{"course":{"lang":"nl","language":"Dutch","title":"Dutch Conversation-Grammar","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/nl","source":"Valette, Dutch Conversation-Grammar (1913) and its Key (1893); Defense Language Institute, Dutch Refresher Course, Books I to III (1961). Public domain. The teaching pages, the readings' English, the answers to the conversations and the narration are ours."},"unit":{"number":13,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01","title":"Unit 1: The Dutch Sound System","stage":"Refresher Course, Book I","situation":"The Dutch Sound System","outcome":"The vowels, semivowels, liquids and nasals, stops and fricatives, clusters, special sounds and stress of Dutch, heard and said.","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/nl/13","lines":482},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/courses/nl/12","next":"https://1732studios.com/courses/nl/14","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/","sections":[{"title":"The Vowels: practice 1, part 1","teaching":[{"title":"Front tongue, rounded lips","paragraphs":["Put the tongue where it is for [ie]. Now round the lips as for [oe]. The result is Dutch [uu], a front rounded vowel.","English has no front rounded vowels. Dutch has a whole series of them: [uu], [u], [eu] and [ui].","Listen to wie, nu and hoe. They go from front unrounded to front rounded to back rounded."]}],"lines":[{"number":1,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p1.1","source":"wie - Dat is een biet.","translation":"who - That's a beet.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p1.1.m4a"},{"number":2,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p1.2","source":"nu - Ze spelen buut.","translation":"now - They're playing hide-and-seek.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p1.2.m4a"},{"number":3,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p1.3","source":"hoe - Dat is te zoet.","translation":"how - That's too sweet.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p1.3.m4a"},{"number":4,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p1.4","source":"tin - Dat is een pit.","translation":"tin - That's a pit.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p1.4.m4a"},{"number":5,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p1.5","source":"dun - Dat is een put.","translation":"thin - That's a well.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p1.5.m4a"},{"number":6,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p1.6","source":"ton - Dat is de zon.","translation":"ton - That's the sun.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p1.6.m4a"},{"number":7,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p1.7","source":"mier - Ze drinken bier.","translation":"ant - They're drinking beer.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p1.7.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1819,"text":"Front rounded vowels\n\nDLI Dutch Refresher Course (1961), Book I, Lesson 1: The Vowels.\n\nWhat will happen if you pronounce a vowel with the front tongue position of [ie] but the rounded lips of [oe]? The result is Dutch [uu], a front rounded vowel. Though English has no front rounded vowels, Dutch has a whole series of them: front tongue position + rounded lips = front rounded vowel sound. As for ie oe: i o; as for ɛ ɔ: ei ou ui. The following lists of words and phrases give you a chance to practice the Dutch vowel sounds described above. Listen to each word or phrase as it is spoken on the tape, and then repeat it in the pause which follows immediately afterwards. Pronounce everything with as thick a Dutch accent as possible. The results will probably sound queer to you. At least, they ought to. If they don’t, you are pronouncing English sounds rather than Dutch sounds. From “front unrounded” to “front rounded” to “back rounded”:"}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"The Vowels: practice 1, part 2","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":8,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p1.8","source":"muur - Dat is mijn buur.","translation":"wall - That's my neighbor.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p1.8.m4a"},{"number":9,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p1.9","source":"moer - Dat is een boer.","translation":"nut - That's a farmer.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p1.9.m4a"},{"number":10,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p1.10","source":"zee - een kleine beek","translation":"sea - a little brook","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p1.10.m4a"},{"number":11,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p1.11","source":"keu - een kleine beuk","translation":"billiard cue - a little beech (tree)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p1.11.m4a"},{"number":12,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p1.12","source":"zo - een kleine boom","translation":"so - a little tree","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p1.12.m4a"},{"number":13,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p1.13","source":"bij - de hele tijd","translation":"by - the whole time","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p1.13.m4a"},{"number":14,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p1.14","source":"bui - de hele buit","translation":"shower - the whole loot","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p1.14.m4a"},{"number":15,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p1.15","source":"bouw - de hele bout","translation":"build - the whole bolt","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p1.15.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"The Vowels: practice 2, part 1","teaching":[{"title":"From high to low","paragraphs":["These words go from a high tongue to a low tongue. Listen to biet, bit and bed. The tongue sinks with each word.","Listen to toen, ton and tot. Then say each word and match the height."]}],"lines":[{"number":16,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p2.1","source":"biet - Dat is te vies.","translation":"beet - That's too dirty.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p2.1.m4a"},{"number":17,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p2.2","source":"bit - Dat is een vis.","translation":"bit - That's a fish.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p2.2.m4a"},{"number":18,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p2.3","source":"bed - Dat is een mes.","translation":"bed - That's a knife.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p2.3.m4a"},{"number":19,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p2.4","source":"buut - Ze spelen buut.","translation":"hide-and-seek - They're playing hide-and-seek.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p2.4.m4a"},{"number":20,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p2.5","source":"put - een kleine hut","translation":"well - a little cabin","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p2.5.m4a"},{"number":21,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p2.6","source":"toen - Dat is een hoek.","translation":"then - That's a corner.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p2.6.m4a"},{"number":22,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p2.7","source":"ton - Dat is een bom.","translation":"ton - That's a bomb.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p2.7.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1819,"text":"The Vowels\n\nDLI Dutch Refresher Course (1961), Book I, Lesson 1: The Vowels.\n\nNext, from “high” to “low”:"}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"The Vowels: practice 2, part 2","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":23,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p2.8","source":"tot - Dat is een hok.","translation":"until - That's a kennel.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p2.8.m4a"},{"number":24,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p2.9","source":"dat - Dat is een hak.","translation":"that - That's a heel.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p2.9.m4a"},{"number":25,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p2.10","source":"mier - Dat is een dier.","translation":"ant - That's an animal.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p2.10.m4a"},{"number":26,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p2.11","source":"mee - Dat is een beer.","translation":"with, along - That's a bear.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p2.11.m4a"},{"number":27,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p2.12","source":"mei - Dat is een dijk.","translation":"May - That's a dike.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p2.12.m4a"},{"number":28,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p2.13","source":"ja - Dat is een haak.","translation":"yes - That's a hook.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p2.13.m4a"},{"number":29,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p2.14","source":"huur - Dat is te duur.","translation":"rent - That's too expensive.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p2.14.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"The Vowels: practice 2, part 3","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":30,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p2.15","source":"heus - Dat is mijn neus.","translation":"really - That's my nose.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p2.15.m4a"},{"number":31,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p2.16","source":"huis - Dat is een muis.","translation":"house - That's a mouse.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p2.16.m4a"},{"number":32,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p2.17","source":"voer - Heb je een moer?","translation":"sailed - Do you have a nut?","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p2.17.m4a"},{"number":33,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p2.18","source":"zo - Heb je een moot?","translation":"so - Do you have a piece?","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p2.18.m4a"},{"number":34,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p2.19","source":"zou - Heb je het mout?","translation":"should - Do you have the malt?","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p2.19.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"The Vowels: practice 3, part 1","teaching":[{"title":"Short against long","paragraphs":["These pairs set a short vowel against a long one. Listen to pit and peet. Then listen to bon and boon.","Say each pair. Keep the short vowel brief and let the long vowel last."]}],"lines":[{"number":35,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p3.1","source":"wie - Dat is een dief.","translation":"who - That's a thief.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p3.1.m4a"},{"number":36,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p3.2","source":"wier - Dat is een dier.","translation":"seaweed - That's an animal.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p3.2.m4a"},{"number":37,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p3.3","source":"U - Hoe laat is het nu?","translation":"you - How late is it now?","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p3.3.m4a"},{"number":38,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p3.4","source":"uur - een half uur","translation":"hour - half an hour","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p3.4.m4a"},{"number":39,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p3.5","source":"moe - Dat is een boek.","translation":"tired - That's a book.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p3.5.m4a"},{"number":40,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p3.6","source":"moer - Dat is een boer.","translation":"nut - That's a farmer.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p3.6.m4a"},{"number":41,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p3.7","source":"pit - veel te dik","translation":"pit - much too fat","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p3.7.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1819,"text":"The Vowels\n\nDLI Dutch Refresher Course (1961), Book I, Lesson 1: The Vowels.\n\nFinally, “short” vs. “long”:"}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"The Vowels: practice 3, part 2","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":42,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p3.8","source":"peet - een hele week","translation":"godfather - a whole week","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p3.8.m4a"},{"number":43,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p3.9","source":"put - veel te dun","translation":"well - much too thin","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p3.9.m4a"},{"number":44,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p3.10","source":"leuk - een oude deun","translation":"fun - an old tune","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p3.10.m4a"},{"number":45,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p3.11","source":"bon - de hele bom","translation":"coupon - the whole bomb","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p3.11.m4a"},{"number":46,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p3.12","source":"boon - de hele boom","translation":"bean - the whole tree","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p3.12.m4a"},{"number":47,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p3.13","source":"bed - tegen de wet","translation":"bed - against the law","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p3.13.m4a"},{"number":48,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p3.14","source":"bijt - veel te wijd","translation":"(I) bite - much too wide","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p3.14.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"The Vowels: practice 3, part 3","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":49,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p3.15","source":"kot - veel te zot","translation":"kennel - much too foolish","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p3.15.m4a"},{"number":50,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p3.16","source":"koud - veel te zout","translation":"cold - much too salty","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p3.16.m4a"},{"number":51,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p3.17","source":"kas - een oude man","translation":"cashier's office - an old man","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p3.17.m4a"},{"number":52,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p3.18","source":"kaas - een volle maan","translation":"cheese - a full moon","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p3.18.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"The Vowels: practice 4","teaching":[{"title":"The weak vowel","paragraphs":["This vowel is always unstressed. English has a similar vowel in normal, sloppy speech. Say what do you know as whaddə yə know.","Dutch has it in de man, in the last e of beide, and in the two weak e's of enkele.","A stressed syllable is said loud, and this vowel never occurs in it. Its special letter is [ē]. Dutch spelling writes it with the plain letter e."]}],"lines":[{"number":53,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p4.1","source":"de man","translation":"the man","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p4.1.m4a"},{"number":54,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p4.2","source":"te duur","translation":"too expensive","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p4.2.m4a"},{"number":55,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p4.3","source":"bezit","translation":"possession","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p4.3.m4a"},{"number":56,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p4.4","source":"beide","translation":"both","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p4.4.m4a"},{"number":57,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p4.5","source":"enkele","translation":"some, a few","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p4.5.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1819,"text":"Unstressed [ē]\n\nDLI Dutch Refresher Course (1961), Book I, Lesson 1: The Vowels.\n\nThis vowel sound is always unstressed. In the following practice exercises we shall mark it for you in two ways. First, we shall place a little tick ['] in front of syllables which are stressed (said loud), and in which the [ē] sound therefore cannot occur; secondly, we shall spell the sound with the special letter [ē], even though Dutch spelling generally uses the regular letter e for it. The sound itself is much like a similar unstressed vowel in English, for which we also have no special spelling. Say the following English sentences in a normal, “sloppy” pronunciation, and you will see what we mean: Regular spelling / Normal pronunciation. Examples: what do you know / ‘whaddə yə ‘know; the back of the house / thə ‘back ə thə ‘house; the top of the hill / thə ‘top ə thə ‘hill. Here are some examples of the similar Dutch vowel:"}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"The Vowels: practice 5","teaching":[{"title":"The ending -en","paragraphs":["In the west, the ending -en is usually said with the weak vowel [ē]. Westerners say the final n only in very careful speech.","Easterners say the n regularly. Listen for the weak ending in lezen, leven and bezitten."]}],"lines":[{"number":58,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p5.1","source":"lezen","translation":"to read","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p5.1.m4a"},{"number":59,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p5.2","source":"leven","translation":"to live","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p5.2.m4a"},{"number":60,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p5.3","source":"bezitten","translation":"to own","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p5.3.m4a"},{"number":61,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p5.4","source":"beseffen","translation":"to realize","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p5.4.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1819,"text":"The Vowels\n\nDLI Dutch Refresher Course (1961), Book I, Lesson 1: The Vowels.\n\nIn the western part of the Dutch-Flemish area the spelling -en at the end of a word is also usually pronounced [ē]. Westerners pronounce the final -n only when they are speaking very carefully; only the easterners pronounce it regularly."}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"The Vowels: practice 6","teaching":[{"title":"The endings -lijk and -ig","paragraphs":["The endings -lijk and -ig also use the weak vowel. Listen to heerlijk and vriendelijk.","Then listen to handig and twintig. Listen for the weak vowel in the last syllable."]