# Dutch Conversation-Grammar, Lessons 43 to 45

Use of the Parts of Speech, and Word-Formation

De poppenkast (vervolg); De poppenkast (slot); Bilderdijk

Source: https://1732studios.com/courses/nl/12. Data: https://1732studios.com/courses/nl/12.json.

## Lesson 43: Formation of verbs: the prefix be-

### Be at the front of a verb

Dutch makes new verbs with six prefixes: be, er, her, ge, ont and ver. Be is the first.

In a few verbs be keeps its old sense of at, by or near. Belenden means to border on.

Be also makes a transitive verb from an intransitive one. Bewenen means to bewail. It makes verbs from nouns too, as in bevolken, to people.

### What be does to a meaning

Before some transitive verbs be changes or strengthens the meaning. Beroven means to rob.

In a few intransitive verbs be marks the start of an action. Bevriezen means to freeze.

Learn each be verb as one word with its own meaning.

### A few from the list

**1** behoren  
to belong (to)

**2** belanden  
to arrive (at)

**3** belenden  
to border (on)

**4** berusten  
to submit to

**5** begaan  
to tread upon

**6** bespringen  
to attack

**7** betreuren  
to lament

**8** bevaren  
to navigate

**9** bewenen  
to bewail

**10** bekransen  
to wreathe

**11** belasten  
to burden

**12** bevolken  
to people

**13** bevoordelen  
to benefit

**14** bevredigen  
to satisfy

```
Formation of verbs: the prefix be-

The prefixes by means of which verbs are formed are: be, er, her, ge, ont and ver.

Be (= bij) has its original meaning of: at, by, near, on, to, upon in a few verbs. Be also forms transitive verbs from intransitive ones, and transitive verbs from nouns whose primitive word is not itself used as a verb; before some transitive verbs be alters or strengthens the meaning, and in a few intransitive verbs be denotes the beginning of an action.

A few from the list
behoren              to belong (to)
belanden             to arrive (at)
belenden             to border (on)
berusten             to submit to
begaan               to tread upon
bespringen           to attack
betreuren            to lament
bevaren              to navigate
bewenen              to bewail
bekransen            to wreathe
```

```
Er and her

Er occurs in verbs borrowed from German only. By prefixing an h to er a new prefix her was formed, which belongs to Dutch alone and is entirely absent from German; it forms a large family of verbs meaning to do something again or over.

A few from the list
erachten             (mijns erachtens) in my opinion
zich erbarmen        to have mercy upon
erkennen             to acknowledge
erlangen             to acquire
ervaren              to experience
herinneren           to remember
herademen            to breathe again
herbakken            to rebake
herbouwen            to rebuild
herdenken            to commemorate
```

```
Ge

Ge alters the meaning of the primitive word slightly, or in some verbs not at all; several verbs exist in both a plain and a ge- form with the same sense.
```

```
Ont

Ont has the meaning of tegen, terug (against, back) in some verbs; in others it means bringing into a new condition, in others it denotes a bereaving or depriving, and from that last meaning follows the sense of away.

A few from the list
onthouden            to withhold
ontmoeten            to meet
ontraden             to dissuade from
ontzeggen            to deny
ontzien              to respect
ontbranden           to take fire
ontdooien            to thaw
ontruimen            to evacuate
ontslapen            to expire
ontspruiten          to bud forth
```

```
Ver

Ver denotes the opposite of what the primitive word expresses, or evil, false, wrong; a destruction or loss by means of the action; a change or transition; or a covering or secluding.

A few from the list
verachten            to despise
verbeuren            to lose
verdenken            to suspect
vergissen            to err
verleiden            to seduce
verbranden           to reduce to ashes
verbrijzelen         to crush
verdrinken           to spend on drink (also to drown)
vermoorden           to murder
verslapen            to oversleep oneself
```

```
Suffixes: el, er, ig and eer(en)

The suffixes by means of which verbs were formed or may be formed are: el, er, ig and the foreign suffix eer; nowadays verbs are generally formed from their primitive word without any suffix.

Verbs formed from nouns denote an action explained by the meaning of the primitive word.

Verbs formed from adjectives denote causation, that someone or something acquires the quality the adjective expresses, or being or becoming what the adjective expresses.

Some verbs are formed from nouns or adjectives by means of ig, sometimes with a prefix; these are not to be confused with verbs formed from adjectives that already end in ig.

The suffix eer(en) was borrowed along with foreign words such as dineren, to dine, and trakteren, to treat, and was then used to form verbs from Dutch nouns and adjectives too.

A few from the list
boeren               to farm
blozen               to blush
doppen               to shell
herbergen            to lodge
huizen               to lodge or to live (with)
kleden               to dress
pakken               to pack up
ploegen              to plough
vissen               to fish
dartelen             to frolic
```

```
Suffixes el, er: frequentative and intensive verbs

Verbs were originally formed from nouns or adjectives ending in el or er, some of which have since fallen out of use. Later, many verbs were formed by adding the suffixes el, er to a verbal root; these denote the repetition of the action named in the root word, and are usually called Frequentative Verbs.

The Intensive Verbs stand beside other verbs but with a strengthened meaning; the root vowel has become short, hence the doubling of the final consonant. Some of these have also acquired a frequentative ending.

A few from the list
roosteren            to roast
schilderen           to paint
waggelen             to stagger
wandelen             to walk
wankelen             to waver
weigeren             to refuse
duikelen             to dive
klapperen            to chatter
krabbelen            to scratch
schuifelen           to shuffle
```

```
Causative verbs

The causative verbs are formed from the roots of strong verbs by vowel change: they cause the state or action of the strong verb to come about.
```

```
Verbs formed from particles

The verb mijnen, to buy at a public sale by calling 'mine', is formed from the possessive pronoun mijn; the following verbs are formed from particles.
```

```
Composition: verbal root with a body-part noun

The rules for the formation of compound verbs were already given in Lesson 22; here we mention only the peculiar formation of some verbs consisting of a verbal root with a noun for a part of the body. These compounds depart from the general rules for compounds and are used in colloquial Dutch with a comical meaning.
```

## Lesson 43: Er and her

### Er from German, her for again

Er comes only in verbs that Dutch borrowed from German. Erkennen, to acknowledge, is one. Ervaren, to experience, is another.

Dutch added an h to er and made her. Her belongs to Dutch alone. German does not have it.

Her forms a large family of verbs. They mean to do something again or over. Herbouwen is to rebuild. Herlezen is to read over again. Hernieuwen is to renew.

### Er and her

Er occurs in verbs borrowed from German only. By prefixing an h to er a new prefix her was formed, which belongs to Dutch alone and is entirely absent from German; it forms a large family of verbs meaning to do something again or over.

**15** erachten  
(mijns erachtens) in my opinion

**16** zich erbarmen  
to have mercy upon

**17** erkennen  
to acknowledge

**18** erlangen  
to acquire

**19** ervaren  
to experience

**20** herinneren  
to remember

**21** herademen  
to breathe again

**22** herbakken  
to rebake

**23** herbouwen  
to rebuild

**24** herdenken  
to commemorate

**25** herdoen  
to do over again

**26** herdopen  
to rebaptize

**27** herdrukken  
to reprint

**28** herenigen  
to reunite

## Lesson 43: Ge

### Ge changes little

Ge alters the meaning of the base word slightly. In some verbs it alters nothing.

Several verbs exist in two forms with the same sense, one plain and one with ge. Lukken and gelukken both mean to succeed. Lijken and gelijken both mean to resemble.

Other ge verbs stand alone. Gebeuren means to happen. Geloven means to believe.

**29** gebeuren  
to happen

**30** geschieden  
to happen

**31** gedragen  
to behave

**32** geloven  
to believe

**33** genaken  
to approach

**34** gewagen  
to mention

**35** lijken  
to resemble

**36** gelijken  
to resemble

**37** lukken  
to succeed

**38** gelukken  
to succeed

**39** voelen  
to feel

**40** gevoelen  
to feel

**41** winnen  
to gain

**42** gewinnen  
to gain

## Lesson 43: Ont

### Meanings of ont

In some verbs ont means against or back. Ontzeggen is to deny. In others it brings something into a new condition. Ontdooien is to thaw.

In others it takes something away from someone. Ontadelen is to deprive of nobility. Ontsluiten is to unlock.

From that last sense comes the plain sense of away. Ontglippen is to escape or drop.

### Ont

Ont has the meaning of tegen, terug (against, back) in some verbs; in others it means bringing into a new condition, in others it denotes a bereaving or depriving, and from that last meaning follows the sense of away.

**43** onthouden  
to withhold

**44** ontmoeten  
to meet

**45** ontraden  
to dissuade from

**46** ontzeggen  
to deny

**47** ontzien  
to respect

**48** ontbranden  
to take fire

**49** ontdooien  
to thaw

**50** ontruimen  
to evacuate

**51** ontslapen  
to expire

**52** ontspruiten  
to bud forth

**53** ontvreemden  
to embezzle

**54** ontadelen  
to deprive of nobility

**55** ontbinden  
to dissolve

**56** ontdekken  
to uncover or discover

## Lesson 43: Ver

### Meanings of ver

Ver can give the opposite of the base word, or mean evil, false or wrong. Verachten is to despise. Vergissen is to err.

It can mean destruction or loss through the action. Verbranden is to reduce to ashes. Verspelen is to lose in playing.

It can mean a change. Verkleden is to change one's dress. It can also mean covering. Verzegelen is to seal.

### Ver

Ver denotes the opposite of what the primitive word expresses, or evil, false, wrong; a destruction or loss by means of the action; a change or transition; or a covering or secluding.

**57** verachten  
to despise

**58** verbeuren  
to lose

**59** verdenken  
to suspect

**60** vergissen  
to err

**61** verleiden  
to seduce

**62** verbranden  
to reduce to ashes

**63** verbrijzelen  
to crush

**64** verdrinken  
to spend on drink (also to drown)

**65** vermoorden  
to murder

**66** verslapen  
to oversleep oneself

**67** verspelen  
to lose in playing

**68** vervliegen  
to evaporate

**69** verbedden  
to change beds

**70** verhuizen  
to remove

## Lesson 43: Suffixes: el, er, ig and eer(en)

### Suffixes that make verbs

Verbs were once made with the suffixes el, er, ig and the foreign eer. Today most verbs are made from the base word with no suffix at all.

A verb made from a noun names an action that the noun explains. Boeren is to farm. Ploegen is to plough.

### Verbs from adjectives and with ig or eer

A verb made from an adjective means to cause the quality, to gain it or to be it. Sterken is to strengthen. Groenen is to become green.

Some verbs are made from nouns or adjectives with ig, as in eindigen, to finish. Do not confuse these with verbs made from adjectives that already end in ig.

Eer came in with foreign words such as dineren, to dine. Dutch then used it on its own nouns and adjectives. Halveren is to halve.

### Suffixes: el, er, ig and eer(en)

The suffix eer(en) was borrowed along with foreign words such as dineren, to dine, and trakteren, to treat, and was then used to form verbs from Dutch nouns and adjectives too.

**71** boeren  
to farm

**72** doppen  
to shell

**73** huizen  
to lodge or to live (with)

**74** pakken  
to pack up

**75** vissen  
to fish

**76** doden  
to kill

**77** richten  
to point

**78** sterken  
to strengthen

**79** witten  
to whitewash

**80** eindigen  
to finish

**81** stenigen  
to stone

**82** bevredigen  
to satisfy or pacify

**83** beveiligen  
to secure

**84** rechtvaardigen  
to justify

## Lesson 43: Suffixes el, er: frequentative and intensive verbs

### Verbs of repeated action

A frequentative verb names an action that repeats. It is made by adding el or er to a verb root.

