{"course":{"lang":"nl","language":"Dutch","title":"Dutch Conversation-Grammar","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/nl","source":"Valette, Dutch Conversation-Grammar (1913) and its Key (1893); Defense Language Institute, Dutch Refresher Course, Books I to III (1961). Public domain. The teaching pages, the readings' English, the answers to the conversations and the narration are ours."},"unit":{"number":2,"id":"val.nl.m06-10","title":"Lessons 6 to 10","stage":"Parts of Speech I","situation":"Onverschilligheid van een geleerde; Gestrafte gulzigheid; De bedrogen bedrieger; In een medicijnkist verdronken; Tantalus","outcome":"Hebben: infinitive and participles; Hebben: present and past indicative; Hebben: present perfect and pluperfect indicative; Hebben: future and future perfect indicative; The conditional: present and past; The subjunctive is gone; §188. Zullen: shall, will; §189. Worden: to be (of the passive voice);","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/nl/2","lines":587},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/courses/nl/1","next":"https://1732studios.com/courses/nl/3","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/","sections":[{"title":"Lesson 6: Hebben: infinitive and participles (and 1 more)","teaching":[{"title":"The infinitive and the two participles","paragraphs":["Every verb has an infinitive and two participles. For have, the infinitive is hebben, to have. Gehad hebben is to have had.","The present participle is hebbend, having. The past participle is gehad, had. Gehad is the form that later joins hebben to make the perfect tenses.","The present participle drops its final e. It keeps the e only before a noun that it describes: de hebbende partij, the possessing party.","Dutch uses the present participle little. A clause with terwijl, meaning while, usually says the same thing."]},{"title":"Have now and had before","paragraphs":["Hebben has a present tense and a past tense. The present is ik heb een boek, I have a book. The past is wij hadden een schat, we had a treasure.","The present has three forms for one person: heb, hebt, heeft. The past has one: ik had, jij had, u had, hij had.","More than one person takes hadden in the past, as it takes hebben in the present.","A question puts the verb before the subject, in the past as in the present: had u geduld?"]},{"title":"","paragraphs":[]}],"lines":[{"number":1,"id":"val.nl.L06.x.1.1","source":"hebben, gehad hebben","translation":"to have, to have had","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"hebben,","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"gehad","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"hebben","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L06.x.1.1.m4a"},{"number":2,"id":"val.nl.L06.x.1.2","source":"hebbend, gehad","translation":"having, had","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"hebbend,","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"gehad","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L06.x.1.2.m4a"},{"number":3,"id":"val.nl.L06.x.1.3","source":"de hebbende partij","translation":"the possessing party","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"hebbende","gloss":"the possessing party"},{"text":"partij","gloss":"the possessing party"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L06.x.1.3.m4a"},{"number":4,"id":"val.nl.L06.x.2.1","source":"Ik heb een boek.","translation":"I have a book.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"boek.","gloss":"book"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L06.x.2.1.m4a"},{"number":5,"id":"val.nl.L06.x.2.2","source":"Heb jij een hond?","translation":"Do you have a dog?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Heb","gloss":"have"},{"text":"jij","gloss":"you"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"hond?","gloss":"the dog, dogs"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L06.x.2.2.m4a"},{"number":6,"id":"val.nl.L06.x.2.3","source":"Had u geduld?","translation":"Did you have patience?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Had","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"geduld?","gloss":"patience"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L06.x.2.3.m4a"},{"number":7,"id":"val.nl.L06.x.2.4","source":"Wij hadden een schat.","translation":"We had a treasure.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"hadden","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"schat.","gloss":"treasure"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L06.x.2.4.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1001,"text":"Hebben: infinitive and participles\n\nInfinitive. Present: hebben, to have. Past: gehad hebben, to have had.\nParticiples. Present: hebbend, having. Past: gehad, had. The present participle drops its final -e, except when it stands before a noun as an adjective, such as de hebbende partij, the possessing party. A clause with terwijl (while) usually stands in for a present-participle phrase."