}],"lines":[{"number":62,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p6.1","source":"heerlijk","translation":"splendid","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p6.1.m4a"},{"number":63,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p6.2","source":"vriendelijk","translation":"friendly","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p6.2.m4a"},{"number":64,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p6.3","source":"handig","translation":"handy","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p6.3.m4a"},{"number":65,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p6.4","source":"twintig","translation":"twenty","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p6.4.m4a"},{"number":66,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p6.5","source":"slaperig","translation":"sleepy","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p6.5.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1819,"text":"The Vowels\n\nDLI Dutch Refresher Course (1961), Book I, Lesson 1: The Vowels.\n\nThe suffixes -lijk and -ig are also pronounced with this special unstressed vowel:"}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"The Vowels: practice 7","teaching":[{"title":"Words with a weak form","paragraphs":["Some very frequent words have a full vowel when stressed. They have the weak vowel when unstressed. English and in you and I is one.","Dutch een, zij, jij and wij work this way. Listen to een man and wat doe jij. Hear how een and jij weaken.","A few of these words also have a short written form, such as ze, je and we."]}],"lines":[{"number":67,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p7.1","source":"een - een ('n) man","translation":"a man","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p7.1.m4a"},{"number":68,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p7.2","source":"en twee - en twee","translation":"two and two","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p7.2.m4a"},{"number":69,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p7.3","source":"zij - waar zijn zij (ze)?","translation":"where are they?","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p7.3.m4a"},{"number":70,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p7.4","source":"jij - wat doe jij (je)?","translation":"what are you doing?","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p7.4.m4a"},{"number":71,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p7.5","source":"wij - wij (we) komen","translation":"we're coming","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p7.5.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1819,"text":"The Vowels\n\nDLI Dutch Refresher Course (1961), Book I, Lesson 1: The Vowels.\n\nOne further use of the unstressed [ē] needs a bit of special explanation. In English we have a number of very frequent words which are pronounced with full vowels when they are stressed, but with [ē] when they are unstressed. Examples (Stressed / Unstressed / Pronunciation): a pear / ‘pear; an apple / ’n ‘apple; you and I / ‘you ən ‘I; give them time / ‘give əm ‘time; you all you want / ‘tall yə ‘want. These unstressed forms with [ə] are a very real part of normal, everyday English. Notice, however, that English has no special way of spelling them, but always uses the spelling which is appropriate for the stressed form. Dutch also has a number of very frequent words which are pronounced with full vowels when they are stressed, but with [ē] when they are unstressed. Some of these words also have a special spelling for the unstressed form, which a writer may use if he wishes."}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"The Vowels: practice 8","teaching":[{"title":"Weak vowels in phrases","paragraphs":["Listen to each phrase and say it after the speaker. Pay special attention to each weak vowel [ē].","Hear it in zij zijn te duur and in twintig jonge mannen."]}],"lines":[{"number":72,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p8.1","source":"zij zijn te duur","translation":"they are too expensive","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p8.1.m4a"},{"number":73,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p8.2","source":"een man en zijn hond","translation":"a man and his dog","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p8.2.m4a"},{"number":74,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p8.3","source":"twintig jonge mannen","translation":"twenty young men","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p8.3.m4a"},{"number":75,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p8.4","source":"jij moet het lezen","translation":"you must read it","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p8.4.m4a"},{"number":76,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p8.5","source":"enkele weken geleden","translation":"several weeks ago","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p8.5.m4a"},{"number":77,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p8.6","source":"smakelijk eten","translation":"enjoy your meal (“eat tastily”)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p8.6.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1819,"text":"The Vowels\n\nDLI Dutch Refresher Course (1961), Book I, Lesson 1: The Vowels.\n\n(A fuller treatment of stressed and unstressed forms will be given later, in the section on stress.) Listen to each of the following phrases as it is said on the tape, and then imitate it in the pause which follows each example, paying special attention to the unstressed [ē]'s."}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"The Vowels: practice 9, part 1","teaching":[{"title":"Three vowels from foreign words","paragraphs":["Dutch keeps three long vowels for foreign words, mostly from French. Long [ɛɛ] is much like the vowel of English fair. Long [ɔɔ] is much like the vowel of English for.","Long [œœ] has the front tongue of [ɛɛ] and the rounded lips of [ɔɔ].","Compare pennen with scène, and rossen with rose. The foreign vowel differs from the regular one."]}],"lines":[{"number":78,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p9.1","source":"pennen","translation":"pens","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p9.1.m4a"},{"number":79,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p9.2","source":"scène","translation":"scene","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p9.2.m4a"},{"number":80,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p9.3","source":"heren","translation":"gentlemen","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p9.3.m4a"},{"number":81,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p9.4","source":"serre","translation":"conservatory","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p9.4.m4a"},{"number":82,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p9.5","source":"rossen","translation":"steeds","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p9.5.m4a"},{"number":83,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p9.6","source":"rose","translation":"pink","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p9.6.m4a"},{"number":84,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p9.7","source":"zonen","translation":"sons","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p9.7.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1819,"text":"Special vowels in foreign words\n\nDLI Dutch Refresher Course (1961), Book I, Lesson 1: The Vowels.\n\nDutch has three long vowels which it reserves for use in foreign words, mostly words borrowed from French: 1. Long [ɛɛ] is much like the vowel of English fair. 2. Long [ɔɔ] is much like the vowel of English for. 3. Long [œœ] has the front tongue position of [ɛɛ] but the rounded lips of [ɔɔ]. Notice particularly how these vowels differ from the regular vowels most similar to them:"}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"The Vowels: practice 9, part 2","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":85,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p9.8","source":"zone","translation":"zone","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p9.8.m4a"},{"number":86,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p9.9","source":"peulen","translation":"pea pods","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p9.9.m4a"},{"number":87,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p9.10","source":"freule","translation":"young lady of noble birth","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p9.10.m4a"},{"number":88,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p9.11","source":"een heuvel","translation":"a hill","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p9.11.m4a"},{"number":89,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p9.12","source":"manoeuvre","translation":"maneuver","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p9.12.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"The Vowels: practice 10, part 1","teaching":[{"title":"Common foreign vowels","paragraphs":["The long [œœ] is very rare. The other two foreign vowels are fairly common.","Practice them in Française, punaise, carrière and controle. Say each word with the long foreign vowel."]}],"lines":[{"number":90,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p10.1","source":"Française","translation":"Frenchwoman","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p10.1.m4a"},{"number":91,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p10.2","source":"punaise","translation":"thumbtack","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p10.2.m4a"},{"number":92,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p10.3","source":"migraine","translation":"migraine","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p10.3.m4a"},{"number":93,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p10.4","source":"carrière","translation":"career","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p10.4.m4a"},{"number":94,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p10.5","source":"militair","translation":"military","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p10.5.m4a"},{"number":95,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p10.6","source":"Rhône","translation":"Rhone (river)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p10.6.m4a"},{"number":96,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p10.7","source":"matrone","translation":"matron","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p10.7.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1819,"text":"The Vowels\n\nDLI Dutch Refresher Course (1961), Book I, Lesson 1: The Vowels.\n\nThough the long [œœ] is a very rare sound, the other two foreign vowels are fairly common. Practice them in the following words:"}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"The Vowels: practice 10, part 2","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":97,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p10.8","source":"amazone","translation":"horsewoman","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p10.8.m4a"},{"number":98,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p10.9","source":"controle","translation":"control","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p10.9.m4a"},{"number":99,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p10.10","source":"compote","translation":"compote","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l1.p10.10.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"The Semivowels, the Liquids, and the Nasals: practice 11, part 1","teaching":[{"title":"Two sounds that act like consonants","paragraphs":["A semivowel sounds like a vowel but works like a consonant. It never forms the center of a syllable. Dutch has two, spelled j and w at the start of a word.","Dutch j is the English y of yes. Say ja and jaar with that y."]},{"title":"The Dutch w","paragraphs":["Dutch w is close to English w and close to English v, but it is neither one.","Put your lower lip against your upper teeth, as if you were going to say v. Then try to say w from that position.","Listen for this w in wie, week and water."]}],"lines":[{"number":100,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p11.1","source":"ja","translation":"yes","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p11.1.m4a"},{"number":101,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p11.2","source":"jaar","translation":"year","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p11.2.m4a"},{"number":102,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p11.3","source":"Jan","translation":"John","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p11.3.m4a"},{"number":103,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p11.4","source":"jong","translation":"young","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p11.4.m4a"},{"number":104,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p11.5","source":"juni","translation":"June","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p11.5.m4a"},{"number":105,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p11.6","source":"juli","translation":"July","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p11.6.m4a"},{"number":106,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p11.7","source":"wie","translation":"who","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p11.7.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1821,"text":"The Semivowels\n\nDLI Dutch Refresher Course (1961), Book I, Lesson 2: The Semivowels, the Liquids, and the Nasals.\n\nSemivowels are sounds which are like vowels in the way they sound, but like consonants in the way they function, since they do not serve as the center of a syllable as regular vowels do. Dutch has two semivowels, spelled in initial position (at the beginning of a word) as j and w, respectively. The j is exactly like English y in yes, year, etc. Initial Dutch w is similar to both English w and English v, but not identical with either. Probably the best way to imitate it is to put your lower lip against your upper teeth as if you were going to say v, but then try to say w."}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"The Semivowels, the Liquids, and the Nasals: practice 11, part 2","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":107,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p11.8","source":"week","translation":"week","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p11.8.m4a"},{"number":108,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p11.9","source":"wel","translation":"well","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p11.9.m4a"},{"number":109,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p11.10","source":"wat","translation":"what","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p11.10.m4a"},{"number":110,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p11.11","source":"water","translation":"water","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p11.11.m4a"},{"number":111,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p11.12","source":"wijn","translation":"wine","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p11.12.m4a"},{"number":112,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p11.13","source":"zwemmen","translation":"to swim","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p11.13.m4a"},{"number":113,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p11.14","source":"zwaan","translation":"swan","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p11.14.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"The Semivowels, the Liquids, and the Nasals: practice 11, part 3","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":114,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p11.15","source":"kwestie","translation":"question","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p11.15.m4a"},{"number":115,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p11.16","source":"kwart","translation":"quarter","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p11.16.m4a"},{"number":116,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p11.17","source":"dwerg","translation":"dwarf","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p11.17.m4a"},{"number":117,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p11.18","source":"twaalf","translation":"twelve","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p11.18.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"The Semivowels, the Liquids, and the Nasals: practice 12","teaching":[{"title":"W and j inside and after a word","paragraphs":["At the start of a word, w has a little friction between lip and teeth. That is why it is near English v. In the middle or at the end of a word there is usually no friction.","In the middle of a word, w sounds like English w and j like English y. At the end, w sounds like a very quick [oe] and j like a very quick [ie].","These w sounds come mostly after [ie ee uu]. These j sounds come mostly after [aa oo oe]. Listen for them in nieuw, nieuwe and mooi, mooie."]}],"lines":[{"number":118,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p12.1","source":"nieuw - nieuwe","translation":"new - (a) new (one)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p12.1.m4a"},{"number":119,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p12.2","source":"sneeuw - sneeuwen","translation":"snow - to snow","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p12.2.m4a"},{"number":120,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p12.3","source":"duw - duwen","translation":"push - to push","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p12.3.m4a"},{"number":121,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p12.4","source":"taai - taaie","translation":"tough - (a) tough (one)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p12.4.m4a"},{"number":122,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p12.5","source":"mooi - mooie","translation":"beautiful - beautiful (before a noun)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p12.5.m4a"},{"number":123,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p12.6","source":"bloei - bloeien","translation":"bloom - to bloom","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p12.6.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1822,"text":"The Semivowels, the Liquids, and the Nasals\n\nDLI Dutch Refresher Course (1961), Book I, Lesson 2: The Semivowels, the Liquids, and the Nasals.