the hair"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.10.8.m4a"},{"number":127,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.10.9","source":"reikhalzen","translation":"to long for","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"reikhalzen","gloss":"to long for"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.10.9.m4a"},{"number":128,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.10.10","source":"schoorvoeten","translation":"to hesitate","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"schoorvoeten","gloss":"to hesitate"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.10.10.m4a"},{"number":129,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.10.11","source":"stampvoeten","translation":"to stamp (one's feet)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"stampvoeten","gloss":"to stamp (one's feet)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.10.11.m4a"},{"number":130,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.10.12","source":"suizebollen","translation":"to grow giddy","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"suizebollen","gloss":"to grow giddy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.10.12.m4a"},{"number":131,"id":"val.nl.L43.x.10.13","source":"trekkebekken","translation":"to bill or coo","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"trekkebekken","gloss":"to bill or coo"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.x.10.13.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"De poppenkast (vervolg)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":132,"id":"val.nl.L43.r.0","source":"De poppenkast (vervolg)","translation":"The puppet show (continued)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"poppenkast","gloss":"puppet show"},{"text":"(vervolg)","gloss":"future"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.r.0.m4a"},{"number":133,"id":"val.nl.L43.r.1","source":"En dat rijke toneel met de kist, waarin, na een hevige huiselijke twist, Katrijn gestopt wordt, waarna hij de kist aan de jood verkoopt, die tot zijn vreselijke schrik, als hij zijn koopje naar huis wil dragen, eensklaps Katrijn halverwege eruit ziet komen.","translation":"And that rich scene with the box, in which, after a violent domestic quarrel, Katrijn is shoved, after which he sells the box to the Jew, who, to his terrible fright, as he wants to carry his bargain home, suddenly sees Katrijn coming out halfway.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"En","gloss":"and"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"rijke","gloss":"rich"},{"text":"toneel","gloss":"scene"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"kist,","gloss":"box"},{"text":"waarin,","gloss":"in which"},{"text":"na","gloss":"after"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"hevige","gloss":"violent"},{"text":"huiselijke","gloss":"domestic"},{"text":"twist,","gloss":"quarrel, dispute"},{"text":"Katrijn","gloss":"Katrijn"},{"text":"gestopt","gloss":"darns"},{"text":"wordt,","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"waarna","gloss":"after which"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"kist","gloss":"box"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"jood","gloss":"Jew"},{"text":"verkoopt,","gloss":"sells"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"tot","gloss":"until, to"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"vreselijke","gloss":"dreadfully"},{"text":"schrik,","gloss":"fright, terror"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"koopje","gloss":"sale"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"huis","gloss":"house"},{"text":"wil","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"dragen,","gloss":"to carry"},{"text":"eensklaps","gloss":"suddenly"},{"text":"Katrijn","gloss":"Katrijn"},{"text":"halverwege","gloss":"halfway"},{"text":"eruit","gloss":"out of it"},{"text":"ziet","gloss":"to see"},{"text":"komen.","gloss":"to come"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.r.1.m4a"},{"number":134,"id":"val.nl.L43.r.2","source":"Op het ogenblik dat hij haar er verder uit wil trekken, nadert Jan Klaassen hem van achteren en in een ommezien stopt hij hem er ook bij in, springt in triomf op de kist en blijft in die houding, in weerwil van de hopeloze pogingen van de gevangenen, die het deksel steeds op en neer laten klappen.","translation":"At the moment when he wants to pull her out further, Jan Klaassen approaches him from behind and in a flash stuffs him in there too, jumps in triumph onto the box and stays in that position, despite the hopeless attempts of the prisoners, who keep banging the lid up and down.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"ogenblik","gloss":"moment"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"haar","gloss":"her"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"verder","gloss":"further"},{"text":"uit","gloss":"out of, from"},{"text":"wil","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"trekken,","gloss":"to travel, to pull (strong)"},{"text":"nadert","gloss":"to approach"},{"text":"Jan","gloss":"Jan"},{"text":"Klaassen","gloss":"Klaassen"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"achteren","gloss":"the back (naar achteren: backwards)"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"ommezien","gloss":"flash"},{"text":"stopt","gloss":"darns"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"ook","gloss":"also, likewise"},{"text":"bij","gloss":"with"},{"text":"in,","gloss":"in"},{"text":"springt","gloss":"to spring"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"triomf","gloss":"triumph"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"kist","gloss":"box"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"blijft","gloss":"to remain, stay"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"houding,","gloss":"bearing"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in spite of"},{"text":"weerwil","gloss":"in spite of"},{"text":"van","gloss":"in spite of"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"hopeloze","gloss":"hopeless"},{"text":"pogingen","gloss":"efforts"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"gevangenen,","gloss":"to catch"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"deksel","gloss":"cover"},{"text":"steeds","gloss":"townish"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"neer","gloss":"down"},{"text":"laten","gloss":"to let"},{"text":"klappen.","gloss":"banging"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.r.2.m4a"},{"number":135,"id":"val.nl.L43.r.3","source":"Ik wil hier niet eens spreken van de tonelen met de zwarte duivel met zijn spitse tong van rood laken, of van de witte Pierlala, die niet spreekt, maar alleen zijn geheimzinnige “brrrrrrie! brrrrrrie!” laat horen, dat de vertoner weet voort te brengen door te blazen op twee platte baleintjes, die hij tussen zijn lippen op elkaar klemt, die wonderlijke gedaante, die op het ogenblik dat Jan Klaassen zijn rechterbeen met zijn beide handen heeft opgenomen om storm te lopen op de vreemde snoes, die hem met zijn eeuwige “brrrrrrie!” verveelt, plotseling tot een ongehoorde lengte aangroeit, die ver boven de bovenkant van het theater uitsteekt.","translation":"I do not even want to speak here of the scenes with the black devil with his pointed tongue of red cloth, or of the white Pierlala, who does not speak, but only lets his mysterious “brrrrrrie! brrrrrrie!” be heard, which the performer knows how to produce by blowing on two flat little strips of whalebone, which he clamps together between his lips, that strange figure, which, at the moment when Jan Klaassen has picked up his right leg with both his hands to charge at the strange fellow who bothers him with his eternal “brrrrrrie!”, suddenly grows to an unheard-of length that sticks out far above the top of the theatre.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"wil","gloss":"want"},{"text":"hier","gloss":"here"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"eens","gloss":"once, one day"},{"text":"spreken","gloss":"speak"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"tonelen","gloss":"scenes"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"zwarte","gloss":"black"},{"text":"duivel","gloss":"devil"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"spitse","gloss":"pointed"},{"text":"tong","gloss":"tongue"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"rood","gloss":"red"},{"text":"laken,","gloss":"upholstery"},{"text":"of","gloss":"or; whether"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"witte","gloss":"white"},{"text":"Pierlala,","gloss":"Pierlala"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"spreekt,","gloss":"speaks"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"alleen","gloss":"only"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"geheimzinnige","gloss":"mysterious"},{"text":"“brrrrrrie!","gloss":"brrrrrrie"},{"text":"brrrrrrie!”","gloss":"brrrrrrie"},{"text":"laat","gloss":"let; late"},{"text":"horen,","gloss":"to hear"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vertoner","gloss":"performer"},{"text":"weet","gloss":"know"},{"text":"voort","gloss":"on"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to (before a verb); at, in (before a place); too"},{"text":"brengen","gloss":"bring"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to (before a verb); at, in (before a place); too"},{"text":"blazen","gloss":"whisper"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"twee","gloss":"two"},{"text":"platte","gloss":"flat"},{"text":"baleintjes,","gloss":"strips of whalebone"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"tussen","gloss":"between"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"lippen","gloss":"lips"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"elkaar","gloss":"each other"},{"text":"klemt,","gloss":"clamps"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"wonderlijke","gloss":"strange"},{"text":"gedaante,","gloss":"shape"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"ogenblik","gloss":"moment"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"Jan","gloss":"John (formerly the general name for a manservant or a waiter; a servant is now called by their own name, and a waiter is called ober)"},{"text":"Klaassen","gloss":"Klaassen"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"rechterbeen","gloss":"right leg"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"beide","gloss":"both"},{"text":"handen","gloss":"a hand, hands"},{"text":"heeft","gloss":"has"},{"text":"opgenomen","gloss":"taken"},{"text":"om","gloss":"smile at"},{"text":"storm","gloss":"storm"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to (before a verb); at, in (before a place); too"},{"text":"lopen","gloss":"walk"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vreemde","gloss":"strange"},{"text":"snoes,","gloss":"fellow"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"eeuwige","gloss":"eternal"},{"text":"“brrrrrrie!”","gloss":"brrrrrrie"},{"text":"verveelt,","gloss":"are bored"},{"text":"plotseling","gloss":"suddenly"},{"text":"tot","gloss":"until, 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expire"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e121.i44.m4a"},{"number":220,"id":"val.nl.L43.e121.i45","source":"gevoelen","translation":"to feel","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"gevoelen","gloss":"opinion"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e121.i45.m4a"},{"number":221,"id":"val.nl.L43.e121.i46","source":"klapwieken","translation":"to flap the wings","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"klapwieken","gloss":"to clap the wings"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e121.i46.m4a"},{"number":222,"id":"val.nl.L43.e121.i47","source":"verschansen","translation":"to fortify","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"verschansen","gloss":"to fortify or intrench"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e121.i47.m4a"},{"number":223,"id":"val.nl.L43.e121.i48","source":"bevriezen","translation":"to freeze","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"bevriezen","gloss":"to freeze"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e121.i48.m4a"},{"number":224,"id":"val.nl.L43.e121.i49","source":"gewinnen","translation":"to gain","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"gewinnen","gloss":"to gain"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e121.i49.m4a"},{"number":225,"id":"val.nl.L43.e121.i50","source":"knarsetanden","translation":"to gnash the teeth","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"knarsetanden","gloss":"to gnash the teeth"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e121.i50.m4a"},{"number":226,"id":"val.nl.L43.e121.i51","source":"suizebollen","translation":"to grow giddy","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"suizebollen","gloss":"to grow giddy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e121.i51.m4a"},{"number":227,"id":"val.nl.L43.e121.i52","source":"geschieden","translation":"to happen","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"geschieden","gloss":"to happen"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e121.i52.m4a"},{"number":228,"id":"val.nl.L43.e121.i53","source":"zich erbarmen","translation":"to have mercy upon","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"erbarmen","gloss":"have mercy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e121.i53.m4a"},{"number":229,"id":"val.nl.L43.e121.i54","source":"vernederen","translation":"to humiliate","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"vernederen","gloss":"to humiliate, humble"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e121.i54.m4a"},{"number":230,"id":"val.nl.L43.e121.i55","source":"schoorvoeten","translation":"to hesitate","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"schoorvoeten","gloss":"to hesitate"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e121.i55.m4a"},{"number":231,"id":"val.nl.L43.e121.i56","source":"betreuren","translation":"to lament","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"betreuren","gloss":"grieve at"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e121.i56.m4a"},{"number":232,"id":"val.nl.L43.e121.i57","source":"reikhalzen","translation":"to long for","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"reikhalzen","gloss":"to long for"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e121.i57.m4a"},{"number":233,"id":"val.nl.L43.e121.i58","source":"verbeuren","translation":"to lose","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"verbeuren","gloss":"to lose"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e121.i58.m4a"},{"number":234,"id":"val.nl.L43.e121.i59","source":"verslapen","translation":"to lose by sleeping","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"verslapen","gloss":"to oversleep oneself"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e121.i59.m4a"},{"number":235,"id":"val.nl.L43.e121.i60","source":"verspelen","translation":"to lose in playing","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"verspelen","gloss":"to lose in playing"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e121.i60.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 43: exercise 122","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":236,"id":"val.nl.L43.e122.i1","source":"ontmoeten","translation":"to meet","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ontmoeten","gloss":"to meet"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e122.i1.m4a"},{"number":237,"id":"val.nl.L43.e122.i2","source":"gewagen","translation":"to mention","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"gewagen","gloss":"to mention"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e122.i2.m4a"},{"number":238,"id":"val.nl.L43.e122.i3","source":"boetseren","translation":"to model","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"boetseren","gloss":"to model"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e122.i3.m4a"},{"number":239,"id":"val.nl.L43.e122.i4","source":"vermoorden","translation":"to murder","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"vermoorden","gloss":"to murder"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e122.i4.m4a"},{"number":240,"id":"val.nl.L43.e122.i5","source":"bevaren","translation":"to navigate","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"bevaren","gloss":"to navigate"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e122.i5.m4a"},{"number":241,"id":"val.nl.L43.e122.i6","source":"knikkebollen","translation":"to nod","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"knikkebollen","gloss":"to nod or doze"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e122.i6.m4a"},{"number":242,"id":"val.nl.L43.e122.i7","source":"ontluiken","translation":"to open","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ontluiken","gloss":"to open"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e122.i7.m4a"},{"number":243,"id":"val.nl.L43.e122.i8","source":"schilderen","translation":"to paint","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"schilderen","gloss":"to paint"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e122.i8.m4a"},{"number":244,"id":"val.nl.L43.e122.i9","source":"bevolken","translation":"to people","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"bevolken","gloss":"to people"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e122.i9.m4a"},{"number":245,"id":"val.nl.L43.e122.i10","source":"verstenen","translation":"to petrify","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"verstenen","gloss":"to petrify"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e122.i10.m4a"},{"number":246,"id":"val.nl.L43.e122.i11","source":"beplanten","translation":"to plant","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"beplanten","gloss":"to plant"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e122.i11.m4a"},{"number":247,"id":"val.nl.L43.e122.i12","source":"besnoeien","translation":"to prune","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"besnoeien","gloss":"to prune"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e122.i12.m4a"},{"number":248,"id":"val.nl.L43.e122.i13","source":"herlezen","translation":"to read over again","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"herlezen","gloss":"to read over again"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e122.i13.m4a"},{"number":249,"id":"val.nl.L43.e122.i14","source":"herbakken","translation":"to rebake","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"herbakken","gloss":"to rebake"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e122.i14.m4a"},{"number":250,"id":"val.nl.L43.e122.i15","source":"herdopen","translation":"to rebaptize","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"herdopen","gloss":"to rebaptize"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e122.i15.m4a"},{"number":251,"id":"val.nl.L43.e122.i16","source":"herbouwen","translation":"to rebuild","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"herbouwen","gloss":"to rebuild"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e122.i16.m4a"},{"number":252,"id":"val.nl.L43.e122.i17","source":"herroepen","translation":"to recall","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"herroepen","gloss":"to recall"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e122.i17.m4a"},{"number":253,"id":"val.nl.L43.e122.i18","source":"herkennen","translation":"to recognize","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"herkennen","gloss":"to recognize"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e122.i18.m4a"},{"number":254,"id":"val.nl.L43.e122.i19","source":"verbranden","translation":"to reduce to ashes","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"verbranden","gloss":"to reduce to ashes"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e122.i19.m4a"},{"number":255,"id":"val.nl.L43.e122.i20","source":"hervormen","translation":"to reform","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"hervormen","gloss":"to reform"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e122.i20.m4a"},{"number":256,"id":"val.nl.L43.e122.i21","source":"weigeren","translation":"to refuse","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"weigeren","gloss":"to refuse"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e122.i21.m4a"},{"number":257,"id":"val.nl.L43.e122.i22","source":"herinneren","translation":"to remember","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"herinneren","gloss":"to remember"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e122.i22.m4a"},{"number":258,"id":"val.nl.L43.e122.i23","source":"verhuizen","translation":"to remove","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"verhuizen","gloss":"to remove"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e122.i23.m4a"},{"number":259,"id":"val.nl.L43.e122.i24","source":"hernieuwen","translation":"to renew","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"hernieuwen","gloss":"to renew"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e122.i24.m4a"},{"number":260,"id":"val.nl.L43.e122.i25","source":"herhalen","translation":"to repeat","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"herhalen","gloss":"to repeat (inseparable)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e122.i25.m4a"},{"number":261,"id":"val.nl.L43.e122.i26","source":"herdrukken","translation":"to reprint","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"herdrukken","gloss":"to reprint"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e122.i26.m4a"},{"number":262,"id":"val.nl.L43.e122.i27","source":"gelijken","translation":"to resemble","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"gelijken","gloss":"to resemble"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e122.i27.m4a"},{"number":263,"id":"val.nl.L43.e122.i28","source":"herleven","translation":"to return to life","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"herleven","gloss":"to revive"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e122.i28.m4a"},{"number":264,"id":"val.nl.L43.e122.i29","source":"herenigen","translation":"to reunite","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"herenigen","gloss":"to reunite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e122.i29.m4a"},{"number":265,"id":"val.nl.L43.e122.i30","source":"herzien","translation":"to revise","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"herzien","gloss":"to revise"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e122.i30.m4a"},{"number":266,"id":"val.nl.L43.e122.i31","source":"beroven","translation":"to rob","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"beroven","gloss":"to rob"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e122.i31.m4a"},{"number":267,"id":"val.nl.L43.e122.i32","source":"herkauwen","translation":"to ruminate","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"herkauwen","gloss":"to ruminate"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e122.i32.m4a"},{"number":268,"id":"val.nl.L43.e122.i33","source":"bevredigen","translation":"to satisfy","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"bevredigen","gloss":"to satisfy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e122.i33.m4a"},{"number":269,"id":"val.nl.L43.e122.i34","source":"verzegelen","translation":"to seal","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"verzegelen","gloss":"to seal"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e122.i34.m4a"},{"number":270,"id":"val.nl.L43.e122.i35","source":"verleiden","translation":"to seduce","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"verleiden","gloss":"to seduce"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e122.i35.m4a"},{"number":271,"id":"val.nl.L43.e122.i36","source":"begrijpen","translation":"to seize","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"begrijpen","gloss":"to seize or understand"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e122.i36.m4a"},{"number":272,"id":"val.nl.L43.e122.i37","source":"ontgaan","translation":"to shun","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ontgaan","gloss":"to avoid"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e122.i37.m4a"},{"number":273,"id":"val.nl.L43.e122.i38","source":"ontvallen","translation":"to slip out of","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ontvallen","gloss":"to slip out of"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e122.i38.m4a"},{"number":274,"id":"val.nl.L43.e122.i39","source":"bezaaien","translation":"to sow","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"bezaaien","gloss":"to sow"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e122.i39.m4a"},{"number":275,"id":"val.nl.L43.e122.i40","source":"verdrinken","translation":"to spend on drink","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"verdrinken","gloss":"to spend on drink (also to drown)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e122.i40.m4a"},{"number":276,"id":"val.nl.L43.e122.i41","source":"vernagelen","translation":"to spike","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"vernagelen","gloss":"to spike"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e122.i41.m4a"},{"number":277,"id":"val.nl.L43.e122.i42","source":"ontspruiten","translation":"to sprout","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ontspruiten","gloss":"to bud forth"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e122.i42.m4a"},{"number":278,"id":"val.nl.L43.e122.i43","source":"stampvoeten","translation":"to stamp","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"stampvoeten","gloss":"to stamp (one's feet)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e122.i43.m4a"},{"number":279,"id":"val.nl.L43.e122.i44","source":"gelukken","translation":"to succeed","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"gelukken","gloss":"fortune"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e122.i44.m4a"},{"number":280,"id":"val.nl.L43.e122.i45","source":"verdenken","translation":"to suspect","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"verdenken","gloss":"to suspect"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e122.i45.m4a"},{"number":281,"id":"val.nl.L43.e122.i46","source":"ontbranden","translation":"to take fire","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ontbranden","gloss":"to take fire"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e122.i46.m4a"},{"number":282,"id":"val.nl.L43.e122.i47","source":"ontdooien","translation":"to thaw","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ontdooien","gloss":"to thaw"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e122.i47.m4a"},{"number":283,"id":"val.nl.L43.e122.i48","source":"verbinden","translation":"to tie","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"verbinden","gloss":"to bandage"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e122.i48.m4a"},{"number":284,"id":"val.nl.L43.e122.i49","source":"begaan","translation":"to tread upon","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"begaan","gloss":"to tread upon"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e122.i49.m4a"},{"number":285,"id":"val.nl.L43.e122.i50","source":"bejegenen","translation":"to treat","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"bejegenen","gloss":"to treat"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e122.i50.m4a"},{"number":286,"id":"val.nl.L43.e122.i51","source":"ontgrendelen","translation":"to unbolt","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ontgrendelen","gloss":"to unbolt"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e122.i51.m4a"},{"number":287,"id":"val.nl.L43.e122.i52","source":"ontsluiten","translation":"to unlock","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ontsluiten","gloss":"to unlock"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e122.i52.m4a"},{"number":288,"id":"val.nl.L43.e122.i53","source":"wandelen","translation":"to walk","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"wandelen","gloss":"to walk, stroll"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e122.i53.m4a"},{"number":289,"id":"val.nl.L43.e122.i54","source":"knipogen","translation":"to wink","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"knipogen","gloss":"to wink"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e122.i54.m4a"},{"number":290,"id":"val.nl.L43.e122.i55","source":"onthouden","translation":"to withhold","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"onthouden","gloss":"to withhold"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e122.i55.m4a"},{"number":291,"id":"val.nl.L43.e122.i56","source":"bekransen","translation":"to wreathe","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"bekransen","gloss":"to wreathe"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e122.i56.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 43: exercise 123","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":292,"id":"val.nl.L43.e123.i1","source":"Hoe kwam jij ertoe je hier terug te wagen?","translation":"How came you to venture back here?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hoe","gloss":"how"},{"text":"kwam","gloss":"to come"},{"text":"jij","gloss":"you"},{"text":"ertoe","gloss":"to it"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"hier","gloss":"here"},{"text":"terug","gloss":"back"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"wagen?","gloss":"carriage"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e123.i1.m4a"},{"number":293,"id":"val.nl.L43.e123.i2","source":"Dit oude moedertje van mij verlangde zo naar mij; en dan Katerina, zij heeft al die tijd op mij gewacht, het lieve kind!","translation":"This old mother of mine was longing so to see me; and then Katerina, she has waited all this time for me, dear girl!","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dit","gloss":"this"},{"text":"oude","gloss":"old"},{"text":"moedertje","gloss":"little mother"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"verlangde","gloss":"to desire"},{"text":"zo","gloss":"so, as"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"mij;","gloss":"me"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"Katerina,","gloss":"Katerina"},{"text":"zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"heeft","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"al","gloss":"already"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"tijd","gloss":"time"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"gewacht,","gloss":"waited"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"lieve","gloss":"dear"},{"text":"kind!","gloss":"the child"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e123.i2.m4a"},{"number":294,"id":"val.nl.L43.e123.i3","source":"Was ik maar niet zo arm!","translation":"If only I were not so poor!","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"zo","gloss":"so, as"},{"text":"arm!","gloss":"poor, poorer"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e123.i3.m4a"},{"number":295,"id":"val.nl.L43.e123.i4","source":"Maar komend jaar, als het me een beetje meezit met mijn werk bij Van Block, hoop ik terug te kunnen komen en met haar te trouwen, en dan mijn oude moeder over te halen om met ons mee te gaan.","translation":"But next year, if I have luck at my trade in Van Block's, I may be able to make a run back and marry her, and then get my old mother persuaded to come along with us.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"komend","gloss":"to come"},{"text":"jaar,","gloss":"the year"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"me","gloss":"me"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"beetje","gloss":"little"},{"text":"meezit","gloss":"goes along"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"werk","gloss":"work"},{"text":"bij","gloss":"with"},{"text":"Van","gloss":"Van"},{"text":"Block,","gloss":"Block"},{"text":"hoop","gloss":"hope"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"terug","gloss":"back"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"kunnen","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"komen","gloss":"to come"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"haar","gloss":"her"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"trouwen,","gloss":"marry"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"oude","gloss":"old"},{"text":"moeder","gloss":"the mother"},{"text":"over","gloss":"across, over"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"halen","gloss":"fetch"},{"text":"om","gloss":"smile at"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"ons","gloss":"us"},{"text":"mee","gloss":"along, with"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"gaan.","gloss":"to go"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e123.i4.m4a"},{"number":296,"id":"val.nl.L43.e123.i5","source":"Ik zou nu net een aardig sommetje kunnen verdienen door inlichtingen te geven over een deserteur.","translation":"I could get a pretty sum just now by informing on a deserter.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"nu","gloss":"now, at present"},{"text":"net","gloss":"net"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"aardig","gloss":"charming"},{"text":"sommetje","gloss":"little sum"},{"text":"kunnen","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"verdienen","gloss":"earn"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"inlichtingen","gloss":"information"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"geven","gloss":"to give"},{"text":"over","gloss":"across, over"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"deserteur.","gloss":"deserter"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e123.i5.m4a"},{"number":297,"id":"val.nl.L43.e123.i6","source":"Alsjeblieft, maak geen grapjes over dat onderwerp, Peter! Ik weet dat jij het alleen voor de aardigheid doet, maar het maakt mijn moeder ongerust.","translation":"Pray don't joke on that subject, Peter! I know you are only joking, but it frightens mother.