},{"section":1002,"text":"Hebben: present and past indicative\n\nPresent\nik heb I have\njij hebt you have\nu hebt you have\nhij heeft he has\nzij heeft she has\nhet heeft it has\nwij hebben we have\njullie hebben you have\nzij hebben they have\n\nPast\nik had I had\njij had you had\nu had you had\nhij had he had\nwij hadden we had\njullie hadden you had\nzij hadden they had"},{"section":1003,"text":"Hebben: present perfect and pluperfect indicative\n\nPresent perfect\nik heb gehad I have had\njij hebt gehad you have had\nu hebt gehad you have had\nhij heeft gehad he has had\nwij hebben gehad we have had\njullie hebben gehad you have had\nzij hebben gehad they have had\n\nPluperfect\nik had gehad I had had\njij had gehad you had had\nu had gehad you had had\nhij had gehad he had had\nwij hadden gehad we had had\njullie hadden gehad you had had\nzij hadden gehad they had had\n\nThe present perfect is the present of hebben plus the past participle; the pluperfect is the past of hebben plus the past participle."},{"section":1004,"text":"Hebben: future and future perfect indicative\n\nFuture\nik zal hebben I shall have\njij zult hebben you will have\nu zult hebben you will have\nhij zal hebben he will have\nwij zullen hebben we shall have\njullie zullen hebben you will have\nzij zullen hebben they will have\n\nFuture perfect\nik zal gehad hebben I shall have had\nhij zal gehad hebben he will have had\nwij zullen gehad hebben we shall have had\nzij zullen gehad hebben they will have had\n\nThe future is zullen with the infinitive; the future perfect is zullen with the perfect infinitive gehad hebben."},{"section":1005,"text":"The conditional: present and past\n\nPresent conditional\nik zou hebben I should have\njij zou hebben you would have\nu zou hebben you would have\nhij zou hebben he would have\nwij zouden hebben we should have\njullie zouden hebben you would have\nzij zouden hebben they would have\n\nPast conditional\nik zou gehad hebben I should have had\nhij zou gehad hebben he would have had\nwij zouden gehad hebben we should have had\nzij zouden gehad hebben they would have had\n\nThe conditional is zou or zouden with the infinitive; the past conditional is zou or zouden with the perfect infinitive gehad hebben. There is one conditional, not two: zoude is the same word as zou. Multatuli and other writers before the war spell zoude in full beside zou."},{"section":1007,"text":"The subjunctive is gone\n\nDutch has no separate subjunctive verb forms; the indicative carries every tense above. A wish or a hypothesis is carried by a modal verb instead: mocht for a hypothesis (mocht hij komen, should he come), zou for the unreal (als hij geduld had, zou hij winnen, if he had patience, he would win). A handful of subjunctive forms survive as fixed phrases: leve de koning, long live the king; het zij zo, so be it; God zegene u, God bless you. Multatuli, the Statenbijbel, and formal Dutch before the war use hebbe and hadde as living verb forms."},{"section":2006,"text":"Verbs of this lesson, with their principal parts\n\nschrijven to write ik schrijf, ik schreef, ik heb geschreven\nkomen to come ik kom, ik kwam, ik ben gekomen\ntoelopen to run to ik loop toe, ik liep toe, ik ben toegelopen\ntoeroepen to cry to ik roep toe, ik riep toe, ik heb toegeroepen\nweten to know ik weet, ik wist, ik heb geweten\nzich bemoeien to meddle with, to interfere ik bemoei mij, ik bemoeide mij, ik heb mij bemoeid"}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[{"section":1002,"headword":"hebben","caption":"present","cells":[{"label":"ik","number":"singular","form":"heb","meaning":"I have","name":"ik, singular"},{"label":"jij","number":"singular","form":"hebt","meaning":"you have","name":"jij, singular"},{"label":"u","number":"singular","form":"hebt","meaning":"you have","name":"u, singular"},{"label":"hij","number":"singular","form":"heeft","meaning":"he has","name":"hij, singular"},{"label":"zij","number":"singular","form":"heeft","meaning":"she has","name":"zij, singular"},{"label":"het","number":"singular","form":"heeft","meaning":"it has","name":"het, singular"},{"label":"wij","number":"plural","form":"hebben","meaning":"we have","name":"wij, plural"},{"label":"jullie","number":"plural","form":"hebben","meaning":"you have","name":"jullie, plural"},{"label":"zij","number":"plural","form":"hebben","meaning":"they have","name":"zij, plural"}]},{"section":1002,"headword":"hebben","caption":"past","cells":[{"label":"ik","number":"singular","form":"had","meaning":"I had","name":"ik, singular"},{"label":"jij","number":"singular","form":"had","meaning":"you had","name":"jij, singular"},{"label":"u","number":"singular","form":"had","meaning":"you had","name":"u, singular"},{"label":"hij","number":"singular","form":"had","meaning":"he had","name":"hij, singular"},{"label":"wij","number":"plural","form":"hadden","meaning":"we had","name":"wij, plural"},{"label":"jullie","number":"plural","form":"hadden","meaning":"you had","name":"jullie, plural"},{"label":"zij","number":"plural","form":"hadden","meaning":"they had","name":"zij, plural"}]}]},{"title":"Lesson 6: Hebben: present perfect and pluperfect indicative (and 1 more)","teaching":[{"title":"Hebben plus gehad","paragraphs":["The present perfect is the English I have had. Dutch makes it from the present of hebben and the past participle: ik heb gehad.","The pluperfect is the English I had had. Dutch makes it from the past of hebben and the past participle: ik had gehad.","Only hebben changes with the person. Gehad stays the same: hij heeft gehad, wij hadden gehad.","Other words stand between the two parts, and gehad comes last: ik heb geduld gehad, hij had moed gehad."]