\n\nThis initial [w-] which you have just heard sounds a bit like English v, because a slight amount of friction is produced as the breath stream flows through the narrow slit between the lower teeth and the upper lip. In medial or final position, however, there is usually no friction at all. Medial [-w-] sounds like English w, and final [-w] sounds like a very quick Dutch [oe]. Similarly, medial [-j-] sounds like English y, and final [-j] sounds like a very quick Dutch [ie]. Dutch [-w-], [-w] occur primarily after the vowels [ie ee uu], and Dutch [-j-], [-j] occur primarily after the vowels [aa oo oe]. Notice how these sounds are handled in the regular Dutch spelling:"}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"The Semivowels, the Liquids, and the Nasals: practice 13","teaching":[{"title":"A sound that joins two vowels","paragraphs":["Some vowels can end a word. They are [ie ee aa oo oe uu eu ei ui ou]. When one of them meets an unstressed [ē], Dutch puts a semivowel between the two.","The added sound is [j] every time except after [ou]. After [ou] it is [w]. So [ie] plus [ē] gives [iejē], and [ou] plus [ē] gives [ouwē].","Spelling does not always show this sound. It is still there. Listen for it in knie, knieën and zee, zeeën, and for the w in mouw, mouwen."]}],"lines":[{"number":124,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p13.1","source":"knie, knieën","translation":"knee, knees","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p13.1.m4a"},{"number":125,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p13.2","source":"zee, zeeën","translation":"sea, seas","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p13.2.m4a"},{"number":126,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p13.3","source":"vlo, vlooien","translation":"flea, fleas","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p13.3.m4a"},{"number":127,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p13.4","source":"koe, koeien","translation":"cow, cows","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p13.4.m4a"},{"number":128,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p13.5","source":"reu, reuen","translation":"male dog, male dogs","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p13.5.m4a"},{"number":129,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p13.6","source":"kei, keien","translation":"boulder, boulders","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p13.6.m4a"},{"number":130,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p13.7","source":"bij, bijen","translation":"bee, bees","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p13.7.m4a"},{"number":131,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p13.8","source":"ui, uien","translation":"onion, onions","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p13.8.m4a"},{"number":132,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p13.9","source":"mouw, mouwen","translation":"sleeve, sleeves","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p13.9.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1823,"text":"The Semivowels, the Liquids, and the Nasals\n\nDLI Dutch Refresher Course (1961), Book I, Lesson 2: The Semivowels, the Liquids, and the Nasals.\n\nDutch [j] and [w] also serve in another way, namely as a transition sound between a free vowel and a following unstressed [ē]. (The free vowels are those which can stand at the end of a word: [ie ee aa oo oe uu eu ei ui ou].) When a word stem ending in one of these vowels is followed by unstressed [ē], one of the semivowels is automatically inserted. In all but one case the inserted semivowel is [j]: [ie] + [ē] gives [iejē], [ee] + [ē] gives [eejē], etc.; but after [ou] it is [w]: [ou] + [ē] gives [ouwē]. The regular Dutch spelling, usually so consistent, completely breaks down at this point. Sometimes it indicates the inserted semivowels, in any one of several different ways; but sometimes it does not indicate them at all. Nevertheless, they are there as sounds, even if not always there in spelling. Listen to them in the following examples:"}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"The Semivowels, the Liquids, and the Nasals: practice 14","teaching":[{"title":"A lost d replaced by j or w","paragraphs":["In western Dutch speech, a d between vowels is often dropped after a vowel that can end a word. Spelling keeps the d. The sound does not.","A [j] or a [w] takes the place of the lost d. Listen for it in brede and goede, and compare breed and goed."]}],"lines":[{"number":133,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p14.1","source":"breed - een brede straat","translation":"wide - a wide street","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p14.1.m4a"},{"number":134,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p14.2","source":"kwaad - een kwade vrouw","translation":"angry - an angry woman","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p14.2.m4a"},{"number":135,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p14.3","source":"rood - een rode das","translation":"red - a red necktie","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p14.3.m4a"},{"number":136,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p14.4","source":"goed - een goede man","translation":"good - a good man","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p14.4.m4a"},{"number":137,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p14.5","source":"koud - een koude dag","translation":"cold - a cold day","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p14.5.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1824,"text":"The Semivowels, the Liquids, and the Nasals\n\nDLI Dutch Refresher Course (1961), Book I, Lesson 2: The Semivowels, the Liquids, and the Nasals.\n\nIn western Dutch pronunciation (though not in the regular spelling), medial [-d-] is very commonly dropped after the free vowels; but then a [-j-] or [-w-] is automatically inserted in its place. This produces alternations like the following:"}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"The Semivowels, the Liquids, and the Nasals: practice 15","teaching":[{"title":"Verbs that lost their d","paragraphs":["In a few common verbs, the loss of the d changed other forms too. Snijden, rijden and houden sound in everyday speech as if they had no d.","Snijden and rijden rhyme with breien. Houden rhymes with bouwen.","Listen for the rhyme in hij snijdt and hij breit, and in hij houdt and hij bouwt."]}],"lines":[{"number":138,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p15.1","source":"breien, ik brei, hij breit","translation":"to knit, I knit, he knits","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p15.1.m4a"},{"number":139,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p15.2","source":"snijden, ik snijd, hij snijdt","translation":"to cut, I cut, he cuts","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p15.2.m4a"},{"number":140,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p15.3","source":"rijden, ik rijd, hij rijdt","translation":"to ride, I ride, he rides","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p15.3.m4a"},{"number":141,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p15.4","source":"bouwen, ik bouw, hij bouwt","translation":"to build, I build, he builds","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p15.4.m4a"},{"number":142,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p15.5","source":"houden, ik houd, hij houdt","translation":"to hold, I hold, he holds","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p15.5.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1825,"text":"The Semivowels, the Liquids, and the Nasals\n\nDLI Dutch Refresher Course (1961), Book I, Lesson 2: The Semivowels, the Liquids, and the Nasals.\n\nIn the case of a few common verbs the loss of [-d-] has led to the reshaping of other forms as well. The verbs snijden, rijden, houden ‘cut, ride, hold’, for example, behave in everyday pronunciation just as if they had no -d- at all. Notice how the first two rhyme with breien ‘to knit’ and the third with bouwen ‘to build’:"}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"The Semivowels, the Liquids, and the Nasals: practice 16, part 1","teaching":[{"title":"L is easy, R is not","paragraphs":["Dutch l sounds almost like English l. It is not a problem for American learners.","Dutch r has two forms. Both are different from the American r. An American r curls the tongue up toward the roof of the mouth. Do not make a Dutch r that way."]},{"title":"The uvular r","paragraphs":["The common Dutch r is made far back in the mouth. Raise the back of the tongue close to the uvula, the small piece of flesh that hangs at the back of the mouth.","A dry gargle gives the sound. Keep the tip of the tongue behind your lower teeth. It must not flip up as it does for an American r.","The 1961 speaker uses this r. Listen for it in dieren, deuren and rood.","The other Dutch r is a quick flip of the tongue tip against the gum ridge above the upper teeth. It is almost the quick t of American city."]}],"lines":[{"number":143,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p16.1","source":"dieren","translation":"animals","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p16.1.m4a"},{"number":144,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p16.2","source":"duren","translation":"to last","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p16.2.m4a"},{"number":145,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p16.3","source":"boeren","translation":"farmers","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p16.3.m4a"},{"number":146,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p16.4","source":"heren","translation":"gentlemen","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p16.4.m4a"},{"number":147,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p16.5","source":"deuren","translation":"doors","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p16.5.m4a"},{"number":148,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p16.6","source":"boren","translation":"to bore","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p16.6.m4a"},{"number":149,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p16.7","source":"haren","translation":"hairs","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p16.7.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1827,"text":"The Liquids\n\nDLI Dutch Refresher Course (1961), Book I, Lesson 2: The Semivowels, the Liquids, and the Nasals.\n\nDutch [l] (the consonant “L”) sounds just about like English l, and is therefore not a problem for American learners. Dutch [r] is quite another matter. It is pronounced in either of two different ways, and both of them are different from the usual American r. Most Americans pronounce their r by curling the tongue up toward the roof of the mouth. Sometimes it is the tip of the tongue that is curled back, sometimes it is that part of the tongue which lies a bit behind the tip. Try pronouncing an r, just to see what you do with your tongue. Whatever you do to pronounce an American r, the most important thing to remember is: you should not pronounce a Dutch [r] in this way. Perhaps the commonest type of [r] in Dutch (commonest certainly in the big cities) is what is called a “uvular” [r]. The back of the tongue is raised up close to the back of the roof of the mouth, so far back that it is right next to the uvula, the little droplet of flesh that you can see hanging down in the back of your mouth when you open your mouth wide (“Say ‘ah’!”) and look in a mirror. Perhaps the easiest way to learn the sound is to tip your head back and enjoy a good dry gargle. Try it: [rrrr]. Be sure your tongue tip does not flip up as it does for an American r. Keep it locked behind your lower teeth so that it won’t get in the way of a good uvular [r]. The other type of Dutch [r] is made by flipping the tongue tip quickly against the gum ridge just above the upper teeth. It sounds almost exactly like the very quick t-sound (almost like a d) which most Americans pronounce in such words as city, Betty, fatty. The speaker on the tape uses the uvular [r]. Practice it in the following examples, imitating what you hear just as closely as you can. It should sound “funny” and “queer” to you. If it doesn’t, you’re not saying it right."}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"The Semivowels, the Liquids, and the Nasals: practice 16, part 2","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":150,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p16.8","source":"riep","translation":"called","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p16.8.m4a"},{"number":151,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p16.9","source":"ruw","translation":"raw","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p16.9.m4a"},{"number":152,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p16.10","source":"roep","translation":"call","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p16.10.m4a"},{"number":153,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p16.11","source":"reeks","translation":"series","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p16.11.m4a"},{"number":154,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p16.12","source":"reu","translation":"male dog","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p16.12.m4a"},{"number":155,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p16.13","source":"rood","translation":"red","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p16.13.m4a"},{"number":156,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p16.14","source":"raad","translation":"advice","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p16.14.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"The Semivowels, the Liquids, and the Nasals: practice 16, part 3","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":157,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p16.15","source":"brief","translation":"letter","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p16.15.m4a"},{"number":158,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p16.16","source":"bruut","translation":"brute","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p16.16.m4a"},{"number":159,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p16.17","source":"broek","translation":"trousers","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p16.17.m4a"},{"number":160,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p16.18","source":"breuk","translation":"fracture","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p16.18.m4a"},{"number":161,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p16.19","source":"brood","translation":"bread","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p16.19.m4a"},{"number":162,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p16.20","source":"draad","translation":"thread","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p16.20.m4a"},{"number":163,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p16.21","source":"bier","translation":"beer","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p16.21.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"The Semivowels, the Liquids, and the Nasals: practice 16, part 4","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":164,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p16.22","source":"buur","translation":"neighbor","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p16.22.m4a"},{"number":165,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p16.23","source":"boer","translation":"farmer","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p16.23.m4a"},{"number":166,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p16.24","source":"beer","translation":"bear","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p16.24.m4a"},{"number":167,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p16.25","source":"deur","translation":"door","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p16.25.m4a"},{"number":168,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p16.26","source":"door","translation":"through","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p16.26.m4a"},{"number":169,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p16.27","source":"daar","translation":"there","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p16.27.m4a"},{"number":170,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p16.28","source":"breed","translation":"wide","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l2.p16.28.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Stops and Fricatives: practice 17, part 1","teaching":[{"title":"Aspiration in English","paragraphs":["Say pin, then spin. In pin, a puff of air leaves before the vowel. That puff is aspiration. In spin there is no puff.","English p, t and k are aspirated at the start of a word. After s they are not. English speakers learn to ignore the difference."]},{"title":"Dutch p, t and k","paragraphs":["Dutch p, t and k are never aspirated, in any place in a word. Say Piet, pit and pen with no puff of air.","A lighted match shows the difference. Say pin at the flame and it goes out. Say spin and it only flickers. Dutch p has no puff, like the p of spin.","Take care not to turn p into b. Pairs such as bad and pad let you hear and say the two apart."]}],"lines":[{"number":171,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p17.1","source":"Piet","translation":"Pete (compare the English word)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p17.1.m4a"},{"number":172,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p17.2","source":"pit","translation":"pit (compare the English word)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p17.2.m4a"},{"number":173,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p17.3","source":"pin","translation":"pin (compare the English word)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p17.3.m4a"},{"number":174,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p17.4","source":"pen","translation":"pen (compare the English word)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p17.4.m4a"},{"number":175,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p17.5","source":"plank","translation":"plank (compare the English word)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p17.5.m4a"},{"number":176,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p17.6","source":"plant","translation":"plant (compare the English word)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p17.6.m4a"},{"number":177,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p17.7","source":"prins","translation":"prince (compare the English word)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p17.7.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1832,"text":"The voiceless stops\n\nDLI Dutch Refresher Course (1961), Book I, Lesson 3: Stops and Fricatives.