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Alsjeblieft,","gloss":"please"},{"text":"maak","gloss":"to make (weak)"},{"text":"geen","gloss":"no, not a"},{"text":"grapjes","gloss":"jokes"},{"text":"over","gloss":"across, over"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"onderwerp,","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"Peter!","gloss":"Peter"},{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"weet","gloss":"to know"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"jij","gloss":"you"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"alleen","gloss":"only"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"aardigheid","gloss":"little entertainment"},{"text":"doet,","gloss":"to do"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"maakt","gloss":"to make (weak)"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"moeder","gloss":"the mother"},{"text":"ongerust.","gloss":"worried"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e123.i6.m4a"},{"number":298,"id":"val.nl.L43.e123.i7","source":"Wel, Peter, ik ben blij je weer gezien te hebben! Ik vertrek vanavond, nog een boodschap voor de oude kameraden?","translation":"Well, Peter, it is a pleasure to have seen you again! I am going off to-night, any message to the old set?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wel,","gloss":"but"},{"text":"Peter,","gloss":"Peter"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"ben","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"blij","gloss":"glad"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"weer","gloss":"again"},{"text":"gezien","gloss":"to see"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"hebben!","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"vertrek","gloss":"departure"},{"text":"vanavond,","gloss":"tonight"},{"text":"nog","gloss":"still, yet; another"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"boodschap","gloss":"message"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"oude","gloss":"old"},{"text":"kameraden?","gloss":"little comrade"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e123.i7.m4a"},{"number":299,"id":"val.nl.L43.e123.i8","source":"Een luide klop op de deur. Hij gluurt door het raam. Soldaten, en er is een officier bij! Wat kan dat betekenen? Peter, neem me niet kwalijk, maar ik moet verdwijnen.","translation":"(A loud knock at the door. He peeps through the window.) Soldiers, and an officer with them! What can it mean? Peter, excuse me, I must disappear.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"luide","gloss":"aloud"},{"text":"klop","gloss":"knock"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"deur.","gloss":"door"},{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"gluurt","gloss":"peeps"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"raam.","gloss":"window"},{"text":"Soldaten,","gloss":"soldiers"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"officier","gloss":"Officer"},{"text":"bij!","gloss":"with"},{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"kan","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"betekenen?","gloss":"means"},{"text":"Peter,","gloss":"Peter"},{"text":"neem","gloss":"take"},{"text":"me","gloss":"me"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"kwalijk,","gloss":"amiss (neem mij niet kwalijk: excuse me)"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"moet","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"verdwijnen.","gloss":"to disappear"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e123.i8.m4a"},{"number":300,"id":"val.nl.L43.e123.i9","source":"Blijf hier! Ik verzeker je dat ze niet naar jou zoeken. Het zijn vrienden van mij.","translation":"Stay! I assure you it is not you they want. They are friends of mine.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Blijf","gloss":"stay"},{"text":"hier!","gloss":"here"},{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"verzeker","gloss":"to assure"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"ze","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"jou","gloss":"you"},{"text":"zoeken.","gloss":"to try, to seek"},{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"vrienden","gloss":"friends"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"mij.","gloss":"me"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e123.i9.m4a"},{"number":301,"id":"val.nl.L43.e123.i10","source":"O, in dat geval kan ik blijven. Maar weet je, een van die lui lijkt sprekend op mijn oude commandant?","translation":"Oh, in that case I may remain. But, do you know, one of those fellows looks wonderfully like my old commander?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"O,","gloss":"oh"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"geval","gloss":"case"},{"text":"kan","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"blijven.","gloss":"to remain, stay"},{"text":"Maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"weet","gloss":"to know"},{"text":"je,","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"lui","gloss":"lazy"},{"text":"lijkt","gloss":"to resemble"},{"text":"sprekend","gloss":"to speak"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"oude","gloss":"old"},{"text":"commandant?","gloss":"commandant"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e123.i10.m4a"},{"number":302,"id":"val.nl.L43.e123.i11","source":"De officier komt binnen. Een belangrijk bericht van Sint-Petersburg, Uwe Majesteit, dat geen uitstel duldt.","translation":"Enter Officer. An important despatch from St. Petersburg, your Majesty, requiring your instant attention.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"officier","gloss":"Officer"},{"text":"komt","gloss":"to come"},{"text":"binnen.","gloss":"within"},{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"belangrijk","gloss":"important"},{"text":"bericht","gloss":"report"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"Sint-Petersburg,","gloss":"Saint Petersburg"},{"text":"Uwe","gloss":"Uwe"},{"text":"Majesteit,","gloss":"Majesteit"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"geen","gloss":"no, not a"},{"text":"uitstel","gloss":"delay"},{"text":"duldt.","gloss":"Bear with"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e123.i11.m4a"},{"number":303,"id":"val.nl.L43.e123.i12","source":"Majesteit!","translation":"Majesty!","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Majesteit!","gloss":"Majesty"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e123.i12.m4a"},{"number":304,"id":"val.nl.L43.e123.i13","source":"Majesteit! Peter, wat betekent dat?","translation":"Majesty! Peter, what does this man mean?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Majesteit!","gloss":"Majesty"},{"text":"Peter,","gloss":"Peter"},{"text":"wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"betekent","gloss":"means"},{"text":"dat?","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e123.i13.m4a"},{"number":305,"id":"val.nl.L43.e123.i14","source":"Op je knieën, meneer! Weet je niet wie dit is? Op je knieën voor Peter de Grote, tsaar van Rusland!","translation":"Down, sir! do you not know who this is? Down on your knees to Peter the Great, Czar of Russia!","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"knieën,","gloss":"knees"},{"text":"meneer!","gloss":"sir, Mr"},{"text":"Weet","gloss":"know"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"wie","gloss":"who"},{"text":"dit","gloss":"this"},{"text":"is?","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"Op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"knieën","gloss":"knees"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"Peter","gloss":"Peter"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Grote,","gloss":"Grote"},{"text":"tsaar","gloss":"tsar"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"Rusland!","gloss":"Rusland"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e123.i14.m4a"},{"number":306,"id":"val.nl.L43.e123.i15","source":"Op haar knieën vallend: O, Majesteit! Uwe Majesteit! heb medelijden met mijn arme jongen! Hij is mijn enige zoon! Hij wist niet wat hij deed!","translation":"(falling on her knees). Oh, your Majesty! your Majesty! have mercy on my poor boy! he is my only son! he did not know what he was doing!","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"haar","gloss":"her"},{"text":"knieën","gloss":"knees"},{"text":"vallend:","gloss":"to fall"},{"text":"O,","gloss":"oh"},{"text":"Majesteit!","gloss":"Majesty"},{"text":"Uwe","gloss":"your"},{"text":"Majesteit!","gloss":"Majesty"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"medelijden","gloss":"pity"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"arme","gloss":"poor"},{"text":"jongen!","gloss":"boy"},{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"enige","gloss":"only (het enige: the only thing)"},{"text":"zoon!","gloss":"son"},{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"wist","gloss":"to know"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"deed!","gloss":"to do"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e123.i15.m4a"},{"number":307,"id":"val.nl.L43.e123.i16","source":"Onzin, moeder! Dat is weer een van Peters grappen. Ha! ha! ha! Flink zo, Peter! Nu, die is goed.","translation":"Nonsense, mother! This is only one of Peter's jokes. Ha! ha! ha! keep it up, Peter! It's very good.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Onzin,","gloss":"nonsense"},{"text":"moeder!","gloss":"the mother"},{"text":"Dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"weer","gloss":"again"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"Peters","gloss":"Peter"},{"text":"grappen.","gloss":"jokes"},{"text":"Ha!","gloss":"ha"},{"text":"ha!","gloss":"ha"},{"text":"ha!","gloss":"ha"},{"text":"Flink","gloss":"plainly"},{"text":"zo,","gloss":"so, as"},{"text":"Peter!","gloss":"Peter"},{"text":"Nu,","gloss":"now, at present"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"goed.","gloss":"goods"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e123.i16.m4a"},{"number":308,"id":"val.nl.L43.e123.i17","source":"Jij onbeschaamde schelm! Laat me je eens wat meer van nabij zien; ik denk dat we elkaar al eerder ontmoet hebben. Soldaten, arresteer deze vent! Hij is een deserteur!","translation":"You impudent rascal! let me look at you more closely; I think we have met before. Soldiers, arrest this fellow! he is a deserter!","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Jij","gloss":"you"},{"text":"onbeschaamde","gloss":"impudent"},{"text":"schelm!","gloss":"rogue"},{"text":"Laat","gloss":"to let"},{"text":"me","gloss":"me"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"eens","gloss":"once, one day"},{"text":"wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"meer","gloss":"more"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"nabij","gloss":"near"},{"text":"zien;","gloss":"to see"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"denk","gloss":"think"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"we","gloss":"we"},{"text":"elkaar","gloss":"each other"},{"text":"al","gloss":"already"},{"text":"eerder","gloss":"more"},{"text":"ontmoet","gloss":"to meet"},{"text":"hebben.","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"Soldaten,","gloss":"soldiers"},{"text":"arresteer","gloss":"arrest"},{"text":"deze","gloss":"the latter (the most recently mentioned)"},{"text":"vent!","gloss":"little fellow"},{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"deserteur!","gloss":"deserter"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e123.i17.m4a"},{"number":309,"id":"val.nl.L43.e123.i18","source":"Met een gebaar van wanhoop: Nu is het met mij gedaan! Peter, Peter! kun je je oude kameraad niet helpen? Hoe kun je zo rustig door blijven lezen?","translation":"(with a gesture of despair). It's all over with me now! O Peter, Peter! can you not help an old comrade? How can you go on reading so composedly?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"gebaar","gloss":"gesture"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"wanhoop:","gloss":"despair"},{"text":"Nu","gloss":"now, at present"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"gedaan!","gloss":"to do"},{"text":"Peter,","gloss":"Peter"},{"text":"Peter!","gloss":"Peter"},{"text":"kun","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"oude","gloss":"old"},{"text":"kameraad","gloss":"little comrade"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"helpen?","gloss":"to help"},{"text":"Hoe","gloss":"how"},{"text":"kun","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"zo","gloss":"so, as"},{"text":"rustig","gloss":"quiet"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"blijven","gloss":"to remain, stay"},{"text":"lezen?","gloss":"to read"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e123.i18.m4a"},{"number":310,"id":"val.nl.L43.e123.i19","source":"Haar handen wringend: Ach, beste officier, spaar mijn jongen!","translation":"(wringing her hands). O good Mr. Officer, spare my boy!","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Haar","gloss":"her"},{"text":"handen","gloss":"a hand, hands"},{"text":"wringend:","gloss":"wringing"},{"text":"Ach,","gloss":"ah"},{"text":"beste","gloss":"best"},{"text":"officier,","gloss":"Officer"},{"text":"spaar","gloss":"spare"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"jongen!","gloss":"boy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e123.i19.m4a"},{"number":311,"id":"val.nl.L43.e123.i20","source":"Hij moet voor een krijgsraad verschijnen. Hij behoorde doodgeschoten te worden.","translation":"He must go before a court-martial. He ought to be shot.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"moet","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"krijgsraad","gloss":"court-martial"},{"text":"verschijnen.","gloss":"appear"},{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"behoorde","gloss":"to belong (to)"},{"text":"doodgeschoten","gloss":"shot"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"worden.","gloss":"to become, to get"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e123.i20.m4a"},{"number":312,"id":"val.nl.L43.e123.i21","source":"Kijkt plotseling op van het lezen van het bericht: Officier, ik heb gebruik voor de diensten van uw gevangene. Laat hem vrij.","translation":"(looks up suddenly from reading the despatch). Officer, I have occasion for the services of your prisoner. Release him.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Kijkt","gloss":"looks"},{"text":"plotseling","gloss":"suddenly"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"lezen","gloss":"to read"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"bericht:","gloss":"report"},{"text":"Officier,","gloss":"Officer"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"gebruik","gloss":"custom"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"diensten","gloss":"services"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"uw","gloss":"your (polite)"},{"text":"gevangene.","gloss":"to catch"},{"text":"Laat","gloss":"to let"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"vrij.","gloss":"rather, quite; free"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e123.i21.m4a"},{"number":313,"id":"val.nl.L43.e123.i22","source":"Voor de wil van Uwe Majesteit moet alles wijken.","translation":"Your Majesty's will is absolute.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"wil","gloss":"want"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"Uwe","gloss":"Uwe"},{"text":"Majesteit","gloss":"Majesteit"},{"text":"moet","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"alles","gloss":"everything"},{"text":"wijken.","gloss":"to deviate, to give way"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e123.i22.m4a"},{"number":314,"id":"val.nl.L43.e123.i23","source":"Terzijde: Alweer Majesteit! Wat betekent dat allemaal toch? Ah, ik begin er iets van te begrijpen. Er liepen geruchten in Holland, toen ik het verliet, dat de tsaar gewerkt had op een van de scheepstimmerwerven. Zou mijn Peter soms de keizer zijn?","translation":"(aside). Majesty again! What does it all mean? A light breaks in upon me. There were rumours in Holland, when I left, that the Czar had been working in one of the ship-yards. Can my Peter be the Emperor?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Terzijde:","gloss":"aside"},{"text":"Alweer","gloss":"again"},{"text":"Majesteit!","gloss":"Majesty"},{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"betekent","gloss":"means"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"allemaal","gloss":"all"},{"text":"toch?","gloss":"indeed, after all (here: 'I did warn you, after all')"},{"text":"Ah,","gloss":"ah"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"begin","gloss":"to begin"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"iets","gloss":"something"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"begrijpen.","gloss":"to seize or understand"},{"text":"Er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"liepen","gloss":"walked"},{"text":"geruchten","gloss":"rumour"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"Holland,","gloss":"Holland"},{"text":"toen","gloss":"as, when"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"verliet,","gloss":"left"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"tsaar","gloss":"tsar"},{"text":"gewerkt","gloss":"worked"},{"text":"had","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"scheepstimmerwerven.","gloss":"shipyards"},{"text":"Zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"Peter","gloss":"Peter"},{"text":"soms","gloss":"sometimes"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"keizer","gloss":"emperor"},{"text":"zijn?","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e123.i23.m4a"},{"number":315,"id":"val.nl.L43.e123.i24","source":"Stanmitz, nu ken jij mijn geheim.","translation":"Stanmitz, you have my secret now.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Stanmitz,","gloss":"Stanmitz"},{"text":"nu","gloss":"now, at present"},{"text":"ken","gloss":"know"},{"text":"jij","gloss":"you"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"geheim.","gloss":"secret"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e123.i24.m4a"},{"number":316,"id":"val.nl.L43.e123.i25","source":"En jij bent, ","translation":"And you are, ","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"En","gloss":"and"},{"text":"jij","gloss":"you"},{"text":"bent,","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e123.i25.m4a"},{"number":317,"id":"val.nl.L43.e123.i26","source":"De tsaar. S. valt op zijn knieën. Sta op, mijn vriend! Sta op, oude vrouw; je zoon, baron Stanmitz, is veilig.","translation":"The Czar. (S. falls on his knees.) Rise, my friend! Rise, old woman; your son, Baron Stanmitz, is safe.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"tsaar.","gloss":"tsar"},{"text":"S.","gloss":"(abbreviation)"},{"text":"valt","gloss":"to fall"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"knieën.","gloss":"knees"},{"text":"Sta","gloss":"stand"},{"text":"op,","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"vriend!","gloss":"friend"},{"text":"Sta","gloss":"stand"},{"text":"op,","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"oude","gloss":"old"},{"text":"vrouw;","gloss":"a woman, a lady"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"zoon,","gloss":"son"},{"text":"baron","gloss":"baron"},{"text":"Stanmitz,","gloss":"Stanmitz"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"veilig.","gloss":"safe"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e123.i26.m4a"},{"number":318,"id":"val.nl.L43.e123.i27","source":"Baron Stanmitz!","translation":"Baron Stanmitz!","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Baron","gloss":"baron"},{"text":"Stanmitz!","gloss":"Stanmitz"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e123.i27.m4a"},{"number":319,"id":"val.nl.L43.e123.i28","source":"Ik heb zijn diensten nodig om toezicht te houden op mijn scheepswerf in Sint-Petersburg. Jullie moeten allebei de nodige maatregelen nemen om meteen van hier naar de nieuwe stad te vertrekken. Michael, maak morgen jouw Katerina barones, en neem haar met je mee.","translation":"I require his services to superintend my shipbuilding yard at St. Petersburg. You must both prepare to leave for the new city at once. Michael, make your Katerina a baroness to-morrow, and bring her with you.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"diensten","gloss":"services"},{"text":"nodig","gloss":"needed (nodig hebben: to need)"},{"text":"om","gloss":"smile at"},{"text":"toezicht","gloss":"supervision"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"houden","gloss":"to keep"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"scheepswerf","gloss":"shipyard"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"Sint-Petersburg.","gloss":"Saint Petersburg"},{"text":"Jullie","gloss":"you (plural)"},{"text":"moeten","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"allebei","gloss":"both"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"nodige","gloss":"needed (nodig hebben: to need)"},{"text":"maatregelen","gloss":"measures"},{"text":"nemen","gloss":"to take"},{"text":"om","gloss":"smile at"},{"text":"meteen","gloss":"at once"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"hier","gloss":"here"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"nieuwe","gloss":"new"},{"text":"stad","gloss":"city, town"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"vertrekken.","gloss":"depart"},{"text":"Michael,","gloss":"Michael"},{"text":"maak","gloss":"to make (weak)"},{"text":"morgen","gloss":"morning"},{"text":"jouw","gloss":"your"},{"text":"Katerina","gloss":"Katerina"},{"text":"barones,","gloss":"baroness"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"neem","gloss":"take"},{"text":"haar","gloss":"her"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"mee.","gloss":"along, with"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e123.i28.m4a"},{"number":320,"id":"val.nl.L43.e123.i29","source":"Stil, geen dank! Dringende zaken roepen mij, zodat ik bij jullie bruiloft niet aanwezig kan zijn. Hier is een beurs met dukaten. Een van mijn secretarissen zal je morgen mijn bevelen brengen. Vaarwel!","translation":"Hush, no thanks! I have urgent business claiming my care, so I cannot attend the wedding. Here is a purse of ducats. One of my secretaries will call with orders in the morning. Farewell!","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Stil,","gloss":"hush! quiet!"},{"text":"geen","gloss":"no, not a"},{"text":"dank!","gloss":"thanks"},{"text":"Dringende","gloss":"urgent"},{"text":"zaken","gloss":"matters"},{"text":"roepen","gloss":"to call"},{"text":"mij,","gloss":"me"},{"text":"zodat","gloss":"so that"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"bij","gloss":"with"},{"text":"jullie","gloss":"you (plural)"},{"text":"bruiloft","gloss":"wedding"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"aanwezig","gloss":"present"},{"text":"kan","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"zijn.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"Hier","gloss":"here"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"beurs","gloss":"the (Stock) Exchange"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"dukaten.","gloss":"ducats"},{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"secretarissen","gloss":"secretaries"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"morgen","gloss":"morning"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"bevelen","gloss":"orders"},{"text":"brengen.","gloss":"bring"},{"text":"Vaarwel!","gloss":"farewell"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e123.i29.m4a"},{"number":321,"id":"val.nl.L43.e123.i30","source":"O Peter! Peter! Ik bedoel Uwe Majesteit! Uwe Majesteit! Ik ben helemaal in de war, ik weet niet wat ik zal zeggen, noch hoe ik u moet bedanken! Vergeef mij, Uwe Majesteit! Vriend Peter! Zeker, ik droom!","translation":"O Peter! Peter! I mean your Majesty! your Majesty! I'm so completely bewildered, I do not know what to say, or how to thank you! Forgive me, your Majesty! friend Peter! I'm surely in a dream!","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"O","gloss":"oh"},{"text":"Peter!","gloss":"Peter"},{"text":"Peter!","gloss":"Peter"},{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"bedoel","gloss":"mean"},{"text":"Uwe","gloss":"Uwe"},{"text":"Majesteit!","gloss":"Majesty"},{"text":"Uwe","gloss":"your"},{"text":"Majesteit!","gloss":"Majesty"},{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"ben","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"helemaal","gloss":"entirely"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"war,","gloss":"was"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"weet","gloss":"to know"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"zeggen,","gloss":"to say"},{"text":"noch","gloss":"nor"},{"text":"hoe","gloss":"how"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"moet","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"bedanken!","gloss":"decline"},{"text":"Vergeef","gloss":"forgive"},{"text":"mij,","gloss":"me"},{"text":"Uwe","gloss":"Uwe"},{"text":"Majesteit!","gloss":"Majesty"},{"text":"Vriend","gloss":"friend"},{"text":"Peter!","gloss":"Peter"},{"text":"Zeker,","gloss":"surely, certainly"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"droom!","gloss":"dream"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e123.i30.m4a"},{"number":322,"id":"val.nl.L43.e123.i31","source":"Ha! ha! Tot ziens, oude kameraad! We zullen elkaar nog wel eens weer zien! De complimenten aan jouw Katerina. Vertrekt.","translation":"Ha! ha! good-bye, old comrade! We shall meet again soon. Commend me to your Katerina. (Exit.)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ha!","gloss":"ha"},{"text":"ha!","gloss":"ha"},{"text":"Tot","gloss":"until, to"},{"text":"ziens,","gloss":"goodbye"},{"text":"oude","gloss":"old"},{"text":"kameraad!","gloss":"little comrade"},{"text":"We","gloss":"we"},{"text":"zullen","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"elkaar","gloss":"each other"},{"text":"nog","gloss":"still, yet; another"},{"text":"wel","gloss":"but"},{"text":"eens","gloss":"once, one day"},{"text":"weer","gloss":"again"},{"text":"zien!","gloss":"to see"},{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"complimenten","gloss":"compliments"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"jouw","gloss":"your"},{"text":"Katerina.","gloss":"Katerina"},{"text":"Vertrekt.","gloss":"exits"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e123.i31.m4a"},{"number":323,"id":"val.nl.L43.e123.i32","source":"Meneer de officier, wanneer denkt u dat de krijgsraad waarover u sprak wellicht zal plaatsvinden?","translation":"Mr. Officer, when do you think that court-martial you spoke of is likely to be held?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Meneer","gloss":"sir, Mr"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"officier,","gloss":"Officer"},{"text":"wanneer","gloss":"if"},{"text":"denkt","gloss":"thinks"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"krijgsraad","gloss":"court-martial"},{"text":"waarover","gloss":"about which"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"sprak","gloss":"to speak"},{"text":"wellicht","gloss":"perhaps"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"plaatsvinden?","gloss":"took"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e123.i32.m4a"},{"number":324,"id":"val.nl.L43.e123.i33","source":"Baron, ik neem afscheid. Ik hoop dat u bij gelegenheid een goed woordje voor mij bij de tsaar zult doen.","translation":"Baron, I take my leave. I hope you will speak a good word for me to his Majesty, when you have an opportunity.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Baron,","gloss":"baron"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"neem","gloss":"to take"},{"text":"afscheid.","gloss":"parting"},{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"hoop","gloss":"hope"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"bij","gloss":"with"},{"text":"gelegenheid","gloss":"occasion, opportunity"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"goed","gloss":"goods"},{"text":"woordje","gloss":"little word"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"bij","gloss":"with"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"tsaar","gloss":"tsar"},{"text":"zult","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"doen.","gloss":"to do"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e123.i33.m4a"},{"number":325,"id":"val.nl.L43.e123.i34","source":"Nu meteen naar Katerina! Wat heb ik haar niet allemaal te vertellen!","translation":"Now for Katerina! What a story I have to tell her!","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nu","gloss":"now, at present"},{"text":"meteen","gloss":"at once"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"Katerina!","gloss":"Katerina"},{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"haar","gloss":"her"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"allemaal","gloss":"all"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"vertellen!","gloss":"tell"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L43.e123.i34.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 44: Formation of numerals","teaching":[{"title":"Old sound changes in number words","paragraphs":["Some Dutch number words look odd because their sounds changed long ago. The book lists these changes so the odd spellings make sense.","Twintig has an extra n. Dertien and dertig come from an old form of drie. Veertien and veertig come from vier, with the vowel changed.","Vijftig, zestig and zeventig come from vijf, zes and zeven. The old sound changed, but the written letters stayed.","Geen was made from a word for not and een. It means no or not a."]}],"lines":[{"number":326,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.1.1","source":"geen","translation":"no, not a","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"geen","gloss":"no, not a"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.1.1.m4a"},{"number":327,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.1.2","source":"twintig","translation":"twenty","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"twintig","gloss":"twenty"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.1.2.m4a"},{"number":328,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.1.3","source":"dertien","translation":"thirteen","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"dertien","gloss":"thirteen"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.1.3.m4a"},{"number":329,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.1.4","source":"dertig","translation":"thirty","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"dertig","gloss":"thirty"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.1.4.m4a"},{"number":330,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.1.5","source":"veertien","translation":"fourteen","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"veertien","gloss":"fourteen"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.1.5.m4a"},{"number":331,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.1.6","source":"veertig","translation":"forty","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"veertig","gloss":"forty"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.1.6.m4a"},{"number":332,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.1.7","source":"tachtig","translation":"eighty","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"tachtig","gloss":"eighty"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.1.7.m4a"},{"number":333,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.1.8","source":"vijftig","translation":"fifty","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"vijftig","gloss":"fifty"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.1.8.m4a"},{"number":334,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.1.9","source":"zestig","translation":"sixty","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"zestig","gloss":"sixty"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.1.9.m4a"},{"number":335,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.1.10","source":"zeventig","translation":"seventy","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"zeventig","gloss":"seventy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.1.10.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":690,"text":"Formation of numerals\n\nThe indefinite numeral geen was formed from neg (not) and een. Several of the cardinal numbers show old sound-changes: an inserted n and e changed to i gave twintig; dre, an old form of drie without its ending, gives dertien and dertig; ie changed to ee gives veertien and veertig beside vier; an old form antachtig, shortened through entachtig and etachtig, gives tachtig; and v and z changed to f and s under the influence of the old prefix ant gave veertig, vijftig, zestig, zeventig from vier, vijf, zes, zeven, though v and z are still written."