Wandelen is to walk. Krabbelen is to scratch. Schuifelen is to shuffle.

The first verbs with el or er were made from nouns or adjectives that ended in el or er. Some of those words are no longer used.

### Verbs of strengthened meaning

An intensive verb stands beside another verb and strengthens its meaning.

The root vowel has become short, so the last consonant is doubled. Bukken is to bow or stoop. Hikken is to hiccough.

Some of these also carry a frequentative ending, as in knabbelen, to nibble.

**85** roosteren  
to roast

**86** schilderen  
to paint

**87** waggelen  
to stagger

**88** wandelen  
to walk

**89** wankelen  
to waver

**90** weigeren  
to refuse

**91** duikelen  
to dive

**92** klapperen  
to chatter

**93** krabbelen  
to scratch

**94** schuifelen  
to shuffle

**95** wentelen  
to welter or wallow

**96** bukken  
to bow or stoop

**97** hikken  
to hiccough

**98** stikken  
to stitch

## Lesson 43: Causative verbs

### Verbs that make something happen

A causative verb is made from the root of a strong verb by a change of vowel. It causes the action of the strong verb to come about.

Zitten means to sit. Zetten means to set, which makes something sit. Liggen means to lie. Leggen means to lay, which makes something lie.

Vallen means to fall. Vellen means to fell, which makes something fall.

**99** drenken  
to drench or water (from drank – drinken)

**100** gehengen  
to allow (hang – hangen)

**101** kloven  
to cleave (kloof – klieven)

**102** leggen  
to lay (lag – liggen)

**103** leiden  
to lead (leed – lijden)

**104** neigen  
to incline (neeg – nijgen)

**105** vellen  
to fell (val – vallen)

**106** voeren  
to convey (voer – varen)

**107** wenden  
to turn (wand – winden)

**108** zetten  
to set (zat – zitten)

**109** zogen  
to suckle (zoog – zuigen)

## Lesson 43: Verbs formed from particles

### Verbs from small words

A few verbs are formed from particles, small words that are not nouns, adjectives or verbs.

Naderen is to approach. Uiten is to utter. Veroveren is to conquer.

One verb comes from mijn, the word for my. Mijnen means to buy at a public sale by calling mine.

**110** mijnen  
to buy at a public sale by calling 'mine'

**111** bejegenen  
to treat

**112** bevorderen  
to promote

**113** innen  
to gather

**114** naderen  
to approach

**115** opperen  
to propose

**116** uiten  
to utter

**117** vernederen  
to humble

**118** veroveren  
to conquer

## Lesson 43: Composition: verbal root with a body-part noun

### Verbs with a body part in them

A few compound verbs join a verb root to a noun for a part of the body. They break the usual rules for compounds.

Everyday Dutch uses them with a comical meaning. Knipogen means to wink. Stampvoeten means to stamp one's feet. Klappertanden means to chatter one's teeth.

Treat each one as a single verb with its own meaning.

**119** druipstaarten  
to be abashed or sneak away

**120** klappertanden  
to chatter (one's teeth)

**121** klapwieken  
to clap the wings

**122** knarsetanden  
to gnash the teeth

**123** knikkebollen  
to nod or doze

**124** knipogen  
to wink

**125** kortwieken  
to clip (the wings)

**126** plukharen  
to catch each other by the hair

**127** reikhalzen  
to long for

**128** schoorvoeten  
to hesitate

**129** stampvoeten  
to stamp (one's feet)

**130** suizebollen  
to grow giddy

**131** trekkebekken  
to bill or coo

## De poppenkast (vervolg)

**132** De poppenkast (vervolg)  
The puppet show (continued)

**133** En dat rijke toneel met de kist, waarin, na een hevige huiselijke twist, Katrijn gestopt wordt, waarna hij de kist aan de jood verkoopt, die tot zijn vreselijke schrik, als hij zijn koopje naar huis wil dragen, eensklaps Katrijn halverwege eruit ziet komen.  
And that rich scene with the box, in which, after a violent domestic quarrel, Katrijn is shoved, after which he sells the box to the Jew, who, to his terrible fright, as he wants to carry his bargain home, suddenly sees Katrijn coming out halfway.

**134** Op het ogenblik dat hij haar er verder uit wil trekken, nadert Jan Klaassen hem van achteren en in een ommezien stopt hij hem er ook bij in, springt in triomf op de kist en blijft in die houding, in weerwil van de hopeloze pogingen van de gevangenen, die het deksel steeds op en neer laten klappen.  
At the moment when he wants to pull her out further, Jan Klaassen approaches him from behind and in a flash stuffs him in there too, jumps in triumph onto the box and stays in that position, despite the hopeless attempts of the prisoners, who keep banging the lid up and down.

**135** Ik wil hier niet eens spreken van de tonelen met de zwarte duivel met zijn spitse tong van rood laken, of van de witte Pierlala, die niet spreekt, maar alleen zijn geheimzinnige “brrrrrrie! brrrrrrie!” laat horen, dat de vertoner weet voort te brengen door te blazen op twee platte baleintjes, die hij tussen zijn lippen op elkaar klemt, die wonderlijke gedaante, die op het ogenblik dat Jan Klaassen zijn rechterbeen met zijn beide handen heeft opgenomen om storm te lopen op de vreemde snoes, die hem met zijn eeuwige “brrrrrrie!” verveelt, plotseling tot een ongehoorde lengte aangroeit, die ver boven de bovenkant van het theater uitsteekt.  
I do not even want to speak here of the scenes with the black devil with his pointed tongue of red cloth, or of the white Pierlala, who does not speak, but only lets his mysterious “brrrrrrie! brrrrrrie!” be heard, which the performer knows how to produce by blowing on two flat little strips of whalebone, which he clamps together between his lips, that strange figure, which, at the moment when Jan Klaassen has picked up his right leg with both his hands to charge at the strange fellow who bothers him with his eternal “brrrrrrie!”, suddenly grows to an unheard-of length that sticks out far above the top of the theatre.

## Lesson 43: exercise 120

**136** bibberen  
beven

**137** blozen  
blos

**138** bukken  
buigen

**139** doden  
dood

**140** dribbelen  
drijven

**141** drenken  
drinken

**142** eindigen  
einde

**143** halveren  
half

**144** heiligen  
heilig

**145** herbergen  
herberg

**146** huizen  
huis

**147** jakkeren  
jagen

**148** kabbelen  
kauwen

**149** klapperen  
klappen

**150** kleden  
kleed

**151** kloven  
klieven

**152** verkondigen  
kond

**153** leggen  
liggen

**154** leiden  
lijden

**155** naderen  
nader

**156** neigen  
nijgen

**157** veroveren  
over

**158** ploegen  
ploeg

**159** richten  
recht

**160** reinigen  
rein

**161** rotten  
rot

**162** schuifelen  
schuiven

**163** verspillen  
spelen

**164** stikken  
steken

**165** stofferen  
stof

**166** trotseren  
trots

**167** vervaardigen  
vaardig

**168** vellen  
vallen

**169** vestigen  
vast

**170** vissen  
vis

**171** bevredigen  
vrede

**172** waarderen  
waarde

**173** wentelen  
wenden

**174** witten  
wit

**175** zogen  
zuigen

## Lesson 43: exercise 121

**176** erkennen  
to acknowledge

**177** erlangen  
to acquire

**178** naderen  
to approach

**179** belanden  
to arrive at

**180** bespringen  
to attack

**181** ontgaan  
to avoid

**182** druipstaarten  
to be abashed

**183** zich gedragen  
to behave

**184** geloven  
to believe

**185** behoren  
to belong to

**186** bevoordelen  
to benefit

**187** bewenen  
to bewail

**188** trekkebekken  
to bill (coo)

**189** belenden  
to border on

**190** ontlenen  
to borrow

**191** herademen  
to breathe again

**192** belasten  
to burden

**193** plukharen  
to catch each other by the hair

**194** bezingen  
to celebrate

**195** verbedden  
to change beds

**196** klappertanden  
to chatter (one's teeth)

**197** bezinken  
to clarify

**198** kortwieken  
to clip the wings

**199** bevatten  
to comprise

**200** berusten  
to confide in

**201** bekoelen  
to cool

**202** verbrijzelen  
to crush

**203** ontzeggen  
to deny

**204** ontadelen  
to deprive of nobility

**205** verachten  
to despise

**206** verkleinen  
to diminish

**207** dineren  
to dine

**208** ontdekken  
to discover

**209** vermommen  
to disguise

**210** ontbinden  
to dissolve

**211** ontraden  
to dissuade from

**212** herdoen  
to do over again

**213** ontvreemden  
to embezzle

**214** zich vergissen  
to err

**215** ontglippen  
to escape

**216** ontruimen  
to evacuate

**217** vervliegen  
to evaporate

**218** ervaren  
to experience

**219** ontslapen  
to expire

**220** gevoelen  
to feel

**221** klapwieken  
to flap the wings

**222** verschansen  
to fortify

**223** bevriezen  
to freeze

**224** gewinnen  
to gain

**225** knarsetanden  
to gnash the teeth

**226** suizebollen  
to grow giddy

**227** geschieden  
to happen

**228** zich erbarmen  
to have mercy upon

**229** vernederen  
to humiliate

**230** schoorvoeten  
to hesitate

**231** betreuren  
to lament

**232** reikhalzen  
to long for

**233** verbeuren  
to lose

**234** verslapen  
to lose by sleeping

**235** verspelen  
to lose in playing

## Lesson 43: exercise 122

**236** ontmoeten  
to meet

**237** gewagen  
to mention

**238** boetseren  
to model

**239** vermoorden  
to murder

**240** bevaren  
to navigate

**241** knikkebollen  
to nod

**242** ontluiken  
to open

**243** schilderen  
to paint

**244** bevolken  
to people

**245** verstenen  
to petrify

**246** beplanten  
to plant

**247** besnoeien  
to prune

**248** herlezen  
to read over again

**249** herbakken  
to rebake

**250** herdopen  
to rebaptize

**251** herbouwen  
to rebuild

**252** herroepen  
to recall

**253** herkennen  
to recognize

**254** verbranden  
to reduce to ashes

**255** hervormen  
to reform

**256** weigeren  
to refuse

**257** herinneren  
to remember

**258** verhuizen  
to remove

**259** hernieuwen  
to renew

**260** herhalen  
to repeat

**261** herdrukken  
to reprint

**262** gelijken  
to resemble

**263** herleven  
to return to life

**264** herenigen  
to reunite

**265** herzien  
to revise

**266** beroven  
to rob

**267** herkauwen  
to ruminate

**268** bevredigen  
to satisfy

**269** verzegelen  
to seal

**270** verleiden  
to seduce

**271** begrijpen  
to seize

**272** ontgaan  
to shun

**273** ontvallen  
to slip out of

**274** bezaaien  
to sow

**275** verdrinken  
to spend on drink

**276** vernagelen  
to spike

**277** ontspruiten  
to sprout

**278** stampvoeten  
to stamp

**279** gelukken  
to succeed

**280** verdenken  
to suspect

**281** ontbranden  
to take fire

**282** ontdooien  
to thaw

**283** verbinden  
to tie

**284** begaan  
to tread upon

**285** bejegenen  
to treat

**286** ontgrendelen  
to unbolt

**287** ontsluiten  
to unlock

**288** wandelen  
to walk

**289** knipogen  
to wink

**290** onthouden  
to withhold

**291** bekransen  
to wreathe

## Lesson 43: exercise 123

**292** Hoe kwam jij ertoe je hier terug te wagen?  
How came you to venture back here?

**293** Dit oude moedertje van mij verlangde zo naar mij; en dan Katerina, zij heeft al die tijd op mij gewacht, het lieve kind!  
This old mother of mine was longing so to see me; and then Katerina, she has waited all this time for me, dear girl!