\n\nListen closely as you say the p's in English pin and spin. In pin the p is not followed immediately by the vowel sound i. First a bit of air rushes out, sounding almost like an h; only after this does the vowel sound i take over. In spin, on the other hand, there is no such outrush of air before the vowel; the vowel i comes immediately after the p. This outrush of air is called ASPIRATION; and the p of pin is said to be ASPIRATED. We can symbolize it phonetically as [pʰ]: [pʰin]. In contrast, the p of spin is UNASPIRATED: [spin]. You will probably find it hard at first to hear the difference between [pʰ] and [p]. There is good reason for this. English p is automatically aspirated at the beginning of a word, but automatically unaspirated after s; and since the occurrence of [pʰ] vs. [p] is automatically regulated, we as speakers of English have had years of training in ignoring the difference between the two. To help yourself understand the difference between them, hold a lighted match in front of your mouth and say spin (phonetically [spin]) at it several times. The flame may flicker a bit, but that is all. Now say pin (phonetically [pʰin]) at it. If you have held the flame fairly close to your lips, the aspirated [pʰ] of [pʰin] will blow it right out. English has, as we have seen, three voiceless stops, p, t, k; and all three of them are automatically aspirated at the beginning of a word but automatically unaspirated after an s. Try them: aspirated: pin pill tick till kin kill; unaspirated: spin spill stick still skin skill. Unlike English p, t, k, Dutch p t k are NEVER aspirated, no matter where they stand in a word. In the following practice, the first pair of columns contrasts English aspirated [pʰ] with Dutch unaspirated [p]. Listen to the difference, and then imitate the Dutch [p], trying not to aspirate it. Since you may at first tend to confuse it with voiced [b], the second pair of columns contrasts Dutch [b] and Dutch [p]. Listen to the difference, and then imitate each pair of Dutch words, trying again not to aspirate the [p]."}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Stops and Fricatives: practice 17, part 2","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":178,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p17.8","source":"prijs","translation":"price (compare the English word)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p17.8.m4a"},{"number":179,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p17.9","source":"bad - pad","translation":"bath, path","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p17.9.m4a"},{"number":180,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p17.10","source":"boot - poot","translation":"boat, paw","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p17.10.m4a"},{"number":181,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p17.11","source":"bier - pier","translation":"beer, pier","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p17.11.m4a"},{"number":182,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p17.12","source":"bed - pet","translation":"bed, cop","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p17.12.m4a"},{"number":183,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p17.13","source":"blad - plat","translation":"leaf, flat","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p17.13.m4a"},{"number":184,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p17.14","source":"blank - plank","translation":"white, plank","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p17.14.m4a"},{"number":185,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p17.15","source":"breek - preek","translation":"(I) break, sermon","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p17.15.m4a"},{"number":186,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p17.16","source":"bril - pril","translation":"glasses, tender","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p17.16.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Stops and Fricatives: practice 18, part 1","teaching":[{"title":"Dutch t and d","paragraphs":["Do the same with t. English t is aspirated at the start of a word. Dutch t is not. Say tin, tent and top with no puff of air.","Then contrast d and t in pairs such as dak and tak. D is the voiced partner of t. Keep the t free of aspiration."]}],"lines":[{"number":187,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p18.1","source":"tin","translation":"tin (compare the English word)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p18.1.m4a"},{"number":188,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p18.2","source":"tent","translation":"tent (compare the English word)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p18.2.m4a"},{"number":189,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p18.3","source":"top","translation":"top (compare the English word)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p18.3.m4a"},{"number":190,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p18.4","source":"tong","translation":"tongue (compare the English word)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p18.4.m4a"},{"number":191,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p18.5","source":"trein","translation":"train (compare the English word)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p18.5.m4a"},{"number":192,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p18.6","source":"troep","translation":"troop (compare the English word)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p18.6.m4a"},{"number":193,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p18.7","source":"dak - tak","translation":"roof, branch","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p18.7.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1833,"text":"Stops and Fricatives\n\nDLI Dutch Refresher Course (1961), Book I, Lesson 3: Stops and Fricatives.\n\nNow, do the same thing with English [tʰ] and Dutch [t], and with Dutch [d] and [t]."}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Stops and Fricatives: practice 18, part 2","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":194,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p18.8","source":"das - tas","translation":"necktie, pocketbook","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p18.8.m4a"},{"number":195,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p18.9","source":"doen - toen","translation":"to do, then","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p18.9.m4a"},{"number":196,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p18.10","source":"duin - tuin","translation":"dune, garden","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p18.10.m4a"},{"number":197,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p18.11","source":"droef - troef","translation":"sad, trump","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p18.11.m4a"},{"number":198,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p18.12","source":"draag - traag","translation":"(I) carry, sluggish","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p18.12.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Stops and Fricatives: practice 19, part 1","teaching":[{"title":"Dutch k","paragraphs":["Dutch k is not aspirated either. Say kiel, koel and klas with no puff of air.","No Dutch word starts with the stop g of English go. So there is no pair of k and that sound to contrast at the start.","Say k before w and before n, as in kwarts and knie. Say the k in knie aloud. English drops this k, but Dutch says it."]}],"lines":[{"number":199,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p19.1","source":"kiel","translation":"keel (compare the English word)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p19.1.m4a"},{"number":200,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p19.2","source":"koel","translation":"cool (compare the English word)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p19.2.m4a"},{"number":201,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p19.3","source":"koffie","translation":"coffee (compare the English word)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p19.3.m4a"},{"number":202,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p19.4","source":"koekje","translation":"cooky (compare the English word)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p19.4.m4a"},{"number":203,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p19.5","source":"klas","translation":"class (compare the English word)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p19.5.m4a"},{"number":204,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p19.6","source":"klok","translation":"clock (compare the English word)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p19.6.m4a"},{"number":205,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p19.7","source":"kramp","translation":"cramp (compare the English word)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p19.7.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1834,"text":"Stops and Fricatives\n\nDLI Dutch Refresher Course (1961), Book I, Lesson 3: Stops and Fricatives.\n\nNow do the same with English [kʰ] and Dutch [k]. This time we cannot contrast Dutch voiceless [k] with the corresponding voiced stop (English g in go, the sound we shall symbolize as [G]), because no such sound occurs at the beginning of a word in Dutch. We can use the extra practice to show you Dutch [k] before [w] and [n]. Notice this [kn-] in particular; we have nothing like it in English, since the k of English knee, etc., is of course not pronounced."}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Stops and Fricatives: practice 19, part 2","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":206,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p19.8","source":"kroon","translation":"crown (compare the English word)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p19.8.m4a"},{"number":207,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p19.9","source":"kwarts","translation":"quartz (compare the English word)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p19.9.m4a"},{"number":208,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p19.10","source":"kwartje","translation":"quarter (compare the English word)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p19.10.m4a"},{"number":209,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p19.11","source":"kwestie","translation":"question (compare the English word)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p19.11.m4a"},{"number":210,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p19.12","source":"kwikzilver","translation":"quicksilver (compare the English word)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p19.12.m4a"},{"number":211,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p19.13","source":"knie","translation":"knee (compare the English word)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p19.13.m4a"},{"number":212,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p19.14","source":"kneden","translation":"knead (compare the English word)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p19.14.m4a"},{"number":213,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p19.15","source":"knokkel","translation":"knuckle (compare the English word)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p19.15.m4a"},{"number":214,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p19.16","source":"knapzak","translation":"knapsack (compare the English word)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p19.16.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Stops and Fricatives: practice 20, part 1","teaching":[{"title":"The pair s and z","paragraphs":["Dutch has three pairs of fricatives: f and v, s and z, and ch and g. The pair s and z is the closest to English.","Say sier, then zier. Sier has no buzz. Zier has a buzz, but a lighter one than English z."]}],"lines":[{"number":215,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p20.1","source":"sier - zier","translation":"ornament, whit","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p20.1.m4a"},{"number":216,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p20.2","source":"sein - zijn","translation":"signal, to be","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p20.2.m4a"},{"number":217,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p20.3","source":"saai - zaai","translation":"tedious, (I) sow","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p20.3.m4a"},{"number":218,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p20.4","source":"sonde - zonde","translation":"probe, sin","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p20.4.m4a"},{"number":219,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p20.5","source":"eisen - ijzen","translation":"to demand, to shudder","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p20.5.m4a"},{"number":220,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p20.6","source":"eiser - ijzer","translation":"plaintiff, iron","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p20.6.m4a"},{"number":221,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p20.7","source":"pausen - pauzen","translation":"popes, pauses","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p20.7.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1835,"text":"The fricatives\n\nDLI Dutch Refresher Course (1961), Book I, Lesson 3: Stops and Fricatives.\n\nNext, we need to consider the Dutch fricatives, of which there are three voiceless-voiced pairs: [f v], [s z], [ch g]. The pair most similar to English is [s z]. Listen to them in the following examples, and imitate them as exactly as you can. Note that the [z] is not quite as strongly voiced as the z sound which you probably pronounce in English."}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Stops and Fricatives: practice 20, part 2","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":222,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p20.8","source":"ruisen - huizen","translation":"to rustle, houses","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p20.8.m4a"},{"number":223,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p20.9","source":"'s Zaterdags - Zaterdag","translation":"(on) Saturdays, Saturday","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p20.9.m4a"},{"number":224,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p20.10","source":"'s Zondags - Zondag","translation":"(on) Sundays, Sunday","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p20.10.m4a"},{"number":225,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p20.11","source":"zestig - zes","translation":"sixty, six","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p20.11.m4a"},{"number":226,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p20.12","source":"zeventig - zeven","translation":"seventy, seven","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p20.12.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Stops and Fricatives: practice 21, part 1","teaching":[{"title":"The pair f and v","paragraphs":["Dutch f is like English f. Dutch v at the start of a word begins with no voice and gains voice about halfway through. Its sign is [ᶠv-].","Compare fier and vier. Everywhere else, v is like English v, as in even.","The words zestig and zeventig start with s, not z, despite the spelling."]}],"lines":[{"number":227,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p21.1","source":"fier - vier","translation":"proud, four","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p21.1.m4a"},{"number":228,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p21.2","source":"fout - vouwt","translation":"fault, (he) folds","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p21.2.m4a"},{"number":229,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p21.3","source":"Friezen - vriezen","translation":"Frisians, to freeze","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p21.3.m4a"},{"number":230,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p21.4","source":"frezen - vrezen","translation":"to mill, to fear","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p21.4.m4a"},{"number":231,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p21.5","source":"effen - even","translation":"smooth, even","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p21.5.m4a"},{"number":232,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p21.6","source":"laffen - laven","translation":"cowardly ones, to refresh","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p21.6.m4a"},{"number":233,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p21.7","source":"offer - over","translation":"victim, over","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p21.7.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1836,"text":"Stops and Fricatives\n\nDLI Dutch Refresher Course (1961), Book I, Lesson 3: Stops and Fricatives.\n\nNotice that the last four words in the left-hand column all begin with the sound [s], despite the spelling. Somewhat more different from English are the pair [f v]. In initial position the [v] starts off voiceless but then becomes voiced about halfway through; we can indicate this by writing [ᶠv-]. Otherwise, the two sounds are just like English f and v."}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Stops and Fricatives: practice 21, part 2","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":234,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p21.8","source":"boffen - boven","translation":"to be lucky, above","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p21.8.m4a"},{"number":235,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p21.9","source":"veertig - vier","translation":"forty, four","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p21.9.m4a"},{"number":236,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p21.10","source":"vijftig - vijf","translation":"fifty, five","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p21.10.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Stops and Fricatives: practice 22","teaching":[{"title":"Dutch v and w","paragraphs":["Many speakers in the west say f in both fier and vier when they talk in a relaxed way. A careful speaker keeps the two apart.","Every speaker keeps v apart from w. For w, put the lower lip against the upper teeth as if to say English v. Then try to say English w.","Compare vier and wier, vel and wel, vat and wat."]}],"lines":[{"number":237,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p22.1","source":"vier - wier","translation":"four, seaweed","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p22.1.m4a"},{"number":238,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p22.2","source":"vee - wee","translation":"cattle, woe","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p22.2.m4a"},{"number":239,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p22.3","source":"vel - wel","translation":"sheet (of paper), well","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p22.3.m4a"},{"number":240,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p22.4","source":"vat - wat","translation":"barrel, what","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p22.4.m4a"},{"number":241,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p22.5","source":"vouwt - woud","translation":"(he) folds, woods","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p22.5.m4a"},{"number":242,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p22.6","source":"vrede - wrede","translation":"peace, cruel","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p22.6.m4a"},{"number":243,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p22.7","source":"vrijen - wrijven","translation":"to court, to rub","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p22.7.