},{"section":691,"text":"Adverbs formed from the pronoun roots hij, die, wie\n\nFrom the roots of the pronouns hij, die, wie a whole family of place and time adverbs was formed; a few of the directional forms in -waarts are used very seldom nowadays, and the old genitive of die survives as an adverb in a few words.\n\nA few from the list\nhier                 here\nheen                 away, to there\nhenen                away (old form of heen)\ndaar                 there\nder                  there (old, in compounds)\ner                   there, of it\nvandaan              from there\ndan                  then\ntoch                 yet, still\ntoen                 then, at that time"},{"section":692,"text":"The old adjective ending -e, the suffix -lijk, and adverbs from the accusative\n\nThe old ending e that formed adverbs from adjectives survives in only a few words; elsewhere it was dropped, so many adverbs have the same form as the adjective, and later still more adjectives, and even participles, came to be used as adverbs in this way. Such adverbs can still be told apart from the adjective by adding lijk.\n\nBecause a noun in the accusative could serve as an adverbial adjunct of time, value and so on, a few of these nouns became true adverbs.\n\nA few from the list\nalreede              already (archaic)\ndichtbij             close by (archaic dichte bij)\nluide                loudly (archaic)\nverre                far (archaic)\nverleden             lately\nvolmaakt             completely\nvoortdurend          continually\nrazend knap          extremely clever\ngloeiend mooi        awfully nice\nkokend heet          boiling hot"},{"section":694,"text":"Adverbs formed from the dative and genitive, and their compounds\n\nSome nouns in the dative became adverbs too. The genitive was originally the case in which many words served as adverbial expressions, so nouns, adjectives, participles and one numeral all supply adverbs this way; some compounds join an adjective and a noun with the genitive ending, and feminine nouns joined with adjectives used figuratively keep that ending as well, while the same nouns used in their literal sense are written as two words. The word wijze, manner, has also been compounded with nouns in the genitive, or strengthened further with ge-.\n\nA few from the list\nheinde               near (heinde en verre)\nmidden               middle (still in middag)\nvaak                 often\nwijlen               the late, deceased\nmijnentwege          for my part, on my behalf\nonzenthalve          for our sake\ndaags                by day\ndeels                partly\nsteeds               always, still\n's avonds            in the evening"},{"section":695,"text":"The -s suffix\n\nOnce the old genitive form of the adverb was no longer felt as a genitive, the s came to be taken simply as a suffix that forms adverbs, and it was then added even to words that had no genitive or dative s to begin with, and to nouns and adjectives already carrying a preposition; in some words the preposition itself took the s, and the endings lijks, lings and waarts work the same way.\n\nA few from the list\noverigens            besides, moreover\ntrouwens             besides, in fact\nminstens             at least\naltoos               always (archaic)\ndikwijls             often\nsomtijds             sometimes\nachterbaks           behind one's back, underhandedly\nbijkans              almost, nearly\nomstreeks            around, about\nthans                now, at present"},{"section":696,"text":"Compound adverbs formed from two adverbs\n\nCompound adverbs may be formed from two adverbs, and the same holds for a further set of combinations and for the pronominal adverbs vandaar, vanhier, vanwaar used figuratively.\n\nA few from the list\nevenzeer             equally, just as much\nhoeveel              how much\nhoeverre             how far\nzolang               as long as\nzoveel               so much\nzoverre              so far\nweleer               formerly\nachterover           backward\nbijna                almost\nbovenaan             at the top"},{"section":697,"text":"Adverbs formed from a preposition with a noun, adjective, or numeral\n\nCompounds of a preposition with a noun, or with an adjective in a figurative sense, form one set of adverbs, and a preposition with an adjective used as a noun forms another.\n\nSome compound adverbs are formed from a preposition with the numeral al or een, which have taken on the character of adverbs in these compounds.\n\nA few from the list\nbijgeval             by chance\nintegendeel          on the contrary\nomtrent              around, about\nonderweg             on the way\nonderwijl            meanwhile\novereind             upright\noverhoop             in a heap, at odds\nterug                back\nvoorhanden           available\nweg                  away"},{"section":699,"text":"Formation of prepositions\n\nThe root words of the prepositions were originally the same as those of the adverbs; tot and van are compounds.\n\nSome prepositions are derived from adverbs by means of ter, er, en, others carry the prefix be-, tegen is formed from te and jegen with an adverbial s and has been compounded once more with over in tegenover, and naast is the superlative of the adverb na.\n\nAdjectives used adverbially have become prepositions in langs and tussen; nouns in the dative with an adverbial s, nouns in the genitive, and nouns joined with a preposition all supply further prepositions.\n\nParticiples, with or without an added s, have also become prepositions.\n\nA few from the list\naan                  on, to\nbij                  by, at\ndoor                 through\nin                   in\nna                   after\nom                   around, for\nop                   on\nuit                  out of\nvoor                 for, before\nmet                  with"},{"section":703,"text":"Formation of conjunctions\n\nOf the coordinating conjunctions, only en, of and noch were used exclusively as conjunctions in old Dutch; the clause they join keeps the ordinary word order, as do want, doch and maar; every other coordinating conjunction began life as an adverb.\n\nThe subordinating conjunction of, meaning if, is not the same word as the coordinating of, meaning or; it is the only one used exclusively as a conjunction in old Dutch. In ofschoon, the schoon only strengthens the meaning.\n\nA pronominal root lies behind zo, meaning if, which is also an adverb; from it, by way of alzo, came als, meaning if, used only as a conjunction, also in zodra als.\n\nSeveral interrogative adverbs have become true conjunctions, among them the compounds hoewel and hoezeer.\n\nA number of subordinating conjunctions are formed from an adverb and dat; several of these may drop the dat, at which point the plain adverb itself has become a conjunction.\n\nSeveral conjunctions were originally a preposition with the dative or accusative singular neuter of the demonstrative pronoun, followed by dat; some became conjunctions once dat was dropped, of others the demonstrative pronoun itself was dropped, and dat can even be dropped from the preposition-based forms.\n\nOn the same pattern, some participles have become conjunctions; several of these need dat to function as a conjunction at all, and lose that function if dat is left out, while a few are generally used without dat.\n\nA few from the list\nen                   and\nof                   or\nnoch                 nor\nwant                 because, for\ndoch                 yet, however\nmaar                 but\nwel is waar          it is true\nof                   if (subordinating)\nofschoon             although\nzo                   if"}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 44: Adverbs formed from the pronoun roots hij, die, wie","teaching":[{"title":"A family of place and time adverbs","paragraphs":["Dutch made a whole family of place and time adverbs from the old roots of hij, die and wie.","Some name a place: hier means here, and daar means there. Some name a time: dan and toen both mean then. Some ask: waar means where, wanneer means when, hoe means how.","A few forms are old. Herwaarts, derwaarts and werwaarts are archaic and used very seldom now."]},{"title":"Adverbs formed from the pronoun roots hij, die, wie","paragraphs":["From the roots of the pronouns hij, die, wie a whole family of place and time adverbs was formed; a few of the directional forms in -waarts are used very seldom nowadays, and the old genitive of die survives as an adverb in a few words."]}],"lines":[{"number":336,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.2.1","source":"hier","translation":"here","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"hier","gloss":"here"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.2.1.m4a"},{"number":337,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.2.2","source":"heen","translation":"away, to there","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"heen","gloss":"away, to there"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.2.2.m4a"},{"number":338,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.2.3","source":"henen","translation":"away (old form of heen)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"henen","gloss":"away (old form of heen)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.2.3.m4a"},{"number":339,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.2.4","source":"daar","translation":"there","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"daar","gloss":"as, since, because"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.2.4.m4a"},{"number":340,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.2.5","source":"der","translation":"there (old, in compounds)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"der","gloss":"there (old, in compounds)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.2.5.m4a"},{"number":341,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.2.6","source":"er","translation":"there, of it","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"er","gloss":"there, of it"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.2.6.m4a"},{"number":342,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.2.7","source":"vandaan","translation":"from there","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"vandaan","gloss":"from there"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.2.7.m4a"},{"number":343,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.2.8","source":"dan","translation":"then","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.2.8.m4a"},{"number":344,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.2.9","source":"toch","translation":"yet, still","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"toch","gloss":"indeed, after all (here: 'I did warn you, after all')"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.2.9.m4a"},{"number":345,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.2.10","source":"toen","translation":"then, at that time","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"toen","gloss":"as, when"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.2.10.m4a"},{"number":346,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.2.11","source":"waar","translation":"where","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"waar","gloss":"where"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.2.11.m4a"},{"number":347,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.2.12","source":"wanneer","translation":"when","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"wanneer","gloss":"if"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.2.12.m4a"},{"number":348,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.2.13","source":"hoe","translation":"how","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"hoe","gloss":"how"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.2.13.m4a"},{"number":349,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.2.14","source":"herwaarts","translation":"hither (archaic)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"herwaarts","gloss":"hither (archaic)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.2.14.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 44: The old adjective ending -e, the suffix -lijk, and adverbs from the accusative","teaching":[{"title":"Adjectives that work as adverbs","paragraphs":["Dutch once made adverbs by adding e to an adjective. That e survives in only a few words, such as alreede and luide.","Elsewhere the e was dropped. So most adverbs have the same form as the adjective. Voortdurend means continually, and kokend heet means boiling hot.","Adding the suffix lijk tells such an adverb apart from the adjective. Gewoonlijk means usually, and waarlijk means truly."]},{"title":"Nouns that became adverbs","paragraphs":["A noun in the accusative could tell the time or the value of an action. A few such nouns became true adverbs.","Altijd means always. Eenmaal means once."]}],"lines":[{"number":350,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.3.1","source":"alreede","translation":"already (archaic)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"alreede","gloss":"already (archaic)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.3.1.m4a"},{"number":351,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.3.2","source":"dichtbij","translation":"close by (archaic dichte bij)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"dichtbij","gloss":"close by (archaic dichte bij)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.3.2.m4a"},{"number":352,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.3.3","source":"luide","translation":"loudly (archaic)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"luide","gloss":"loudly (archaic)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.3.3.m4a"},{"number":353,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.3.4","source":"verre","translation":"far (archaic)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"verre","gloss":"far (archaic)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.3.4.m4a"},{"number":354,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.3.5","source":"verleden","translation":"lately","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"verleden","gloss":"lately"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.3.5.m4a"},{"number":355,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.3.6","source":"volmaakt","translation":"completely","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"volmaakt","gloss":"completely"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.3.6.m4a"},{"number":356,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.3.7","source":"voortdurend","translation":"continually","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"voortdurend","gloss":"continually"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.3.7.m4a"},{"number":357,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.3.8","source":"razend knap","translation":"extremely clever","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"razend","gloss":"extremely"},{"text":"knap","gloss":"clever"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.3.8.m4a"},{"number":358,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.3.9","source":"gloeiend mooi","translation":"awfully nice","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"gloeiend","gloss":"glowing"},{"text":"mooi","gloss":"nice, beautiful"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.3.9.m4a"},{"number":359,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.3.10","source":"kokend heet","translation":"boiling hot","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"kokend","gloss":"seethes"},{"text":"heet","gloss":"to be called"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.3.10.m4a"},{"number":360,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.3.11","source":"gelijkelijk","translation":"equally","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"gelijkelijk","gloss":"equally"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.3.11.m4a"},{"number":361,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.3.12","source":"gemeenlijk","translation":"commonly","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"gemeenlijk","gloss":"commonly"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.3.12.m4a"},{"number":362,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.3.13","source":"gewisselijk","translation":"surely","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"gewisselijk","gloss":"surely"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.3.13.m4a"},{"number":363,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.3.14","source":"gewoonlijk","translation":"usually","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"gewoonlijk","gloss":"generally, usually"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.3.14.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 44: Adverbs formed from the dative and genitive, and their compounds","teaching":[{"title":"Adverbs with an old case ending","paragraphs":["Many Dutch adverbs began as nouns or adjectives in an old case. A few came from the dative. Most came from the genitive, the old case for adverb expressions.","Many of these end in s, the old genitive ending. Deels means partly, anders means otherwise, and onlangs means recently.","Some are time words with 's in front: 's avonds means in the evening, and 's nachts means at night.","The list is long. Each line gives a Dutch adverb and its meaning. Words marked archaic, such as stillekens, quietly, are old forms."]}],"lines":[{"number":364,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.4.1","source":"heinde","translation":"near (heinde en verre)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"heinde","gloss":"near (heinde en verre)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.4.1.m4a"},{"number":365,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.4.2","source":"wijlen","translation":"the late, deceased","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"wijlen","gloss":"the late, deceased"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.4.2.m4a"},{"number":366,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.4.3","source":"daags","translation":"by day","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"daags","gloss":"daily"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.4.3.m4a"},{"number":367,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.4.4","source":"'s avonds","translation":"in the evening","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"'s","gloss":"(abbreviation)"},{"text":"avonds","gloss":"evening"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.4.4.m4a"},{"number":368,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.4.5","source":"anders","translation":"otherwise","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"anders","gloss":"otherwise"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.4.5.m4a"},{"number":369,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.4.6","source":"reeds","translation":"already","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"reeds","gloss":"already"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.4.6.m4a"},{"number":370,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.4.7","source":"netjes","translation":"neatly","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"netjes","gloss":"neatly"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.4.7.m4a"},{"number":371,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.4.8","source":"zoetjes","translation":"gently","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"zoetjes","gloss":"gently"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.4.8.m4a"},{"number":372,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.4.9","source":"onverhoeds","translation":"unexpectedly","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"onverhoeds","gloss":"unexpectedly"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.4.9.m4a"},{"number":373,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.4.10","source":"vervolgens","translation":"subsequently","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"vervolgens","gloss":"subsequently"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.4.10.m4a"},{"number":374,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.4.11","source":"eens","translation":"once","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"eens","gloss":"once, one day"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.4.11.m4a"},{"number":375,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.4.12","source":"blootshoofds","translation":"bareheaded","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"blootshoofds","gloss":"bareheaded"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.4.12.m4a"},{"number":376,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.4.13","source":"grotendeels","translation":"for the most part","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"grotendeels","gloss":"for the most part"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.4.13.m4a"},{"number":377,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.4.14","source":"gewapenderhand","translation":"by force of arms","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"gewapenderhand","gloss":"by force of arms"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.4.14.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 44: The -s suffix","teaching":[{"title":"S as a suffix for adverbs","paragraphs":["At first the s of these adverbs was an old genitive ending. Later speakers no longer felt it as one.","The s then became a plain suffix that makes adverbs. It was added even to words that never had a genitive or dative s.","Minstens means at least. Dagelijks means daily. Tevens means at the same time.","The endings lijks, lings and waarts work the same way."]}],"lines":[{"number":378,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.5.1","source":"overigens","translation":"besides, moreover","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"overigens","gloss":"besides, moreover"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.5.1.m4a"},{"number":379,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.5.2","source":"trouwens","translation":"besides, in fact","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"trouwens","gloss":"besides, in fact"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.5.2.m4a"},{"number":380,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.5.3","source":"minstens","translation":"at least","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"minstens","gloss":"at least"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.5.3.m4a"},{"number":381,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.5.4","source":"altoos","translation":"always (archaic)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"altoos","gloss":"always (archaic)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.5.4.m4a"},{"number":382,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.5.5","source":"dikwijls","translation":"often","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"dikwijls","gloss":"often"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.5.5.m4a"},{"number":383,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.5.6","source":"somtijds","translation":"sometimes","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"somtijds","gloss":"sometimes"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.5.6.m4a"},{"number":384,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.5.7","source":"achterbaks","translation":"behind one's back, underhandedly","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"achterbaks","gloss":"behind one's back, underhandedly"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.5.7.m4a"},{"number":385,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.5.8","source":"bijkans","translation":"almost, nearly","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"bijkans","gloss":"almost, nearly"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.5.8.m4a"},{"number":386,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.5.9","source":"omstreeks","translation":"around, about","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"omstreeks","gloss":"about, around"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.5.9.m4a"},{"number":387,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.5.10","source":"thans","translation":"now, at present","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"thans","gloss":"now, at present"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.5.10.m4a"},{"number":388,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.5.11","source":"terloops","translation":"in passing","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"terloops","gloss":"in passing"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.5.11.m4a"},{"number":389,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.5.12","source":"namaals","translation":"hereafter (archaic)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"namaals","gloss":"hereafter (archaic)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.5.12.m4a"},{"number":390,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.5.13","source":"voormaals","translation":"formerly","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"voormaals","gloss":"formerly"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.5.13.m4a"},{"number":391,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.5.14","source":"vanzins","translation":"of a mind to (archaic)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"vanzins","gloss":"of a mind to (archaic)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.5.14.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 44: Compound adverbs formed from two adverbs","teaching":[{"title":"Two adverbs joined in one word","paragraphs":["Two adverbs can join to make one new adverb. Read each part, then the whole.","Bovenop is boven and op, and means on top. Rechtsaf means to the right. Zolang means as long as.","Vandaar, vanhier and vanwaar also join in this way. They can be used figuratively. Vandaar means from there, or hence."]},{"title":"Compound adverbs formed from two adverbs","paragraphs":["Compound adverbs may be formed from two adverbs, and the same holds for a further set of combinations and for the pronominal adverbs vandaar, vanhier, vanwaar used figuratively."]}],"lines":[{"number":392,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.6.1","source":"evenzeer","translation":"equally, just as much","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"evenzeer","gloss":"likewise, equally"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.6.1.m4a"},{"number":393,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.6.2","source":"hoeveel","translation":"how much","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"hoeveel","gloss":"how much"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.6.2.m4a"},{"number":394,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.6.3","source":"hoeverre","translation":"how far","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"hoeverre","gloss":"how far"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.6.3.m4a"},{"number":395,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.6.4","source":"zolang","translation":"as long as","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"zolang","gloss":"as long as"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.6.4.m4a"},{"number":396,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.6.5","source":"zoveel","translation":"so much","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"zoveel","gloss":"so much"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.6.5.m4a"},{"number":397,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.6.6","source":"zoverre","translation":"so far","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"zoverre","gloss":"so far"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.6.6.m4a"},{"number":398,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.6.7","source":"weleer","translation":"formerly","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"weleer","gloss":"formerly"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.6.7.m4a"},{"number":399,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.6.8","source":"achterover","translation":"backward","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"achterover","gloss":"backward"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.6.8.m4a"},{"number":400,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.6.9","source":"bijna","translation":"almost","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"bijna","gloss":"nearly"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.6.9.m4a"},{"number":401,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.6.10","source":"bovenaan","translation":"at the top","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"bovenaan","gloss":"at the top"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.6.10.m4a"},{"number":402,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.6.11","source":"bovenop","translation":"on top","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"bovenop","gloss":"on top"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.6.11.m4a"},{"number":403,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.6.12","source":"kortaf","translation":"curtly","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"kortaf","gloss":"curtly"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.6.12.m4a"},{"number":404,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.6.13","source":"onderdoor","translation":"underneath","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"onderdoor","gloss":"underneath"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.6.13.m4a"},{"number":405,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.6.14","source":"onderin","translation":"at the bottom","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"onderin","gloss":"at the bottom"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.6.14.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 44: Adverbs formed from a preposition with a noun, adjective, or numeral","teaching":[{"title":"A preposition joined to another word","paragraphs":["A preposition can join a noun, an adjective or a number word. The result is an adverb.","Onderweg means on the way. Opnieuw means again. Voorgoed means for good.","Two number words, al and een, join prepositions in this way. Overal means everywhere. Bijeen means together."]},{"title":"Adverbs formed from a preposition with a noun, adjective, or numeral","paragraphs":["Compounds of a preposition with a noun, or with an adjective in a figurative sense, form one set of adverbs, and a preposition with an adjective used as a noun forms another.","Some compound adverbs are formed from a preposition with the numeral al or een, which have taken on the character of adverbs in these compounds."]}],"lines":[{"number":406,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.7.1","source":"bijgeval","translation":"by chance","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"bijgeval","gloss":"by chance"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.7.1.m4a"},{"number":407,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.7.2","source":"omtrent","translation":"around, about","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"omtrent","gloss":"easy about"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.7.2.m4a"},{"number":408,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.7.3","source":"onderwijl","translation":"meanwhile","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"onderwijl","gloss":"meanwhile"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.7.3.m4a"},{"number":409,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.7.4","source":"overhoop","translation":"in a heap, at odds","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"overhoop","gloss":"in a heap, at odds"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.7.4.m4a"},{"number":410,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.7.5","source":"voorhanden","translation":"available","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"voorhanden","gloss":"available"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.7.5.m4a"},{"number":411,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.7.6","source":"bijdehand","translation":"quick-witted","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"bijdehand","gloss":"quick-witted"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.7.6.m4a"},{"number":412,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.7.7","source":"opnieuw","translation":"again","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"opnieuw","gloss":"again"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.7.7.m4a"},{"number":413,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.7.8","source":"overlang","translation":"long ago (archaic)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"overlang","gloss":"long ago (archaic)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.7.8.m4a"},{"number":414,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.7.9","source":"tegelijk","translation":"at the same time","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"tegelijk","gloss":"at the same time"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.7.9.m4a"},{"number":415,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.7.10","source":"terecht","translation":"rightly, justly","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"terecht","gloss":"rightly, justly"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.7.10.m4a"},{"number":416,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.7.11","source":"voorlang","translation":"long ago (archaic)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"voorlang","gloss":"long ago (archaic)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.7.11.m4a"},{"number":417,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.7.12","source":"voorzeker","translation":"surely, certainly","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"voorzeker","gloss":"surely, certainly"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.7.12.m4a"},{"number":418,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.7.13","source":"achtereen","translation":"in a row, successively","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"achtereen","gloss":"in a row, successively"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.7.13.m4a"},{"number":419,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.7.14","source":"allengs","translation":"gradually","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"allengs","gloss":"gradually"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.7.14.