**294** Was ik maar niet zo arm!  
If only I were not so poor!

**295** Maar komend jaar, als het me een beetje meezit met mijn werk bij Van Block, hoop ik terug te kunnen komen en met haar te trouwen, en dan mijn oude moeder over te halen om met ons mee te gaan.  
But next year, if I have luck at my trade in Van Block's, I may be able to make a run back and marry her, and then get my old mother persuaded to come along with us.

**296** Ik zou nu net een aardig sommetje kunnen verdienen door inlichtingen te geven over een deserteur.  
I could get a pretty sum just now by informing on a deserter.

**297** Alsjeblieft, maak geen grapjes over dat onderwerp, Peter! Ik weet dat jij het alleen voor de aardigheid doet, maar het maakt mijn moeder ongerust.  
Pray don't joke on that subject, Peter! I know you are only joking, but it frightens mother.

**298** Wel, Peter, ik ben blij je weer gezien te hebben! Ik vertrek vanavond, nog een boodschap voor de oude kameraden?  
Well, Peter, it is a pleasure to have seen you again! I am going off to-night, any message to the old set?

**299** Een luide klop op de deur. Hij gluurt door het raam. Soldaten, en er is een officier bij! Wat kan dat betekenen? Peter, neem me niet kwalijk, maar ik moet verdwijnen.  
(A loud knock at the door. He peeps through the window.) Soldiers, and an officer with them! What can it mean? Peter, excuse me, I must disappear.

**300** Blijf hier! Ik verzeker je dat ze niet naar jou zoeken. Het zijn vrienden van mij.  
Stay! I assure you it is not you they want. They are friends of mine.

**301** O, in dat geval kan ik blijven. Maar weet je, een van die lui lijkt sprekend op mijn oude commandant?  
Oh, in that case I may remain. But, do you know, one of those fellows looks wonderfully like my old commander?

**302** De officier komt binnen. Een belangrijk bericht van Sint-Petersburg, Uwe Majesteit, dat geen uitstel duldt.  
Enter Officer. An important despatch from St. Petersburg, your Majesty, requiring your instant attention.

**303** Majesteit!  
Majesty!

**304** Majesteit! Peter, wat betekent dat?  
Majesty! Peter, what does this man mean?

**305** Op je knieën, meneer! Weet je niet wie dit is? Op je knieën voor Peter de Grote, tsaar van Rusland!  
Down, sir! do you not know who this is? Down on your knees to Peter the Great, Czar of Russia!

**306** Op haar knieën vallend: O, Majesteit! Uwe Majesteit! heb medelijden met mijn arme jongen! Hij is mijn enige zoon! Hij wist niet wat hij deed!  
(falling on her knees). Oh, your Majesty! your Majesty! have mercy on my poor boy! he is my only son! he did not know what he was doing!

**307** Onzin, moeder! Dat is weer een van Peters grappen. Ha! ha! ha! Flink zo, Peter! Nu, die is goed.  
Nonsense, mother! This is only one of Peter's jokes. Ha! ha! ha! keep it up, Peter! It's very good.

**308** Jij onbeschaamde schelm! Laat me je eens wat meer van nabij zien; ik denk dat we elkaar al eerder ontmoet hebben. Soldaten, arresteer deze vent! Hij is een deserteur!  
You impudent rascal! let me look at you more closely; I think we have met before. Soldiers, arrest this fellow! he is a deserter!

**309** Met een gebaar van wanhoop: Nu is het met mij gedaan! Peter, Peter! kun je je oude kameraad niet helpen? Hoe kun je zo rustig door blijven lezen?  
(with a gesture of despair). It's all over with me now! O Peter, Peter! can you not help an old comrade? How can you go on reading so composedly?

**310** Haar handen wringend: Ach, beste officier, spaar mijn jongen!  
(wringing her hands). O good Mr. Officer, spare my boy!

**311** Hij moet voor een krijgsraad verschijnen. Hij behoorde doodgeschoten te worden.  
He must go before a court-martial. He ought to be shot.

**312** Kijkt plotseling op van het lezen van het bericht: Officier, ik heb gebruik voor de diensten van uw gevangene. Laat hem vrij.  
(looks up suddenly from reading the despatch). Officer, I have occasion for the services of your prisoner. Release him.

**313** Voor de wil van Uwe Majesteit moet alles wijken.  
Your Majesty's will is absolute.

**314** Terzijde: Alweer Majesteit! Wat betekent dat allemaal toch? Ah, ik begin er iets van te begrijpen. Er liepen geruchten in Holland, toen ik het verliet, dat de tsaar gewerkt had op een van de scheepstimmerwerven. Zou mijn Peter soms de keizer zijn?  
(aside). Majesty again! What does it all mean? A light breaks in upon me. There were rumours in Holland, when I left, that the Czar had been working in one of the ship-yards. Can my Peter be the Emperor?

**315** Stanmitz, nu ken jij mijn geheim.  
Stanmitz, you have my secret now.

**316** En jij bent,   
And you are, 

**317** De tsaar. S. valt op zijn knieën. Sta op, mijn vriend! Sta op, oude vrouw; je zoon, baron Stanmitz, is veilig.  
The Czar. (S. falls on his knees.) Rise, my friend! Rise, old woman; your son, Baron Stanmitz, is safe.

**318** Baron Stanmitz!  
Baron Stanmitz!

**319** Ik heb zijn diensten nodig om toezicht te houden op mijn scheepswerf in Sint-Petersburg. Jullie moeten allebei de nodige maatregelen nemen om meteen van hier naar de nieuwe stad te vertrekken. Michael, maak morgen jouw Katerina barones, en neem haar met je mee.  
I require his services to superintend my shipbuilding yard at St. Petersburg. You must both prepare to leave for the new city at once. Michael, make your Katerina a baroness to-morrow, and bring her with you.

**320** Stil, geen dank! Dringende zaken roepen mij, zodat ik bij jullie bruiloft niet aanwezig kan zijn. Hier is een beurs met dukaten. Een van mijn secretarissen zal je morgen mijn bevelen brengen. Vaarwel!  
Hush, no thanks! I have urgent business claiming my care, so I cannot attend the wedding. Here is a purse of ducats. One of my secretaries will call with orders in the morning. Farewell!

**321** O Peter! Peter! Ik bedoel Uwe Majesteit! Uwe Majesteit! Ik ben helemaal in de war, ik weet niet wat ik zal zeggen, noch hoe ik u moet bedanken! Vergeef mij, Uwe Majesteit! Vriend Peter! Zeker, ik droom!  
O Peter! Peter! I mean your Majesty! your Majesty! I'm so completely bewildered, I do not know what to say, or how to thank you! Forgive me, your Majesty! friend Peter! I'm surely in a dream!

**322** Ha! ha! Tot ziens, oude kameraad! We zullen elkaar nog wel eens weer zien! De complimenten aan jouw Katerina. Vertrekt.  
Ha! ha! good-bye, old comrade! We shall meet again soon. Commend me to your Katerina. (Exit.)

**323** Meneer de officier, wanneer denkt u dat de krijgsraad waarover u sprak wellicht zal plaatsvinden?  
Mr. Officer, when do you think that court-martial you spoke of is likely to be held?

**324** Baron, ik neem afscheid. Ik hoop dat u bij gelegenheid een goed woordje voor mij bij de tsaar zult doen.  
Baron, I take my leave. I hope you will speak a good word for me to his Majesty, when you have an opportunity.

**325** Nu meteen naar Katerina! Wat heb ik haar niet allemaal te vertellen!  
Now for Katerina! What a story I have to tell her!

## Lesson 44: Formation of numerals

### Old sound changes in number words

Some Dutch number words look odd because their sounds changed long ago. The book lists these changes so the odd spellings make sense.

Twintig has an extra n. Dertien and dertig come from an old form of drie. Veertien and veertig come from vier, with the vowel changed.

Vijftig, zestig and zeventig come from vijf, zes and zeven. The old sound changed, but the written letters stayed.

Geen was made from a word for not and een. It means no or not a.