},{"title":"Zullen plus the infinitive","paragraphs":["The future tells what will happen. Dutch makes it from zullen and the infinitive. Ik zal hebben means I shall have.","Zullen changes with the person: ik zal, jij zult, wij zullen. Hebben stays the same. Other words stand between the two parts: ik zal geduld hebben.","The future perfect tells what will have happened. It uses zullen with gehad hebben, the perfect infinitive. Ik zal gehad hebben means I shall have had.","Again only zullen changes. Gehad hebben stays the same for every person."]}],"lines":[{"number":8,"id":"val.nl.L06.x.3.1","source":"Ik heb geduld gehad.","translation":"I have had patience.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"geduld","gloss":"patience"},{"text":"gehad.","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L06.x.3.1.m4a"},{"number":9,"id":"val.nl.L06.x.3.2","source":"Hij had moed gehad.","translation":"He had had courage.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"had","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"moed","gloss":"courage"},{"text":"gehad.","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L06.x.3.2.m4a"},{"number":10,"id":"val.nl.L06.x.3.3","source":"Wij hadden een groot boek gehad.","translation":"We had had a great book.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"hadden","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"groot","gloss":"great"},{"text":"boek","gloss":"book"},{"text":"gehad.","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L06.x.3.3.m4a"},{"number":11,"id":"val.nl.L06.x.4.1","source":"Ik zal geduld hebben.","translation":"I shall have patience.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"geduld","gloss":"patience"},{"text":"hebben.","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L06.x.4.1.m4a"},{"number":12,"id":"val.nl.L06.x.4.2","source":"Wij zullen een lange winter hebben.","translation":"We will have a long winter.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"zullen","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"lange","gloss":"long"},{"text":"winter","gloss":"winter"},{"text":"hebben.","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L06.x.4.2.m4a"},{"number":13,"id":"val.nl.L06.x.4.3","source":"Hij zal gehad hebben.","translation":"He will have had it.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"gehad","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"hebben.","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L06.x.4.3.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[{"section":1003,"headword":"hebben","caption":"present perfect","cells":[{"label":"ik","number":"singular","form":"heb gehad","meaning":"I have had","name":"ik, singular"},{"label":"jij","number":"singular","form":"hebt gehad","meaning":"you have had","name":"jij, singular"},{"label":"u","number":"singular","form":"hebt gehad","meaning":"you have had","name":"u, singular"},{"label":"hij","number":"singular","form":"heeft gehad","meaning":"he has had","name":"hij, singular"},{"label":"wij","number":"plural","form":"hebben gehad","meaning":"we have had","name":"wij, plural"},{"label":"jullie","number":"plural","form":"hebben gehad","meaning":"you have had","name":"jullie, plural"},{"label":"zij","number":"plural","form":"hebben gehad","meaning":"they have had","name":"zij, plural"}]},{"section":1003,"headword":"hebben","caption":"pluperfect","cells":[{"label":"ik","number":"singular","form":"had gehad","meaning":"I had had","name":"ik, singular"},{"label":"jij","number":"singular","form":"had gehad","meaning":"you had had","name":"jij, singular"},{"label":"u","number":"singular","form":"had gehad","meaning":"you had had","name":"u, singular"},{"label":"hij","number":"singular","form":"had gehad","meaning":"he had had","name":"hij, singular"},{"label":"wij","number":"plural","form":"hadden gehad","meaning":"we had had","name":"wij, plural"},{"label":"jullie","number":"plural","form":"hadden gehad","meaning":"you had had","name":"jullie, plural"},{"label":"zij","number":"plural","form":"hadden gehad","meaning":"they had had","name":"zij, plural"}]},{"section":1004,"headword":"hebben","caption":"future","cells":[{"label":"ik","number":"singular","form":"zal hebben","meaning":"I shall have","name":"ik, singular"},{"label":"jij","number":"singular","form":"zult hebben","meaning":"you will have","name":"jij, singular"},{"label":"u","number":"singular","form":"zult hebben","meaning":"you will have","name":"u, singular"},{"label":"hij","number":"singular","form":"zal hebben","meaning":"he will have","name":"hij, singular"},{"label":"wij","number":"plural","form":"zullen