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 44: Formation of prepositions","teaching":[{"title":"Where prepositions come from","paragraphs":["The first prepositions had the same roots as the adverbs. Tot and van are compounds.","Later prepositions came from other words. Naast is the superlative of the adverb na. Tegenover is tegen and over joined.","Adjectives gave langs and tussen. Participles gave tijdens, meaning during."]},{"title":"Reading the list of prepositions","paragraphs":["Each line gives a preposition and its meaning. Aan means on or to. Wegens means because of.","Some words are marked archaic, such as nevens, next to."]}],"lines":[{"number":420,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.8.1","source":"aan","translation":"on, to","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, to"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.8.1.m4a"},{"number":421,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.8.2","source":"in","translation":"in","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"in","gloss":"in"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.8.2.m4a"},{"number":422,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.8.3","source":"op","translation":"on","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.8.3.m4a"},{"number":423,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.8.4","source":"met","translation":"with","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"met","gloss":"with"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.8.4.m4a"},{"number":424,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.8.5","source":"van","translation":"of, from","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.8.5.m4a"},{"number":425,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.8.6","source":"onder","translation":"under","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"onder","gloss":"under"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.8.6.m4a"},{"number":426,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.8.7","source":"zonder","translation":"without","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"zonder","gloss":"without"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.8.7.m4a"},{"number":427,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.8.8","source":"boven","translation":"above","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"boven","gloss":"above, over"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.8.8.m4a"},{"number":428,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.8.9","source":"tegenover","translation":"opposite","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"tegenover","gloss":"opposite to"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.8.9.m4a"},{"number":429,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.8.10","source":"tussen","translation":"between","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"tussen","gloss":"between"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.8.10.m4a"},{"number":430,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.8.11","source":"wegens","translation":"because of","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"wegens","gloss":"on account of, because of"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.8.11.m4a"},{"number":431,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.8.12","source":"behalve","translation":"except","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"behalve","gloss":"except"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.8.12.m4a"},{"number":432,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.8.13","source":"nevens","translation":"next to (archaic)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"nevens","gloss":"next to (archaic)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.8.13.m4a"},{"number":433,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.8.14","source":"aangaande","translation":"concerning","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"aangaande","gloss":"concerning"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.8.14.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 44: Formation of conjunctions","teaching":[{"title":"Old conjunctions and new ones","paragraphs":["In old Dutch, en, of and noch were the only coordinating conjunctions that were never anything else. After them the clause keeps its ordinary word order, as it does after want, doch and maar.","Every other coordinating conjunction began as an adverb.","The subordinating conjunction of means if. It is not the coordinating of, which means or."]},{"title":"Conjunctions built with dat","paragraphs":["Many subordinating conjunctions are an adverb plus dat. Zodat means so that. Omdat means because.","Several may drop the dat. The plain adverb itself then works as a conjunction. Hoewel means although.","Some conjunctions began as a preposition with dat, such as zonder dat, meaning without. Some participles also became conjunctions, and several need dat to work as one."]},{"title":"Formation of conjunctions","paragraphs":["On the same pattern, some participles have become conjunctions; several of these need dat to function as a conjunction at all, and lose that function if dat is left out, while a few are generally used without dat."]}],"lines":[{"number":434,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.9.1","source":"en","translation":"and","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"en","gloss":"and"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.9.1.m4a"},{"number":435,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.9.2","source":"want","translation":"because, for","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"want","gloss":"for, because"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.9.2.m4a"},{"number":436,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.9.3","source":"wel is waar","translation":"it is true","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"wel","gloss":"but"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"waar","gloss":"where"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.9.3.m4a"},{"number":437,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.9.4","source":"zo","translation":"if","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"zo","gloss":"so, as"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.9.4.m4a"},{"number":438,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.9.5","source":"waarom","translation":"why, for which reason","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"waarom","gloss":"the reason why"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.9.5.m4a"},{"number":439,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.9.6","source":"hoe","translation":"however","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"hoe","gloss":"how"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.9.6.m4a"},{"number":440,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.9.7","source":"zodat","translation":"so that","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"zodat","gloss":"so that"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.9.7.m4a"},{"number":441,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.9.8","source":"dan dat","translation":"than","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.9.8.m4a"},{"number":442,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.9.9","source":"sedert dat","translation":"since","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"sedert","gloss":"since"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.9.9.m4a"},{"number":443,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.9.10","source":"nademaal","translation":"seeing that (archaic)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"nademaal","gloss":"seeing that (archaic)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.9.10.m4a"},{"number":444,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.9.11","source":"terwijl","translation":"while","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"terwijl","gloss":"while"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.9.11.m4a"},{"number":445,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.9.12","source":"doordien","translation":"because","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"doordien","gloss":"because"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.9.12.m4a"},{"number":446,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.9.13","source":"omdat","translation":"because","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"omdat","gloss":"because"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.9.13.m4a"},{"number":447,"id":"val.nl.L44.x.9.14","source":"naardat","translation":"according as","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"naardat","gloss":"according as"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.x.9.14.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"De poppenkast (slot)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":448,"id":"val.nl.L44.r.0","source":"De poppenkast (slot)","translation":"The puppet show (conclusion)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"poppenkast","gloss":"puppet show"},{"text":"(slot)","gloss":"castle, lock"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.r.0.m4a"},{"number":449,"id":"val.nl.L44.r.1","source":"Daar zijn nog een menigte andere tonelen, die jij allemaal kent, zoals die van het wiegen, van de scharenslijper enz., waar hij overal de hoofdpersoon is, overal even groot, overal overwinnaar door list of door geweld, waar overal de houten koppen geweldig tegen elkaar kletsen, en waardoor overal gejuich en gejubel wordt opgewekt.","translation":"There are still a great many other scenes, which you all know, such as that of the cradle-rocking, of the knife-grinder, etc., where he is everywhere the main character, everywhere equally great, everywhere victorious by cunning or by force, where everywhere the wooden heads clash violently against each other, and through which everywhere cheering and jubilation is stirred up.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Daar","gloss":"as, since, because"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"nog","gloss":"still, yet; another"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"menigte","gloss":"multitude"},{"text":"andere","gloss":"other"},{"text":"tonelen,","gloss":"scenes"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"jij","gloss":"you"},{"text":"allemaal","gloss":"all"},{"text":"kent,","gloss":"knows"},{"text":"zoals","gloss":"as"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"wiegen,","gloss":"cradle-rocking"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"scharenslijper","gloss":"knife-grinder"},{"text":"enz.,","gloss":"etc."},{"text":"waar","gloss":"where"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"overal","gloss":"everywhere"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"hoofdpersoon","gloss":"main character"},{"text":"is,","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"overal","gloss":"everywhere"},{"text":"even","gloss":"a moment, just"},{"text":"groot,","gloss":"great"},{"text":"overal","gloss":"everywhere"},{"text":"overwinnaar","gloss":"conqueror"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"list","gloss":"cunning"},{"text":"of","gloss":"or"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"geweld,","gloss":"force"},{"text":"waar","gloss":"where"},{"text":"overal","gloss":"everywhere"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"houten","gloss":"wooden"},{"text":"koppen","gloss":"head"},{"text":"geweldig","gloss":"violently"},{"text":"tegen","gloss":"against; to"},{"text":"elkaar","gloss":"each other"},{"text":"kletsen,","gloss":"clash"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"waardoor","gloss":"by which"},{"text":"overal","gloss":"everywhere"},{"text":"gejuich","gloss":"cheering"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"gejubel","gloss":"jubilation"},{"text":"wordt","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"opgewekt.","gloss":"stirred"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.r.1.m4a"},{"number":450,"id":"val.nl.L44.r.2","source":"Kortom, want ik moet een einde aan de uiting van mijn gevoel maken, hoewel het mij moeilijk is, ik beken het, want de zaak gaat mij ter harte, dat hoop ik maar, wat er in de wereld ook vooruit mag gaan, als het dan toch zo moet zijn, dat men mijn oude vriend in zijn oorspronkelijke waarde zal laten.","translation":"In short, for I must put an end to expressing my feeling, though it is hard for me, I admit it, because the matter is close to my heart, this I only hope, whatever may go forward in the world, if it must be so after all, that they will leave my old friend at his original worth.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Kortom,","gloss":"in short"},{"text":"want","gloss":"for, because"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"moet","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"einde","gloss":"end"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"uiting","gloss":"expression"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"gevoel","gloss":"feeling"},{"text":"maken,","gloss":"to make (weak)"},{"text":"hoewel","gloss":"although"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"moeilijk","gloss":"difficult"},{"text":"is,","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"beken","gloss":"admit"},{"text":"het,","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"want","gloss":"for, because"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"zaak","gloss":"matter"},{"text":"gaat","gloss":"to go"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"ter","gloss":"to heart"},{"text":"harte,","gloss":"to heart"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"hoop","gloss":"hope"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"maar,","gloss":"but"},{"text":"wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there, of it"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"wereld","gloss":"world"},{"text":"ook","gloss":"also, likewise"},{"text":"vooruit","gloss":"in advance"},{"text":"mag","gloss":"may"},{"text":"gaan,","gloss":"to go"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"toch","gloss":"indeed, after all (here: 'I did warn you, after all')"},{"text":"zo","gloss":"so, as"},{"text":"moet","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"zijn,","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"men","gloss":"one, 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zal optrekken, omdat Jan Klaassen en Katrijn niet aan de regels van zijn kunstsmaak voldoen.","translation":"Do not embellish him, do not adorn him, do not try to improve him, do not extend your philanthropy over him; make revolutions as much as you like, make the whole world into a republic, but leave him on his throne, and grant us, who are still a little of the old time, that at the last fair we may still live to see, we can at least still see one thing that is still exactly as it was in our young years, leave me that one comfort, that I have not amused myself for thirty years with something at which a toddler of five, when I shall be an old man, will turn up his nose, because Jan Klaassen and Katrijn do not conform to the rules of his artistic 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Aalsteker.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"neem","gloss":"take"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vrijheid","gloss":"liberty"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"hierbij","gloss":"here"},{"text":"mee","gloss":"along, with"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"delen","gloss":"to communicate, to pass on"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"vandaag","gloss":"today"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"deze","gloss":"the latter (the most recently mentioned)"},{"text":"stad","gloss":"city, town"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"wijnhandel","gloss":"wine trade"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"opgericht,","gloss":"erected"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"onder","gloss":"under"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"firma","gloss":"firm"},{"text":"K.","gloss":"I"},{"text":"P.","gloss":"P"},{"text":"Aalsteker","gloss":"Aalsteker"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"eigen","gloss":"own"},{"text":"rekening","gloss":"the bill"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"drijven.","gloss":"to float"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.e127.i2.m4a"},{"number":527,"id":"val.nl.L44.e127.i3","source":"Doordat ik jarenlang werkzaam ben geweest bij gerespecteerde huizen in deze branche, heb ik een degelijke ervaring in zaken en de nodige kennis van het vak opgedaan, zodat ik, gesteund door voldoende kapitaal, mijzelf in staat mag achten mijn zaak met succes te besturen.","translation":"I have acquired, by being active for many years in respectable houses of this branch, a competent experience in business matters and the necessary knowledge of the branch, so that, supported by sufficient funds, I may consider myself able to manage the business of my house successfully.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Doordat","gloss":"because"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"jarenlang","gloss":"for years"},{"text":"werkzaam","gloss":"active"},{"text":"ben","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"geweest","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"bij","gloss":"with"},{"text":"gerespecteerde","gloss":"respected"},{"text":"huizen","gloss":"houses"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"deze","gloss":"the latter (the most recently mentioned)"},{"text":"branche,","gloss":"branch"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"degelijke","gloss":"solid"},{"text":"ervaring","gloss":"experience"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"zaken","gloss":"matters"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"nodige","gloss":"needed (nodig hebben: to need)"},{"text":"kennis","gloss":"knowledge"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"vak","gloss":"trade"},{"text":"opgedaan,","gloss":"gained"},{"text":"zodat","gloss":"so that"},{"text":"ik,","gloss":"I"},{"text":"gesteund","gloss":"support"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"voldoende","gloss":"sufficient"},{"text":"kapitaal,","gloss":"capital"},{"text":"mijzelf","gloss":"myself"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"staat","gloss":"stands; state"},{"text":"mag","gloss":"may"},{"text":"achten","gloss":"consider"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"zaak","gloss":"matter"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"succes","gloss":"success"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"besturen.","gloss":"govern"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.e127.i3.m4a"},{"number":528,"id":"val.nl.L44.e127.i4","source":"Het beginsel van de strengste degelijkheid zal mij bij al mijn ondernemingen tot richtsnoer dienen, en het zal steeds mijn streven zijn om het vertrouwen waarom ik u hierbij beleefd verzoek ten volle te beantwoorden, en de bestellingen die u mij hopelijk zult geven met alle zorg uit te voeren.","translation":"The principle of the strictest loyalty will serve me as a guide in all my undertakings, and it will always be my endeavour to justify the confidence I now solicit and to bestow all possible care on the execution of the orders which you may be pleased to give me.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"beginsel","gloss":"beginning"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"strengste","gloss":"severe"},{"text":"degelijkheid","gloss":"soundness"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"bij","gloss":"with"},{"text":"al","gloss":"already"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"ondernemingen","gloss":"undertakings"},{"text":"tot","gloss":"to, until"},{"text":"richtsnoer","gloss":"guide"},{"text":"dienen,","gloss":"to serve"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"steeds","gloss":"townish"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"streven","gloss":"striving"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"om","gloss":"smile at"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"vertrouwen","gloss":"confidence"},{"text":"waarom","gloss":"the reason why"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"hierbij","gloss":"here"},{"text":"beleefd","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"verzoek","gloss":"request"},{"text":"ten","gloss":"in"},{"text":"volle","gloss":"full"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"beantwoorden,","gloss":"answer"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"bestellingen","gloss":"orders"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"hopelijk","gloss":"hopefully"},{"text":"zult","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"geven","gloss":"to give"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"alle","gloss":"all"},{"text":"zorg","gloss":"care"},{"text":"uit","gloss":"out of"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"voeren.","gloss":"to convey (voer – varen)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.e127.i4.m4a"},{"number":529,"id":"val.nl.L44.e127.i5","source":"U verzoekend kennis te nemen van mijn handtekening hieronder, heb ik de eer, met de meeste hoogachting, Karel P. Aalsteker, die zal tekenen: K. P. Aalsteker.","translation":"Requesting you to take notice of my signature subjoined, I have the honour to be, Gentlemen, most respectfully Yours, Karel P. Aalsteker, who will sign: K. P. Aalsteker.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"U","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"verzoekend","gloss":"to beg"},{"text":"kennis","gloss":"knowledge"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"nemen","gloss":"to take"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"handtekening","gloss":"signature"},{"text":"hieronder,","gloss":"among these"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"eer,","gloss":"honor"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"meeste","gloss":"most"},{"text":"hoogachting,","gloss":"respect"},{"text":"Karel","gloss":"Karel"},{"text":"P.","gloss":"P"},{"text":"Aalsteker,","gloss":"Aalsteker"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"tekenen:","gloss":"signed"},{"text":"K.","gloss":"I"},{"text":"P.","gloss":"P"},{"text":"Aalsteker.","gloss":"Aalsteker"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.e127.i5.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 44: exercise 128","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":530,"id":"val.nl.L44.e128.i1","source":"Haarlem, 15 februari 1912. Geachte heren,","translation":"Haarlem, 15th February, 1912. Gentlemen,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Haarlem,","gloss":"Haarlem"},{"text":"15","gloss":"15th"},{"text":"februari","gloss":"February"},{"text":"1912.","gloss":"1912"},{"text":"Geachte","gloss":"esteemed"},{"text":"heren,","gloss":"gentleman, lord"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.e128.i1.m4a"},{"number":531,"id":"val.nl.L44.e128.i2","source":"Ik neem de vrijheid u mee te delen dat ik een fabriek van beslagartikelen heb opgericht, welke zaak ik van vandaag af in mijn eigen naam en voor mijn eigen rekening zal drijven.","translation":"I take the liberty of apprising you that I have established a manufactory of Metal-Bindings, the business of which I shall carry on, from and after this day, in my own name and on my own account.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"neem","gloss":"take"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vrijheid","gloss":"liberty"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"mee","gloss":"along, with"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"delen","gloss":"to communicate, to pass on"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"fabriek","gloss":"factory"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"beslagartikelen","gloss":"metal fittings"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"opgericht,","gloss":"erected"},{"text":"welke","gloss":"which, what"},{"text":"zaak","gloss":"matter"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"vandaag","gloss":"today"},{"text":"af","gloss":"off"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"eigen","gloss":"own"},{"text":"naam","gloss":"name"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"eigen","gloss":"own"},{"text":"rekening","gloss":"the bill"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"drijven.","gloss":"to float"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.e128.i2.m4a"},{"number":532,"id":"val.nl.L44.e128.i3","source":"Een goede waterkracht, evenals een inrichting van mijn fabriek die aan de nieuwste eisen voldoet, gepaard met een degelijke kennis van het vak en de nodige geldmiddelen, maken het mij mogelijk solide waar te fabriceren, die tegen billijke prijzen met andere kan concurreren.","translation":"A good water-power as well as all the latest improvements, in connection with a thorough knowledge of the above line of business and the necessary capital resources, enable me to manufacture, at reasonable prices, an article substantial and able to defy competition.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"goede","gloss":"the good, what is good"},{"text":"waterkracht,","gloss":"water power"},{"text":"evenals","gloss":"together with, just like"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"inrichting","gloss":"equipment"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"fabriek","gloss":"factory"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"nieuwste","gloss":"new"},{"text":"eisen","gloss":"demand"},{"text":"voldoet,","gloss":"meets"},{"text":"gepaard","gloss":"together"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"degelijke","gloss":"solid"},{"text":"kennis","gloss":"knowledge"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"vak","gloss":"trade"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"nodige","gloss":"needed (nodig hebben: to need)"},{"text":"geldmiddelen,","gloss":"finances"},{"text":"maken","gloss":"to make (weak)"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"mogelijk","gloss":"possible"},{"text":"solide","gloss":"sound"},{"text":"waar","gloss":"where"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"fabriceren,","gloss":"manufacture"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"tegen","gloss":"against; to"},{"text":"billijke","gloss":"fair"},{"text":"prijzen","gloss":"price"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"andere","gloss":"other"},{"text":"kan","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"concurreren.","gloss":"rival"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.e128.i3.m4a"},{"number":533,"id":"val.nl.L44.e128.i4","source":"Een bestelling bij wijze van proef zal u ervan overtuigen dat mijn fabricaten in netheid en degelijkheid met die van andere fabrikanten kunnen wedijveren, en dat ze bovendien nog iets goedkoper zijn.","translation":"An order by way of trial will convince you that my fabrics may rival those of other manufactures, both for their beauty and soundness, and that, besides, they are somewhat cheaper than those.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"bestelling","gloss":"order"},{"text":"bij","gloss":"with"},{"text":"wijze","gloss":"manner, way"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"proef","gloss":"probation"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"ervan","gloss":"of it"},{"text":"overtuigen","gloss":"convince"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"fabricaten","gloss":"products"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"netheid","gloss":"neatness"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"degelijkheid","gloss":"soundness"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"andere","gloss":"other"},{"text":"fabrikanten","gloss":"manufacturers"},{"text":"kunnen","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"wedijveren,","gloss":"vie"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"ze","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"bovendien","gloss":"besides"},{"text":"nog","gloss":"still, yet; another"},{"text":"iets","gloss":"something"},{"text":"goedkoper","gloss":"cheaper"},{"text":"zijn.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.e128.i4.m4a"},{"number":534,"id":"val.nl.L44.e128.i5","source":"Het zal mij een eer zijn u onder mijn klanten te vinden, en u kunt ervan overtuigd zijn dat ik u in ieder opzicht naar tevredenheid zal bedienen.","translation":"I shall consider it an honour to see you among my customers, and you may be confident that I shall give you satisfaction in every respect.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"eer","gloss":"honor"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"onder","gloss":"under"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"klanten","gloss":"customers"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"vinden,","gloss":"to find"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"kunt","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"ervan","gloss":"of it"},{"text":"overtuigd","gloss":"convinced"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"ieder","gloss":"each, every"},{"text":"opzicht","gloss":"respect"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"tevredenheid","gloss":"contentment"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"bedienen.","gloss":"attend on, upon"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.e128.i5.m4a"},{"number":535,"id":"val.nl.L44.e128.i6","source":"Ik voeg mijn prijscourant hierbij, en heb, met aanbeveling, de eer met alle achting te tekenen, Ferd. Witsenhoven.","translation":"I subjoin my price-list, begging you to believe me, Sir, Your obedient servant, Ferd. Witsenhoven.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"voeg","gloss":"enclose"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"prijscourant","gloss":"price list"},{"text":"hierbij,","gloss":"here"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"heb,","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"aanbeveling,","gloss":"recommendation"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"eer","gloss":"honor"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"alle","gloss":"all"},{"text":"achting","gloss":"respect, regard"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"tekenen,","gloss":"signed"},{"text":"Ferd.","gloss":"Ferd"},{"text":"Witsenhoven.","gloss":"Witsenhoven"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.e128.i6.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 44: exercise 129","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":536,"id":"val.nl.L44.e129.i1","source":"Den Haag, 15 april 1912. Geachte heren,","translation":"The Hague, 15th April, 1912. Gentlemen,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Den","gloss":"pine (the tree)"},{"text":"Haag,","gloss":"Haag"},{"text":"15","gloss":"15th"},{"text":"april","gloss":"April"},{"text":"1912.","gloss":"1912"},{"text":"Geachte","gloss":"esteemed"},{"text":"heren,","gloss":"gentleman, lord"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.e129.i1.m4a"},{"number":537,"id":"val.nl.L44.e129.i2","source":"Ik deel u mee dat ik de fabriekszaak, die ik tot dusver voor eigen rekening dreef onder de firma Mineraalwaterfabriek La Haye, Ph. Korthuis, vandaag heb verkocht aan de heer Theod. Slips.","translation":"I have to inform you that I have sold to Mr. Theod. Slips the Factory-business hitherto carried on by me on my account under the firm of Mineraalwaterfabriek La Haye, Ph. Korthuis.