**326** geen  
no, not a

**327** twintig  
twenty

**328** dertien  
thirteen

**329** dertig  
thirty

**330** veertien  
fourteen

**331** veertig  
forty

**332** tachtig  
eighty

**333** vijftig  
fifty

**334** zestig  
sixty

**335** zeventig  
seventy

```
Formation of numerals

The indefinite numeral geen was formed from neg (not) and een. Several of the cardinal numbers show old sound-changes: an inserted n and e changed to i gave twintig; dre, an old form of drie without its ending, gives dertien and dertig; ie changed to ee gives veertien and veertig beside vier; an old form antachtig, shortened through entachtig and etachtig, gives tachtig; and v and z changed to f and s under the influence of the old prefix ant gave veertig, vijftig, zestig, zeventig from vier, vijf, zes, zeven, though v and z are still written.
```

```
Adverbs formed from the pronoun roots hij, die, wie

From the roots of the pronouns hij, die, wie a whole family of place and time adverbs was formed; a few of the directional forms in -waarts are used very seldom nowadays, and the old genitive of die survives as an adverb in a few words.

A few from the list
hier                 here
heen                 away, to there
henen                away (old form of heen)
daar                 there
der                  there (old, in compounds)
er                   there, of it
vandaan              from there
dan                  then
toch                 yet, still
toen                 then, at that time
```

```
The old adjective ending -e, the suffix -lijk, and adverbs from the accusative

The old ending e that formed adverbs from adjectives survives in only a few words; elsewhere it was dropped, so many adverbs have the same form as the adjective, and later still more adjectives, and even participles, came to be used as adverbs in this way. Such adverbs can still be told apart from the adjective by adding lijk.

Because a noun in the accusative could serve as an adverbial adjunct of time, value and so on, a few of these nouns became true adverbs.

A few from the list
alreede              already (archaic)
dichtbij             close by (archaic dichte bij)
luide                loudly (archaic)
verre                far (archaic)
verleden             lately
volmaakt             completely
voortdurend          continually
razend knap          extremely clever
gloeiend mooi        awfully nice
kokend heet          boiling hot
```

```
Adverbs formed from the dative and genitive, and their compounds

Some nouns in the dative became adverbs too. The genitive was originally the case in which many words served as adverbial expressions, so nouns, adjectives, participles and one numeral all supply adverbs this way; some compounds join an adjective and a noun with the genitive ending, and feminine nouns joined with adjectives used figuratively keep that ending as well, while the same nouns used in their literal sense are written as two words. The word wijze, manner, has also been compounded with nouns in the genitive, or strengthened further with ge-.

A few from the list
heinde               near (heinde en verre)
midden               middle (still in middag)
vaak                 often
wijlen               the late, deceased
mijnentwege          for my part, on my behalf
onzenthalve          for our sake
daags                by day
deels                partly
steeds               always, still
's avonds            in the evening
```

```
The -s suffix

Once the old genitive form of the adverb was no longer felt as a genitive, the s came to be taken simply as a suffix that forms adverbs, and it was then added even to words that had no genitive or dative s to begin with, and to nouns and adjectives already carrying a preposition; in some words the preposition itself took the s, and the endings lijks, lings and waarts work the same way.

A few from the list
overigens            besides, moreover
trouwens             besides, in fact
minstens             at least
altoos               always (archaic)
dikwijls             often
somtijds             sometimes
achterbaks           behind one's back, underhandedly
bijkans              almost, nearly
omstreeks            around, about
thans                now, at present
```

```
Compound adverbs formed from two adverbs

Compound adverbs may be formed from two adverbs, and the same holds for a further set of combinations and for the pronominal adverbs vandaar, vanhier, vanwaar used figuratively.

A few from the list
evenzeer             equally, just as much
hoeveel              how much
hoeverre             how far
zolang               as long as
zoveel               so much
zoverre              so far
weleer               formerly
achterover           backward
bijna                almost
bovenaan             at the top
```

```
Adverbs formed from a preposition with a noun, adjective, or numeral

Compounds of a preposition with a noun, or with an adjective in a figurative sense, form one set of adverbs, and a preposition with an adjective used as a noun forms another.

Some compound adverbs are formed from a preposition with the numeral al or een, which have taken on the character of adverbs in these compounds.

A few from the list
bijgeval             by chance
integendeel          on the contrary
omtrent              around, about
onderweg             on the way
onderwijl            meanwhile
overeind             upright
overhoop             in a heap, at odds
terug                back
voorhanden           available
weg                  away
```

```
Formation of prepositions

The root words of the prepositions were originally the same as those of the adverbs; tot and van are compounds.

Some prepositions are derived from adverbs by means of ter, er, en, others carry the prefix be-, tegen is formed from te and jegen with an adverbial s and has been compounded once more with over in tegenover, and naast is the superlative of the adverb na.

Adjectives used adverbially have become prepositions in langs and tussen; nouns in the dative with an adverbial s, nouns in the genitive, and nouns joined with a preposition all supply further prepositions.

Participles, with or without an added s, have also become prepositions.

A few from the list
aan                  on, to
bij                  by, at
door                 through
in                   in
na                   after
om                   around, for
op                   on
uit                  out of
voor                 for, before
met                  with
```

```
Formation of conjunctions

Of the coordinating conjunctions, only en, of and noch were used exclusively as conjunctions in old Dutch; the clause they join keeps the ordinary word order, as do want, doch and maar; every other coordinating conjunction began life as an adverb.

The subordinating conjunction of, meaning if, is not the same word as the coordinating of, meaning or; it is the only one used exclusively as a conjunction in old Dutch. In ofschoon, the schoon only strengthens the meaning.

A pronominal root lies behind zo, meaning if, which is also an adverb; from it, by way of alzo, came als, meaning if, used only as a conjunction, also in zodra als.

Several interrogative adverbs have become true conjunctions, among them the compounds hoewel and hoezeer.

A number of subordinating conjunctions are formed from an adverb and dat; several of these may drop the dat, at which point the plain adverb itself has become a conjunction.

Several conjunctions were originally a preposition with the dative or accusative singular neuter of the demonstrative pronoun, followed by dat; some became conjunctions once dat was dropped, of others the demonstrative pronoun itself was dropped, and dat can even be dropped from the preposition-based forms.

On the same pattern, some participles have become conjunctions; several of these need dat to function as a conjunction at all, and lose that function if dat is left out, while a few are generally used without dat.

A few from the list
en                   and
of                   or
noch                 nor
want                 because, for
doch                 yet, however
maar                 but
wel is waar          it is true
of                   if (subordinating)
ofschoon             although
zo                   if
```

## Lesson 44: Adverbs formed from the pronoun roots hij, die, wie

### A family of place and time adverbs

Dutch made a whole family of place and time adverbs from the old roots of hij, die and wie.

Some name a place: hier means here, and daar means there. Some name a time: dan and toen both mean then. Some ask: waar means where, wanneer means when, hoe means how.

A few forms are old. Herwaarts, derwaarts and werwaarts are archaic and used very seldom now.

### Adverbs formed from the pronoun roots hij, die, wie

From the roots of the pronouns hij, die, wie a whole family of place and time adverbs was formed; a few of the directional forms in -waarts are used very seldom nowadays, and the old genitive of die survives as an adverb in a few words.

**336** hier  
here

**337** heen  
away, to there

**338** henen  
away (old form of heen)

**339** daar  
there

**340** der  
there (old, in compounds)

**341** er  
there, of it

**342** vandaan  
from there

**343** dan  
then

**344** toch  
yet, still

**345** toen  
then, at that time

**346** waar  
where

**347** wanneer  
when

**348** hoe  
how

**349** herwaarts  
hither (archaic)

## Lesson 44: The old adjective ending -e, the suffix -lijk, and adverbs from the accusative

### Adjectives that work as adverbs

Dutch once made adverbs by adding e to an adjective. That e survives in only a few words, such as alreede and luide.

Elsewhere the e was dropped. So most adverbs have the same form as the adjective. Voortdurend means continually, and kokend heet means boiling hot.

Adding the suffix lijk tells such an adverb apart from the adjective. Gewoonlijk means usually, and waarlijk means truly.

### Nouns that became adverbs

A noun in the accusative could tell the time or the value of an action. A few such nouns became true adverbs.

Altijd means always. Eenmaal means once.

**350** alreede  
already (archaic)

**351** dichtbij  
close by (archaic dichte bij)

**352** luide  
loudly (archaic)

**353** verre  
far (archaic)

**354** verleden  
lately

**355** volmaakt  
completely

**356** voortdurend  
continually

**357** razend knap  
extremely clever

**358** gloeiend mooi  
awfully nice

**359** kokend heet  
boiling hot

**360** gelijkelijk  
equally

**361** gemeenlijk  
commonly

**362** gewisselijk  
surely

**363** gewoonlijk  
usually

## Lesson 44: Adverbs formed from the dative and genitive, and their compounds

### Adverbs with an old case ending

Many Dutch adverbs began as nouns or adjectives in an old case. A few came from the dative. Most came from the genitive, the old case for adverb expressions.

Many of these end in s, the old genitive ending. Deels means partly, anders means otherwise, and onlangs means recently.

Some are time words with 's in front: 's avonds means in the evening, and 's nachts means at night.

The list is long. Each line gives a Dutch adverb and its meaning. Words marked archaic, such as stillekens, quietly, are old forms.

**364** heinde  
near (heinde en verre)

**365** wijlen  
the late, deceased

**366** daags  
by day

**367** 's avonds  
in the evening

**368** anders  
otherwise

**369** reeds  
already

**370** netjes  
neatly

**371** zoetjes  
gently

**372** onverhoeds  
unexpectedly

**373** vervolgens  
subsequently

**374** eens  
once

**375** blootshoofds  
bareheaded

**376** grotendeels  
for the most part

**377** gewapenderhand  
by force of arms

## Lesson 44: The -s suffix

### S as a suffix for adverbs

At first the s of these adverbs was an old genitive ending. Later speakers no longer felt it as one.

The s then became a plain suffix that makes adverbs. It was added even to words that never had a genitive or dative s.

Minstens means at least. Dagelijks means daily. Tevens means at the same time.

The endings lijks, lings and waarts work the same way.

**378** overigens  
besides, moreover

**379** trouwens  
besides, in fact

**380** minstens  
at least

**381** altoos  
always (archaic)

**382** dikwijls  
often

**383** somtijds  
sometimes

**384** achterbaks  
behind one's back, underhandedly

**385** bijkans  
almost, nearly

**386** omstreeks  
around, about

**387** thans  
now, at present

**388** terloops  
in passing

**389** namaals  
hereafter (archaic)

**390** voormaals  
formerly

**391** vanzins  
of a mind to (archaic)

## Lesson 44: Compound adverbs formed from two adverbs

### Two adverbs joined in one word

Two adverbs can join to make one new adverb. Read each part, then the whole.

Bovenop is boven and op, and means on top. Rechtsaf means to the right. Zolang means as long as.

Vandaar, vanhier and vanwaar also join in this way. They can be used figuratively. Vandaar means from there, or hence.

### Compound adverbs formed from two adverbs

Compound adverbs may be formed from two adverbs, and the same holds for a further set of combinations and for the pronominal adverbs vandaar, vanhier, vanwaar used figuratively.

**392** evenzeer  
equally, just as much

**393** hoeveel  
how much

**394** hoeverre  
how far

**395** zolang  
as long as

**396** zoveel  
so much

**397** zoverre  
so far

**398** weleer  
formerly

**399** achterover  
backward

**400** bijna  
almost

**401** bovenaan  
at the top

**402** bovenop  
on top

**403** kortaf  
curtly

**404** onderdoor  
underneath

**405** onderin  
at the bottom

## Lesson 44: Adverbs formed from a preposition with a noun, adjective, or numeral

### A preposition joined to another word

A preposition can join a noun, an adjective or a number word. The result is an adverb.

Onderweg means on the way. Opnieuw means again. Voorgoed means for good.

Two number words, al and een, join prepositions in this way. Overal means everywhere. Bijeen means together.

### Adverbs formed from a preposition with a noun, adjective, or numeral

Compounds of a preposition with a noun, or with an adjective in a figurative sense, form one set of adverbs, and a preposition with an adjective used as a noun forms another.

Some compound adverbs are formed from a preposition with the numeral al or een, which have taken on the character of adverbs in these compounds.

**406** bijgeval  
by chance

**407** omtrent  
around, about

**408** onderwijl  
meanwhile

**409** overhoop  
in a heap, at odds

**410** voorhanden  
available

**411** bijdehand  
quick-witted

**412** opnieuw  
again

**413** overlang  
long ago (archaic)

**414** tegelijk  
at the same time

**415** terecht  
rightly, justly

**416** voorlang  
long ago (archaic)

**417** voorzeker  
surely, certainly

**418** achtereen  
in a row, successively

**419** allengs  
gradually

## Lesson 44: Formation of prepositions

### Where prepositions come from

The first prepositions had the same roots as the adverbs. Tot and van are compounds.

Later prepositions came from other words. Naast is the superlative of the adverb na. Tegenover is tegen and over joined.

Adjectives gave langs and tussen. Participles gave tijdens, meaning during.

### Reading the list of prepositions

Each line gives a preposition and its meaning. Aan means on or to. Wegens means because of.

Some words are marked archaic, such as nevens, next to.

**420** aan  
on, to

**421** in  
in

**422** op  
on

**423** met  
with

**424** van  
of, from

**425** onder  
under

**426** zonder  
without

**427** boven  
above

**428** tegenover  
opposite

**429** tussen  
between

**430** wegens  
because of

**431** behalve  
except

**432** nevens  
next to (archaic)

**433** aangaande  
concerning

## Lesson 44: Formation of conjunctions

### Old conjunctions and new ones

In old Dutch, en, of and noch were the only coordinating conjunctions that were never anything else. After them the clause keeps its ordinary word order, as it does after want, doch and maar.

Every other coordinating conjunction began as an adverb.

The subordinating conjunction of means if. It is not the coordinating of, which means or.

### Conjunctions built with dat

Many subordinating conjunctions are an adverb plus dat. Zodat means so that. Omdat means because.

Several may drop the dat. The plain adverb itself then works as a conjunction. Hoewel means although.

Some conjunctions began as a preposition with dat, such as zonder dat, meaning without. Some participles also became conjunctions, and several need dat to work as one.