hebben","meaning":"we shall have","name":"wij, plural"},{"label":"jullie","number":"plural","form":"zullen hebben","meaning":"you will have","name":"jullie, plural"},{"label":"zij","number":"plural","form":"zullen hebben","meaning":"they will have","name":"zij, plural"}]},{"section":1004,"headword":"hebben","caption":"future perfect","cells":[{"label":"ik","number":"singular","form":"zal gehad hebben","meaning":"I shall have had","name":"ik, singular"},{"label":"hij","number":"singular","form":"zal gehad hebben","meaning":"he will have had","name":"hij, singular"},{"label":"wij","number":"plural","form":"zullen gehad hebben","meaning":"we shall have had","name":"wij, plural"},{"label":"zij","number":"plural","form":"zullen gehad hebben","meaning":"they will have had","name":"zij, plural"}]}]},{"title":"Lesson 6: The conditional: present and past (and 1 more)","teaching":[{"title":"Zou plus the infinitive","paragraphs":["The conditional says what would happen. Dutch makes it from zou or zouden and the infinitive. Ik zou hebben means I should have.","Zou goes with ik, jij, u and hij. Zouden goes with wij, jullie and zij. The pattern is the same as had and hadden.","The past conditional says what would have happened. It uses zou or zouden with gehad hebben: wij zouden een schat gehad hebben.","Zoude is the same word as zou. Multatuli and other writers before the war spell it in full."]},{"title":"Wishes without a subjunctive","paragraphs":["Dutch has no separate subjunctive forms. The ordinary forms carry every tense.","Another verb carries a wish or a hypothesis instead. Mocht marks a hypothesis: mocht hij komen, should he come. Zou marks what is not real: als hij geduld had, zou hij winnen.","A few subjunctive forms survive in fixed phrases: leve de koning, long live the king. Het zij zo, so be it.","Multatuli and formal Dutch before the war use hebbe and hadde as living verb forms."]},{"title":"Verbs of this lesson, with their principal parts","paragraphs":[]}],"lines":[{"number":14,"id":"val.nl.L06.x.5.1","source":"Ik zou een groot boek schrijven.","translation":"I would write a great book.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"groot","gloss":"great"},{"text":"boek","gloss":"book"},{"text":"schrijven.","gloss":"to write"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L06.x.5.1.m4a"},{"number":15,"id":"val.nl.L06.x.5.2","source":"Wij zouden een schat gehad hebben.","translation":"We would have had a treasure.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"zouden","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"schat","gloss":"treasure"},{"text":"gehad","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"hebben.","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L06.x.5.2.m4a"},{"number":16,"id":"val.nl.L06.x.5.3","source":"De krekel zou in de winter gezongen hebben.","translation":"The cricket would have sung in winter.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"krekel","gloss":"cricket"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"winter","gloss":"winter"},{"text":"gezongen","gloss":"to sing"},{"text":"hebben.","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L06.x.5.3.m4a"},{"number":17,"id":"val.nl.L06.x.7.1","source":"Mocht hij geduld hebben.","translation":"Should he have patience.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mocht","gloss":"might, was allowed"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"geduld","gloss":"patience"},{"text":"hebben.","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L06.x.7.1.m4a"},{"number":18,"id":"val.nl.L06.x.7.2","source":"Als hij moed had, zou hij winnen.","translation":"If he had courage, he would win.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"moed","gloss":"courage"},{"text":"had,","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"winnen.","gloss":"win over"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L06.x.7.2.m4a"},{"number":19,"id":"val.nl.L06.x.7.3","source":"Leve de koning!","translation":"Long live the king!","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Leve","gloss":"live"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"koning!","gloss":"king, kings"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L06.x.7.3.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[{"section":1005,"headword":"hebben","caption":"present conditional","cells":[{"label":"ik","number":"singular","form":"zou hebben","meaning":"I should have","name":"ik, singular"},{"label":"jij","number":"singular","form":"zou hebben","meaning":"you would have","name":"jij, singular"},{"label":"u","number":"singular","form":"zou hebben","meaning":"you would have","name":"u, singular"},{"label":"hij","number":"singular","form":"zou hebben","meaning":"he would have","name":"hij, singular"},{"label":"wij","number":"plural","form":"zouden hebben","meaning":"we should have","name":"wij, plural"},{"label":"jullie","number":"plural","form":"zouden hebben","meaning":"you would have","name":"jullie, plural"},{"label":"zij","number":"plural","form":"zouden hebben","meaning":"they would