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1837,"text":"Stops and Fricatives\n\nDLI Dutch Refresher Course (1961), Book I, Lesson 3: Stops and Fricatives.\n\n(The difference which you have just heard between initial [f-] and initial [ᶠv-] is one which probably all Dutch speakers make when they are speaking carefully. In western Holland, however, a great many speakers in ordinary, relaxed talk pronounce an [f-] in both sets of examples: vier like fier, vouwt like fout, etc.) No matter how they pronounce initial v-, all Dutch speakers keep it distinct from initial w-. Remember the directions for pronouncing w-: you put your lower lip against your upper teeth as if you were going to say an English v-, but then you try to say English w-. Practice the contrast between Dutch v- and w- in the following pairs of words."}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Stops and Fricatives: practice 23, part 1","teaching":[{"title":"Dutch ch and g","paragraphs":["The pair ch and g has no match in English. Dutch ch is the sound in Scottish Loch Lomond and in German ach and Buch.","English k in lock is a stop. Dutch ch is a fricative. The breath is forced through a narrow slit between the back of the tongue and the roof of the mouth.","In the north, most speakers say g at the start of a word like ch. Many also say it like ch in the middle of a word. In the south, the two sounds differ.","Compare chaos and gas. The Dutch g is never the g of English good."]}],"lines":[{"number":244,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p23.1","source":"chaos - gas","translation":"chaos, gas","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p23.1.m4a"},{"number":245,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p23.2","source":"chroom - groot","translation":"chromium, big","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p23.2.m4a"},{"number":246,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p23.3","source":"chloor - glorie","translation":"chlorine, glory","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p23.3.m4a"},{"number":247,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p23.4","source":"chemisch - geen","translation":"chemical, no (not any)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p23.4.m4a"},{"number":248,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p23.5","source":"chronisch - Groningen","translation":"chronic, Groningen","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p23.5.m4a"},{"number":249,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p23.6","source":"tichel - liggen","translation":"tile, to lie (recline)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p23.6.m4a"},{"number":250,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p23.7","source":"echo - eggen","translation":"echo, to harrow","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p23.7.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1838,"text":"Stops and Fricatives\n\nDLI Dutch Refresher Course (1961), Book I, Lesson 3: Stops and Fricatives.\n\nTotally different from anything we have in English are the voiceless-voiced pair [ch g]. (Note that Dutch g and our phonetic symbol [g] NEVER symbolize the stop sound of English g in good, etc. When we need a symbol for this, we shall write a capital letter: [G] as in good, go, etc.) If you are familiar with the sound spelled ch in Scottish Loch Lomond, or in German ach, Buch, this is just the sound you want for Dutch [ch]. It is similar to English k in lock; but, whereas English k is a stop (made by a closure between the back of the tongue and the roof of the mouth), Dutch [ch] is a fricative (made by forcing air through a narrow slit between the back of the tongue and the roof of the mouth). The voiced counterpart of [ch] is [g]. Here, however, we run into a peculiarity of Dutch pronunciation. Speakers in the south of the Dutch-Flemish area regularly make a difference between [ch] and [g]. But in the north most speakers pronounce initial g- just like ch-, and many also pronounce medial -g- (or -gg-) like -ch-. Listen to the following pairs of words, and try to copy them just as you hear them on the tape."}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Stops and Fricatives: practice 23, part 2","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":251,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p23.8","source":"lachen - plaggen","translation":"to laugh, pieces of sod","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p23.8.m4a"},{"number":252,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p23.9","source":"kuchen - bruggen","translation":"to cough, bridges","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p23.9.m4a"},{"number":253,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p23.10","source":"juichen - buigen","translation":"to cheer, to bend","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p23.10.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Stops and Fricatives: practice 24","teaching":[{"title":"The g before d","paragraphs":["Even in the north, the sound g occurs in some places. A speaker who says ch in a present tense form will generally say g in the past tense, before d.","Compare wiegen and wiegde. Such a speaker says ch in wiegen and a voiced g in wiegde."]}],"lines":[{"number":254,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p24.1","source":"wiegen - wiegde","translation":"to rock","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p24.1.m4a"},{"number":255,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p24.2","source":"vegen - veegde","translation":"to sweep","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p24.2.m4a"},{"number":256,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p24.3","source":"klagen - klaagde","translation":"to complain","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p24.3.m4a"},{"number":257,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p24.4","source":"pogen - poogde","translation":"to attempt","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p24.4.m4a"},{"number":258,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p24.5","source":"ploegen - ploegde","translation":"to plow","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p24.5.m4a"},{"number":259,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p24.6","source":"dreigen - dreigde","translation":"to threaten","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p24.6.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1839,"text":"Stops and Fricatives\n\nDLI Dutch Refresher Course (1961), Book I, Lesson 3: Stops and Fricatives.\n\nEven in the north, the sound [g] is used in certain positions, however. Speakers who use a [ch] in a present tense form such as wiegen ‘to rock’ will generally use a voiced [g] in the past tense where it occurs immediately before a [d], for example. Listen to and imitate the following:"}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Stops and Fricatives: practice 25, part 1","teaching":[{"title":"The combination sch","paragraphs":["Dutch speakers are proud of their ch. They say foreigners cannot say it, in particular after s.","Show that you can. Say s and then ch, as in schip, school and Scheveningen.","In the words that start with schr, as in schrijven, many speakers drop the ch and say sr."]}],"lines":[{"number":260,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p25.1","source":"schip","translation":"ship","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p25.1.m4a"},{"number":261,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p25.2","source":"scherp","translation":"sharp","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p25.2.m4a"},{"number":262,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p25.3","source":"schaap","translation":"sheep","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p25.3.m4a"},{"number":263,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p25.4","source":"schoon","translation":"clean","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p25.4.m4a"},{"number":264,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p25.5","source":"school","translation":"school","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p25.5.m4a"},{"number":265,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p25.6","source":"schoenen","translation":"shoes","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p25.6.m4a"},{"number":266,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p25.7","source":"Scheveningen","translation":"Scheveningen","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p25.7.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1839,"text":"Stops and Fricatives\n\nDLI Dutch Refresher Course (1961), Book I, Lesson 3: Stops and Fricatives.\n\nThe Dutch are rather proud of their [ch], and cite it as an example of a Dutch sound which foreigners cannot learn to pronounce. They say this in particular of the combination sch- ([s] + [ch]), and always give as an example the place name Scheveningen, a seaside resort outside of The Hague. Show them that you CAN pronounce [s] + [ch], as in the following examples. But note the last three examples, where the spelling shows schr-. Here many Dutch speakers do not pronounce the [ch] at all, but say simply [sr-]."}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Stops and Fricatives: practice 25, part 2","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":267,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p25.8","source":"schreeuwen","translation":"to scream","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p25.8.m4a"},{"number":268,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p25.9","source":"schrijven","translation":"to write","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p25.9.m4a"},{"number":269,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p25.10","source":"schroevedraaier","translation":"screwdriver","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p25.10.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Stops and Fricatives: practice 26, part 1","teaching":[{"title":"Voiced sounds at the end","paragraphs":["The voiceless sounds are p, t, k, f, s and ch. Their voiced partners are b, d, v, z and g. K has no voiced partner.","A voiced sound never comes last, with no sound after it. Dutch replaces it with its voiceless partner.","Compare leven and ik leef. In leven the v has voice. In leef it becomes f. Likewise lezen has z and ik lees has s."]}],"lines":[{"number":270,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p26.1","source":"leven","translation":"to live","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p26.1.m4a"},{"number":271,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p26.2","source":"ik leef","translation":"I live","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p26.2.m4a"},{"number":272,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p26.3","source":"hij leeft","translation":"he lives","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p26.3.m4a"},{"number":273,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p26.4","source":"lezen","translation":"to read","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p26.4.m4a"},{"number":274,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p26.5","source":"ik lees","translation":"I read","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p26.5.m4a"},{"number":275,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p26.6","source":"hij leest","translation":"he reads","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p26.6.m4a"},{"number":276,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p26.7","source":"jagen","translation":"to hunt","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p26.7.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1839,"text":"Unvoicing in final position\n\nDLI Dutch Refresher Course (1961), Book I, Lesson 3: Stops and Fricatives.\n\nThe above exercises have given you practice in pronouncing the Dutch stops and fricatives. Now we need to add a few words about the positions in which they occur. First, let us recall that Dutch has the following voiceless-voiced pairs: voiceless [p t k f s ch]; voiced [b d - v z g]. One limitation which Dutch puts on the occurrence of these sounds is that the VOICED ones NEVER OCCUR BEFORE A PAUSE. Where you might expect them to, they are automatically replaced by the corresponding voiceless sound. Listen to the way voiced sounds are replaced by voiceless ones in the following examples, and imitate all the forms so that this replacement becomes as automatic for you as it is for the Dutch."}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Stops and Fricatives: practice 26, part 2","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":277,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p26.8","source":"ik jaag","translation":"I hunt","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p26.8.m4a"},{"number":278,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p26.9","source":"hij jaagt","translation":"he hunts","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p26.9.m4a"},{"number":279,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p26.10","source":"hebben","translation":"to have","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p26.10.m4a"},{"number":280,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p26.11","source":"ik heb","translation":"I have","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p26.11.m4a"},{"number":281,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p26.12","source":"U hebt","translation":"you have","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p26.12.m4a"},{"number":282,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p26.13","source":"redden","translation":"to save","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p26.13.m4a"},{"number":283,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p26.14","source":"ik red","translation":"I save","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p26.14.m4a"},{"number":284,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p26.15","source":"hij redt","translation":"he saves","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l3.p26.15.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Clusters: practice 27, part 1","teaching":[{"title":"All voiced or all voiceless","paragraphs":["Stops and fricatives that stand together form a cluster. In Dutch, every sound in a cluster is voiced, or every sound is voiceless.","Dutch has no cluster that is partly voiced and partly voiceless. The spelling does not decide this. The sound does.","The parts of a verb show the rule. Listen to the cluster in tobde and getobd, in leefde and geleefd, and in vreesde and gevreesd."]}],"lines":[{"number":285,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p27.1","source":"tobben","translation":"to toil","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p27.1.m4a"},{"number":286,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p27.2","source":"tobde","translation":"toiled","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p27.2.m4a"},{"number":287,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p27.3","source":"getobd","translation":"(has) toiled","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p27.3.m4a"},{"number":288,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p27.4","source":"leven","translation":"to live","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p27.4.m4a"},{"number":289,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p27.5","source":"leefde","translation":"lived","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p27.5.m4a"},{"number":290,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p27.6","source":"geleefd","translation":"(has) lived","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p27.6.m4a"},{"number":291,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p27.7","source":"vrezen","translation":"to fear","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p27.7.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1841,"text":"Voiceless and voiced clusters\n\nDLI Dutch Refresher Course (1961), Book I, Lesson 4: Clusters.\n\nA second limitation which Dutch places on stops and fricatives concerns cases where two or more of them occur together in a cluster. Regardless of what the spelling shows, all the stops and fricatives in a cluster have to be pronounced either voiceless or voiced; there are no clusters which are partly the one and partly the other. Good examples of these all-voiceless or all-voiced clusters are found in the principal parts of verbs."}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Clusters: practice 27, part 2","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":292,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p27.8","source":"vreesde","translation":"feared","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p27.8.m4a"},{"number":293,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p27.9","source":"gevreesd","translation":"(has) feared","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p27.9.m4a"},{"number":294,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p27.10","source":"leggen","translation":"to lay","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p27.10.m4a"},{"number":295,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p27.11","source":"legde","translation":"laid","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p27.11.m4a"},{"number":296,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p27.12","source":"gelegd","translation":"(has) laid","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p27.12.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Clusters: practice 28, part 1","teaching":[{"title":"Matching across words","paragraphs":["The rule also works between two words. The last sound of one word and the first sound of the next form a cluster.","Some words begin with a voiced fricative: [v], [z] or [g]. After a word that ends in a voiceless sound, it becomes voiceless: [f], [s] or [ch].","Compare twee vissen and zes vissen. After twee, the v of vissen stays voiced. After zes, it becomes [f].","Compare twee zakken and vijf zakken, or twee ganzen and zes ganzen. The same change applies to [z] and [g]."]