### Formation of conjunctions

On the same pattern, some participles have become conjunctions; several of these need dat to function as a conjunction at all, and lose that function if dat is left out, while a few are generally used without dat.

**434** en  
and

**435** want  
because, for

**436** wel is waar  
it is true

**437** zo  
if

**438** waarom  
why, for which reason

**439** hoe  
however

**440** zodat  
so that

**441** dan dat  
than

**442** sedert dat  
since

**443** nademaal  
seeing that (archaic)

**444** terwijl  
while

**445** doordien  
because

**446** omdat  
because

**447** naardat  
according as

## De poppenkast (slot)

**448** De poppenkast (slot)  
The puppet show (conclusion)

**449** Daar zijn nog een menigte andere tonelen, die jij allemaal kent, zoals die van het wiegen, van de scharenslijper enz., waar hij overal de hoofdpersoon is, overal even groot, overal overwinnaar door list of door geweld, waar overal de houten koppen geweldig tegen elkaar kletsen, en waardoor overal gejuich en gejubel wordt opgewekt.  
There are still a great many other scenes, which you all know, such as that of the cradle-rocking, of the knife-grinder, etc., where he is everywhere the main character, everywhere equally great, everywhere victorious by cunning or by force, where everywhere the wooden heads clash violently against each other, and through which everywhere cheering and jubilation is stirred up.

**450** Kortom, want ik moet een einde aan de uiting van mijn gevoel maken, hoewel het mij moeilijk is, ik beken het, want de zaak gaat mij ter harte, dat hoop ik maar, wat er in de wereld ook vooruit mag gaan, als het dan toch zo moet zijn, dat men mijn oude vriend in zijn oorspronkelijke waarde zal laten.  
In short, for I must put an end to expressing my feeling, though it is hard for me, I admit it, because the matter is close to my heart, this I only hope, whatever may go forward in the world, if it must be so after all, that they will leave my old friend at his original worth.

**451** Verfraai hem niet, versier hem niet, probeer hem niet te verbeteren, breid je filantropie niet over hem uit; maak omwentelingen zoveel je wilt, maak de hele wereld tot republiek, maar laat hem op zijn troon, en gun ons, die nog een beetje van de oude tijd zijn, dat we op de laatste kermis die we nog mogen beleven, ten minste nog één ding kunnen zien dat nog precies zo is als het was in onze jonge jaren, laat mij die ene troost, dat ik mij niet dertig jaar lang heb vermaakt met iets waar een kleuter van vijf jaar, als ik een oude man zal zijn, zijn neus voor zal optrekken, omdat Jan Klaassen en Katrijn niet aan de regels van zijn kunstsmaak voldoen.  
Do not embellish him, do not adorn him, do not try to improve him, do not extend your philanthropy over him; make revolutions as much as you like, make the whole world into a republic, but leave him on his throne, and grant us, who are still a little of the old time, that at the last fair we may still live to see, we can at least still see one thing that is still exactly as it was in our young years, leave me that one comfort, that I have not amused myself for thirty years with something at which a toddler of five, when I shall be an old man, will turn up his nose, because Jan Klaassen and Katrijn do not conform to the rules of his artistic taste.

**452** Lodewijk Mulder.  
Lodewijk Mulder.

## Lesson 44: exercise 124

**453** anders  
ander

**454** 's avonds  
avond

**455** blindelings  
blind

**456** boogswijze  
boog

**457** deels  
deel

**458** dichtbij  
dicht

**459** eens  
een

**460** gelijkelijk  
gelijk

**461** gemeenlijk  
gemeen

**462** gevallig  
geval

**463** gewoonlijk  
gewoon

**464** gloeiend mooi  
gloeien

**465** eershalve  
half

**466** gewapenderhand  
hand

**467** heuschelijk  
heusch

**468** overhoop  
hoop

**469** kantig  
kant

**470** eerlang  
lang

**471** terloops  
loop

**472** overluid  
luid

**473** midden door  
mid

**474** 's morgens  
morgen

**475** 's nachts  
nacht

**476** netjes  
net

**477** terecht  
recht

**478** slechts  
slecht

**479** stillekens  
stil

**480** straks  
strak

**481** omstreeks  
streek

**482** stuksgewijze  
stuk

**483** vaak  
vak

**484** verre  
ver

**485** volmaakt  
volmaken

**486** voortdurend  
voortduren

**487** waarlijk  
waar

**488** warmpjes  
warm

**489** mijnentwege  
weg

**490** zachtjes  
zacht

**491** zekerlijk  
zeker

**492** alleszins  
zin

## Lesson 44: exercise 125

**493** aangaande  
aangaan

**494** behoudens  
behouden

**495** gedurende  
duren

**496** ingevolge  
gevolg

**497** binnen  
in

**498** jegens  
jegen

**499** krachtens  
kracht

**500** langs  
lang

**501** naar  
na

**502** nopens  
nopen

**503** ondanks  
ondank

**504** omstreeks  
streek

**505** niettegenstaande  
tegenstaan

**506** tijdens  
tijd

**507** buiten  
uit

**508** volgens  
volgen

**509** wegens  
weg

**510** bezijden  
zijde

## Lesson 44: exercise 126

**511** behalve dat  
behalve

**512** dan dat  
dan

**513** bijaldien  
dien

**514** doordat  
door

**515** ten einde  
einde

**516** nademaal  
maal

**517** overmits  
mits

**518** waarom  
om

**519** opdat  
op

**520** sedert dat  
sedert

**521** sinds dat  
sinds

**522** terwijl  
wijl

**523** zonder dat  
zonder

**524** zodat  
zoo

## Lesson 44: exercise 127

**525** Rotterdam, 1 februari 1912. Geachte heren,  
Rotterdam, 1st February, 1912. Gentlemen,

**526** Ik neem de vrijheid u hierbij mee te delen dat ik vandaag in deze stad een wijnhandel heb opgericht, die ik onder de firma K. P. Aalsteker voor mijn eigen rekening zal drijven.  
I beg leave to inform you that I have to-day established a Wine Trade in this city, which I shall conduct on my own account under the firm of K. P. Aalsteker.

**527** Doordat ik jarenlang werkzaam ben geweest bij gerespecteerde huizen in deze branche, heb ik een degelijke ervaring in zaken en de nodige kennis van het vak opgedaan, zodat ik, gesteund door voldoende kapitaal, mijzelf in staat mag achten mijn zaak met succes te besturen.  
I have acquired, by being active for many years in respectable houses of this branch, a competent experience in business matters and the necessary knowledge of the branch, so that, supported by sufficient funds, I may consider myself able to manage the business of my house successfully.

**528** Het beginsel van de strengste degelijkheid zal mij bij al mijn ondernemingen tot richtsnoer dienen, en het zal steeds mijn streven zijn om het vertrouwen waarom ik u hierbij beleefd verzoek ten volle te beantwoorden, en de bestellingen die u mij hopelijk zult geven met alle zorg uit te voeren.  
The principle of the strictest loyalty will serve me as a guide in all my undertakings, and it will always be my endeavour to justify the confidence I now solicit and to bestow all possible care on the execution of the orders which you may be pleased to give me.

**529** U verzoekend kennis te nemen van mijn handtekening hieronder, heb ik de eer, met de meeste hoogachting, Karel P. Aalsteker, die zal tekenen: K. P. Aalsteker.  
Requesting you to take notice of my signature subjoined, I have the honour to be, Gentlemen, most respectfully Yours, Karel P. Aalsteker, who will sign: K. P. Aalsteker.

## Lesson 44: exercise 128

**530** Haarlem, 15 februari 1912. Geachte heren,  
Haarlem, 15th February, 1912. Gentlemen,

**531** Ik neem de vrijheid u mee te delen dat ik een fabriek van beslagartikelen heb opgericht, welke zaak ik van vandaag af in mijn eigen naam en voor mijn eigen rekening zal drijven.  
I take the liberty of apprising you that I have established a manufactory of Metal-Bindings, the business of which I shall carry on, from and after this day, in my own name and on my own account.

**532** Een goede waterkracht, evenals een inrichting van mijn fabriek die aan de nieuwste eisen voldoet, gepaard met een degelijke kennis van het vak en de nodige geldmiddelen, maken het mij mogelijk solide waar te fabriceren, die tegen billijke prijzen met andere kan concurreren.  
A good water-power as well as all the latest improvements, in connection with a thorough knowledge of the above line of business and the necessary capital resources, enable me to manufacture, at reasonable prices, an article substantial and able to defy competition.

**533** Een bestelling bij wijze van proef zal u ervan overtuigen dat mijn fabricaten in netheid en degelijkheid met die van andere fabrikanten kunnen wedijveren, en dat ze bovendien nog iets goedkoper zijn.  
An order by way of trial will convince you that my fabrics may rival those of other manufactures, both for their beauty and soundness, and that, besides, they are somewhat cheaper than those.

**534** Het zal mij een eer zijn u onder mijn klanten te vinden, en u kunt ervan overtuigd zijn dat ik u in ieder opzicht naar tevredenheid zal bedienen.  
I shall consider it an honour to see you among my customers, and you may be confident that I shall give you satisfaction in every respect.

**535** Ik voeg mijn prijscourant hierbij, en heb, met aanbeveling, de eer met alle achting te tekenen, Ferd. Witsenhoven.  
I subjoin my price-list, begging you to believe me, Sir, Your obedient servant, Ferd. Witsenhoven.

## Lesson 44: exercise 129

**536** Den Haag, 15 april 1912. Geachte heren,  
The Hague, 15th April, 1912. Gentlemen,

**537** Ik deel u mee dat ik de fabriekszaak, die ik tot dusver voor eigen rekening dreef onder de firma Mineraalwaterfabriek La Haye, Ph. Korthuis, vandaag heb verkocht aan de heer Theod. Slips.  
I have to inform you that I have sold to Mr. Theod. Slips the Factory-business hitherto carried on by me on my account under the firm of Mineraalwaterfabriek La Haye, Ph. Korthuis.

**538** De heer Slips zal de zaak onder de oude firma voortzetten en alle activa overnemen, er zijn geen schulden, en ik verzoek u het vertrouwen dat u mij hebt geschonken ook op hem over te brengen.  
Mr. Slips will continue my business under the old firm, taking upon himself all the assets (there are no debts) and I request you to transfer to him the confidence with which you have honoured myself.

**539** Ik betuig u mijn beste dank voor de gunst en steun die ik van u bij vele gelegenheden heb ondervonden, en ik houd het mij voor u later over mijn verdere ondernemingen te berichten.  
I return you my best thanks for the favour and support that I enjoyed at your hands on many occasions, and reserve to myself to acquaint you subsequently of my further enterprises.

**540** Inmiddels verblijf ik met de meeste hoogachting, Ph. Korthuis, die niet meer zal tekenen: Mineraalwaterfabriek La Haye, Ph. Korthuis.  
Meanwhile I remain, Gentlemen, Yours truly, Ph. Korthuis, who ceases to sign: Mineraalwaterfabriek La Haye, Ph. Korthuis.

## Lesson 44: exercise 130

**541** Den Haag, 15 april 1912. Geachte heren,  
The Hague, 15th April, 1912. Gentlemen,

**542** Uit de bijgaande circulaire blijkt u dat ik vandaag door aankoop eigenaar ben geworden van de fabriek die tot dusver door de heer Ph. Korthuis werd gedreven onder de firma Mineraalwaterfabriek La Haye, en ik verzoek u ook mij met uw vertrouwen te willen vereren.  
You will learn by the above circular that, from this day forth, I have purchased the factory hitherto worked by Mr. Ph. Korthuis under the style of Mineraalwaterfabriek La Haye, and I request you to grant me a continuance of the confidence with which you have honoured my predecessor.