have","name":"zij, plural"}]},{"section":1005,"headword":"hebben","caption":"past conditional","cells":[{"label":"ik","number":"singular","form":"zou gehad hebben","meaning":"I should have had","name":"ik, singular"},{"label":"hij","number":"singular","form":"zou gehad hebben","meaning":"he would have had","name":"hij, singular"},{"label":"wij","number":"plural","form":"zouden gehad hebben","meaning":"we should have had","name":"wij, plural"},{"label":"zij","number":"plural","form":"zouden gehad hebben","meaning":"they would have had","name":"zij, plural"}]}]},{"title":"Onverschilligheid van een geleerde","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":20,"id":"val.nl.L06.r.0","source":"Onverschilligheid van een geleerde","translation":"A scholar's indifference","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Onverschilligheid","gloss":"indifference"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"geleerde","gloss":"a learned man"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L06.r.0.m4a"},{"number":21,"id":"val.nl.L06.r.1","source":"Een geleerde was in zijn studeervertrek bezig met een groot boek te schrijven.","translation":"A scholar was busy in his study writing a great book.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"geleerde","gloss":"a learned man"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"studeervertrek","gloss":"study"},{"text":"bezig","gloss":"busy"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"groot","gloss":"great"},{"text":"boek","gloss":"book"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"schrijven.","gloss":"to write"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L06.r.1.m4a"},{"number":22,"id":"val.nl.L06.r.2","source":"Een knecht kwam verschrikt toelopen en riep hem toe: “Mijnheer, mijnheer, er is brand in huis!”","translation":"A servant came running up in fright and called out to him: “Sir, sir, the house is on fire!”","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"knecht","gloss":"servant"},{"text":"kwam","gloss":"came"},{"text":"verschrikt","gloss":"frightened"},{"text":"toelopen","gloss":"to run to"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"riep","gloss":"cried"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"toe:","gloss":"to"},{"text":"“Mijnheer,","gloss":"sir!; Mr. (as a title before a name)"},{"text":"mijnheer,","gloss":"sir!; Mr. (as a title before a name)"},{"text":"er","gloss":"the house is on fire"},{"text":"is","gloss":"the house is on fire"},{"text":"brand","gloss":"the house is on fire"},{"text":"in","gloss":"the house is on fire"},{"text":"huis!”","gloss":"the house is on fire"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L06.r.2.m4a"},{"number":23,"id":"val.nl.L06.r.3","source":"Koeltjes antwoordde hierop de geleerde: “Ga dan mijn vrouw waarschuwen, je weet wel, dat ik mij niet met het huishouden bemoei.”","translation":"The scholar coolly answered: “Then go and warn my wife, you know very well that I do not concern myself with the household.”","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Koeltjes","gloss":"cool(ly)"},{"text":"antwoordde","gloss":"answered"},{"text":"hierop","gloss":"thereupon"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"geleerde:","gloss":"a learned man"},{"text":"“Ga","gloss":"go"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my wife"},{"text":"vrouw","gloss":"my wife"},{"text":"waarschuwen,","gloss":"warn"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"weet","gloss":"know"},{"text":"wel,","gloss":"but"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"huishouden","gloss":"household"},{"text":"bemoei.”","gloss":"to meddle with, to interfere"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L06.r.3.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"Onverschilligheid","gloss":"indifference"},{"word":"geleerde","gloss":"a learned man"},{"word":"studeervertrek","gloss":"study"},{"word":"boek","gloss":"book"},{"word":"brand","gloss":"fire"},{"word":"huis","gloss":"house"},{"word":"vrouw","gloss":"my wife (mijn vrouw)"},{"word":"bezig","gloss":"busy"},{"word":"huishouden","gloss":"household"},{"word":"groot","gloss":"great"},{"word":"verschrikt","gloss":"frightened"},{"word":"Koeltjes","gloss":"cool(ly)"},{"word":"hierop","gloss":"thereupon"},{"word":"wel","gloss":"very well"},{"word":"huis","gloss":"the house is on fire (er is brand in huis)"},{"word":"waarschuwen","gloss":"go and warn (ga waarschuwen)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 6: conversation","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":24,"id":"val.nl.L06.c.q1","source":"Waarmede was de geleerde bezig?","translation":"What was the scholar busy with?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Waarmede","gloss":"with which"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"geleerde","gloss":"a learned man"},{"text":"bezig?","gloss":"busy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L06.c.q1.m4a"},{"number":25,"id":"val.nl.L06.c.q2","source":"Waar schreef hij?","translation":"Where did he write?