}],"lines":[{"number":297,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p28.1","source":"hij valt","translation":"he falls","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p28.1.m4a"},{"number":298,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p28.2","source":"ik val","translation":"I fall","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p28.2.m4a"},{"number":299,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p28.3","source":"een vat","translation":"a barrel","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p28.3.m4a"},{"number":300,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p28.4","source":"het vat","translation":"the barrel","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p28.4.m4a"},{"number":301,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p28.5","source":"twee vissen","translation":"2 fishes","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p28.5.m4a"},{"number":302,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p28.6","source":"zes vissen","translation":"6 fishes","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p28.6.m4a"},{"number":303,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p28.7","source":"hij ziet","translation":"he sees","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p28.7.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1842,"text":"Clusters\n\nDLI Dutch Refresher Course (1961), Book I, Lesson 4: Clusters.\n\nThis requirement that clusters have to be all-voiceless or all-voiced even applies to cases where the first sound in the cluster is at the end of one word and the second sound is at the beginning of the next. If a word normally begins with a voiced fricative [v- z- g-], this is automatically unvoiced to [f- s- ch-] when the word preceding it ends in a voiceless sound."}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Clusters: practice 28, part 2","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":304,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p28.8","source":"ik zie","translation":"I see","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p28.8.m4a"},{"number":305,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p28.9","source":"een zeil","translation":"a sail","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p28.9.m4a"},{"number":306,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p28.10","source":"het zeil","translation":"the sail","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p28.10.m4a"},{"number":307,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p28.11","source":"twee zakken","translation":"2 pockets","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p28.11.m4a"},{"number":308,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p28.12","source":"vijf zakken","translation":"5 pockets","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p28.12.m4a"},{"number":309,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p28.13","source":"hij gaat","translation":"he goes","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p28.13.m4a"},{"number":310,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p28.14","source":"ik ga","translation":"I go","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p28.14.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Clusters: practice 28, part 3","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":311,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p28.15","source":"een gas","translation":"a gas","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p28.15.m4a"},{"number":312,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p28.16","source":"het gas","translation":"the gas","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p28.16.m4a"},{"number":313,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p28.17","source":"twee ganzen","translation":"2 geese","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p28.17.m4a"},{"number":314,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p28.18","source":"zes ganzen","translation":"6 geese","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p28.18.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Clusters: practice 29, part 1","teaching":[{"title":"Voiceless endings become voiced","paragraphs":["The change also works the other way. A word that ends in a voiceless sound becomes voiced before a word that begins with [b] or [d].","The voiceless endings are [p], [t], [f], [s] and [ch]. Before [b] or [d] they become [b], [d], [v], [z] and [g].","Compare dat with dat bier, and vijf with vijf dagen. The last sound of the first word is voiced in the second phrase.","A final [k] also becomes voiced, as in zak and zakdoek. It becomes [G], like English g in big. This is the only place Dutch uses [G]."]}],"lines":[{"number":315,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p29.1","source":"loop","translation":"run","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p29.1.m4a"},{"number":316,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p29.2","source":"loop door","translation":"run through","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p29.2.m4a"},{"number":317,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p29.3","source":"op","translation":"up","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p29.3.m4a"},{"number":318,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p29.4","source":"opdrinken","translation":"to drink up","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p29.4.m4a"},{"number":319,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p29.5","source":"dat","translation":"that","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p29.5.m4a"},{"number":320,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p29.6","source":"dat bier","translation":"that beer","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p29.6.m4a"},{"number":321,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p29.7","source":"wet","translation":"law","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p29.7.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1843,"text":"Clusters\n\nDLI Dutch Refresher Course (1961), Book I, Lesson 4: Clusters.\n\nOn the other hand, if a word normally ends in a voiceless sound [-p -t -f -s -ch], this is automatically voiced to [-b -d -v -z -g] when the following word begins with voiced [b-] or [d-]. This voicing even applies to final [-k]: it is voiced to [-G] (like English g in big), and this is the ONLY TIME Dutch ever uses the voiced stop sound [G]."}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Clusters: practice 29, part 2","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":322,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p29.8","source":"wetboek","translation":"lawbook","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p29.8.m4a"},{"number":323,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p29.9","source":"ik","translation":"I","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p29.9.m4a"},{"number":324,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p29.10","source":"ik ben","translation":"I am","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p29.10.m4a"},{"number":325,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p29.11","source":"zak","translation":"pocket","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p29.11.m4a"},{"number":326,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p29.12","source":"zakdoek","translation":"handkerchief","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p29.12.m4a"},{"number":327,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p29.13","source":"vijf","translation":"five","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p29.13.m4a"},{"number":328,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p29.14","source":"vijf dagen","translation":"five days","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p29.14.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Clusters: practice 29, part 3","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":329,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p29.15","source":"hof","translation":"court","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p29.15.m4a"},{"number":330,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p29.16","source":"hofdame","translation":"lady-in-waiting","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p29.16.m4a"},{"number":331,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p29.17","source":"zes","translation":"six","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p29.17.m4a"},{"number":332,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p29.18","source":"zes dagen","translation":"six days","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p29.18.m4a"},{"number":333,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p29.19","source":"as","translation":"ash","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p29.19.m4a"},{"number":334,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p29.20","source":"asbak","translation":"ashtray","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p29.20.m4a"},{"number":335,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p29.21","source":"nog","translation":"even, yet","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p29.21.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Clusters: practice 29, part 4","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":336,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p29.22","source":"nog beter","translation":"even better","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p29.22.m4a"},{"number":337,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p29.23","source":"dag","translation":"day","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p29.23.m4a"},{"number":338,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p29.24","source":"dagblad","translation":"daily paper","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p29.24.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Clusters: practice 30, part 1","teaching":[{"title":"One consonant, not two","paragraphs":["In English, when one word ends and the next begins with the same consonant, it is said double. Compare the two n sounds in ten nights.","Dutch does not double it. At normal speed, the two consonants become one. Tien nachten is ['tie'nachtē].","This shortening also follows voicing and unvoicing. In vijf vingers, the second v becomes [f]. The double [f] then becomes one: ['vei'fingērs].","In dat ding, the t becomes [d]. The double [d] then becomes one: ['da'ding]. Listen for one consonant in dat teken and zes zakken."]}],"lines":[{"number":339,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p30.1","source":"oppassen","translation":"to pay attention","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p30.1.m4a"},{"number":340,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p30.2","source":"dat teken","translation":"that sign","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p30.2.m4a"},{"number":341,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p30.3","source":"ik kom","translation":"I come","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p30.3.m4a"},{"number":342,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p30.4","source":"kom morgen","translation":"come tomorrow","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p30.4.m4a"},{"number":343,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p30.5","source":"tien nachten","translation":"ten nights","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p30.5.m4a"},{"number":344,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p30.6","source":"opbouwen","translation":"to build up","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p30.6.m4a"},{"number":345,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p30.7","source":"dat ding","translation":"that thing","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p30.7.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1846,"text":"Shortening of double consonants\n\nDLI Dutch Refresher Course (1961), Book I, Lesson 4: Clusters.\n\nThe fact that the Dutch normally “run their words together” produces one more change which we need to mention. In English, if the same consonant comes at the end of one word and also at the beginning of the next, we usually pronounce it as a double consonant. Compare the -s s- of this summer or the -n n- of ten nights. The same thing also happens in compound words: -t t- in cattail, -k k- in bookkeeper. The Dutch do not normally pronounce such long or doubled consonants, but collapse them into a single consonant. At normal speed, tien nachten ‘ten nights’ is ['tie'nachtē]; only in slow, distinct speech do the Dutch say ['tien 'nachtēn], putting a little pause between the two n's. The same collapsing and shortening also takes place along with unvoicing and voicing. For example, in vijf vingers ‘five fingers’ the second v- is of course unvoiced to [f-]. But then the double [-f f-] is shortened to [-f-], and you say ['vei'fingērs]. Similarly, in dat ding ‘that thing’ the -t is of course voiced to [-d]. But then the double [-d d-] is shortened to [-d-] and you say ['da'ding]."}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Clusters: practice 30, part 2","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":346,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p30.8","source":"vijf vingers","translation":"five fingers","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p30.8.m4a"},{"number":347,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p30.9","source":"zes zakken","translation":"six pockets","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p30.9.m4a"},{"number":348,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p30.10","source":"lachgas","translation":"laughing gas","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l4.p30.10.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Special Sounds: practice 31, part 1","teaching":[{"title":"T and s before j","paragraphs":["Before a [j], a Dutch [t] becomes the special sound [tj], and a Dutch [s] becomes the special sound [sj].","Make the [t] and the [j] at the same time. Make the [s] and the [j] at the same time in the same way.","English does something similar in fast speech. Hit you becomes hitcha, and miss you becomes misha. The Dutch sounds are near these, but not the same.","In Dutch these sounds are normal and correct speech. Listen for the change in each pair: een boot and een bootje, ik mis and ik mis je."]}],"lines":[{"number":349,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p31.1","source":"je zit","translation":"you are sitting","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p31.1.m4a"},{"number":350,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p31.2","source":"waar zit je?","translation":"where are you sitting?","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p31.2.m4a"},{"number":351,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p31.3","source":"een boot","translation":"a boat","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p31.3.m4a"},{"number":352,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p31.4","source":"een bootje","translation":"a little boat","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p31.4.m4a"},{"number":353,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p31.5","source":"een beet","translation":"a bite","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p31.5.m4a"},{"number":354,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p31.6","source":"een beetje","translation":"a little bit","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p31.6.m4a"},{"number":355,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p31.7","source":"ik mis","translation":"I miss","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p31.7.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1851,"text":"Special sounds before [j]\n\nDLI Dutch Refresher Course (1961), Book I, Lesson 5: Special Sounds.\n\nIn English we also “run words together” in ordinary speech, and sometimes strange things happen when we do. For example, if a word ending in a t is run together with one beginning with a y, the result is usually a tch: hit + you gives hitcha (“I hitcha”). Similarly, if a word ending in an s is run together with one beginning in a y, the result is usually a sh: miss + you gives misha (“I misha”). Such pronunciations may not be considered elegant, but they are extremely common and perfectly normal for most of us. Much the same thing happens in Dutch when a [t] or an [s] occurs before a [j], though with two differences. First, the resulting sounds are by no means “sloppy,” but entirely normal and correct; and, secondly, though the sounds are similar to those of English, they are not quite the same. Dutch [tj] and [sj] sound as if you were trying to say both a [t] and a [j], or an [s] and a [j], at the same time. The following practice shows you the alternation between plain [t] and the special [tj], and between plain [s] and the special [sj]."}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Special Sounds: practice 31, part 2","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":356,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p31.8","source":"ik mis je","translation":"I miss you","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p31.8.m4a"},{"number":357,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p31.9","source":"een poes","translation":"a kitty","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p31.9.m4a"},{"number":358,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p31.10","source":"een poesje","translation":"a little kitty","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p31.10.m4a"},{"number":359,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p31.11","source":"een jas","translation":"a jacket","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p31.11.m4a"},{"number":360,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p31.12","source":"een jasje","translation":"a little jacket","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p31.12.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Special Sounds: practice 32","teaching":[{"title":"The vowel and n before tj","paragraphs":["A following [j] changes more than the [t]. It also changes an [n] before the [t], and the vowel before that [n].","Listen to the vowel and the [n] in each pair. Compare een hond and een hondje, and een hand and een handje."]