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"deel","gloss":"to distribute"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"mee","gloss":"along, with"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"fabriekszaak,","gloss":"factory business"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"tot","gloss":"to, until"},{"text":"dusver","gloss":"until now"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"eigen","gloss":"own"},{"text":"rekening","gloss":"the bill"},{"text":"dreef","gloss":"to drive away; to drift away"},{"text":"onder","gloss":"under"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"firma","gloss":"firm"},{"text":"Mineraalwaterfabriek","gloss":"Mineraalwaterfabriek"},{"text":"La","gloss":"La"},{"text":"Haye,","gloss":"Haye"},{"text":"Ph.","gloss":"Ph"},{"text":"Korthuis,","gloss":"Korthuis"},{"text":"vandaag","gloss":"today"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"verkocht","gloss":"sold"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"heer","gloss":"gentleman, lord"},{"text":"Theod.","gloss":"Theod"},{"text":"Slips.","gloss":"Slips"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.e129.i2.m4a"},{"number":538,"id":"val.nl.L44.e129.i3","source":"De heer Slips zal de zaak onder de oude firma voortzetten en alle activa overnemen, er zijn geen schulden, en ik verzoek u het vertrouwen dat u mij hebt geschonken ook op hem over te brengen.","translation":"Mr. Slips will continue my business under the old firm, taking upon himself all the assets (there are no debts) and I request you to transfer to him the confidence with which you have honoured myself.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"heer","gloss":"gentleman, lord"},{"text":"Slips","gloss":"Slips"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"zaak","gloss":"matter"},{"text":"onder","gloss":"under"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"oude","gloss":"old"},{"text":"firma","gloss":"firm"},{"text":"voortzetten","gloss":"to continue"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"alle","gloss":"all"},{"text":"activa","gloss":"assets"},{"text":"overnemen,","gloss":"take over"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there, of it"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"geen","gloss":"no, not a"},{"text":"schulden,","gloss":"debts"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"verzoek","gloss":"to beg, to request"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"vertrouwen","gloss":"confidence"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"hebt","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"geschonken","gloss":"to give"},{"text":"ook","gloss":"also, likewise"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"over","gloss":"across, over"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"brengen.","gloss":"bring"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.e129.i3.m4a"},{"number":539,"id":"val.nl.L44.e129.i4","source":"Ik betuig u mijn beste dank voor de gunst en steun die ik van u bij vele gelegenheden heb ondervonden, en ik houd het mij voor u later over mijn verdere ondernemingen te berichten.","translation":"I return you my best thanks for the favour and support that I enjoyed at your hands on many occasions, and reserve to myself to acquaint you subsequently of my further enterprises.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"betuig","gloss":"express"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"beste","gloss":"best"},{"text":"dank","gloss":"thanks"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"gunst","gloss":"favor"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"steun","gloss":"support"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"bij","gloss":"with"},{"text":"vele","gloss":"many"},{"text":"gelegenheden","gloss":"occasions"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"ondervonden,","gloss":"experienced"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"houd","gloss":"to keep"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"later","gloss":"later"},{"text":"over","gloss":"across, over"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"verdere","gloss":"further"},{"text":"ondernemingen","gloss":"undertakings"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"berichten.","gloss":"reports"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.e129.i4.m4a"},{"number":540,"id":"val.nl.L44.e129.i5","source":"Inmiddels verblijf ik met de meeste hoogachting, Ph. Korthuis, die niet meer zal tekenen: Mineraalwaterfabriek La Haye, Ph. Korthuis.","translation":"Meanwhile I remain, Gentlemen, Yours truly, Ph. Korthuis, who ceases to sign: Mineraalwaterfabriek La Haye, Ph. Korthuis.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Inmiddels","gloss":"in the meantime"},{"text":"verblijf","gloss":"lodging"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"meeste","gloss":"most"},{"text":"hoogachting,","gloss":"respect"},{"text":"Ph.","gloss":"Ph"},{"text":"Korthuis,","gloss":"Korthuis"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"meer","gloss":"more"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"tekenen:","gloss":"signed"},{"text":"Mineraalwaterfabriek","gloss":"mineral water factory"},{"text":"La","gloss":"La"},{"text":"Haye,","gloss":"Haye"},{"text":"Ph.","gloss":"Ph"},{"text":"Korthuis.","gloss":"Korthuis"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.e129.i5.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 44: exercise 130","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":541,"id":"val.nl.L44.e130.i1","source":"Den Haag, 15 april 1912. Geachte heren,","translation":"The Hague, 15th April, 1912. Gentlemen,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Den","gloss":"pine (the tree)"},{"text":"Haag,","gloss":"Haag"},{"text":"15","gloss":"15th"},{"text":"april","gloss":"April"},{"text":"1912.","gloss":"1912"},{"text":"Geachte","gloss":"esteemed"},{"text":"heren,","gloss":"gentleman, lord"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.e130.i1.m4a"},{"number":542,"id":"val.nl.L44.e130.i2","source":"Uit de bijgaande circulaire blijkt u dat ik vandaag door aankoop eigenaar ben geworden van de fabriek die tot dusver door de heer Ph. Korthuis werd gedreven onder de firma Mineraalwaterfabriek La Haye, en ik verzoek u ook mij met uw vertrouwen te willen vereren.","translation":"You will learn by the above circular that, from this day forth, I have purchased the factory hitherto worked by Mr. Ph. Korthuis under the style of Mineraalwaterfabriek La Haye, and I request you to grant me a continuance of the confidence with which you have honoured my predecessor.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Uit","gloss":"out of"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"bijgaande","gloss":"enclosed"},{"text":"circulaire","gloss":"circulars"},{"text":"blijkt","gloss":"to appear"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"vandaag","gloss":"today"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"aankoop","gloss":"purchase"},{"text":"eigenaar","gloss":"owner"},{"text":"ben","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"geworden","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"fabriek","gloss":"factory"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"tot","gloss":"to, until"},{"text":"dusver","gloss":"until now"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"heer","gloss":"gentleman, lord"},{"text":"Ph.","gloss":"Ph"},{"text":"Korthuis","gloss":"Korthuis"},{"text":"werd","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"gedreven","gloss":"to float"},{"text":"onder","gloss":"under"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"firma","gloss":"firm"},{"text":"Mineraalwaterfabriek","gloss":"Mineraalwaterfabriek"},{"text":"La","gloss":"La"},{"text":"Haye,","gloss":"Haye"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"verzoek","gloss":"to beg, to request"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"ook","gloss":"also, likewise"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"uw","gloss":"your (polite)"},{"text":"vertrouwen","gloss":"confidence"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"willen","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"vereren.","gloss":"honored"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.e130.i2.m4a"},{"number":543,"id":"val.nl.L44.e130.i3","source":"Ik zal ernaar streven de goede naam te behouden die de heer Ph. Korthuis altijd genoot, en ik zal het steeds als mijn plicht beschouwen te handelen volgens het beginsel van de strengste integriteit, dat deze heer bij elke gelegenheid in acht nam, in de hoop dat zij wier steun en welwillendheid ik vraag daarin de beste waarborg zullen zien voor de soliditeit van mijn zaak.","translation":"I shall do my best to maintain the good reputation which Mr. Ph. Korthuis always enjoyed, and I shall always consider it a duty to act upon the principle of the strictest integrity, which the said gentleman observed on all occasions, hoping that those whose support and goodwill I solicit, will see therein the best guaranty for the solidity of my business.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"ernaar","gloss":"for it"},{"text":"streven","gloss":"striving"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"goede","gloss":"the good, what is good"},{"text":"naam","gloss":"name"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"behouden","gloss":"to keep, to preserve"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"heer","gloss":"gentleman, lord"},{"text":"Ph.","gloss":"Ph"},{"text":"Korthuis","gloss":"Korthuis"},{"text":"altijd","gloss":"always"},{"text":"genoot,","gloss":"to enjoy"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"steeds","gloss":"townish"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"plicht","gloss":"duty"},{"text":"beschouwen","gloss":"to regard"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"handelen","gloss":"deal"},{"text":"volgens","gloss":"according to"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"beginsel","gloss":"beginning"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"strengste","gloss":"severe"},{"text":"integriteit,","gloss":"integrity"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"deze","gloss":"the latter (the most recently mentioned)"},{"text":"heer","gloss":"gentleman, lord"},{"text":"bij","gloss":"with"},{"text":"elke","gloss":"each, every"},{"text":"gelegenheid","gloss":"occasion, opportunity"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"acht","gloss":"eight"},{"text":"nam,","gloss":"to take"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"hoop","gloss":"hope"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"wier","gloss":"whose"},{"text":"steun","gloss":"support"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"welwillendheid","gloss":"kindness"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"vraag","gloss":"to ask"},{"text":"daarin","gloss":"in it"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"beste","gloss":"best"},{"text":"waarborg","gloss":"guarantee"},{"text":"zullen","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"zien","gloss":"to see"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"soliditeit","gloss":"soundness"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"zaak.","gloss":"matter"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.e130.i3.m4a"},{"number":544,"id":"val.nl.L44.e130.i4","source":"Wees ervan verzekerd dat ik er een punt van zal maken alle bestellingen waarmee u mij van nu af aan vereert naar tevredenheid uit te voeren, en geloof mij, met de meeste hoogachting, Theod. Slips, die zal tekenen: Mineraalwaterfabriek La Haye, Theod. Slips.","translation":"Be sure that I shall make a point of despatching to your satisfaction all the orders with which you may honour me from this day, and believe me, Gentlemen, to be Your most obedient servant, Theod. Slips, who will sign: Mineraalwaterfabriek La Haye, Theod. Slips.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wees","gloss":"be (imperative)"},{"text":"ervan","gloss":"of it"},{"text":"verzekerd","gloss":"to assure"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there, of it"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"punt","gloss":"point"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"maken","gloss":"to make (weak)"},{"text":"alle","gloss":"all"},{"text":"bestellingen","gloss":"orders"},{"text":"waarmee","gloss":"with which"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"nu","gloss":"now, at present"},{"text":"af","gloss":"off"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, to"},{"text":"vereert","gloss":"honored"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"tevredenheid","gloss":"contentment"},{"text":"uit","gloss":"out of"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"voeren,","gloss":"to convey (voer – varen)"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"geloof","gloss":"to believe"},{"text":"mij,","gloss":"me"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"meeste","gloss":"most"},{"text":"hoogachting,","gloss":"respect"},{"text":"Theod.","gloss":"Theod"},{"text":"Slips,","gloss":"Slips"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"tekenen:","gloss":"signed"},{"text":"Mineraalwaterfabriek","gloss":"mineral water factory"},{"text":"La","gloss":"La"},{"text":"Haye,","gloss":"Haye"},{"text":"Theod.","gloss":"Theod"},{"text":"Slips.","gloss":"Slips"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.e130.i4.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 44: exercise 131","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":545,"id":"val.nl.L44.e131.i1","source":"Nijmegen, 1 maart 1912. Geachte heren,","translation":"Nimwegen, 1st March, 1912. Gentlemen,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nijmegen,","gloss":"Nijmegen"},{"text":"1","gloss":"1st"},{"text":"maart","gloss":"March"},{"text":"1912.","gloss":"1912"},{"text":"Geachte","gloss":"esteemed"},{"text":"heren,","gloss":"gentleman, lord"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.e131.i1.m4a"},{"number":546,"id":"val.nl.L44.e131.i2","source":"Omdat mijn zaken in het buitenland mij herhaaldelijk weken en zelfs maanden van huis houden, heb ik vandaag mijn procuratie verleend aan de heer Joh. Zeeman, die al zeven jaar een trouwe medewerker van mij is.","translation":"My foreign affairs repeatedly keeping me abroad for weeks and even months, I have this day given my procuration to Mr. Joh. Zeeman, for seven years my zealous assistant.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Omdat","gloss":"because"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"zaken","gloss":"matters"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"buitenland","gloss":"foreign country"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"herhaaldelijk","gloss":"repeatedly"},{"text":"weken","gloss":"weeks"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"zelfs","gloss":"even"},{"text":"maanden","gloss":"months"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"huis","gloss":"house"},{"text":"houden,","gloss":"to keep"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"vandaag","gloss":"today"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"procuratie","gloss":"power of attorney"},{"text":"verleend","gloss":"granted"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"heer","gloss":"gentleman, lord"},{"text":"Joh.","gloss":"Joh"},{"text":"Zeeman,","gloss":"Zeeman"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"al","gloss":"already"},{"text":"zeven","gloss":"seven"},{"text":"jaar","gloss":"the year"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"trouwe","gloss":"faithful"},{"text":"medewerker","gloss":"cooperator"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"is.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.e131.i2.m4a"},{"number":547,"id":"val.nl.L44.e131.i3","source":"Ik verzoek u alles wat hij voortaan in mijn naam zal doen te beschouwen alsof ik het zelf gedaan had.","translation":"I request you to consider all that he will do in future in my name, as if it had been done by myself.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"verzoek","gloss":"to beg, to request"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"alles","gloss":"everything"},{"text":"wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"voortaan","gloss":"henceforth"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"naam","gloss":"name"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"doen","gloss":"to do"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"beschouwen","gloss":"to regard"},{"text":"alsof","gloss":"as though"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"zelf","gloss":"self"},{"text":"gedaan","gloss":"to do"},{"text":"had.","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.e131.i3.m4a"},{"number":548,"id":"val.nl.L44.e131.i4","source":"Terwijl ik uw aandacht vestig op de handtekening van de heer Zeeman hieronder, maak ik van de gelegenheid gebruik om aan te bevelen mij ook verder uw welwillendheid te schenken, en teken met de meeste achting, P. Dorpers.","translation":"Calling your attention to Mr. Zeeman's signature, which you will find here below, and embracing the opportunity to solicit a continuance of your custom and favours, I remain, Gentlemen, Your obedient servant, P. Dorpers.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Terwijl","gloss":"while"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"uw","gloss":"your (polite)"},{"text":"aandacht","gloss":"attention"},{"text":"vestig","gloss":"draw"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"handtekening","gloss":"signature"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"heer","gloss":"gentleman, lord"},{"text":"Zeeman","gloss":"Zeeman"},{"text":"hieronder,","gloss":"among these"},{"text":"maak","gloss":"to make (weak)"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"gelegenheid","gloss":"occasion, opportunity"},{"text":"gebruik","gloss":"custom"},{"text":"om","gloss":"smile at"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, to"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"bevelen","gloss":"to order"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"ook","gloss":"also, likewise"},{"text":"verder","gloss":"further"},{"text":"uw","gloss":"your (polite)"},{"text":"welwillendheid","gloss":"kindness"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"schenken,","gloss":"to grant"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"teken","gloss":"sign"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"meeste","gloss":"most"},{"text":"achting,","gloss":"respect, regard"},{"text":"P.","gloss":"P"},{"text":"Dorpers.","gloss":"Dorpers"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.e131.i4.m4a"},{"number":549,"id":"val.nl.L44.e131.i5","source":"De heer Joh. Zeeman zal tekenen: per procuratie P. Dorpers, Joh. Zeeman.","translation":"Mr. Joh. Zeeman will sign: P. Proc. P. Dorpers, Joh. Zeeman.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"heer","gloss":"gentleman, lord"},{"text":"Joh.","gloss":"Joh"},{"text":"Zeeman","gloss":"sailor"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"tekenen:","gloss":"signed"},{"text":"per","gloss":"per"},{"text":"procuratie","gloss":"proxy"},{"text":"P.","gloss":"P"},{"text":"Dorpers,","gloss":"Dorpers"},{"text":"Joh.","gloss":"Joh"},{"text":"Zeeman.","gloss":"Zeeman"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L44.e131.i5.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 45: Grammatical figures: introduction, and prosthesis","teaching":[{"title":"Changes in the shape of a word","paragraphs":["Some words have changed their shape over time. A letter was added or lost, two sounds were joined, or two sounds swapped places.","A change of this kind is called a grammatical figure, or a word figure. Each kind of change has its own name.","These changes are not the endings that nouns and verbs take in a sentence. They are changes to the word itself."]},{"title":"A letter added at the front","paragraphs":["Prosthesis means that a letter is added to the front of a word. The Dutch name is voorvoeging.","Nijver means industrious. Compare ijver. Naarstig means diligent. Compare ernst. Herinneren means to remember. Compare erinneren.","Lommer means shadow. It comes from the French l'ombre."]}],"lines":[{"number":550,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.1.1","source":"lommer","translation":"shadow (French l'ombre)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"lommer","gloss":"shadow (French l'ombre)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.1.1.m4a"},{"number":551,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.1.2","source":"naarstig","translation":"diligent (cf. ernst)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"naarstig","gloss":"diligent (cf. ernst)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.1.2.m4a"},{"number":552,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.1.3","source":"nevens","translation":"next to (cf. even)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"nevens","gloss":"next to (archaic)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.1.3.m4a"},{"number":553,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.1.4","source":"nijver","translation":"industrious (cf. ijver)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"nijver","gloss":"industrious (cf. ijver)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.1.4.m4a"},{"number":554,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.1.5","source":"herinneren","translation":"to remember (cf. erinneren)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"herinneren","gloss":"to remember"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.1.5.m4a"},{"number":555,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.1.6","source":"een hekel hebben aan","translation":"to hate (something), (cf. akelig)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"hekel","gloss":"dislike"},{"text":"hebben","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, to"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.1.6.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":710,"text":"Grammatical figures: introduction, and prosthesis\n\nChanges some words have undergone besides those of declension or conjugation, by adding or losing a letter, by contracting, or by inversion, are called grammatical figures or word figures.\n\nProsthesis (voorvoeging, prefixing a sound) adds a letter to the front of a word."},{"section":712,"text":"Apheresis\n\nApheresis (afwerping, dropping a sound) drops a letter from the front of a word."},{"section":713,"text":"Paragoge\n\nParagoge (achtervoeging, adding a sound) adds a letter to the end of a word."},{"section":714,"text":"Apocope\n\nApocope (afkapping, dropping a sound) drops a letter from the end of a word; it always drops the personal ending of the verb before je, and it has dropped the unaccented e from many words that carried one in Old Dutch, including the first person singular present and the imperative of weak verbs."},{"section":715,"text":"Assimilation\n\nAssimilation (gelijkmaking, making alike) changes one sound to match a neighbouring one; sometimes the following consonant is assimilated, sometimes the preceding one.\n\nA few from the list\nkorrel               grain (instead of kernel, koorn)\nniettemin            nevertheless (niet de min)\nuitentreuren         endlessly (uit den treuren)\nballing              exile (banling)\nmisschien            perhaps (het mag geschien)\nen                   and (enne instead of ende)\nel                   ell\nelleboog             elbow (elne)\nklimmen              to climb (klimben)\nom                   around (omme instead of ombe)"},{"section":716,"text":"Syncope\n\nSyncope (uitstooting, dropping a sound) drops a letter from the middle of a word; it has dropped a d from several words, and the e of the prefixes be and ge from many others.\n\nA few from the list\nFrans                French (Franksch)\nkoopmanij            trade (koopmannij)\nboomgaard            orchard (boomgaerd)\nkost                 food, board (konst, konde)\nblussen              to extinguish (belesschen)\nvreten               to devour (vereten)\npruik                wig (French perruque)\nkrant                newspaper (courant)\nkraal                bead, coral (koraal)\nkrent                currant (korint)"},{"section":717,"text":"Elision\n\nElision (uitlating, leaving a sound out) drops a whole unaccented syllable or sound from within a word; in poetry it occurs very often at the end of a word before a vowel."},{"section":718,"text":"Synalepha\n\nSynalepha (samensmelting, blending together) fuses two sounds into one; the old genitive ending ds and the combinations ts or tz have both become plain s this way, and w has been dropped from a few words.\n\nA few from the list\nelkaar               each other (elkaer instead of elkander)\nter                  at the (te der)\nten                  at the (te den)\nsamen                together (te zamen)\nsamenkomen           to meet, come together\nsamenstelling        composition\ngezamenlijk          jointly\ninzamelen            to collect\nverzamelen           to gather\nwillens en wetens    knowingly and willingly (willends en wetends)"},{"section":719,"text":"Epenthesis\n\nEpenthesis (invoeging, inserting a sound) inserts a letter into the middle of a word; Dutch has inserted an s, an n, an e, a d, and various consonants borrowed with foreign words, and has sometimes inserted an e between two consonants, which adds a whole syllable to the word.\n\nA few from the list\njaksken              little jacket\nvlagsken             little flag\njongsken             little boy\nzinloos              senseless\nzinneloos            insane\nwerkloos             without work\nwerkeloos            idle\nbestuurder           director (besturen)\ndiender              policeman (dienen)\ndaalder              dollar (coin)"},{"section":720,"text":"Metathesis\n\nMetathesis (omsetting, transposing) swaps the order of two sounds in a word; it occurs especially with r, but also with l and, in one word, with two consonants at once.\n\nA few from the list\nbarnen               to burn (branden)\nbarnsteen            amber\nborst                breast\nbord                 board (German Brett)\nderde                third (drie)\ndertien              thirteen (drie)\ndorsen               to thrash\ngort                 groats (grut)\ngodsvrucht           piety (German Gottesfurcht)\nkerstmis             Christmas (Christus)"}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 45: Apheresis","teaching":[{"title":"A letter dropped from the front","paragraphs":["Apheresis means that a letter is dropped from the front of a word. The Dutch name is afwerping. It is the opposite of prosthesis.","The short form 'k is used instead of ik, and 't instead of het. Er is used instead of der or daar.","Sperge was asperge. Okkernoot was nokkernoot. Azuur was lasuur."]}],"lines":[{"number":556,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.2.1","source":"er","translation":"there (instead of der or daar)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"er","gloss":"there, of it"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.2.1.m4a"},{"number":557,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.2.2","source":"'k","translation":"I (instead of ik)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"'k","gloss":"I (instead of ik)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.2.2.m4a"},{"number":558,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.2.3","source":"'t","translation":"it, the (instead of het)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"'t","gloss":"it, the (instead of het)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.2.3.m4a"},{"number":559,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.2.4","source":"arreslede","translation":"sledge (narreslede)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"arreslede","gloss":"sledge (narreslede)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.2.4.m4a"},{"number":560,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.2.5","source":"azuur","translation":"azure (lasuur)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"azuur","gloss":"azure (lasuur)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.2.5.m4a"},{"number":561,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.2.6","source":"abberdaan","translation":"salt cod (labberdaan)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"abberdaan","gloss":"salt cod (labberdaan)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.2.6.m4a"},{"number":562,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.2.7","source":"aak","translation":"long boat","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"aak","gloss":"long boat"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.2.7.m4a"},{"number":563,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.2.8","source":"adder","translation":"viper","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"adder","gloss":"viper"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.2.8.m4a"},{"number":564,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.2.9","source":"okkernoot","translation":"walnut (nokkernoot)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"okkernoot","gloss":"walnut (nokkernoot)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.2.9.m4a"},{"number":565,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.2.10","source":"muts","translation":"cap (amutse)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"muts","gloss":"cap (amutse)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.2.10.m4a"},{"number":566,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.2.11","source":"sperge","translation":"asparagus (asperge)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"sperge","gloss":"asparagus (asperge)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.2.11.m4a"},{"number":567,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.2.12","source":"pul","translation":"jug (apul)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"pul","gloss":"jug (apul)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.2.12.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 45: Paragoge","teaching":[{"title":"A letter added at the end","paragraphs":["Paragoge means that a letter is added to the end of a word. The Dutch name is achtervoeging.","Iemand and niemand are built on man, with a d added at the end. Burcht means castle. Compare burg in schouwburg.","Te mijnent means at my house. Te uwent means at your house. Both end in an added t."]}],"lines":[{"number":568,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.3.1","source":"iemand","translation":"someone (man)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"iemand","gloss":"someone (man)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.3.1.m4a"},{"number":569,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.3.2","source":"niemand","translation":"no one (man)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"niemand","gloss":"no one (man)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.3.2.m4a"},{"number":570,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.3.3","source":"arend","translation":"eagle (cf. Arnhem, adelaar)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"arend","gloss":"eagle (cf. Arnhem, adelaar)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.3.3.m4a"},{"number":571,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.3.4","source":"burcht","translation":"castle (cf. schouwburg, burger, burgwal)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"burcht","gloss":"castle"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.3.4.m4a"},{"number":572,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.3.5","source":"borst","translation":"lad","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"borst","gloss":"lad"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.3.5.m4a"},{"number":573,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.3.6","source":"schoen","translation":"shoe","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"schoen","gloss":"shoe"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.3.6.m4a"},{"number":574,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.3.7","source":"toen","translation":"then (orig. doe)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"toen","gloss":"as, when"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.3.7.m4a"},{"number":575,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.3.8","source":"te mijnent","translation":"at my house","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"mijnent","gloss":"my place"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.3.8.m4a"},{"number":576,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.3.9","source":"te uwent","translation":"at your house","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"uwent","gloss":"your place"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.3.9.m4a"},{"number":577,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.3.10","source":"mijnentwege","translation":"for my part","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"mijnentwege","gloss":"for my part, on my behalf"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.3.10.m4a"},{"number":578,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.3.11","source":"onzenthalve","translation":"for our sake","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"onzenthalve","gloss":"for our sake"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.3.11.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 45: Apocope","teaching":[{"title":"A letter dropped from the end","paragraphs":["Apocope means that a letter is dropped from the end of a word. The Dutch name is afkapping.","In Old Dutch many words ended in an e without stress. Many lost it. Bed was bedde. Hart was harte. Heer was heere.","The ik form of the present and the imperative of weak verbs lost this e too. Ik neem was neme. Ik meen was meene."]