**543** Ik zal ernaar streven de goede naam te behouden die de heer Ph. Korthuis altijd genoot, en ik zal het steeds als mijn plicht beschouwen te handelen volgens het beginsel van de strengste integriteit, dat deze heer bij elke gelegenheid in acht nam, in de hoop dat zij wier steun en welwillendheid ik vraag daarin de beste waarborg zullen zien voor de soliditeit van mijn zaak.  
I shall do my best to maintain the good reputation which Mr. Ph. Korthuis always enjoyed, and I shall always consider it a duty to act upon the principle of the strictest integrity, which the said gentleman observed on all occasions, hoping that those whose support and goodwill I solicit, will see therein the best guaranty for the solidity of my business.

**544** Wees ervan verzekerd dat ik er een punt van zal maken alle bestellingen waarmee u mij van nu af aan vereert naar tevredenheid uit te voeren, en geloof mij, met de meeste hoogachting, Theod. Slips, die zal tekenen: Mineraalwaterfabriek La Haye, Theod. Slips.  
Be sure that I shall make a point of despatching to your satisfaction all the orders with which you may honour me from this day, and believe me, Gentlemen, to be Your most obedient servant, Theod. Slips, who will sign: Mineraalwaterfabriek La Haye, Theod. Slips.

## Lesson 44: exercise 131

**545** Nijmegen, 1 maart 1912. Geachte heren,  
Nimwegen, 1st March, 1912. Gentlemen,

**546** Omdat mijn zaken in het buitenland mij herhaaldelijk weken en zelfs maanden van huis houden, heb ik vandaag mijn procuratie verleend aan de heer Joh. Zeeman, die al zeven jaar een trouwe medewerker van mij is.  
My foreign affairs repeatedly keeping me abroad for weeks and even months, I have this day given my procuration to Mr. Joh. Zeeman, for seven years my zealous assistant.

**547** Ik verzoek u alles wat hij voortaan in mijn naam zal doen te beschouwen alsof ik het zelf gedaan had.  
I request you to consider all that he will do in future in my name, as if it had been done by myself.

**548** Terwijl ik uw aandacht vestig op de handtekening van de heer Zeeman hieronder, maak ik van de gelegenheid gebruik om aan te bevelen mij ook verder uw welwillendheid te schenken, en teken met de meeste achting, P. Dorpers.  
Calling your attention to Mr. Zeeman's signature, which you will find here below, and embracing the opportunity to solicit a continuance of your custom and favours, I remain, Gentlemen, Your obedient servant, P. Dorpers.

**549** De heer Joh. Zeeman zal tekenen: per procuratie P. Dorpers, Joh. Zeeman.  
Mr. Joh. Zeeman will sign: P. Proc. P. Dorpers, Joh. Zeeman.

## Lesson 45: Grammatical figures: introduction, and prosthesis

### Changes in the shape of a word

Some words have changed their shape over time. A letter was added or lost, two sounds were joined, or two sounds swapped places.

A change of this kind is called a grammatical figure, or a word figure. Each kind of change has its own name.

These changes are not the endings that nouns and verbs take in a sentence. They are changes to the word itself.

### A letter added at the front

Prosthesis means that a letter is added to the front of a word. The Dutch name is voorvoeging.

Nijver means industrious. Compare ijver. Naarstig means diligent. Compare ernst. Herinneren means to remember. Compare erinneren.

Lommer means shadow. It comes from the French l'ombre.

**550** lommer  
shadow (French l'ombre)

**551** naarstig  
diligent (cf. ernst)

**552** nevens  
next to (cf. even)

**553** nijver  
industrious (cf. ijver)

**554** herinneren  
to remember (cf. erinneren)

**555** een hekel hebben aan  
to hate (something), (cf. akelig)

```
Grammatical figures: introduction, and prosthesis

Changes some words have undergone besides those of declension or conjugation, by adding or losing a letter, by contracting, or by inversion, are called grammatical figures or word figures.

Prosthesis (voorvoeging, prefixing a sound) adds a letter to the front of a word.
```

```
Apheresis

Apheresis (afwerping, dropping a sound) drops a letter from the front of a word.
```

```
Paragoge

Paragoge (achtervoeging, adding a sound) adds a letter to the end of a word.
```

```
Apocope

Apocope (afkapping, dropping a sound) drops a letter from the end of a word; it always drops the personal ending of the verb before je, and it has dropped the unaccented e from many words that carried one in Old Dutch, including the first person singular present and the imperative of weak verbs.
```

```
Assimilation

Assimilation (gelijkmaking, making alike) changes one sound to match a neighbouring one; sometimes the following consonant is assimilated, sometimes the preceding one.

A few from the list
korrel               grain (instead of kernel, koorn)
niettemin            nevertheless (niet de min)
uitentreuren         endlessly (uit den treuren)
balling              exile (banling)
misschien            perhaps (het mag geschien)
en                   and (enne instead of ende)
el                   ell
elleboog             elbow (elne)
klimmen              to climb (klimben)
om                   around (omme instead of ombe)
```

```
Syncope

Syncope (uitstooting, dropping a sound) drops a letter from the middle of a word; it has dropped a d from several words, and the e of the prefixes be and ge from many others.

A few from the list
Frans                French (Franksch)
koopmanij            trade (koopmannij)
boomgaard            orchard (boomgaerd)
kost                 food, board (konst, konde)
blussen              to extinguish (belesschen)
vreten               to devour (vereten)
pruik                wig (French perruque)
krant                newspaper (courant)
kraal                bead, coral (koraal)
krent                currant (korint)
```

```
Elision

Elision (uitlating, leaving a sound out) drops a whole unaccented syllable or sound from within a word; in poetry it occurs very often at the end of a word before a vowel.
```

```
Synalepha

Synalepha (samensmelting, blending together) fuses two sounds into one; the old genitive ending ds and the combinations ts or tz have both become plain s this way, and w has been dropped from a few words.

A few from the list
elkaar               each other (elkaer instead of elkander)
ter                  at the (te der)
ten                  at the (te den)
samen                together (te zamen)
samenkomen           to meet, come together
samenstelling        composition
gezamenlijk          jointly
inzamelen            to collect
verzamelen           to gather
willens en wetens    knowingly and willingly (willends en wetends)
```

```
Epenthesis

Epenthesis (invoeging, inserting a sound) inserts a letter into the middle of a word; Dutch has inserted an s, an n, an e, a d, and various consonants borrowed with foreign words, and has sometimes inserted an e between two consonants, which adds a whole syllable to the word.

A few from the list
jaksken              little jacket
vlagsken             little flag
jongsken             little boy
zinloos              senseless
zinneloos            insane
werkloos             without work
werkeloos            idle
bestuurder           director (besturen)
diender              policeman (dienen)
daalder              dollar (coin)
```

```
Metathesis

Metathesis (omsetting, transposing) swaps the order of two sounds in a word; it occurs especially with r, but also with l and, in one word, with two consonants at once.

A few from the list
barnen               to burn (branden)
barnsteen            amber
borst                breast
bord                 board (German Brett)
derde                third (drie)
dertien              thirteen (drie)
dorsen               to thrash
gort                 groats (grut)
godsvrucht           piety (German Gottesfurcht)
kerstmis             Christmas (Christus)
```

## Lesson 45: Apheresis

### A letter dropped from the front

Apheresis means that a letter is dropped from the front of a word. The Dutch name is afwerping. It is the opposite of prosthesis.

The short form 'k is used instead of ik, and 't instead of het. Er is used instead of der or daar.

Sperge was asperge. Okkernoot was nokkernoot. Azuur was lasuur.

**556** er  
there (instead of der or daar)

**557** 'k  
I (instead of ik)

**558** 't  
it, the (instead of het)

**559** arreslede  
sledge (narreslede)

**560** azuur  
azure (lasuur)

**561** abberdaan  
salt cod (labberdaan)

**562** aak  
long boat

**563** adder  
viper

**564** okkernoot  
walnut (nokkernoot)

**565** muts  
cap (amutse)

**566** sperge  
asparagus (asperge)

**567** pul  
jug (apul)

## Lesson 45: Paragoge

### A letter added at the end

Paragoge means that a letter is added to the end of a word. The Dutch name is achtervoeging.

Iemand and niemand are built on man, with a d added at the end. Burcht means castle. Compare burg in schouwburg.

Te mijnent means at my house. Te uwent means at your house. Both end in an added t.

**568** iemand  
someone (man)

**569** niemand  
no one (man)

**570** arend  
eagle (cf. Arnhem, adelaar)

**571** burcht  
castle (cf. schouwburg, burger, burgwal)

**572** borst  
lad

**573** schoen  
shoe

**574** toen  
then (orig. doe)

**575** te mijnent  
at my house

**576** te uwent  
at your house

**577** mijnentwege  
for my part

**578** onzenthalve  
for our sake

## Lesson 45: Apocope

### A letter dropped from the end

Apocope means that a letter is dropped from the end of a word. The Dutch name is afkapping.

In Old Dutch many words ended in an e without stress. Many lost it. Bed was bedde. Hart was harte. Heer was heere.

The ik form of the present and the imperative of weak verbs lost this e too. Ik neem was neme. Ik meen was meene.

### No personal ending before je

Before je, the verb always drops its personal ending.

Heb je means do you have. Ga je means are you going. Kom je means are you coming.

Other words lost a final letter as well. Is was ist. Als was alse.

**579** vergif  
poison (vergift)

**580** is  
is (instead of ist)

**581** heb je  
do you have

**582** ga je  
are you going

**583** kom je  
are you coming

**584** als  
if (alse)

**585** as  
ash (asche)

**586** bed  
bed (bedde)

**587** hart  
heart (harte)

**588** heer  
gentleman (heere)

**589** krib  
crib (kribbe)

**590** ik neem  
I take (instead of neme)

**591** ik meen  
I mean (instead of meene)

**592** ik dacht  
I thought (instead of dachte)

## Lesson 45: Assimilation

### One sound changes to match another

Assimilation means that one sound changes to match the sound next to it. The Dutch name is gelijkmaking, making alike.

Sometimes the sound after changes. Sometimes the sound before changes. Either way the two become alike.

Klimmen was klimben. The b changed to m, to match the m before it. Om was omme, instead of ombe. Penning was pending.

### How to read the list

Each entry gives the word, its meaning, and often the older form it came from.

Misschien means perhaps. It came from het mag geschien. Niettemin means nevertheless. It came from niet de min.

In each pair, find the two sounds that met. One of them changed to match the other.

### Assimilation

Assimilation (gelijkmaking, making alike) changes one sound to match a neighbouring one; sometimes the following consonant is assimilated, sometimes the preceding one.

**593** korrel  
grain (instead of kernel, koorn)

**594** niettemin  
nevertheless (niet de min)

**595** uitentreuren  
endlessly (uit den treuren)

**596** balling  
exile (banling)

**597** misschien  
perhaps (het mag geschien)

**598** en  
and (enne instead of ende)

**599** el  
ell

**600** elleboog  
elbow (elne)

**601** klimmen  
to climb (klimben)

**602** om  
around (omme instead of ombe)

**603** penning  
penny (pending, cf. pand)

**604** rillen  
to shiver (instead of ridlen, the obsolete rede, fever)

**605** as  
axle

**606** bus  
box

## Lesson 45: Syncope

### A letter dropped from the middle

Syncope means that a letter is dropped from the middle of a word. The Dutch name is uitstooting.