}],"lines":[{"number":361,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p32.1","source":"een hond","translation":"a dog","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p32.1.m4a"},{"number":362,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p32.2","source":"een hondje","translation":"a little dog","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p32.2.m4a"},{"number":363,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p32.3","source":"een hand","translation":"a hand","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p32.3.m4a"},{"number":364,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p32.4","source":"een handje","translation":"a little hand","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p32.4.m4a"},{"number":365,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p32.5","source":"een mand","translation":"a basket","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p32.5.m4a"},{"number":366,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p32.6","source":"een mandje","translation":"a little basket","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p32.6.m4a"},{"number":367,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p32.7","source":"een cent","translation":"a cent","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p32.7.m4a"},{"number":368,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p32.8","source":"een centje","translation":"a penny","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p32.8.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1852,"text":"Special Sounds\n\nDLI Dutch Refresher Course (1961), Book I, Lesson 5: Special Sounds.\n\nThe influence of a following [j] not only affects a preceding [t] (as in the examples above), but it even extends to an [n] before the [t] and to the vowel before the [n]. Notice how the pronunciation of the vowel and the [n] differs in the following words, depending on whether or not they are followed by a [j]."}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Special Sounds: practice 33","teaching":[{"title":"N before j","paragraphs":["When a [j] follows an [n] directly, Dutch speakers say it in one of two ways.","Some speakers use the special [n] sound. Others drop the [n] and say the vowel before it through the nose.","Listen for the [n] and the vowel in hoe win je?, waar ben je? and naar Spanje."]}],"lines":[{"number":369,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p33.1","source":"hoe win je?","translation":"how do you win?","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p33.1.m4a"},{"number":370,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p33.2","source":"waar ben je?","translation":"where are you?","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p33.2.m4a"},{"number":371,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p33.3","source":"hoe kon je?","translation":"how were you able to?","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p33.3.m4a"},{"number":372,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p33.4","source":"hoe kun je?","translation":"how could you?","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p33.4.m4a"},{"number":373,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p33.5","source":"naar Spanje","translation":"to Spain","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p33.5.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1853,"text":"Special Sounds\n\nDLI Dutch Refresher Course (1961), Book I, Lesson 5: Special Sounds.\n\nWhen a [j] follows an [n] directly, some Dutch speakers use the special [n] sound. Others drop the [n] entirely, but nasalize the preceding vowel:"}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Special Sounds: practice 34, part 1","teaching":[{"title":"The verb ending t before je","paragraphs":["A final [-t] is regularly lost in three situations. This is the first.","The verb ending -t is lost before jij or unstressed je. The spelling shows this loss. Je roept becomes wie roep je?","In the last three pairs the lost [t] is not really the verb ending. Je wast becomes wat was je? Je vindt becomes wat vind je?","Listen for no [t] before je."]}],"lines":[{"number":374,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p34.1","source":"je roept","translation":"you call","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p34.1.m4a"},{"number":375,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p34.2","source":"wie roep je?","translation":"who are you calling?","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p34.2.m4a"},{"number":376,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p34.3","source":"je kent","translation":"you know","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p34.3.m4a"},{"number":377,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p34.4","source":"wie ken je?","translation":"who do you know?","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p34.4.m4a"},{"number":378,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p34.5","source":"je wast","translation":"you're washing","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p34.5.m4a"},{"number":379,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p34.6","source":"wat was je?","translation":"what are you washing?","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p34.6.m4a"},{"number":380,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p34.7","source":"je snijdt","translation":"you're cutting","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p34.7.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1854,"text":"Loss of final [-t]\n\nDLI Dutch Refresher Course (1961), Book I, Lesson 5: Special Sounds.\n\nA final [-t] is regularly lost under three conditions. First, the verb ending -t is lost before the pronoun jij, unstressed je. In this case the loss of [-t] is indicated in the regular spelling. But notice the last three pairs of examples, in which a final [-t] is lost even though it is not really the verb ending -t."}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Special Sounds: practice 34, part 2","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":381,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p34.8","source":"wat snijd je?","translation":"what are you cutting?","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p34.8.m4a"},{"number":382,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p34.9","source":"je houdt","translation":"you're holding","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p34.9.m4a"},{"number":383,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p34.10","source":"wat houd je?","translation":"what are you holding?","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p34.10.m4a"},{"number":384,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p34.11","source":"je vindt","translation":"you find","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p34.11.m4a"},{"number":385,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p34.12","source":"wat vind je?","translation":"what do you find?","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p34.12.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Special Sounds: practice 35, part 1","teaching":[{"title":"T lost before the ending -je","paragraphs":["The second situation is a word that ends in [-ft], [-st] or [-cht], with the ending -je added.","The final [t] is lost in speech. The spelling still shows it.","Listen for no [t] before -je in een kastje, een lijstje and een luchtje."]}],"lines":[{"number":386,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p35.1","source":"een hoofd","translation":"a head","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p35.1.m4a"},{"number":387,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p35.2","source":"een hoofdje","translation":"a little head","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p35.2.m4a"},{"number":388,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p35.3","source":"een kast","translation":"a cupboard","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p35.3.m4a"},{"number":389,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p35.4","source":"een kastje","translation":"a little cupboard","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p35.4.m4a"},{"number":390,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p35.5","source":"een lijst","translation":"a list","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p35.5.m4a"},{"number":391,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p35.6","source":"een lijstje","translation":"a little list","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p35.6.m4a"},{"number":392,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p35.7","source":"zacht","translation":"gentle","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p35.7.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1855,"text":"Special Sounds\n\nDLI Dutch Refresher Course (1961), Book I, Lesson 5: Special Sounds.\n\nSecondly, a final [-t] is lost before the diminutive suffix -je in the case of words ending in [-ft], [-st], [-cht]. In this case the regular spelling does NOT indicate that the [-t] is lost."}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Special Sounds: practice 35, part 2","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":393,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p35.8","source":"zachtjes","translation":"gently","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p35.8.m4a"},{"number":394,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p35.9","source":"de lucht","translation":"the air","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p35.9.m4a"},{"number":395,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p35.10","source":"een luchtje","translation":"a bit of air","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p35.10.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Special Sounds: practice 36","teaching":[{"title":"T lost in compound words","paragraphs":["The third situation is a compound or derived word. A final [-t] in the first part is usually dropped when the next part begins with a stop or a fricative.","The spelling does not show the loss. Listen for no [t] in postbode, tekstboek and kostschool.","In Kerstmis the [t] is also lost, before [m]."]}],"lines":[{"number":396,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p36.1","source":"vastpakken","translation":"to grab hold of","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p36.1.m4a"},{"number":397,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p36.2","source":"hoofdkantoor","translation":"main office","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p36.2.m4a"},{"number":398,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p36.3","source":"zichtbaar","translation":"visible","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p36.3.m4a"},{"number":399,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p36.4","source":"postbode","translation":"postman","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p36.4.m4a"},{"number":400,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p36.5","source":"tekstboek","translation":"textbook","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p36.5.m4a"},{"number":401,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p36.6","source":"kostschool","translation":"boarding school","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p36.6.m4a"},{"number":402,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p36.7","source":"postzegel","translation":"postage stamp","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p36.7.m4a"},{"number":403,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p36.8","source":"Kerstmis","translation":"Christmas","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p36.8.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1857,"text":"Special Sounds\n\nDLI Dutch Refresher Course (1961), Book I, Lesson 5: Special Sounds.\n\nThirdly, a final [-t] is usually dropped in compound and derived words when the next element begins with a stop or a fricative. Again, the regular spelling does NOT indicate the loss of [-t]. Note also the final example, with loss of [-t] before [m]."}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Special Sounds: practice 37, part 1","teaching":[{"title":"Where the inserted vowel is common","paragraphs":["The spelling never shows the inserted [ē]. The raised letter [ᵉ] marks it because it is not required. For many speakers it is usual.","It is most common before voiceless stops and fricatives and before [m]. Listen for it in helpen, kalm and scherp.","It is less common before voiced stops and fricatives. Listen for it in een halve dag, volgen and zorgen."]}],"lines":[{"number":404,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p37.1","source":"kun je me helpen?","translation":"can you help me?","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p37.1.m4a"},{"number":405,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p37.2","source":"half twee","translation":"half past one","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p37.2.m4a"},{"number":406,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p37.3","source":"blijf kalm","translation":"stay calm","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p37.3.m4a"},{"number":407,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p37.4","source":"veel te scherp","translation":"much too sharp","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p37.4.m4a"},{"number":408,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p37.5","source":"hij steekt de turf","translation":"he cuts the peat","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p37.5.m4a"},{"number":409,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p37.6","source":"ontzaglijk warm","translation":"terribly warm","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p37.6.m4a"},{"number":410,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p37.7","source":"het hele volk","translation":"the whole people","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p37.7.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1859,"text":"Special Sounds\n\nDLI Dutch Refresher Course (1961), Book I, Lesson 5: Special Sounds.\n\nInserted [ē] is never indicated in the regular spelling. We write it here with a raised letter, [ᵉ], because it does not HAVE to be inserted, though for many speakers it usually is. It is commonest before voiceless stops and fricatives and [m] (examples 1-10 below), somewhat less common before voiced stops and fricatives (examples 11-14 below)."}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Special Sounds: practice 37, part 2","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":411,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p37.8","source":"hij is een Belg","translation":"he's a Belgian","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p37.8.m4a"},{"number":412,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p37.9","source":"een grote kerk","translation":"a big church","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p37.9.m4a"},{"number":413,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p37.10","source":"'t is niet zo erg","translation":"it's not so bad","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p37.10.m4a"},{"number":414,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p37.11","source":"een halve dag","translation":"half a day","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p37.11.m4a"},{"number":415,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p37.12","source":"uitgestorven","translation":"extinct (died out)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p37.12.m4a"},{"number":416,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p37.13","source":"je moet volgen","translation":"you have to follow","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p37.13.m4a"},{"number":417,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p37.14","source":"voor iets zorgen","translation":"to take care of something","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l5.p37.14.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Stress: practice 38","teaching":[{"title":"Stress on one word of a sentence","paragraphs":["Stress is relative loudness. A stressed word is said louder than the words around it. Dutch has two kinds, as English does.","One kind belongs to a whole sentence. The other belongs to a single word.","Sentence stress puts one word at the center of attention. Jan werkt hier can put the stress on any of its three words.","Stress on Jan answers Wie werkt hier? Stress on werkt answers Wat doet Jan hier? Stress on hier answers Waar werkt Jan?","Listen for the one louder word in each answer. Say the same word louder."]}],"lines":[{"number":418,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p38.1","source":"Wie werkt hier?","translation":"Who works here?","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p38.1.m4a"},{"number":419,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p38.2","source":"Jan• werkt hier.","translation":"John• works here.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p38.2.m4a"},{"number":420,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p38.3","source":"Wat doet Jan hier?","translation":"What does John do here?","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p38.3.m4a"},{"number":421,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p38.4","source":"Jan werkt• hier.","translation":"John works• here.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p38.4.m4a"},{"number":422,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p38.5","source":"Waar werkt Jan?","translation":"Where does John work?","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p38.5.m4a"},{"number":423,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p38.6","source":"Jan werkt hier•.","translation":"John works here•.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p38.6.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1861,"text":"Sentence stress\n\nDLI Dutch Refresher Course (1961), Book I, Lesson 6: Stress.\n\nIn this final section on the sounds of Dutch we come to a topic which is quite different from the vowels, the consonants, and the combinations of vowels and consonants which we have discussed so far. This topic is what is known technically as STRESS, that is, relative loudness or prominence. Like English, Dutch has two different kinds of stress: one type which goes with whole phrases and sentences, and another which goes with individual words. A sentence such as Jan werkt hier ‘John works here’ can be said in both Dutch and English in any one of three different ways, depending on which one of the three words we wish to place at the center of attention:"}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Stress: practice 39","teaching":[{"title":"Three degrees of word stress","paragraphs":["In a word of two syllables, one syllable is usually said more strongly. In meubel the first syllable is strong. In fabriek the second is strong.","A raised tick before a syllable marks this strong stress, as in 'meubel and fa'briek.","Put the two words together into meubelfabriek. Meu is strong, and bel and fa are weak. Briek has a middle degree of stress.","Strong stress is primary. The middle degree is secondary, and a lowered tick marks it: 'meubelfa,briek. English does the same in 'auto ,garage.","Word stress does not change with sentence stress. Listen for meu in each sentence with meubelfabriek, wherever the sentence stress falls."]