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Waar","gloss":"where; true"},{"text":"schreef","gloss":"to write"},{"text":"hij?","gloss":"he"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L06.c.q2.m4a"},{"number":26,"id":"val.nl.L06.c.q3","source":"Wat riep de verschrikte knecht hem toe?","translation":"What did the frightened servant call out to him?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"riep","gloss":"to cry to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"verschrikte","gloss":"frightened"},{"text":"knecht","gloss":"servant"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"toe?","gloss":"to"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L06.c.q3.m4a"},{"number":27,"id":"val.nl.L06.c.q4","source":"Wat antwoordde de geleerde koeltjes?","translation":"What did the scholar coolly answer?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"antwoordde","gloss":"to answer"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"geleerde","gloss":"a learned man"},{"text":"koeltjes?","gloss":"cool(ly)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L06.c.q4.m4a"},{"number":28,"id":"val.nl.L06.c.a1","source":"Hij was bezig een groot boek te schrijven.","translation":"He was busy writing a great book.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"bezig","gloss":"busy"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"groot","gloss":"great"},{"text":"boek","gloss":"book"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"schrijven.","gloss":"to write"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L06.c.a1.m4a"},{"number":29,"id":"val.nl.L06.c.a2","source":"Hij schreef in zijn studeervertrek.","translation":"He wrote in his study.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"schreef","gloss":"to write"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"studeervertrek.","gloss":"study"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L06.c.a2.m4a"},{"number":30,"id":"val.nl.L06.c.a3","source":"De knecht riep: “Mijnheer, mijnheer, er is brand in huis!”","translation":"The servant called out: “Sir, sir, the house is on fire!”","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"knecht","gloss":"servant"},{"text":"riep:","gloss":"cried"},{"text":"“Mijnheer,","gloss":"sir!; Mr. (as a title before a name)"},{"text":"mijnheer,","gloss":"sir!; Mr. (as a title before a name)"},{"text":"er","gloss":"the house is on fire"},{"text":"is","gloss":"the house is on fire"},{"text":"brand","gloss":"the house is on fire"},{"text":"in","gloss":"the house is on fire"},{"text":"huis!”","gloss":"the house is on fire"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L06.c.a3.m4a"},{"number":31,"id":"val.nl.L06.c.a4","source":"Hij antwoordde: “Ga dan mijn vrouw waarschuwen, je weet wel, dat ik mij niet met het huishouden bemoei.”","translation":"He answered: “Then go and warn my wife, you know very well that I do not concern myself with the household.”","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"antwoordde:","gloss":"answered"},{"text":"“Ga","gloss":"go"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my wife"},{"text":"vrouw","gloss":"my wife"},{"text":"waarschuwen,","gloss":"warn"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"weet","gloss":"know"},{"text":"wel,","gloss":"but"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"huishouden","gloss":"household"},{"text":"bemoei.”","gloss":"to meddle with, to interfere"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L06.c.a4.m4a"},{"number":32,"id":"val.nl.L06.c.q5","source":"Waarmede bemoeide hij zich niet?","translation":"What did he not concern himself with?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Waarmede","gloss":"with which"},{"text":"bemoeide","gloss":"to meddle with, to interfere"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"niet?","gloss":"not"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L06.c.q5.m4a"},{"number":33,"id":"val.nl.L06.c.q6","source":"Welke eigenschap (quality) had dus (therefore) de geleerde?","translation":"What quality did the scholar therefore have?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Welke","gloss":"which, what"},{"text":"eigenschap","gloss":"quality"},{"text":"(quality)","gloss":"quality"},{"text":"had","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"dus","gloss":"so"},{"text":"(therefore)","gloss":"therefore"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"geleerde?","gloss":"a learned man"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L06.c.q6.m4a"},{"number":34,"id":"val.nl.L06.c.a5","source":"Hij bemoeide zich niet met het huishouden.","translation":"He did not concern himself with the household.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"bemoeide","gloss":"to meddle with, to interfere"},{"text":"zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"huishouden.","gloss":"household"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L06.c.a5.m4a"},{"number":35,"id":"val.nl.L06.c.a6","source":"De geleerde was onverschillig.","translation":"The scholar was indifferent.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"geleerde","gloss":"a learned man"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"onverschillig.","gloss":"indifferent"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L06.c.a6.