},{"title":"No personal ending before je","paragraphs":["Before je, the verb always drops its personal ending.","Heb je means do you have. Ga je means are you going. Kom je means are you coming.","Other words lost a final letter as well. Is was ist. Als was alse."]}],"lines":[{"number":579,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.4.1","source":"vergif","translation":"poison (vergift)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"vergif","gloss":"poison (vergift)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.4.1.m4a"},{"number":580,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.4.2","source":"is","translation":"is (instead of ist)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.4.2.m4a"},{"number":581,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.4.3","source":"heb je","translation":"do you have","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.4.3.m4a"},{"number":582,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.4.4","source":"ga je","translation":"are you going","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ga","gloss":"to go"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.4.4.m4a"},{"number":583,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.4.5","source":"kom je","translation":"are you coming","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"kom","gloss":"to come"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.4.5.m4a"},{"number":584,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.4.6","source":"als","translation":"if (alse)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"als","gloss":"if"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.4.6.m4a"},{"number":585,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.4.7","source":"as","translation":"ash (asche)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"as","gloss":"ash (asche)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.4.7.m4a"},{"number":586,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.4.8","source":"bed","translation":"bed (bedde)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"bed","gloss":"bed (bedde)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.4.8.m4a"},{"number":587,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.4.9","source":"hart","translation":"heart (harte)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"hart","gloss":"heart (harte)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.4.9.m4a"},{"number":588,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.4.10","source":"heer","translation":"gentleman (heere)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"heer","gloss":"gentleman (heere)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.4.10.m4a"},{"number":589,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.4.11","source":"krib","translation":"crib (kribbe)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"krib","gloss":"crib (kribbe)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.4.11.m4a"},{"number":590,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.4.12","source":"ik neem","translation":"I take (instead of neme)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"neem","gloss":"to take"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.4.12.m4a"},{"number":591,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.4.13","source":"ik meen","translation":"I mean (instead of meene)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"meen","gloss":"mean"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.4.13.m4a"},{"number":592,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.4.14","source":"ik dacht","translation":"I thought (instead of dachte)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"dacht","gloss":"thought"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.4.14.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 45: Assimilation","teaching":[{"title":"One sound changes to match another","paragraphs":["Assimilation means that one sound changes to match the sound next to it. The Dutch name is gelijkmaking, making alike.","Sometimes the sound after changes. Sometimes the sound before changes. Either way the two become alike.","Klimmen was klimben. The b changed to m, to match the m before it. Om was omme, instead of ombe. Penning was pending."]},{"title":"How to read the list","paragraphs":["Each entry gives the word, its meaning, and often the older form it came from.","Misschien means perhaps. It came from het mag geschien. Niettemin means nevertheless. It came from niet de min.","In each pair, find the two sounds that met. One of them changed to match the other."]},{"title":"Assimilation","paragraphs":["Assimilation (gelijkmaking, making alike) changes one sound to match a neighbouring one; sometimes the following consonant is assimilated, sometimes the preceding one."]}],"lines":[{"number":593,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.5.1","source":"korrel","translation":"grain (instead of kernel, koorn)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"korrel","gloss":"grain (instead of kernel, koorn)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.5.1.m4a"},{"number":594,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.5.2","source":"niettemin","translation":"nevertheless (niet de min)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"niettemin","gloss":"nevertheless (niet de min)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.5.2.m4a"},{"number":595,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.5.3","source":"uitentreuren","translation":"endlessly (uit den treuren)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"uitentreuren","gloss":"endlessly (uit den treuren)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.5.3.m4a"},{"number":596,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.5.4","source":"balling","translation":"exile (banling)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"balling","gloss":"exile (banling)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.5.4.m4a"},{"number":597,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.5.5","source":"misschien","translation":"perhaps (het mag geschien)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"misschien","gloss":"perhaps (het mag geschien)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.5.5.m4a"},{"number":598,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.5.6","source":"en","translation":"and (enne instead of ende)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"en","gloss":"and"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.5.6.m4a"},{"number":599,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.5.7","source":"el","translation":"ell","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"el","gloss":"ell"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.5.7.m4a"},{"number":600,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.5.8","source":"elleboog","translation":"elbow (elne)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"elleboog","gloss":"elbow (elne)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.5.8.m4a"},{"number":601,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.5.9","source":"klimmen","translation":"to climb (klimben)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"klimmen","gloss":"to climb (klimben)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.5.9.m4a"},{"number":602,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.5.10","source":"om","translation":"around (omme instead of ombe)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"om","gloss":"smile at"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.5.10.m4a"},{"number":603,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.5.11","source":"penning","translation":"penny (pending, cf. pand)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"penning","gloss":"medal or farthing"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.5.11.m4a"},{"number":604,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.5.12","source":"rillen","translation":"to shiver (instead of ridlen, the obsolete rede, fever)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"rillen","gloss":"to shiver (instead of ridlen, the obsolete rede, fever)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.5.12.m4a"},{"number":605,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.5.13","source":"as","translation":"axle","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"as","gloss":"ash (asche)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.5.13.m4a"},{"number":606,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.5.14","source":"bus","translation":"box","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"bus","gloss":"box"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.5.14.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 45: Syncope","teaching":[{"title":"A letter dropped from the middle","paragraphs":["Syncope means that a letter is dropped from the middle of a word. The Dutch name is uitstooting.","A d was dropped from several words. Blaar was blader. Paarlemoer was paarlemoeder. Dirk was Diederik.","The e of the prefixes be and ge was dropped from many more. Blijven was belijven. Glimp was gelimp.","In the list, compare each word with the older form after it. Krant came from courant."]},{"title":"Syncope","paragraphs":["Syncope (uitstooting, dropping a sound) drops a letter from the middle of a word; it has dropped a d from several words, and the e of the prefixes be and ge from many others."]}],"lines":[{"number":607,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.6.1","source":"Frans","translation":"French (Franksch)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Frans","gloss":"French"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.6.1.m4a"},{"number":608,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.6.2","source":"koopmanij","translation":"trade (koopmannij)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"koopmanij","gloss":"trade (koopmannij)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.6.2.m4a"},{"number":609,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.6.3","source":"boomgaard","translation":"orchard (boomgaerd)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"boomgaard","gloss":"orchard (boomgaerd)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.6.3.m4a"},{"number":610,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.6.4","source":"kost","translation":"food, board (konst, konde)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"kost","gloss":"food, board (konst, konde)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.6.4.m4a"},{"number":611,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.6.5","source":"blussen","translation":"to extinguish (belesschen)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"blussen","gloss":"to extinguish (belesschen)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.6.5.m4a"},{"number":612,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.6.6","source":"vreten","translation":"to devour (vereten)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"vreten","gloss":"to devour (vereten)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.6.6.m4a"},{"number":613,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.6.7","source":"pruik","translation":"wig (French perruque)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"pruik","gloss":"wig (French perruque)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.6.7.m4a"},{"number":614,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.6.8","source":"krant","translation":"newspaper (courant)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"krant","gloss":"newspaper (courant)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.6.8.m4a"},{"number":615,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.6.9","source":"kraal","translation":"bead, coral (koraal)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"kraal","gloss":"bead, coral (koraal)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.6.9.m4a"},{"number":616,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.6.10","source":"krent","translation":"currant (korint)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"krent","gloss":"currant (korint)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.6.10.m4a"},{"number":617,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.6.11","source":"blaar","translation":"blister (blader)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"blaar","gloss":"blister (blader)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.6.11.m4a"},{"number":618,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.6.12","source":"bleu","translation":"shy (bloode)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"bleu","gloss":"shy (bloode)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.6.12.m4a"},{"number":619,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.6.13","source":"graag","translation":"gladly (gradeg, hungry)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"graag","gloss":"gladly, with pleasure"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.6.13.m4a"},{"number":620,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.6.14","source":"keu","translation":"cue (keude, cf. kodde, stick)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"keu","gloss":"cue (keude, cf. kodde, stick)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.6.14.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 45: Elision","teaching":[{"title":"A whole syllable left out","paragraphs":["A syllable is one part of a word said in one push of breath. Thuis has one syllable. Binnen has two.","Elision means that a whole syllable or sound without stress is left out from within a word. The Dutch name is uitlating.","Binnen was be-innen. Buiten was be-uiten. Thuis was te huis. Thans was te hands."]},{"title":"Elision in poetry","paragraphs":["In poetry elision is very common at the end of a word, when the next word begins with a vowel.","Liefd' en haat means love and hate. Aard' en hemel means earth and heaven. The apostrophe shows the lost e."]}],"lines":[{"number":621,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.7.1","source":"binnen","translation":"within (be-innen)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"binnen","gloss":"within"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.7.1.m4a"},{"number":622,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.7.2","source":"boven","translation":"above (be-oven, cf. over)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"boven","gloss":"above, over"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.7.2.m4a"},{"number":623,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.7.3","source":"buiten","translation":"outside (be-uiten)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"buiten","gloss":"outside"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.7.3.m4a"},{"number":624,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.7.4","source":"bang","translation":"afraid (be-ang, cf. angst)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"bang","gloss":"afraid (be-ang, cf. angst)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.7.4.m4a"},{"number":625,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.7.5","source":"tevens","translation":"at the same time (te-even-s)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"tevens","gloss":"at the same time"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.7.5.m4a"},{"number":626,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.7.6","source":"telkens","translation":"each time (te-elken-s)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"telkens","gloss":"every time"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.7.6.m4a"},{"number":627,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.7.7","source":"thuis","translation":"at home (te huis)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"thuis","gloss":"at home (te huis)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.7.7.m4a"},{"number":628,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.7.8","source":"thans","translation":"now (te hands)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"thans","gloss":"now, at present"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.7.8.m4a"},{"number":629,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.7.9","source":"althans","translation":"at least (al te hands)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"althans","gloss":"at least (al te hands)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.7.9.m4a"},{"number":630,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.7.10","source":"nochtans","translation":"nevertheless (from nochdans)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"nochtans","gloss":"nevertheless (from nochdans)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.7.10.m4a"},{"number":631,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.7.11","source":"liefd' en haat","translation":"love and hate","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"liefd'","gloss":"love"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"haat","gloss":"hatred"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.7.11.m4a"},{"number":632,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.7.12","source":"aard' en hemel","translation":"earth and heaven","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"aard'","gloss":"kind"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"hemel","gloss":"heaven, sky"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.7.12.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 45: Synalepha","teaching":[{"title":"Two sounds fused into one","paragraphs":["Synalepha means that two sounds are fused into one. The Dutch name is samensmelting, blending together.","Ter was te der. Ten was te den. Samen was te zamen.","The old genitive ending ds changed to plain s. Volgens was volgends. 's Morgens was des morgens. The combinations ts and tz also changed to plain s.","A w was dropped from a few words. Zoet was zwoet. Zuster was zwuster."]},{"title":"Synalepha","paragraphs":["Synalepha (samensmelting, blending together) fuses two sounds into one; the old genitive ending ds and the combinations ts or tz have both become plain s this way, and w has been dropped from a few words."]}],"lines":[{"number":633,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.8.1","source":"elkaar","translation":"each other (elkaer instead of elkander)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"elkaar","gloss":"each other (elkaer instead of elkander)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.8.1.m4a"},{"number":634,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.8.2","source":"ten","translation":"at the (te den)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ten","gloss":"at the (te den)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.8.2.m4a"},{"number":635,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.8.3","source":"samenkomen","translation":"to meet, come together","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"samenkomen","gloss":"to meet, come together"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.8.3.m4a"},{"number":636,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.8.4","source":"gezamenlijk","translation":"jointly","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"gezamenlijk","gloss":"jointly"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.8.4.m4a"},{"number":637,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.8.5","source":"verzamelen","translation":"to gather","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"verzamelen","gloss":"to gather, to collect"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.8.5.m4a"},{"number":638,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.8.6","source":"volgens","translation":"according to (volgends)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"volgens","gloss":"according to"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.8.6.m4a"},{"number":639,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.8.7","source":"'s avonds","translation":"in the evening (des avonds)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"'s","gloss":"(abbreviation)"},{"text":"avonds","gloss":"evening"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.8.7.m4a"},{"number":640,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.8.8","source":"sinds","translation":"since","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"sinds","gloss":"since"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.8.8.m4a"},{"number":641,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.8.9","source":"best","translation":"best","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"best","gloss":"best"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.8.9.m4a"},{"number":642,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.8.10","source":"versieren","translation":"to adorn","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"versieren","gloss":"to adorn"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.8.10.m4a"},{"number":643,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.8.11","source":"sidderen","translation":"to tremble","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"sidderen","gloss":"to tremble"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.8.11.m4a"},{"number":644,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.8.12","source":"krans","translation":"wreath","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"krans","gloss":"wreath"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.8.12.m4a"},{"number":645,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.8.13","source":"walsen","translation":"to waltz","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"walsen","gloss":"to waltz"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.8.13.m4a"},{"number":646,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.8.14","source":"zoel","translation":"mild (instead of zwoel)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"zoel","gloss":"mild (instead of zwoel)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.8.14.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 45: Epenthesis","teaching":[{"title":"A letter inserted in the middle","paragraphs":["Epenthesis means that a letter is inserted into the middle of a word. The Dutch name is invoeging.","Dutch has inserted an s, an n, an e or a d. Foreign words brought in other consonants.","Jaksken means little jacket. Bestuurder means director, from besturen. Plaveien means to pave, from the French paver.","Sometimes an e went in between two consonants. This adds a whole syllable. Zinloos means senseless. Zinneloos means insane."]},{"title":"Epenthesis","paragraphs":["Epenthesis (invoeging, inserting a sound) inserts a letter into the middle of a word; Dutch has inserted an s, an n, an e, a d, and various consonants borrowed with foreign words, and has sometimes inserted an e between two consonants, which adds a whole syllable to the word."]}],"lines":[{"number":647,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.9.1","source":"jaksken","translation":"little jacket","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"jaksken","gloss":"little jacket"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.9.1.m4a"},{"number":648,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.9.2","source":"zinloos","translation":"senseless","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"zinloos","gloss":"senseless"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.9.2.m4a"},{"number":649,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.9.3","source":"werkeloos","translation":"idle","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"werkeloos","gloss":"idle"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.9.3.m4a"},{"number":650,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.9.4","source":"daalder","translation":"dollar (coin)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"daalder","gloss":"dollar (coin)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.9.4.m4a"},{"number":651,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.9.5","source":"zindelijk","translation":"clean","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"zindelijk","gloss":"clean"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.9.5.m4a"},{"number":652,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.9.6","source":"bevrijden","translation":"to free","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"bevrijden","gloss":"to free"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.9.6.m4a"},{"number":653,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.9.7","source":"spieden","translation":"to spy","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"spieden","gloss":"to spy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.9.7.m4a"},{"number":654,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.9.8","source":"helder","translation":"clear","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"helder","gloss":"clear"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.9.8.m4a"},{"number":655,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.9.9","source":"kolder","translation":"nonsense","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"kolder","gloss":"nonsense"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.9.9.m4a"},{"number":656,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.9.10","source":"boender","translation":"scrubbing brush","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"boender","gloss":"scrubbing-brush"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.9.10.m4a"},{"number":657,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.9.11","source":"gaanderij","translation":"gallery","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"gaanderij","gloss":"gallery"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.9.11.m4a"},{"number":658,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.9.12","source":"hoenders","translation":"fowls","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"hoenders","gloss":"fowls"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.9.12.m4a"},{"number":659,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.9.13","source":"plaveien","translation":"to pave (French paver)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"plaveien","gloss":"to pave (French paver)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.9.13.m4a"},{"number":660,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.9.14","source":"stroop","translation":"syrup (French sirope)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"stroop","gloss":"syrup (French sirope)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.9.14.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 45: Metathesis","teaching":[{"title":"Two sounds change places","paragraphs":["Metathesis means that two sounds swap their order in a word. The Dutch name is omsetting, transposing.","It occurs most with r, and also with l. In one word two consonants swap at once.","Derde means third. It comes from drie. In drie the r comes before the vowel. In derde it comes after it. Vers means fresh. Compare frisch.","Kabeljauw was bakeljauw. The b and the k changed places."]},{"title":"Metathesis","paragraphs":["Metathesis (omsetting, transposing) swaps the order of two sounds in a word; it occurs especially with r, but also with l and, in one word, with two consonants at once."]}],"lines":[{"number":661,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.10.1","source":"barnen","translation":"to burn (branden)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"barnen","gloss":"baron"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.10.1.m4a"},{"number":662,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.10.2","source":"barnsteen","translation":"amber","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"barnsteen","gloss":"amber"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.10.2.m4a"},{"number":663,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.10.3","source":"borst","translation":"breast","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"borst","gloss":"lad"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.10.3.m4a"},{"number":664,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.10.4","source":"bord","translation":"board (German Brett)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"bord","gloss":"board (German Brett)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.10.4.m4a"},{"number":665,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.10.5","source":"derde","translation":"third (drie)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"derde","gloss":"third"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.10.5.m4a"},{"number":666,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.10.6","source":"dertien","translation":"thirteen (drie)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"dertien","gloss":"thirteen"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.10.6.m4a"},{"number":667,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.10.7","source":"dorsen","translation":"to thrash","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"dorsen","gloss":"to thrash"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.10.7.m4a"},{"number":668,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.10.8","source":"gort","translation":"groats (grut)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"gort","gloss":"groats (grut)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.10.8.m4a"},{"number":669,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.10.9","source":"godsvrucht","translation":"piety (German Gottesfurcht)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"godsvrucht","gloss":"piety (German Gottesfurcht)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.10.9.m4a"},{"number":670,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.10.10","source":"kerstmis","translation":"Christmas (Christus)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"kerstmis","gloss":"Christmas (Christus)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.10.10.m4a"},{"number":671,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.10.11","source":"nooddruft","translation":"indigence (German Notdurft)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"nooddruft","gloss":"indigence (German Notdurft)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.10.11.m4a"},{"number":672,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.10.12","source":"pers","translation":"press (pressen)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"pers","gloss":"Persia (an inhabitant)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.10.12.m4a"},{"number":673,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.10.13","source":"torsen","translation":"to carry on the back (tros)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"torsen","gloss":"to carry on the back (tros)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.10.13.m4a"},{"number":674,"id":"val.nl.L45.x.10.14","source":"vers","translation":"fresh (frisch)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"vers","gloss":"new"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.x.10.14.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Bilderdijk","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":675,"id":"val.nl.L45.r.0","source":"Bilderdijk","translation":"Bilderdijk","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Bilderdijk","gloss":"Bilderdijk"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.r.0.m4a"},{"number":676,"id":"val.nl.L45.r.1","source":"Op mijn dagelijkse weg naar het Leidse Gymnasium werd in 1822, bij de Ruïne, mijn aandacht eens bijzonder getrokken door een eerder kleine dan middelmatig grote man, een met slepend been (à la Byron) strompelend voortstappende grijsaard, met een driekantige hoed of punthoed, een geklede rok of staatsierok, een korte broek, lang vest, alles deftig zwart, en met strikschoenen aan zijn voeten.","translation":"On my daily way to the Leiden Gymnasium, my attention was once especially drawn, in 1822, near the Ruïne, by a man rather small than middling tall, a grey old man shuffling along with a dragging leg (à la Byron), with a three-cornered hat or a pointed hat, a dress coat or a ceremonial coat, short breeches, a long waistcoat, everything solemnly black, and with buckled shoes on his feet.