A d was dropped from several words. Blaar was blader. Paarlemoer was paarlemoeder. Dirk was Diederik.

The e of the prefixes be and ge was dropped from many more. Blijven was belijven. Glimp was gelimp.

In the list, compare each word with the older form after it. Krant came from courant.

### Syncope

Syncope (uitstooting, dropping a sound) drops a letter from the middle of a word; it has dropped a d from several words, and the e of the prefixes be and ge from many others.

**607** Frans  
French (Franksch)

**608** koopmanij  
trade (koopmannij)

**609** boomgaard  
orchard (boomgaerd)

**610** kost  
food, board (konst, konde)

**611** blussen  
to extinguish (belesschen)

**612** vreten  
to devour (vereten)

**613** pruik  
wig (French perruque)

**614** krant  
newspaper (courant)

**615** kraal  
bead, coral (koraal)

**616** krent  
currant (korint)

**617** blaar  
blister (blader)

**618** bleu  
shy (bloode)

**619** graag  
gladly (gradeg, hungry)

**620** keu  
cue (keude, cf. kodde, stick)

## Lesson 45: Elision

### A whole syllable left out

A syllable is one part of a word said in one push of breath. Thuis has one syllable. Binnen has two.

Elision means that a whole syllable or sound without stress is left out from within a word. The Dutch name is uitlating.

Binnen was be-innen. Buiten was be-uiten. Thuis was te huis. Thans was te hands.

### Elision in poetry

In poetry elision is very common at the end of a word, when the next word begins with a vowel.

Liefd' en haat means love and hate. Aard' en hemel means earth and heaven. The apostrophe shows the lost e.

**621** binnen  
within (be-innen)

**622** boven  
above (be-oven, cf. over)

**623** buiten  
outside (be-uiten)

**624** bang  
afraid (be-ang, cf. angst)

**625** tevens  
at the same time (te-even-s)

**626** telkens  
each time (te-elken-s)

**627** thuis  
at home (te huis)

**628** thans  
now (te hands)

**629** althans  
at least (al te hands)

**630** nochtans  
nevertheless (from nochdans)

**631** liefd' en haat  
love and hate

**632** aard' en hemel  
earth and heaven

## Lesson 45: Synalepha

### Two sounds fused into one

Synalepha means that two sounds are fused into one. The Dutch name is samensmelting, blending together.

Ter was te der. Ten was te den. Samen was te zamen.

The old genitive ending ds changed to plain s. Volgens was volgends. 's Morgens was des morgens. The combinations ts and tz also changed to plain s.

A w was dropped from a few words. Zoet was zwoet. Zuster was zwuster.

### Synalepha

Synalepha (samensmelting, blending together) fuses two sounds into one; the old genitive ending ds and the combinations ts or tz have both become plain s this way, and w has been dropped from a few words.

**633** elkaar  
each other (elkaer instead of elkander)

**634** ten  
at the (te den)

**635** samenkomen  
to meet, come together

**636** gezamenlijk  
jointly

**637** verzamelen  
to gather

**638** volgens  
according to (volgends)

**639** 's avonds  
in the evening (des avonds)

**640** sinds  
since

**641** best  
best

**642** versieren  
to adorn

**643** sidderen  
to tremble

**644** krans  
wreath

**645** walsen  
to waltz

**646** zoel  
mild (instead of zwoel)

## Lesson 45: Epenthesis

### A letter inserted in the middle

Epenthesis means that a letter is inserted into the middle of a word. The Dutch name is invoeging.

Dutch has inserted an s, an n, an e or a d. Foreign words brought in other consonants.

Jaksken means little jacket. Bestuurder means director, from besturen. Plaveien means to pave, from the French paver.

Sometimes an e went in between two consonants. This adds a whole syllable. Zinloos means senseless. Zinneloos means insane.

### Epenthesis

Epenthesis (invoeging, inserting a sound) inserts a letter into the middle of a word; Dutch has inserted an s, an n, an e, a d, and various consonants borrowed with foreign words, and has sometimes inserted an e between two consonants, which adds a whole syllable to the word.

**647** jaksken  
little jacket

**648** zinloos  
senseless

**649** werkeloos  
idle

**650** daalder  
dollar (coin)

**651** zindelijk  
clean

**652** bevrijden  
to free

**653** spieden  
to spy

**654** helder  
clear

**655** kolder  
nonsense

**656** boender  
scrubbing brush

**657** gaanderij  
gallery

**658** hoenders  
fowls

**659** plaveien  
to pave (French paver)

**660** stroop  
syrup (French sirope)

## Lesson 45: Metathesis

### Two sounds change places

Metathesis means that two sounds swap their order in a word. The Dutch name is omsetting, transposing.

It occurs most with r, and also with l. In one word two consonants swap at once.

Derde means third. It comes from drie. In drie the r comes before the vowel. In derde it comes after it. Vers means fresh. Compare frisch.

Kabeljauw was bakeljauw. The b and the k changed places.

### Metathesis

Metathesis (omsetting, transposing) swaps the order of two sounds in a word; it occurs especially with r, but also with l and, in one word, with two consonants at once.

**661** barnen  
to burn (branden)

**662** barnsteen  
amber

**663** borst  
breast

**664** bord  
board (German Brett)

**665** derde  
third (drie)

**666** dertien  
thirteen (drie)

**667** dorsen  
to thrash

**668** gort  
groats (grut)

**669** godsvrucht  
piety (German Gottesfurcht)

**670** kerstmis  
Christmas (Christus)

**671** nooddruft  
indigence (German Notdurft)

**672** pers  
press (pressen)

**673** torsen  
to carry on the back (tros)

**674** vers  
fresh (frisch)

## Bilderdijk

**675** Bilderdijk  
Bilderdijk

**676** Op mijn dagelijkse weg naar het Leidse Gymnasium werd in 1822, bij de Ruïne, mijn aandacht eens bijzonder getrokken door een eerder kleine dan middelmatig grote man, een met slepend been (à la Byron) strompelend voortstappende grijsaard, met een driekantige hoed of punthoed, een geklede rok of staatsierok, een korte broek, lang vest, alles deftig zwart, en met strikschoenen aan zijn voeten.  
On my daily way to the Leiden Gymnasium, my attention was once especially drawn, in 1822, near the Ruïne, by a man rather small than middling tall, a grey old man shuffling along with a dragging leg (à la Byron), with a three-cornered hat or a pointed hat, a dress coat or a ceremonial coat, short breeches, a long waistcoat, everything solemnly black, and with buckled shoes on his feet.

**677** In zijn rechterhand hield hij een steunstok, maar zijn linkerhand rustte op de rechterschouder van een jongetje, dat hem een paar kinderstappen vooruitging, op de manier zoals men Belisarius wel afgebeeld ziet met een jongetje dat de oude blinde man begeleidt.  
In his right hand he held a walking stick, but his left rested on the right shoulder of a small boy, who walked a couple of children's steps ahead of him, in the way one sometimes sees Belisarius pictured with a little boy who guides the old blind man.

**678** Dat was Bilderdijk, vergezeld van zijn tienjarige zoontje, Lodewijk Willem.  
That was Bilderdijk, accompanied by his ten-year-old little son, Lodewijk Willem.

**679** Zo zag ik de dichter voor het eerst, en te meer bleef ik op het vreemdsoortige koppel staren, omdat een burgerman die oude heer, als tegen wil en dank, scheen staande te houden, maar van hem geen ander antwoord kreeg dan het duidelijk hoorbare: “je vermoordt me met je briefjes!”, waarmee hij dan ook eindelijk genoegen moest nemen en werd afgescheept.  
So I saw the poet for the first time, and I kept staring all the more at the strange pair, because a townsman seemed to be stopping that old gentleman, as if against his will, but got from him no other answer than the clearly audible: “you're murdering me with your notes!”, with which he then finally had to be content and was sent packing.

**680** Financieel bezwaar was hier merkbaar in het spel.  
Financial trouble was noticeably at play here.

**681** Datzelfde jaar schreef hij aan Michiel De Haas, een vriend in Den Haag: “Je vraagt mij acht gulden te leen, ik heb ze niet, maar heb ze geleend. Daar is het geld! Mijn toestand brengt mee dat ik nooit meer geld in huis heb dan van tijd tot tijd volstrekt nodig is. Maar ik bid je, pijnig mij niet meer.”  
That same year he wrote to Michiel De Haas, a friend in The Hague: “You ask me for eight guilders on loan, I do not have them, but I have borrowed them. There is the money! My situation means that I never have more money in the house than is strictly necessary from time to time. But I beg you, torment me no more.”

**682** “Tussen geldbezit en dichtkunst is van oudsher de betrekking nooit erg nauw geweest: van Homerus tot Camoens en Cervantes, en van dezen tot Vondel en Bilderdijk”, zegt Da Costa, “loopt een onuitwisbare spoorlijn, genaamd Geldgebrek, over het uitgestrekte, dorre veld van nationale ongevoeligheid.”  
“Between the possession of money and the art of poetry the relationship has never, from of old, been very close: from Homer down to Camoens and Cervantes, and from these down to Vondel and Bilderdijk,” says Da Costa, “runs an ineffaceable trail, named Lack of Money, across the vast, barren field of national insensitivity.”

**683** Dr. Wap.  
Dr. Wap.

## Lesson 45: exercise 132

**684** Rotterdam, 3 april 1912. De heer Fr. Knoppers, machinefabrikant, Venlo. Geachte heer,  
Rotterdam, 3d April, 1912. Mr. Fr. Knoppers, Machine Manufacturer, Venlo. Sir,

**685** Door de heer C. Max, alhier, op uw firma opmerkzaam gemaakt, zenden wij u hierbij de tekeningen van 3 stempelmachines, en verzoeken u ons per omgaande te melden, tegen welke prijs en binnen hoeveel tijd u die kunt leveren.  
Being indebted for your address to Mr. C. Max of this place, we transmit you annexed the surveys of 3 Key-Groove Engines, requesting you to let us know by return of post at what price and within what time you will be able to deliver them.

**686** We merken daarbij op dat we op de grootst mogelijke spoed aandringen en dat de termijn van levering in geen geval later mag zijn dan 1 mei.  
We note at the same time that the affair is very urgent, and the period of delivery must not be beyond the 1st of May.

**687** Als u ons billijk en goed bedient, kunnen wij u nog verscheidene orders in het vooruitzicht stellen, aangezien wij voor de volledige inrichting van onze fabriek nog veel machines nodig hebben. Hoogachtend, Gerards & Kroese.  
If you serve us well and at a fair price, we shall, most likely, give you some more orders, as for completing the accommodations of our factory we still want rather a great number of engines. Your obedient servants, Gerards & Kroese.

## Lesson 45: exercise 133

**688** Venlo, 5 april 1912. De heren Gerards & Kroese, Rotterdam. Geachte heren,  
Venlo, 5th April, 1912. Messrs. Gerards & Kroese, Rotterdam. Gentlemen,

**689** Ik zie met genoegen uit uw brief van de 3e dezer dat u mij de vervaardiging van drie stempelmachines wilt opdragen, en ik verklaar mij bereid ze u tegen 1 mei te leveren.  
I am glad to see from your favour of the 3d inst. that you wish to charge me with making three Key-Groove Engines, and declare that I am prepared to deliver them to you by the 1st of May.