}],"lines":[{"number":424,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p39.1","source":"Wie werkt in de meubelfabriek?","translation":"Who works in the furniture factory?","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p39.1.m4a"},{"number":425,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p39.2","source":"'Jan 'werkt in de 'meubelfa,briek.","translation":"John• works in the furniture factory.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p39.2.m4a"},{"number":426,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p39.3","source":"Wat doet Jan in de meubelfabriek?","translation":"What does John do in the furniture factory?","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p39.3.m4a"},{"number":427,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p39.4","source":"'Jan 'werkt in de 'meubelfa,briek.","translation":"John works• in the furniture factory.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p39.4.m4a"},{"number":428,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p39.5","source":"Waar werkt Jan?","translation":"Where does John work?","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p39.5.m4a"},{"number":429,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p39.6","source":"'Jan 'werkt in de 'meubelfa,briek.","translation":"John works in the furniture• factory.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p39.6.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1863,"text":"Word stress\n\nDLI Dutch Refresher Course (1961), Book I, Lesson 6: Stress.\n\nIf a word has two syllables, one of them is usually stressed more strongly than the other. For example, the word meubel ‘furniture’ is stressed more strongly on the first syllable than on the second, and the word fabriek ‘factory’ is stressed more strongly on the second syllable than on the first. We can indicate this by putting a raised tick in front of the stressed syllable: 'meubel, fa'briek. If we now put these two words together into the compound meubelfabriek ‘furniture factory’, we notice something else. The syllable meu- again has strong stress; the syllables -bel and fa- again have weak stress; but the syllable -briek has a middle degree of stress which lies between the two extremes of strong and weak. If we call the stress on meu- PRIMARY and the stress on -bel and fa- WEAK, we can call the stress on -briek SECONDARY. And we can mark secondary stress by putting a lowered tick in front of the syllable on which it occurs: 'meubelfa,briek. All of this is similar to the way we handle stress in English: 'auto; ga'rage; 'auto ,garage. As in English, the three kinds of word stress are quite independent of sentence stress; all four degrees of stress can occur in the same sentence:"}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Stress: practice 40","teaching":[{"title":"Two stress patterns in compounds","paragraphs":["A compound such as meubelfabriek is one word made of two words.","Most compounds have primary stress first and secondary stress second, as in English. Examples are 'zak,doek and 'over,hemd.","Many Dutch compounds have the other order. Secondary stress comes first and primary stress comes second. Examples are ,stad'huis and ,Amster'dam.","Dutch has far more compounds of this second kind than English. Listen for the louder part in each word. Say that part louder."]}],"lines":[{"number":430,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p40.1","source":"'zak,doek","translation":"handkerchief","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p40.1.m4a"},{"number":431,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p40.2","source":"'over,hemd","translation":"shirt","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p40.2.m4a"},{"number":432,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p40.3","source":"'Neder,land","translation":"Netherlands","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p40.3.m4a"},{"number":433,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p40.4","source":"'sinaas,appel","translation":"orange","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p40.4.m4a"},{"number":434,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p40.5","source":",stad'huis","translation":"city hall","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p40.5.m4a"},{"number":435,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p40.6","source":",Amster'dam","translation":"Amsterdam","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p40.6.m4a"},{"number":436,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p40.7","source":",hoog'leraar","translation":"professor","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p40.7.m4a"},{"number":437,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p40.8","source":",burge'meester","translation":"mayor","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p40.8.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1864,"text":"Stress\n\nDLI Dutch Refresher Course (1961), Book I, Lesson 6: Stress.\n\nA full treatment of Dutch stress cannot be given here, but we can mention a few aspects of it. As in English, most compound words have the stress pattern ['_,_], that is, primary-secondary (examples 1-4 below). But a good many compound words (far more than in English) have the stress pattern [,_'_], that is, secondary-primary (examples 5-8 below)."}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Stress: practice 41","teaching":[{"title":"Stress in a word and its derivative","paragraphs":["A basic word and a word made from it can have different stress patterns.","'voor,zicht has primary stress on voor. ,voor'zichtig has primary stress on zicht. 'geest,drift and ,geest'driftig change in the same way.","'koning has primary stress on the first syllable. ,koning'in has it on the last syllable.","Listen for the louder syllable in each word of a pair. Do not keep the stress of the basic word in the longer word."]}],"lines":[{"number":438,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p41.1","source":"'voor,zicht","translation":"caution","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p41.1.m4a"},{"number":439,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p41.2","source":",voor'zichtig","translation":"cautious","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p41.2.m4a"},{"number":440,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p41.3","source":"'geest,drift","translation":"enthusiasm","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p41.3.m4a"},{"number":441,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p41.4","source":",geest'driftig","translation":"enthusiastic","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p41.4.m4a"},{"number":442,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p41.5","source":"'koning","translation":"king","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p41.5.m4a"},{"number":443,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p41.6","source":",koning'in","translation":"queen","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p41.6.m4a"},{"number":444,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p41.7","source":"'kruiden","translation":"herbs","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p41.7.m4a"},{"number":445,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p41.8","source":",kruide'nier","translation":"grocer","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p41.8.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1865,"text":"Stress\n\nDLI Dutch Refresher Course (1961), Book I, Lesson 6: Stress.\n\nBe on the watch for this second type of stress pattern, since it is a good deal more common in Dutch than in English. Watch out also for pairs like the following, in which the basic word and its derivative have quite different stress patterns:"}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Stress: practice 42","teaching":[{"title":"Stressed and unstressed pronouns","paragraphs":["Pronouns are words such as I, you, he and it. In Dutch and in English, a pronoun has a different shape when it is unstressed.","English almost never shows this in spelling. If he comes is said if-ee comes. Give her is said give 'er.","Dutch sometimes shows it in spelling. Jij is the stressed form and je is the unstressed form. Zij and ze, wij and we are pairs of the same kind.","Listen for the stressed form in Wat doe jij? and the unstressed form in Wat doe je?"]}],"lines":[{"number":446,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p42.1","source":"Wat doe ik?","translation":"I","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p42.1.m4a"},{"number":447,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p42.2","source":"Wat doe jij? - Wat doe je?","translation":"you","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p42.2.m4a"},{"number":448,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p42.3","source":"Wat doet hij?","translation":"he","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p42.3.m4a"},{"number":449,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p42.4","source":"Wat doet zij? - Wat doet ze?","translation":"she","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p42.4.m4a"},{"number":450,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p42.5","source":"Wat doet dat? - Wat doet het?","translation":"it","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p42.5.m4a"},{"number":451,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p42.6","source":"Wat doen wij? - Wat doen we?","translation":"we","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p42.6.m4a"},{"number":452,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p42.7","source":"Wat doen jullie? - Wat doe je?","translation":"you-all","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p42.7.m4a"},{"number":453,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p42.8","source":"Wat doen zij? - Wat doen ze?","translation":"they","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p42.8.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1866,"text":"Stressed and unstressed pronouns\n\nDLI Dutch Refresher Course (1961), Book I, Lesson 6: Stress.\n\nBoth Dutch and English have a whole class of words, the pronouns, which have different shapes depending on whether they are stressed or unstressed. Dutch sometimes shows these differences by spelling them differently; in normal spelling, English almost never does. Compare the following English examples (Stressed / Unstressed): if he• comes / if-ee comes; if you• come / if ya come; give her• the money / give 'er the money; give him• the money / give 'im the money; give them• the money / give 'em the money. Now practice the following Dutch pronouns in stressed and unstressed position. First come the subject forms:"}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Stress: practice 43","teaching":[{"title":"Object pronouns","paragraphs":["The object pronouns also have stressed and unstressed forms.","Mij is stressed and me is unstressed. Jou is stressed and je is unstressed. Ik zie dat becomes ik zie 't when unstressed.","U, said [uu], is the polite word for you. It is said the same way stressed or unstressed.","Listen for the difference in hij ziet mij and hij ziet me."]}],"lines":[{"number":454,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p43.1","source":"hij ziet mij - hij ziet me","translation":"me","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p43.1.m4a"},{"number":455,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p43.2","source":"ik zie jou - ik zie je","translation":"you","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p43.2.m4a"},{"number":456,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p43.3","source":"ik zie hem","translation":"him","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p43.3.m4a"},{"number":457,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p43.4","source":"ik zie haar","translation":"her","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p43.4.m4a"},{"number":458,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p43.5","source":"ik zie dat - ik zie 't","translation":"it","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p43.5.m4a"},{"number":459,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p43.6","source":"hij ziet ons","translation":"us","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p43.6.m4a"},{"number":460,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p43.7","source":"ik zie jullie - ik zie je","translation":"you-all","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p43.7.m4a"},{"number":461,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p43.8","source":"ik zie hun - ik zie ze","translation":"them","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p43.8.m4a"},{"number":462,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p43.9","source":"ik zie hen","translation":"['hen]","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p43.9.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1867,"text":"Stress\n\nDLI Dutch Refresher Course (1961), Book I, Lesson 6: Stress.\n\nThe word U [uu] ‘you’ (normal polite form) is pronounced the same in both stressed and unstressed position. Now practice the object forms:"}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Stress: practice 44","teaching":[{"title":"Possessive pronouns","paragraphs":["The words for my, your and his also have stressed and unstressed forms.","Mijn becomes m'n. Zijn becomes z'n. Jouw and jullie both become je.","U, said [uu], is said the same way stressed or unstressed.","Listen for the difference in met mijn vader and met m'n vader. Then in met zijn vader and met z'n vader."]}],"lines":[{"number":463,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p44.1","source":"met mijn vader - met m'n vader","translation":"my","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p44.1.m4a"},{"number":464,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p44.2","source":"met jouw vader - met je vader","translation":"your","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p44.2.m4a"},{"number":465,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p44.3","source":"met zijn vader - met z'n vader","translation":"his","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p44.3.m4a"},{"number":466,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p44.4","source":"met haar vader","translation":"her","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p44.4.m4a"},{"number":467,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p44.5","source":"met onze vader","translation":"our","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p44.5.m4a"},{"number":468,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p44.6","source":"met jullie vader - met je vader","translation":"your","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p44.6.m4a"},{"number":469,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p44.7","source":"met hun vader","translation":"their","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p44.7.m4a"},{"number":470,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p44.8","source":"met Uw vader","translation":"your","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p44.8.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1868,"text":"Stress\n\nDLI Dutch Refresher Course (1961), Book I, Lesson 6: Stress.\n\nAgain, the word U [uu] ‘you’ (normal polite form) is pronounced the same in both stressed and unstressed position. Finally, practice the possessive forms:"}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Stress: practice 45, part 1","teaching":[{"title":"Other words with stressed and unstressed forms","paragraphs":["Before a neuter noun, the word for our is ons, as in in ons huis.","Some other common words also have stressed and unstressed forms.","Een means one in Ik heb een gulden when stressed. Unstressed, it means a.","Daar and er both mean there. Ik ben daar geweest and Ik ben er geweest both mean I have been there.","Het is waar can become 't Is waar. Listen for the short 't in that sentence."]}],"lines":[{"number":471,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p45.1","source":"Hij is de man.","translation":"He is the man.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p45.1.m4a"},{"number":472,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p45.2","source":"Hij is de man.","translation":"He is the man.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p45.2.m4a"},{"number":473,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p45.3","source":"Ik heb een gulden.","translation":"I have one guilder.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p45.3.m4a"},{"number":474,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p45.4","source":"Ik heb een gulden.","translation":"I have a guilder.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p45.4.m4a"},{"number":475,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p45.5","source":"Hij was eens hier.","translation":"He was once here.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p45.5.m4a"},{"number":476,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p45.6","source":"Hij was eens hier.","translation":"He was here once.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p45.6.m4a"},{"number":477,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p45.7","source":"Ik ben daar geweest.","translation":"I've been there.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p45.7.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1869,"text":"Stress\n\nDLI Dutch Refresher Course (1961), Book I, Lesson 6: Stress.\n\nBefore a neuter noun, nos. 5 and 8 would have ons: in ons huis ‘in our house’. Note finally the following stressed and unstressed forms of some other common words:"}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Stress: practice 45, part 2","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":478,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p45.8","source":"Ik ben er geweest.","translation":"I've been there.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p45.8.m4a"},{"number":479,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p45.9","source":"Ik ben er geweest.","translation":"I've been there.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p45.9.m4a"},{"number":480,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p45.10","source":"Dat is waar.","translation":"That is true.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p45.10.m4a"},{"number":481,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p45.11","source":"Het is waar.","translation":"It's true.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p45.11.m4a"},{"number":482,"id":"dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p45.12","source":"'t Is waar.","translation":"'Tis true.","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/dli.nl.b1u01.l6.p45.12.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]}]}