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"dagelijkse","gloss":"daily"},{"text":"weg","gloss":"away"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"Leidse","gloss":"Leiden"},{"text":"Gymnasium","gloss":"a gymnasium"},{"text":"werd","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"1822,","gloss":"1822"},{"text":"bij","gloss":"with"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Ruïne,","gloss":"Ruïne"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"aandacht","gloss":"attention"},{"text":"eens","gloss":"once, one day"},{"text":"bijzonder","gloss":"particular"},{"text":"getrokken","gloss":"to travel"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"eerder","gloss":"more"},{"text":"kleine","gloss":"small"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"middelmatig","gloss":"average"},{"text":"grote","gloss":"big, great"},{"text":"man,","gloss":"man; husband"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"slepend","gloss":"to grind"},{"text":"been","gloss":"leg"},{"text":"(à","gloss":"on"},{"text":"la","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Byron)","gloss":"Byron"},{"text":"strompelend","gloss":"shuffling"},{"text":"voortstappende","gloss":"walking along"},{"text":"grijsaard,","gloss":"old man, greybeard"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"driekantige","gloss":"three-cornered"},{"text":"hoed","gloss":"hat"},{"text":"of","gloss":"or"},{"text":"punthoed,","gloss":"pointed hat"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"geklede","gloss":"dress"},{"text":"rok","gloss":"coat"},{"text":"of","gloss":"or"},{"text":"staatsierok,","gloss":"staatsierok"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"korte","gloss":"short"},{"text":"broek,","gloss":"Broek"},{"text":"lang","gloss":"long"},{"text":"vest,","gloss":"waistcoat"},{"text":"alles","gloss":"everything"},{"text":"deftig","gloss":"grave"},{"text":"zwart,","gloss":"black"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"strikschoenen","gloss":"buckled shoes"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, to"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"voeten.","gloss":"feet"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.r.1.m4a"},{"number":677,"id":"val.nl.L45.r.2","source":"In zijn rechterhand hield hij een steunstok, maar zijn linkerhand rustte op de rechterschouder van een jongetje, dat hem een paar kinderstappen vooruitging, op de manier zoals men Belisarius wel afgebeeld ziet met een jongetje dat de oude blinde man begeleidt.","translation":"In his right hand he held a walking stick, but his left rested on the right shoulder of a small boy, who walked a couple of children's steps ahead of him, in the way one sometimes sees Belisarius pictured with a little boy who guides the old blind man.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"In","gloss":"in"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"rechterhand","gloss":"right hand"},{"text":"hield","gloss":"to keep"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"steunstok,","gloss":"walking stick"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"linkerhand","gloss":"the left hand"},{"text":"rustte","gloss":"rested"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"rechterschouder","gloss":"right shoulder"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"jongetje,","gloss":"little boy"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"paar","gloss":"couple"},{"text":"kinderstappen","gloss":"children's steps"},{"text":"vooruitging,","gloss":"walked ahead"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"manier","gloss":"manner"},{"text":"zoals","gloss":"as"},{"text":"men","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":"Belisarius","gloss":"Belisarius"},{"text":"wel","gloss":"but"},{"text":"afgebeeld","gloss":"pictured"},{"text":"ziet","gloss":"to see"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"jongetje","gloss":"little boy"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"oude","gloss":"old"},{"text":"blinde","gloss":"the blind man or woman"},{"text":"man","gloss":"man; husband"},{"text":"begeleidt.","gloss":"escorted"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.r.2.m4a"},{"number":678,"id":"val.nl.L45.r.3","source":"Dat was Bilderdijk, vergezeld van zijn tienjarige zoontje, Lodewijk Willem.","translation":"That was Bilderdijk, accompanied by his ten-year-old little son, Lodewijk Willem.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"Bilderdijk,","gloss":"Bilderdijk"},{"text":"vergezeld","gloss":"to accompany"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"tienjarige","gloss":"ten-year-old"},{"text":"zoontje,","gloss":"son"},{"text":"Lodewijk","gloss":"Lodewijk"},{"text":"Willem.","gloss":"Willem"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.r.3.m4a"},{"number":679,"id":"val.nl.L45.r.4","source":"Zo zag ik de dichter voor het eerst, en te meer bleef ik op het vreemdsoortige koppel staren, omdat een burgerman die oude heer, als tegen wil en dank, scheen staande te houden, maar van hem geen ander antwoord kreeg dan het duidelijk hoorbare: “je vermoordt me met je briefjes!”, waarmee hij dan ook eindelijk genoegen moest nemen en werd afgescheept.","translation":"So I saw the poet for the first time, and I kept staring all the more at the strange pair, because a townsman seemed to be stopping that old gentleman, as if against his will, but got from him no other answer than the clearly audible: “you're murdering me with your notes!”, with which he then finally had to be content and was sent packing.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zo","gloss":"so, as"},{"text":"zag","gloss":"saw"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"dichter","gloss":"poet"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"eerst,","gloss":"first (of all)"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to (before a verb); at, in (before a place); too"},{"text":"meer","gloss":"more"},{"text":"bleef","gloss":"stayed"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"vreemdsoortige","gloss":"strange"},{"text":"koppel","gloss":"pair"},{"text":"staren,","gloss":"gaze"},{"text":"omdat","gloss":"because"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"burgerman","gloss":"commoner"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"oude","gloss":"old"},{"text":"heer,","gloss":"gentleman (heere)"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"tegen","gloss":"to (a person)"},{"text":"wil","gloss":"want"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"dank,","gloss":"thanks"},{"text":"scheen","gloss":"seemed"},{"text":"staande","gloss":"standing"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to (before a verb); at, in (before a place); too"},{"text":"houden,","gloss":"hold, keep"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"geen","gloss":"no, not a"},{"text":"ander","gloss":"another (person)"},{"text":"antwoord","gloss":"answer"},{"text":"kreeg","gloss":"got"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"duidelijk","gloss":"clear(ly)"},{"text":"hoorbare:","gloss":"audible"},{"text":"“je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"vermoordt","gloss":"is murdering"},{"text":"me","gloss":"me"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"briefjes!”,","gloss":"notes"},{"text":"waarmee","gloss":"with which"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"ook","gloss":"also, likewise"},{"text":"eindelijk","gloss":"at last, finally"},{"text":"genoegen","gloss":"pleasure"},{"text":"moest","gloss":"had to"},{"text":"nemen","gloss":"take"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"werd","gloss":"became, was (passive)"},{"text":"afgescheept.","gloss":"sent packing"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.r.4.m4a"},{"number":680,"id":"val.nl.L45.r.5","source":"Financieel bezwaar was hier merkbaar in het spel.","translation":"Financial trouble was noticeably at play here.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Financieel","gloss":"financial"},{"text":"bezwaar","gloss":"difficulty"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"hier","gloss":"here"},{"text":"merkbaar","gloss":"perceptible"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"spel.","gloss":"stake"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.r.5.m4a"},{"number":681,"id":"val.nl.L45.r.6","source":"Datzelfde jaar schreef hij aan Michiel De Haas, een vriend in Den Haag: “Je vraagt mij acht gulden te leen, ik heb ze niet, maar heb ze geleend. Daar is het geld! Mijn toestand brengt mee dat ik nooit meer geld in huis heb dan van tijd tot tijd volstrekt nodig is. Maar ik bid je, pijnig mij niet meer.”","translation":"That same year he wrote to Michiel De Haas, a friend in The Hague: “You ask me for eight guilders on loan, I do not have them, but I have borrowed them. There is the money! My situation means that I never have more money in the house than is strictly necessary from time to time. But I beg you, torment me no more.”","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Datzelfde","gloss":"that same"},{"text":"jaar","gloss":"the year"},{"text":"schreef","gloss":"wrote"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, to"},{"text":"Michiel","gloss":"Michiel"},{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Haas,","gloss":"Haas"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"vriend","gloss":"friend"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"Den","gloss":"pine (the tree)"},{"text":"Haag:","gloss":"Hague"},{"text":"“Je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"vraagt","gloss":"asks"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"acht","gloss":"eight"},{"text":"gulden","gloss":"guilder"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to (before a verb); at, in (before a place); too"},{"text":"leen,","gloss":"loan"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"have"},{"text":"ze","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"niet,","gloss":"not"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"have"},{"text":"ze","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"geleend.","gloss":"borrowed"},{"text":"Daar","gloss":"as, since, because"},{"text":"is","gloss":"is"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"geld!","gloss":"money"},{"text":"Mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"toestand","gloss":"condition"},{"text":"brengt","gloss":"brings"},{"text":"mee","gloss":"along, with"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"nooit","gloss":"never"},{"text":"meer","gloss":"more"},{"text":"geld","gloss":"money"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"huis","gloss":"house"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"have"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"tijd","gloss":"time"},{"text":"tot","gloss":"to, until"},{"text":"tijd","gloss":"time"},{"text":"volstrekt","gloss":"absolutely"},{"text":"nodig","gloss":"needed (nodig hebben: to need)"},{"text":"is.","gloss":"is"},{"text":"Maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"bid","gloss":"to say grace"},{"text":"je,","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"pijnig","gloss":"torment"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"meer.”","gloss":"more"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.r.6.m4a"},{"number":682,"id":"val.nl.L45.r.7","source":"“Tussen geldbezit en dichtkunst is van oudsher de betrekking nooit erg nauw geweest: van Homerus tot Camoens en Cervantes, en van dezen tot Vondel en Bilderdijk”, zegt Da Costa, “loopt een onuitwisbare spoorlijn, genaamd Geldgebrek, over het uitgestrekte, dorre veld van nationale ongevoeligheid.”","translation":"“Between the possession of money and the art of poetry the relationship has never, from of old, been very close: from Homer down to Camoens and Cervantes, and from these down to Vondel and Bilderdijk,” says Da Costa, “runs an ineffaceable trail, named Lack of Money, across the vast, barren field of national insensitivity.”","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"“Tussen","gloss":"between"},{"text":"geldbezit","gloss":"wealth"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"dichtkunst","gloss":"poetry"},{"text":"is","gloss":"is"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"oudsher","gloss":"of old"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"betrekking","gloss":"post"},{"text":"nooit","gloss":"never"},{"text":"erg","gloss":"very; bad"},{"text":"nauw","gloss":"scarcely"},{"text":"geweest:","gloss":"been"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"Homerus","gloss":"Homer"},{"text":"tot","gloss":"to, until"},{"text":"Camoens","gloss":"Camoens"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"Cervantes,","gloss":"Cervantes"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"dezen","gloss":"this"},{"text":"tot","gloss":"to, until"},{"text":"Vondel","gloss":"Vondel"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"Bilderdijk”,","gloss":"Bilderdijk"},{"text":"zegt","gloss":"says"},{"text":"Da","gloss":"there"},{"text":"Costa,","gloss":"Costa"},{"text":"“loopt","gloss":"walks"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"onuitwisbare","gloss":"indelible"},{"text":"spoorlijn,","gloss":"trail"},{"text":"genaamd","gloss":"called"},{"text":"Geldgebrek,","gloss":"lack of money"},{"text":"over","gloss":"across, over"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"uitgestrekte,","gloss":"far-flung"},{"text":"dorre","gloss":"dry"},{"text":"veld","gloss":"field"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"nationale","gloss":"National"},{"text":"ongevoeligheid.”","gloss":"insensitivity"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.r.7.m4a"},{"number":683,"id":"val.nl.L45.r.8","source":"Dr. Wap.","translation":"Dr. Wap.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dr.","gloss":"Doctor"},{"text":"Wap.","gloss":"Wap"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.r.8.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 45: exercise 132","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":684,"id":"val.nl.L45.e132.i1","source":"Rotterdam, 3 april 1912. De heer Fr. Knoppers, machinefabrikant, Venlo. Geachte heer,","translation":"Rotterdam, 3d April, 1912. Mr. Fr. Knoppers, Machine Manufacturer, Venlo. Sir,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Rotterdam,","gloss":"Rotterdam"},{"text":"3","gloss":"3rd"},{"text":"april","gloss":"April"},{"text":"1912.","gloss":"1912"},{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"heer","gloss":"gentleman (heere)"},{"text":"Fr.","gloss":"Fr"},{"text":"Knoppers,","gloss":"Knoppers"},{"text":"machinefabrikant,","gloss":"machine manufacturer"},{"text":"Venlo.","gloss":"Venlo"},{"text":"Geachte","gloss":"esteemed"},{"text":"heer,","gloss":"gentleman (heere)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.e132.i1.m4a"},{"number":685,"id":"val.nl.L45.e132.i2","source":"Door de heer C. Max, alhier, op uw firma opmerkzaam gemaakt, zenden wij u hierbij de tekeningen van 3 stempelmachines, en verzoeken u ons per omgaande te melden, tegen welke prijs en binnen hoeveel tijd u die kunt leveren.","translation":"Being indebted for your address to Mr. C. Max of this place, we transmit you annexed the surveys of 3 Key-Groove Engines, requesting you to let us know by return of post at what price and within what time you will be able to deliver them.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"heer","gloss":"gentleman (heere)"},{"text":"C.","gloss":"c"},{"text":"Max,","gloss":"Max"},{"text":"alhier,","gloss":"here"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"uw","gloss":"your (polite)"},{"text":"firma","gloss":"firm"},{"text":"opmerkzaam","gloss":"aware"},{"text":"gemaakt,","gloss":"to make (weak)"},{"text":"zenden","gloss":"to send"},{"text":"wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"hierbij","gloss":"here"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"tekeningen","gloss":"portrayal"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"3","gloss":"3"},{"text":"stempelmachines,","gloss":"stamping machines"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"verzoeken","gloss":"to beg"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"ons","gloss":"us"},{"text":"per","gloss":"per"},{"text":"omgaande","gloss":"associating"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"melden,","gloss":"report"},{"text":"tegen","gloss":"against; to"},{"text":"welke","gloss":"which, what"},{"text":"prijs","gloss":"price"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"binnen","gloss":"within"},{"text":"hoeveel","gloss":"how much"},{"text":"tijd","gloss":"time"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"kunt","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"leveren.","gloss":"hand over"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.e132.i2.m4a"},{"number":686,"id":"val.nl.L45.e132.i3","source":"We merken daarbij op dat we op de grootst mogelijke spoed aandringen en dat de termijn van levering in geen geval later mag zijn dan 1 mei.","translation":"We note at the same time that the affair is very urgent, and the period of delivery must not be beyond the 1st of May.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"We","gloss":"we"},{"text":"merken","gloss":"brands"},{"text":"daarbij","gloss":"besides"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"we","gloss":"we"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"grootst","gloss":"greatest"},{"text":"mogelijke","gloss":"possible"},{"text":"spoed","gloss":"haste"},{"text":"aandringen","gloss":"to insist"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"termijn","gloss":"period"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"levering","gloss":"delivery"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"geen","gloss":"no, not a"},{"text":"geval","gloss":"case"},{"text":"later","gloss":"later"},{"text":"mag","gloss":"may"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"1","gloss":"1st"},{"text":"mei.","gloss":"May"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.e132.i3.m4a"},{"number":687,"id":"val.nl.L45.e132.i4","source":"Als u ons billijk en goed bedient, kunnen wij u nog verscheidene orders in het vooruitzicht stellen, aangezien wij voor de volledige inrichting van onze fabriek nog veel machines nodig hebben. Hoogachtend, Gerards & Kroese.","translation":"If you serve us well and at a fair price, we shall, most likely, give you some more orders, as for completing the accommodations of our factory we still want rather a great number of engines. Your obedient servants, Gerards & Kroese.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"ons","gloss":"us"},{"text":"billijk","gloss":"reasonable"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"goed","gloss":"goods"},{"text":"bedient,","gloss":"serve"},{"text":"kunnen","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"nog","gloss":"still, yet; another"},{"text":"verscheidene","gloss":"several"},{"text":"orders","gloss":"orders"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"vooruitzicht","gloss":"prospect"},{"text":"stellen,","gloss":"put"},{"text":"aangezien","gloss":"seeing that, since"},{"text":"wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"volledige","gloss":"complete"},{"text":"inrichting","gloss":"equipping"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"onze","gloss":"our"},{"text":"fabriek","gloss":"factory"},{"text":"nog","gloss":"still, yet; another"},{"text":"veel","gloss":"much"},{"text":"machines","gloss":"machines"},{"text":"nodig","gloss":"to want, to need"},{"text":"hebben.","gloss":"to want, to need"},{"text":"Hoogachtend,","gloss":"sincerely"},{"text":"Gerards","gloss":"Gerards"},{"text":"&","gloss":""},{"text":"Kroese.","gloss":"Kroese"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.e132.i4.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 45: exercise 133","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":688,"id":"val.nl.L45.e133.i1","source":"Venlo, 5 april 1912. De heren Gerards & Kroese, Rotterdam. Geachte heren,","translation":"Venlo, 5th April, 1912. Messrs. Gerards & Kroese, Rotterdam. Gentlemen,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Venlo,","gloss":"Venlo"},{"text":"5","gloss":"5th"},{"text":"april","gloss":"April"},{"text":"1912.","gloss":"1912"},{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"heren","gloss":"gentleman (heere)"},{"text":"Gerards","gloss":"Gerards"},{"text":"&","gloss":""},{"text":"Kroese,","gloss":"Kroese"},{"text":"Rotterdam.","gloss":"Rotterdam"},{"text":"Geachte","gloss":"esteemed"},{"text":"heren,","gloss":"gentleman (heere)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.e133.i1.m4a"},{"number":689,"id":"val.nl.L45.e133.i2","source":"Ik zie met genoegen uit uw brief van de 3e dezer dat u mij de vervaardiging van drie stempelmachines wilt opdragen, en ik verklaar mij bereid ze u tegen 1 mei te leveren.","translation":"I am glad to see from your favour of the 3d inst. that you wish to charge me with making three Key-Groove Engines, and declare that I am prepared to deliver them to you by the 1st of May.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"zie","gloss":"to see"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"genoegen","gloss":"pleasure"},{"text":"uit","gloss":"out of"},{"text":"uw","gloss":"your (polite)"},{"text":"brief","gloss":"letter"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"3e","gloss":"3rd"},{"text":"dezer","gloss":"this month"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vervaardiging","gloss":"manufacture"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"drie","gloss":"three"},{"text":"stempelmachines","gloss":"stamping machines"},{"text":"wilt","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"opdragen,","gloss":"charge with"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"verklaar","gloss":"declare"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"bereid","gloss":"ready"},{"text":"ze","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"tegen","gloss":"against; to"},{"text":"1","gloss":"1st"},{"text":"mei","gloss":"May"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"leveren.","gloss":"hand over"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.e133.i2.m4a"},{"number":690,"id":"val.nl.L45.e133.i3","source":"Berekend naar de mij toegezonden tekeningen, komen de 3 machines op 1400 gulden, hier te leveren tegen contant, namelijk nr. 1 op 550 gulden, nr. 2 op 500 gulden en nr. 3 op 350 gulden.","translation":"Calculated from your surveys, the 3 engines will cost Fl. 1400, delivered here for cash, viz. No. 1, Fl. 550, No. 2, Fl. 500, and No. 3, Fl. 350.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Berekend","gloss":"calculated"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"toegezonden","gloss":"sent"},{"text":"tekeningen,","gloss":"portrayal"},{"text":"komen","gloss":"to come"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"3","gloss":"3"},{"text":"machines","gloss":"machines"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"1400","gloss":"1400"},{"text":"gulden,","gloss":"guilder"},{"text":"hier","gloss":"here"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"leveren","gloss":"hand over"},{"text":"tegen","gloss":"against; to"},{"text":"contant,","gloss":"cash"},{"text":"namelijk","gloss":"namely"},{"text":"nr.","gloss":"number"},{"text":"1","gloss":"1"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"550","gloss":"550"},{"text":"gulden,","gloss":"guilder"},{"text":"nr.","gloss":"number"},{"text":"2","gloss":"2"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"500","gloss":"500"},{"text":"gulden","gloss":"guilder"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"nr.","gloss":"number"},{"text":"3","gloss":"3"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"350","gloss":"350"},{"text":"gulden.","gloss":"guilder"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.e133.i3.m4a"},{"number":691,"id":"val.nl.L45.e133.i4","source":"Ik heb de prijzen zo laag gesteld dat er, goed werk verondersteld, door de concurrentie geen goedkopere aanbieding gedaan zal worden, en ik mag dus hopen dat u mij de levering van die machines zult opdragen; in welk geval ik, de korte leveringstermijn in aanmerking genomen, om uw spoedig bericht verzoek. Hoogachtend, Fr. Knoppers.","translation":"In quoting those prices, I have made you all possible allowance, so that, a good workmanship supposed, my competitors will not make any cheaper offers; therefore I venture to hope you will charge me with manufacturing the said engines; in which case I request an immediate answer, because the period for delivery is a very short one, Your obedient servant, Fr. Knoppers.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"prijzen","gloss":"price"},{"text":"zo","gloss":"so, as"},{"text":"laag","gloss":"layer"},{"text":"gesteld","gloss":"supposing that"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"supposing that"},{"text":"er,","gloss":"there, of it"},{"text":"goed","gloss":"goods"},{"text":"werk","gloss":"work"},{"text":"verondersteld,","gloss":"supposed"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"concurrentie","gloss":"competition"},{"text":"geen","gloss":"no, not a"},{"text":"goedkopere","gloss":"cheap"},{"text":"aanbieding","gloss":"offer"},{"text":"gedaan","gloss":"to do"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"worden,","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"mag","gloss":"may"},{"text":"dus","gloss":"thus, so"},{"text":"hopen","gloss":"be hoped"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"levering","gloss":"delivery"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"machines","gloss":"machines"},{"text":"zult","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"opdragen;","gloss":"charge with"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"welk","gloss":"which, what"},{"text":"geval","gloss":"case"},{"text":"ik,","gloss":"I"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"korte","gloss":"short"},{"text":"leveringstermijn","gloss":"delivery period"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"aanmerking","gloss":"objection"},{"text":"genomen,","gloss":"to take"},{"text":"om","gloss":"smile at"},{"text":"uw","gloss":"your (polite)"},{"text":"spoedig","gloss":"soon"},{"text":"bericht","gloss":"report"},{"text":"verzoek.","gloss":"request"},{"text":"Hoogachtend,","gloss":"sincerely"},{"text":"Fr.","gloss":"Fr"},{"text":"Knoppers.","gloss":"Knoppers"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.e133.i4.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 45: exercise 134","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":692,"id":"val.nl.L45.e134.i1","source":"Kampen, 15 maart 1912. De heren Zadelhof & Timmermans, Amsterdam. Geachte heren,","translation":"Kampen, 15th March, 1912. Messrs. Zadelhof & Timmermans, Amsterdam. Gentlemen,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Kampen,","gloss":"contend"},{"text":"15","gloss":"15th"},{"text":"maart","gloss":"March"},{"text":"1912.","gloss":"1912"},{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"heren","gloss":"gentleman (heere)"},{"text":"Zadelhof","gloss":"Zadelhof"},{"text":"&","gloss":""},{"text":"Timmermans,","gloss":"Timmermans"},{"text":"Amsterdam.","gloss":"Amsterdam"},{"text":"Geachte","gloss":"esteemed"},{"text":"heren,","gloss":"gentleman (heere)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.e134.i1.m4a"},{"number":693,"id":"val.nl.L45.e134.i2","source":"Ik neem de vrijheid mij met het beleefde verzoek tot u te wenden of u mij zou willen toestaan mijn accepten bij uw huis betaalbaar te stellen, en op welke voorwaarden.","translation":"I take the liberty of asking you whether and upon what terms you would permit me to domiciliate my bills at your respected house.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I take (instead of neme)"},{"text":"neem","gloss":"I take (instead of neme)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vrijheid","gloss":"liberty"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"beleefde","gloss":"courteous"},{"text":"verzoek","gloss":"request"},{"text":"tot","gloss":"to, until"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"wenden","gloss":"to turn (wand – winden)"},{"text":"of","gloss":"or"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"willen","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"toestaan","gloss":"to grant, to allow"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"accepten","gloss":"bills"},{"text":"bij","gloss":"with"},{"text":"uw","gloss":"your (polite)"},{"text":"huis","gloss":"house"},{"text":"betaalbaar","gloss":"payable"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"stellen,","gloss":"put"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"welke","gloss":"which, what"},{"text":"voorwaarden.","gloss":"terms"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.e134.i2.m4a"},{"number":694,"id":"val.nl.L45.e134.i3","source":"Het zou een jaarlijkse omzet van ongeveer 80.000 gulden betreffen, waarbij de op mij getrokken wissels altijd aanzienlijke bedragen zouden zijn: zeer zelden minder dan 2.000 gulden, en nooit minder dan 1.000 gulden.","translation":"The mentioned bills would comprise transactions of about Fl. 80000, and the amounts of the single appoints always be considerable: very seldom less than Fl. 2000, and never less than Fl. 1000.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"jaarlijkse","gloss":"annually"},{"text":"omzet","gloss":"turnover"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"ongeveer","gloss":"about"},{"text":"80.000","gloss":"80000"},{"text":"gulden","gloss":"guilder"},{"text":"betreffen,","gloss":"concern"},{"text":"waarbij","gloss":"by which"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"getrokken","gloss":"to travel"},{"text":"wissels","gloss":"change, or bill of exchange"},{"text":"altijd","gloss":"always"},{"text":"aanzienlijke","gloss":"distinguished"},{"text":"bedragen","gloss":"amount to"},{"text":"zouden","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"zijn:","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"zeer","gloss":"very"},{"text":"zelden","gloss":"seldom"},{"text":"minder","gloss":"inferior to"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"inferior to"},{"text":"2.000","gloss":"2000"},{"text":"gulden,","gloss":"guilder"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"nooit","gloss":"never"},{"text":"minder","gloss":"inferior to"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"inferior to"},{"text":"1.000","gloss":"1000"},{"text":"gulden.","gloss":"guilder"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.e134.i3.m4a"},{"number":695,"id":"val.nl.L45.e134.i4","source":"Ik zou het mij tot plicht rekenen u altijd enkele dagen voor de vervaldag van voldoende dekking te voorzien. Uw antwoord tegemoet ziende, met de meeste hoogachting, Jan Knap.","translation":"I should deem it my duty always to provide you with funds some days before expiration. Looking forward to your answer, I remain, Gentlemen, Yours respectfully, Jan Knap.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"tot","gloss":"to, until"},{"text":"plicht","gloss":"duty"},{"text":"rekenen","gloss":"rely"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"altijd","gloss":"always"},{"text":"enkele","gloss":"a few"},{"text":"dagen","gloss":"days"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vervaldag","gloss":"due date"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"voldoende","gloss":"sufficient"},{"text":"dekking","gloss":"funds"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"voorzien.","gloss":"provide"},{"text":"Uw","gloss":"your (polite)"},{"text":"antwoord","gloss":"answer"},{"text":"tegemoet","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"ziende,","gloss":"to see"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"meeste","gloss":"most"},{"text":"hoogachting,","gloss":"respect"},{"text":"Jan","gloss":"Jan"},{"text":"Knap.","gloss":"Knap"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.e134.i4.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 45: exercise 135","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":696,"id":"val.nl.L45.e135.i1","source":"Amsterdam, 18 maart 1912. De heer Jan Knap, Kampen. Geachte heer,","translation":"Amsterdam, 18th March, 1912. Mr. Jan Knap, Kampen. Sir,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Amsterdam,","gloss":"Amsterdam"},{"text":"18","gloss":"18th"},{"text":"maart","gloss":"March"},{"text":"1912.","gloss":"1912"},{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"heer","gloss":"gentleman (heere)"},{"text":"Jan","gloss":"Jan"},{"text":"Knap,","gloss":"Knap"},{"text":"Kampen.","gloss":"Kampen"},{"text":"Geachte","gloss":"esteemed"},{"text":"heer,","gloss":"gentleman (heere)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.e135.i1.m4a"},{"number":697,"id":"val.nl.L45.e135.i2","source":"In antwoord op uw brief van de 15e dezer hebben wij de eer u te melden dat wij graag instemmen met uw wens de op u getrokken wissels bij ons huis betaalbaar te stellen.","translation":"In reply to your favour of 15th inst., we have the honour to state that we willingly agree with your wish to make the drafts on you payable at our house.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"In","gloss":"in"},{"text":"antwoord","gloss":"answer"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"uw","gloss":"your (polite)"},{"text":"brief","gloss":"letter"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"15e","gloss":"15th"},{"text":"dezer","gloss":"this month"},{"text":"hebben","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"eer","gloss":"honor"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"melden","gloss":"report"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"graag","gloss":"gladly, with pleasure"},{"text":"instemmen","gloss":"agreed"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"uw","gloss":"your (polite)"},{"text":"wens","gloss":"wish"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"getrokken","gloss":"to travel"},{"text":"wissels","gloss":"drafts"},{"text":"bij","gloss":"with"},{"text":"ons","gloss":"our house"},{"text":"huis","gloss":"our house"},{"text":"betaalbaar","gloss":"payable"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"stellen.","gloss":"put"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.e135.i2.m4a"},{"number":698,"id":"val.nl.L45.e135.i3","source":"Gezien het vooruitzicht dat u ons biedt op een omzet van 80.000 gulden per jaar, betaalbaar in bedragen niet minder dan 1.000 gulden, berekenen wij u slechts 1/100 provisie, en zenden wij u de betaalde wissels franco toe.","translation":"Considering you promise transactions of Fl. 80000 per annum, payable in appoints not less than Fl. 1000, we will charge you a commission of 1/100 only, and send you the honoured bills postpaid.