**690** Berekend naar de mij toegezonden tekeningen, komen de 3 machines op 1400 gulden, hier te leveren tegen contant, namelijk nr. 1 op 550 gulden, nr. 2 op 500 gulden en nr. 3 op 350 gulden.  
Calculated from your surveys, the 3 engines will cost Fl. 1400, delivered here for cash, viz. No. 1, Fl. 550, No. 2, Fl. 500, and No. 3, Fl. 350.

**691** Ik heb de prijzen zo laag gesteld dat er, goed werk verondersteld, door de concurrentie geen goedkopere aanbieding gedaan zal worden, en ik mag dus hopen dat u mij de levering van die machines zult opdragen; in welk geval ik, de korte leveringstermijn in aanmerking genomen, om uw spoedig bericht verzoek. Hoogachtend, Fr. Knoppers.  
In quoting those prices, I have made you all possible allowance, so that, a good workmanship supposed, my competitors will not make any cheaper offers; therefore I venture to hope you will charge me with manufacturing the said engines; in which case I request an immediate answer, because the period for delivery is a very short one, Your obedient servant, Fr. Knoppers.

## Lesson 45: exercise 134

**692** Kampen, 15 maart 1912. De heren Zadelhof & Timmermans, Amsterdam. Geachte heren,  
Kampen, 15th March, 1912. Messrs. Zadelhof & Timmermans, Amsterdam. Gentlemen,

**693** Ik neem de vrijheid mij met het beleefde verzoek tot u te wenden of u mij zou willen toestaan mijn accepten bij uw huis betaalbaar te stellen, en op welke voorwaarden.  
I take the liberty of asking you whether and upon what terms you would permit me to domiciliate my bills at your respected house.

**694** Het zou een jaarlijkse omzet van ongeveer 80.000 gulden betreffen, waarbij de op mij getrokken wissels altijd aanzienlijke bedragen zouden zijn: zeer zelden minder dan 2.000 gulden, en nooit minder dan 1.000 gulden.  
The mentioned bills would comprise transactions of about Fl. 80000, and the amounts of the single appoints always be considerable: very seldom less than Fl. 2000, and never less than Fl. 1000.

**695** Ik zou het mij tot plicht rekenen u altijd enkele dagen voor de vervaldag van voldoende dekking te voorzien. Uw antwoord tegemoet ziende, met de meeste hoogachting, Jan Knap.  
I should deem it my duty always to provide you with funds some days before expiration. Looking forward to your answer, I remain, Gentlemen, Yours respectfully, Jan Knap.

## Lesson 45: exercise 135

**696** Amsterdam, 18 maart 1912. De heer Jan Knap, Kampen. Geachte heer,  
Amsterdam, 18th March, 1912. Mr. Jan Knap, Kampen. Sir,

**697** In antwoord op uw brief van de 15e dezer hebben wij de eer u te melden dat wij graag instemmen met uw wens de op u getrokken wissels bij ons huis betaalbaar te stellen.  
In reply to your favour of 15th inst., we have the honour to state that we willingly agree with your wish to make the drafts on you payable at our house.

**698** Gezien het vooruitzicht dat u ons biedt op een omzet van 80.000 gulden per jaar, betaalbaar in bedragen niet minder dan 1.000 gulden, berekenen wij u slechts 1/100 provisie, en zenden wij u de betaalde wissels franco toe.  
Considering you promise transactions of Fl. 80000 per annum, payable in appoints not less than Fl. 1000, we will charge you a commission of 1/100 only, and send you the honoured bills postpaid.

**699** Wij hopen dat u deze billijke voorwaarden zult aannemen, en zien uw antwoord tegemoet. Hoogachtend, Zadelhof & Timmermans.  
We hope you will accept the moderate conditions which we offer you, and look forward to your answer. Your obedient servants, Zadelhof & Timmermans.

## Lesson 45: exercise 136

**700** Rotterdam, 1 mei 1912. De heren Hoffmann & Bar, Wenen. Geachte heren,  
Rotterdam, 1st May, 1912. Messrs. Hoffmann & Bar, Vienna. Gentlemen,

**701** Het is ons een genoegen u de heer Adolf Strelitski, brenger van deze brief, voor te stellen, die naar uw stad vertrekt om nieuwe handelsbetrekkingen aan te knopen.  
We have the pleasure of introducing to you Mr. Adolf Strelitski, bearer of the present, who is going to start for your town in order to prepare new business connections.

**702** U zult ons zeer verplichten door hem met uw raad en plaatskennis behulpzaam te zijn. Aangezien de heer S. een bekwaam en degelijk man van zaken is, kunnen wij hem bij u aanbevelen en verzoeken wij u hem welwillend te ontvangen.  
You will oblige us very much by aiding him with your counsels and local knowledge. As Mr. S. is an able and respectable man of business, we may recommend him to you, and request you to receive him in a friendly manner.

**703** Wij betuigen u reeds bij voorbaat onze beste dank voor elke vriendelijkheid die u de heer S. bewijst, en tekenen met de meeste achting, Wijnandts & Fock.  
We thank you beforehand for all kindness you will evince towards Mr. S., and remain Yours respectfully, Wijnandts & Fock.

## Lesson 45: exercise 137

**704** Amsterdam, 15 mei 1912. De heer Francesco Cirio, Milaan. Geachte heer,  
Amsterdam, 15th May, 1912. Mr. Francesco Cirio, Milan. Sir,

**705** Ik heb de eer bij u een krediet te openen van 12000 lire, zegge twaalfduizend lire, ten gunste van de heer A. Harinxma, vennoot van de zeer geachte firma Harinxma & Co.  
I have the honour to open with you a credit for £12000, I say Twelve Thousand Lires, in favour of Mr. A. Harinxma, partner of the most respectable house Harinxma & Co.

**706** Wees zo goed aan mijn vriend, tot dit bedrag, de sommen die hij mocht verlangen vrij van kosten uit te betalen, en uzelf naar believen te verhalen op wat ik u zal schuldig zijn, nadat u mij vooraf een duplicaat van de kwitantie hebt toegezonden.  
Please to make payments to my friend, to the amount of the said sum, without deducting your charges, and to re-imburse yourself at your convenience for what I shall owe you, after having transmitted me beforehand one of the duplicate receipts.

**707** Hoogachtend, T. Borromeo.  
I am, Sir, very truly, Your obedient servant, T. Borromeo.

## Lesson 45: exercise 138

**708** Middelburg, 18 mei 1912. De heren Schaap & Bonte, Amsterdam. Geachte heren,  
Middelburg, 18th May, 1912. Messrs. Schaap & Bonte, Amsterdam. Gentlemen,

**709** Hierbij zend ik u 12.000 gulden aan Rotterdamse tramaandelen, die ik u verzoek zo goed mogelijk te verkopen, maar niet beneden 95; de opbrengst wilt u zo goed zijn tot mijn beschikking te houden.  
Herewith I send you Fl. 12000 Rotterdam Tramway Shares, which please to sell at the best price possible, but not below 95; the net proceeds you will be so kind as to hold at my disposal.

**710** Uw berichten tegemoet ziende, hoogachtend, P. C. de Graaf.  
Looking forward to your news, Gentlemen, I remain Yours obediently, P. C. de Graaf.

## Lesson 45: exercise 139

**711** Amsterdam, 21 mei 1912. De heer P. C. de Graaf, Middelburg. Geachte heer,  
Amsterdam, 21st May, 1912. Mr. P. C. de Graaf, Middelburg. Sir,

**712** De 12.000 gulden aan Rotterdamse tramaandelen, die u ons met uw brief van de 18e dezer toezond, hebben wij weten te verkopen tegen 95½, vrij van onkosten, en wij hebben u daarvoor met 11.400 gulden gecrediteerd, over welk bedrag u naar believen kunt beschikken.  
The Fl. 12000 Rotterdam Tramway Shares, which you sent us with your letter of the 18th inst., we have succeeded in selling at the rate of 95½, free of charges, and credited you accordingly for Fl. 11400, which amount we keep at your disposal.

**713** Mocht u dit bedrag weer in aandelen willen beleggen, dan bevelen wij u als een solide en steeds in koers stijgend papier de aandelen van de Amsterdamse Bouwvereniging aan, tegen 87½.  
If you might intend to invest this sum again in shares, we recommend to your attention as a solid paper the course of which is constantly rising, the shares of the Amsterdam Building Company at 87½.

**714** Met bijvoeging van onze nieuwste koersnotering, hoogachtend, Schaap & Bonte.  
Subjoining our latest exchange-list, we remain, Sir, Yours respectfully, Schaap & Bonte.

## Lesson 45: exercise 140

**715** Kampen, 1 mei 1912. De heren Gebr. Bastings, Rotterdam. Geachte heren,  
Kampen, 1st May, 1912. Messrs. Bastings Brothers, Rotterdam. Gentlemen,

**716** De heer E. Pronk, van de firma Pronk & Co., alhier, heeft mij meegedeeld dat binnenkort bij u de betrekking van correspondent openkomt, en ik neem de vrijheid u beleefd mijn diensten aan te bieden; sta mij toe u hieronder een kort overzicht van mijn loopbaan tot heden te geven.  
Mr. E. Pronk of the firm of Pronk & Co. of this town informed me that in a short time the place of corresponding clerk would become vacant, and I take the liberty of tendering you my services for filling it in; allow me, therefore, to describe to you the career I have hitherto had.

**717** Ik ben een zoon van de fabrikant H. K. Zandvliet te Tiel, en ik heb mijn schoolopleiding te Arnhem genoten. In het begin van mijn vijftiende jaar kwam ik als leerling op het kantoor van de heer C. H. Klaverweide te Arnhem, van wie ik, toen mijn leertijd eindigde, het bijgaande getuigschrift mocht ontvangen, waarin hij bevestigt dat ik mij tot het einde tot zijn volle tevredenheid heb gedragen.  
I am the son of the manufacturer H. K. Zandvliet at Tiel, and I was educated at Arnhem. At the beginning of my 15th year I commenced my articles with Mr. C. H. Klaverweide at Arnhem, who when I had completed my time of apprenticeship gave me the certificate annexed, in which he confirms that till the end I had conducted myself to his full satisfaction.

**718** Op 15 oktober 1885 ben ik, als bediende belast met de facturen, in dienst getreden bij de papierfabriek te Kampen, waar ik tot op heden werkzaam ben als correspondent.  
It was on the 15th of Oct. 1885 that, as a clerk entrusted with the invoices, I entered the Paper-Mill of Kampen, in which I have been up to this day as corresponding clerk.

**719** Als u, gezien alles wat ik heb gezegd, besluit mij de betrekking in kwestie toe te vertrouwen, kunt u ervan verzekerd zijn dat ik mijn best zal doen om deze naar uw tevredenheid te vervullen.  
If, considering all that I have said, you resolve to confide to me the place in question, you may be sure that I shall do my best to fill it to your satisfaction.

**720** U verzoekend mij met uw vertrouwen te begunstigen, dat ik niet zal nalaten te rechtvaardigen, spreek ik de hoop uit gunstig bericht van u te ontvangen, en verblijf, met verzekering van mijn bijzondere hoogachting, Joh. Zandvliet.  
Requesting you to favour me with your confidence, which I should not fail to justify, I express my hope to receive favourable news from you, and remain, Gentlemen, with the assurance of my particular esteem, Yours obediently, Joh. Zandvliet.