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Gezien","gloss":"to see"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"vooruitzicht","gloss":"prospect"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"ons","gloss":"us"},{"text":"biedt","gloss":"to offer"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"omzet","gloss":"turnover"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"80.000","gloss":"80000"},{"text":"gulden","gloss":"guilder"},{"text":"per","gloss":"per"},{"text":"jaar,","gloss":"the year"},{"text":"betaalbaar","gloss":"payable"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"bedragen","gloss":"amount to"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"minder","gloss":"inferior to"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"inferior to"},{"text":"1.000","gloss":"1000"},{"text":"gulden,","gloss":"guilder"},{"text":"berekenen","gloss":"charge for"},{"text":"wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"slechts","gloss":"only"},{"text":"1/100","gloss":"1/100"},{"text":"provisie,","gloss":"commission"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"zenden","gloss":"to send"},{"text":"wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"betaalde","gloss":"to pay"},{"text":"wissels","gloss":"drafts"},{"text":"franco","gloss":"postpaid"},{"text":"toe.","gloss":"to"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.e135.i3.m4a"},{"number":699,"id":"val.nl.L45.e135.i4","source":"Wij hopen dat u deze billijke voorwaarden zult aannemen, en zien uw antwoord tegemoet. Hoogachtend, Zadelhof & Timmermans.","translation":"We hope you will accept the moderate conditions which we offer you, and look forward to your answer. Your obedient servants, Zadelhof & Timmermans.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"hopen","gloss":"be hoped"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"deze","gloss":"the latter (the most recently mentioned)"},{"text":"billijke","gloss":"fair"},{"text":"voorwaarden","gloss":"terms"},{"text":"zult","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"aannemen,","gloss":"agree to"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"zien","gloss":"to see"},{"text":"uw","gloss":"your (polite)"},{"text":"antwoord","gloss":"answer"},{"text":"tegemoet.","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"Hoogachtend,","gloss":"sincerely"},{"text":"Zadelhof","gloss":"Zadelhof"},{"text":"&","gloss":""},{"text":"Timmermans.","gloss":"Timmermans"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.e135.i4.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 45: exercise 136","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":700,"id":"val.nl.L45.e136.i1","source":"Rotterdam, 1 mei 1912. De heren Hoffmann & Bar, Wenen. Geachte heren,","translation":"Rotterdam, 1st May, 1912. Messrs. Hoffmann & Bar, Vienna. Gentlemen,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Rotterdam,","gloss":"Rotterdam"},{"text":"1","gloss":"1st"},{"text":"mei","gloss":"May"},{"text":"1912.","gloss":"1912"},{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"heren","gloss":"gentleman (heere)"},{"text":"Hoffmann","gloss":"Hoffmann"},{"text":"&","gloss":""},{"text":"Bar,","gloss":"Bar"},{"text":"Wenen.","gloss":"Wenen"},{"text":"Geachte","gloss":"esteemed"},{"text":"heren,","gloss":"gentleman (heere)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.e136.i1.m4a"},{"number":701,"id":"val.nl.L45.e136.i2","source":"Het is ons een genoegen u de heer Adolf Strelitski, brenger van deze brief, voor te stellen, die naar uw stad vertrekt om nieuwe handelsbetrekkingen aan te knopen.","translation":"We have the pleasure of introducing to you Mr. Adolf Strelitski, bearer of the present, who is going to start for your town in order to prepare new business connections.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"ons","gloss":"us"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"genoegen","gloss":"pleasure"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"heer","gloss":"gentleman (heere)"},{"text":"Adolf","gloss":"Adolf"},{"text":"Strelitski,","gloss":"Strelitski"},{"text":"brenger","gloss":"bearer"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"deze","gloss":"the latter (the most recently mentioned)"},{"text":"brief,","gloss":"letter"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"stellen,","gloss":"put"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"uw","gloss":"your (polite)"},{"text":"stad","gloss":"city, town"},{"text":"vertrekt","gloss":"departed"},{"text":"om","gloss":"smile at"},{"text":"nieuwe","gloss":"new"},{"text":"handelsbetrekkingen","gloss":"business connections"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, to"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"knopen.","gloss":"form"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.e136.i2.m4a"},{"number":702,"id":"val.nl.L45.e136.i3","source":"U zult ons zeer verplichten door hem met uw raad en plaatskennis behulpzaam te zijn. Aangezien de heer S. een bekwaam en degelijk man van zaken is, kunnen wij hem bij u aanbevelen en verzoeken wij u hem welwillend te ontvangen.","translation":"You will oblige us very much by aiding him with your counsels and local knowledge. As Mr. S. is an able and respectable man of business, we may recommend him to you, and request you to receive him in a friendly manner.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"U","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"zult","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"ons","gloss":"us"},{"text":"zeer","gloss":"very"},{"text":"verplichten","gloss":"obliges"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"uw","gloss":"your (polite)"},{"text":"raad","gloss":"counsel"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"plaatskennis","gloss":"local knowledge"},{"text":"behulpzaam","gloss":"helpful"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"zijn.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"Aangezien","gloss":"seeing that, since"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"heer","gloss":"gentleman (heere)"},{"text":"S.","gloss":"(abbreviation)"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"bekwaam","gloss":"capable"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"degelijk","gloss":"solid"},{"text":"man","gloss":"man; husband"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"zaken","gloss":"matters"},{"text":"is,","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"kunnen","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"bij","gloss":"with"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"aanbevelen","gloss":"commend"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"verzoeken","gloss":"ask"},{"text":"wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"welwillend","gloss":"obliging"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"ontvangen.","gloss":"received"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.e136.i3.m4a"},{"number":703,"id":"val.nl.L45.e136.i4","source":"Wij betuigen u reeds bij voorbaat onze beste dank voor elke vriendelijkheid die u de heer S. bewijst, en tekenen met de meeste achting, Wijnandts & Fock.","translation":"We thank you beforehand for all kindness you will evince towards Mr. S., and remain Yours respectfully, Wijnandts & Fock.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"betuigen","gloss":"confess"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"reeds","gloss":"already"},{"text":"bij","gloss":"with"},{"text":"voorbaat","gloss":"beforehand"},{"text":"onze","gloss":"our"},{"text":"beste","gloss":"best"},{"text":"dank","gloss":"thanks"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"elke","gloss":"each, every"},{"text":"vriendelijkheid","gloss":"kindness"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"heer","gloss":"gentleman (heere)"},{"text":"S.","gloss":"(abbreviation)"},{"text":"bewijst,","gloss":"to prove; proofs"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"tekenen","gloss":"signed"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"meeste","gloss":"most"},{"text":"achting,","gloss":"respect, regard"},{"text":"Wijnandts","gloss":"Wijnandts"},{"text":"&","gloss":""},{"text":"Fock.","gloss":"Fock"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.e136.i4.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 45: exercise 137","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":704,"id":"val.nl.L45.e137.i1","source":"Amsterdam, 15 mei 1912. De heer Francesco Cirio, Milaan. Geachte heer,","translation":"Amsterdam, 15th May, 1912. Mr. Francesco Cirio, Milan. Sir,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Amsterdam,","gloss":"Amsterdam"},{"text":"15","gloss":"15th"},{"text":"mei","gloss":"May"},{"text":"1912.","gloss":"1912"},{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"heer","gloss":"gentleman (heere)"},{"text":"Francesco","gloss":"Francesco"},{"text":"Cirio,","gloss":"Cirio"},{"text":"Milaan.","gloss":"Milaan"},{"text":"Geachte","gloss":"esteemed"},{"text":"heer,","gloss":"gentleman (heere)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.e137.i1.m4a"},{"number":705,"id":"val.nl.L45.e137.i2","source":"Ik heb de eer bij u een krediet te openen van 12000 lire, zegge twaalfduizend lire, ten gunste van de heer A. Harinxma, vennoot van de zeer geachte firma Harinxma & Co.","translation":"I have the honour to open with you a credit for £12000, I say Twelve Thousand Lires, in favour of Mr. A. Harinxma, partner of the most respectable house Harinxma & Co.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"eer","gloss":"honor"},{"text":"bij","gloss":"with"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"krediet","gloss":"credit"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"openen","gloss":"opening"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"12000","gloss":"12000"},{"text":"lire,","gloss":"lire"},{"text":"zegge","gloss":"to say"},{"text":"twaalfduizend","gloss":"twelve thousand"},{"text":"lire,","gloss":"lire"},{"text":"ten","gloss":"at the (te den)"},{"text":"gunste","gloss":"favour"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"heer","gloss":"gentleman (heere)"},{"text":"A.","gloss":"A"},{"text":"Harinxma,","gloss":"Harinxma"},{"text":"vennoot","gloss":"partner"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"zeer","gloss":"very"},{"text":"geachte","gloss":"esteemed"},{"text":"firma","gloss":"firm"},{"text":"Harinxma","gloss":"Harinxma"},{"text":"&","gloss":""},{"text":"Co.","gloss":"Company"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.e137.i2.m4a"},{"number":706,"id":"val.nl.L45.e137.i3","source":"Wees zo goed aan mijn vriend, tot dit bedrag, de sommen die hij mocht verlangen vrij van kosten uit te betalen, en uzelf naar believen te verhalen op wat ik u zal schuldig zijn, nadat u mij vooraf een duplicaat van de kwitantie hebt toegezonden.","translation":"Please to make payments to my friend, to the amount of the said sum, without deducting your charges, and to re-imburse yourself at your convenience for what I shall owe you, after having transmitted me beforehand one of the duplicate receipts.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wees","gloss":"be (imperative)"},{"text":"zo","gloss":"so, as"},{"text":"goed","gloss":"goods"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, to"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"vriend,","gloss":"friend"},{"text":"tot","gloss":"to, until"},{"text":"dit","gloss":"this"},{"text":"bedrag,","gloss":"amount"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"sommen","gloss":"sums"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"mocht","gloss":"might, was allowed"},{"text":"verlangen","gloss":"longing"},{"text":"vrij","gloss":"exempt from, free from"},{"text":"van","gloss":"exempt from, free from"},{"text":"kosten","gloss":"costs"},{"text":"uit","gloss":"out of"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"betalen,","gloss":"to pay"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"uzelf","gloss":"yourself"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"believen","gloss":"convenience"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"verhalen","gloss":"relate"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"schuldig","gloss":"guilty"},{"text":"zijn,","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"nadat","gloss":"after"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"vooraf","gloss":"beforehand"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"duplicaat","gloss":"duplicate"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"kwitantie","gloss":"receipt"},{"text":"hebt","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"toegezonden.","gloss":"sent"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.e137.i3.m4a"},{"number":707,"id":"val.nl.L45.e137.i4","source":"Hoogachtend, T. Borromeo.","translation":"I am, Sir, very truly, Your obedient servant, T. Borromeo.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hoogachtend,","gloss":"sincerely"},{"text":"T.","gloss":"it, the (instead of het)"},{"text":"Borromeo.","gloss":"Borromeo"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.e137.i4.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 45: exercise 138","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":708,"id":"val.nl.L45.e138.i1","source":"Middelburg, 18 mei 1912. De heren Schaap & Bonte, Amsterdam. Geachte heren,","translation":"Middelburg, 18th May, 1912. Messrs. Schaap & Bonte, Amsterdam. Gentlemen,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Middelburg,","gloss":"Middelburg"},{"text":"18","gloss":"18th"},{"text":"mei","gloss":"May"},{"text":"1912.","gloss":"1912"},{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"heren","gloss":"gentleman (heere)"},{"text":"Schaap","gloss":"Schaap"},{"text":"&","gloss":""},{"text":"Bonte,","gloss":"Bonte"},{"text":"Amsterdam.","gloss":"Amsterdam"},{"text":"Geachte","gloss":"esteemed"},{"text":"heren,","gloss":"gentleman (heere)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.e138.i1.m4a"},{"number":709,"id":"val.nl.L45.e138.i2","source":"Hierbij zend ik u 12.000 gulden aan Rotterdamse tramaandelen, die ik u verzoek zo goed mogelijk te verkopen, maar niet beneden 95; de opbrengst wilt u zo goed zijn tot mijn beschikking te houden.","translation":"Herewith I send you Fl. 12000 Rotterdam Tramway Shares, which please to sell at the best price possible, but not below 95; the net proceeds you will be so kind as to hold at my disposal.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hierbij","gloss":"here"},{"text":"zend","gloss":"to send"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"12.000","gloss":"12000"},{"text":"gulden","gloss":"guilder"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, to"},{"text":"Rotterdamse","gloss":"Rotterdam"},{"text":"tramaandelen,","gloss":"tram shares"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"verzoek","gloss":"request"},{"text":"zo","gloss":"so, as"},{"text":"goed","gloss":"goods"},{"text":"mogelijk","gloss":"possible"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"verkopen,","gloss":"sale"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"beneden","gloss":"below"},{"text":"95;","gloss":"95"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"opbrengst","gloss":"yield"},{"text":"wilt","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"zo","gloss":"so, as"},{"text":"goed","gloss":"goods"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"tot","gloss":"to, until"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"beschikking","gloss":"disposal"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"houden.","gloss":"to keep"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.e138.i2.m4a"},{"number":710,"id":"val.nl.L45.e138.i3","source":"Uw berichten tegemoet ziende, hoogachtend, P. C. de Graaf.","translation":"Looking forward to your news, Gentlemen, I remain Yours obediently, P. C. de Graaf.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Uw","gloss":"your (polite)"},{"text":"berichten","gloss":"reports"},{"text":"tegemoet","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"ziende,","gloss":"to see"},{"text":"hoogachtend,","gloss":"sincerely"},{"text":"P.","gloss":"P"},{"text":"C.","gloss":"c"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Graaf.","gloss":"Graaf"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.e138.i3.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 45: exercise 139","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":711,"id":"val.nl.L45.e139.i1","source":"Amsterdam, 21 mei 1912. De heer P. C. de Graaf, Middelburg. Geachte heer,","translation":"Amsterdam, 21st May, 1912. Mr. P. C. de Graaf, Middelburg. Sir,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Amsterdam,","gloss":"Amsterdam"},{"text":"21","gloss":"21st"},{"text":"mei","gloss":"May"},{"text":"1912.","gloss":"1912"},{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"heer","gloss":"gentleman (heere)"},{"text":"P.","gloss":"P"},{"text":"C.","gloss":"c"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Graaf,","gloss":"Graaf"},{"text":"Middelburg.","gloss":"Middelburg"},{"text":"Geachte","gloss":"esteemed"},{"text":"heer,","gloss":"gentleman (heere)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.e139.i1.m4a"},{"number":712,"id":"val.nl.L45.e139.i2","source":"De 12.000 gulden aan Rotterdamse tramaandelen, die u ons met uw brief van de 18e dezer toezond, hebben wij weten te verkopen tegen 95½, vrij van onkosten, en wij hebben u daarvoor met 11.400 gulden gecrediteerd, over welk bedrag u naar believen kunt beschikken.","translation":"The Fl. 12000 Rotterdam Tramway Shares, which you sent us with your letter of the 18th inst., we have succeeded in selling at the rate of 95½, free of charges, and credited you accordingly for Fl. 11400, which amount we keep at your disposal.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"12.000","gloss":"12000"},{"text":"gulden","gloss":"guilder"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, to"},{"text":"Rotterdamse","gloss":"Rotterdam"},{"text":"tramaandelen,","gloss":"tram shares"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"ons","gloss":"us"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"uw","gloss":"your (polite)"},{"text":"brief","gloss":"letter"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"18e","gloss":"18th"},{"text":"dezer","gloss":"this month"},{"text":"toezond,","gloss":"sent"},{"text":"hebben","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"weten","gloss":"to know"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"verkopen","gloss":"sale"},{"text":"tegen","gloss":"against; to"},{"text":"95½,","gloss":"95½"},{"text":"vrij","gloss":"exempt from, free from"},{"text":"van","gloss":"exempt from, free from"},{"text":"onkosten,","gloss":"expenses"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"hebben","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"daarvoor","gloss":"for it"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"11.400","gloss":"11400"},{"text":"gulden","gloss":"guilder"},{"text":"gecrediteerd,","gloss":"credited"},{"text":"over","gloss":"across, over"},{"text":"welk","gloss":"which, what"},{"text":"bedrag","gloss":"amount"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"believen","gloss":"discretion"},{"text":"kunt","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"beschikken.","gloss":"disposal"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.e139.i2.m4a"},{"number":713,"id":"val.nl.L45.e139.i3","source":"Mocht u dit bedrag weer in aandelen willen beleggen, dan bevelen wij u als een solide en steeds in koers stijgend papier de aandelen van de Amsterdamse Bouwvereniging aan, tegen 87½.","translation":"If you might intend to invest this sum again in shares, we recommend to your attention as a solid paper the course of which is constantly rising, the shares of the Amsterdam Building Company at 87½.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mocht","gloss":"might, was allowed"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"dit","gloss":"this"},{"text":"bedrag","gloss":"amount"},{"text":"weer","gloss":"again"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"aandelen","gloss":"a share"},{"text":"willen","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"beleggen,","gloss":"convene"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"bevelen","gloss":"to order"},{"text":"wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"solide","gloss":"sound"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"steeds","gloss":"townish"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"koers","gloss":"price"},{"text":"stijgend","gloss":"to mount"},{"text":"papier","gloss":"paper"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"aandelen","gloss":"a share"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Amsterdamse","gloss":"Amsterdam"},{"text":"Bouwvereniging","gloss":"Building Society"},{"text":"aan,","gloss":"on, to"},{"text":"tegen","gloss":"against; to"},{"text":"87½.","gloss":"87½"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.e139.i3.m4a"},{"number":714,"id":"val.nl.L45.e139.i4","source":"Met bijvoeging van onze nieuwste koersnotering, hoogachtend, Schaap & Bonte.","translation":"Subjoining our latest exchange-list, we remain, Sir, Yours respectfully, Schaap & Bonte.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"bijvoeging","gloss":"enclosure"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"onze","gloss":"our"},{"text":"nieuwste","gloss":"new"},{"text":"koersnotering,","gloss":"price list"},{"text":"hoogachtend,","gloss":"sincerely"},{"text":"Schaap","gloss":"Schaap"},{"text":"&","gloss":""},{"text":"Bonte.","gloss":"Bonte"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.e139.i4.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 45: exercise 140","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":715,"id":"val.nl.L45.e140.i1","source":"Kampen, 1 mei 1912. De heren Gebr. Bastings, Rotterdam. Geachte heren,","translation":"Kampen, 1st May, 1912. Messrs. Bastings Brothers, Rotterdam. Gentlemen,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Kampen,","gloss":"contend"},{"text":"1","gloss":"1st"},{"text":"mei","gloss":"May"},{"text":"1912.","gloss":"1912"},{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"heren","gloss":"gentleman (heere)"},{"text":"Gebr.","gloss":"Brothers"},{"text":"Bastings,","gloss":"Bastings"},{"text":"Rotterdam.","gloss":"Rotterdam"},{"text":"Geachte","gloss":"esteemed"},{"text":"heren,","gloss":"gentleman (heere)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.e140.i1.m4a"},{"number":716,"id":"val.nl.L45.e140.i2","source":"De heer E. Pronk, van de firma Pronk & Co., alhier, heeft mij meegedeeld dat binnenkort bij u de betrekking van correspondent openkomt, en ik neem de vrijheid u beleefd mijn diensten aan te bieden; sta mij toe u hieronder een kort overzicht van mijn loopbaan tot heden te geven.","translation":"Mr. E. Pronk of the firm of Pronk & Co. of this town informed me that in a short time the place of corresponding clerk would become vacant, and I take the liberty of tendering you my services for filling it in; allow me, therefore, to describe to you the career I have hitherto had.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"heer","gloss":"gentleman (heere)"},{"text":"E.","gloss":"e"},{"text":"Pronk,","gloss":"Pronk"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"firma","gloss":"firm"},{"text":"Pronk","gloss":"Pronk"},{"text":"&","gloss":""},{"text":"Co.,","gloss":"Company"},{"text":"alhier,","gloss":"here"},{"text":"heeft","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"meegedeeld","gloss":"to communicate, to pass on"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"binnenkort","gloss":"soon"},{"text":"bij","gloss":"with"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"betrekking","gloss":"post"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"correspondent","gloss":"correspondent"},{"text":"openkomt,","gloss":"becomes vacant"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I take (instead of neme)"},{"text":"neem","gloss":"I take (instead of neme)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vrijheid","gloss":"liberty"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"beleefd","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"diensten","gloss":"services"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, to"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"bieden;","gloss":"to offer"},{"text":"sta","gloss":"stand"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"toe","gloss":"to"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"hieronder","gloss":"among these"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"kort","gloss":"short"},{"text":"overzicht","gloss":"overview"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"loopbaan","gloss":"career"},{"text":"tot","gloss":"to, until"},{"text":"heden","gloss":"today"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"geven.","gloss":"to give"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.e140.i2.m4a"},{"number":717,"id":"val.nl.L45.e140.i3","source":"Ik ben een zoon van de fabrikant H. K. Zandvliet te Tiel, en ik heb mijn schoolopleiding te Arnhem genoten. In het begin van mijn vijftiende jaar kwam ik als leerling op het kantoor van de heer C. H. Klaverweide te Arnhem, van wie ik, toen mijn leertijd eindigde, het bijgaande getuigschrift mocht ontvangen, waarin hij bevestigt dat ik mij tot het einde tot zijn volle tevredenheid heb gedragen.","translation":"I am the son of the manufacturer H. K. Zandvliet at Tiel, and I was educated at Arnhem. At the beginning of my 15th year I commenced my articles with Mr. C. H. Klaverweide at Arnhem, who when I had completed my time of apprenticeship gave me the certificate annexed, in which he confirms that till the end I had conducted myself to his full satisfaction.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"ben","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"zoon","gloss":"son"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"fabrikant","gloss":"manufacturer"},{"text":"H.","gloss":"h"},{"text":"K.","gloss":"I (instead of ik)"},{"text":"Zandvliet","gloss":"Zandvliet"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"Tiel,","gloss":"Tiel"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"schoolopleiding","gloss":"schooling"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"Arnhem","gloss":"Arnhem"},{"text":"genoten.","gloss":"to enjoy"},{"text":"In","gloss":"in"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"begin","gloss":"beginning"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"vijftiende","gloss":"fifteen"},{"text":"jaar","gloss":"the year"},{"text":"kwam","gloss":"to come"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"leerling","gloss":"apprentice"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"kantoor","gloss":"office"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"heer","gloss":"gentleman (heere)"},{"text":"C.","gloss":"c"},{"text":"H.","gloss":"h"},{"text":"Klaverweide","gloss":"Klaverweide"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"Arnhem,","gloss":"Arnhem"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"wie","gloss":"who"},{"text":"ik,","gloss":"I"},{"text":"toen","gloss":"as, when"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"leertijd","gloss":"apprenticeship"},{"text":"eindigde,","gloss":"to finish"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"bijgaande","gloss":"enclosed"},{"text":"getuigschrift","gloss":"certificate"},{"text":"mocht","gloss":"might, was allowed"},{"text":"ontvangen,","gloss":"received"},{"text":"waarin","gloss":"in which"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"bevestigt","gloss":"to fasten"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"tot","gloss":"to, until"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"einde","gloss":"end"},{"text":"tot","gloss":"to, until"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"volle","gloss":"full"},{"text":"tevredenheid","gloss":"contentment"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"gedragen.","gloss":"to behave"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.e140.i3.m4a"},{"number":718,"id":"val.nl.L45.e140.i4","source":"Op 15 oktober 1885 ben ik, als bediende belast met de facturen, in dienst getreden bij de papierfabriek te Kampen, waar ik tot op heden werkzaam ben als correspondent.","translation":"It was on the 15th of Oct. 1885 that, as a clerk entrusted with the invoices, I entered the Paper-Mill of Kampen, in which I have been up to this day as corresponding clerk.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"15","gloss":"15th"},{"text":"oktober","gloss":"oktober"},{"text":"1885","gloss":"1885"},{"text":"ben","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"ik,","gloss":"I"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"bediende","gloss":"the servant, the servants"},{"text":"belast","gloss":"to burden"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"facturen,","gloss":"invoices"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"dienst","gloss":"service"},{"text":"getreden","gloss":"to tread"},{"text":"bij","gloss":"with"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"papierfabriek","gloss":"paper mill"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"Kampen,","gloss":"Kampen"},{"text":"waar","gloss":"where"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"tot","gloss":"to, until"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"heden","gloss":"today"},{"text":"werkzaam","gloss":"employed"},{"text":"ben","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"correspondent.","gloss":"correspondent"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.e140.i4.m4a"},{"number":719,"id":"val.nl.L45.e140.i5","source":"Als u, gezien alles wat ik heb gezegd, besluit mij de betrekking in kwestie toe te vertrouwen, kunt u ervan verzekerd zijn dat ik mijn best zal doen om deze naar uw tevredenheid te vervullen.","translation":"If, considering all that I have said, you resolve to confide to me the place in question, you may be sure that I shall do my best to fill it to your satisfaction.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"u,","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"gezien","gloss":"to see"},{"text":"alles","gloss":"everything"},{"text":"wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"gezegd,","gloss":"to say"},{"text":"besluit","gloss":"decree"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"betrekking","gloss":"post"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"kwestie","gloss":"question"},{"text":"toe","gloss":"to"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"vertrouwen,","gloss":"confidence"},{"text":"kunt","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"ervan","gloss":"of it"},{"text":"verzekerd","gloss":"to assure"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"best","gloss":"best"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"doen","gloss":"to do"},{"text":"om","gloss":"smile at"},{"text":"deze","gloss":"the latter (the most recently mentioned)"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"uw","gloss":"your (polite)"},{"text":"tevredenheid","gloss":"contentment"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"vervullen.","gloss":"fulfill"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.e140.i5.m4a"},{"number":720,"id":"val.nl.L45.e140.i6","source":"U verzoekend mij met uw vertrouwen te begunstigen, dat ik niet zal nalaten te rechtvaardigen, spreek ik de hoop uit gunstig bericht van u te ontvangen, en verblijf, met verzekering van mijn bijzondere hoogachting, Joh. Zandvliet.","translation":"Requesting you to favour me with your confidence, which I should not fail to justify, I express my hope to receive favourable news from you, and remain, Gentlemen, with the assurance of my particular esteem, Yours obediently, Joh. Zandvliet.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"U","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"verzoekend","gloss":"to beg"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"uw","gloss":"your (polite)"},{"text":"vertrouwen","gloss":"confidence"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"begunstigen,","gloss":"favor"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"nalaten","gloss":"leave undone"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"rechtvaardigen,","gloss":"to justify"},{"text":"spreek","gloss":"speak"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"hoop","gloss":"hope"},{"text":"uit","gloss":"out of"},{"text":"gunstig","gloss":"favorably"},{"text":"bericht","gloss":"report"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"ontvangen,","gloss":"received"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"verblijf,","gloss":"lodging"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"verzekering","gloss":"assurance"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"bijzondere","gloss":"particular"},{"text":"hoogachting,","gloss":"respect"},{"text":"Joh.","gloss":"Joh"},{"text":"Zandvliet.","gloss":"Zandvliet"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L45.e140.i6.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]}]}