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 6: exercise 10","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":36,"id":"val.nl.L06.e10.i1","source":"De koning had eieren voor zijn ontbijt.","translation":"The king had eggs for (voor) his breakfast.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"koning","gloss":"king, kings"},{"text":"had","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"eieren","gloss":"egg, eggs"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his breakfast"},{"text":"ontbijt.","gloss":"his breakfast"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L06.e10.i1.m4a"},{"number":37,"id":"val.nl.L06.e10.i2","source":"De herbergier had een rekening gehad.","translation":"The inn-keeper had had a bill.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"herbergier","gloss":"innkeeper, host"},{"text":"had","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"rekening","gloss":"the bill"},{"text":"gehad.","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L06.e10.i2.m4a"},{"number":38,"id":"val.nl.L06.e10.i3","source":"De krekel zal in de zomer zingen.","translation":"The cricket will sing in the summer.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"krekel","gloss":"cricket"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"zomer","gloss":"summer"},{"text":"zingen.","gloss":"to sing"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L06.e10.i3.m4a"},{"number":39,"id":"val.nl.L06.e10.i4","source":"Wij zullen een lange winter hebben.","translation":"We shall have a long winter.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"zullen","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"lange","gloss":"long"},{"text":"winter","gloss":"winter"},{"text":"hebben.","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L06.e10.i4.m4a"},{"number":40,"id":"val.nl.L06.e10.i5","source":"Iemand heeft de schat, die in de tuin was, gestolen.","translation":"Somebody has stolen the treasure, which was in the garden.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Iemand","gloss":"someone"},{"text":"heeft","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"schat,","gloss":"treasure"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"tuin","gloss":"garden"},{"text":"was,","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"gestolen.","gloss":"to steal"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L06.e10.i5.m4a"},{"number":41,"id":"val.nl.L06.e10.i6","source":"U zult de schat niet hebben.","translation":"You will not have the treasure.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"U","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"zult","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"schat","gloss":"treasure"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"hebben.","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L06.e10.i6.m4a"},{"number":42,"id":"val.nl.L06.e10.i7","source":"De burgerman zei: “Bedienden heb ik niet.”","translation":"The commoner said: “I have no servants”","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"burgerman","gloss":"commoner"},{"text":"zei:","gloss":"said"},{"text":"“Bedienden","gloss":"the servant, the servants"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"have"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"niet.”","gloss":"not"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L06.e10.i7.m4a"},{"number":43,"id":"val.nl.L06.e10.i8","source":"Ik zal de eer hebben.","translation":"I shall have the honour.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"eer","gloss":"honor"},{"text":"hebben.","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L06.e10.i8.m4a"},{"number":44,"id":"val.nl.L06.e10.i9","source":"Hij heeft een groot boek geschreven.","translation":"He has written a fine book.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"heeft","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"groot","gloss":"great"},{"text":"boek","gloss":"book"},{"text":"geschreven.","gloss":"to write"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L06.e10.i9.m4a"},{"number":45,"id":"val.nl.L06.e10.i10","source":"Heb geduld!","translation":"Have (S. and Pl.) patience (geduld)!","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Heb","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"geduld!","gloss":"patience"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L06.e10.i10.m4a"},{"number":46,"id":"val.nl.L06.e10.i11","source":"Ik zou geduld gehad hebben.","translation":"I should have had patience.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"geduld","gloss":"patience"},{"text":"gehad","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"hebben.","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L06.e10.i11.m4a"},{"number":47,"id":"val.nl.L06.e10.i12","source":"Zij hebben mooie honden gehad.","translation":"They have had fine (mooie) dogs.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"hebben","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"mooie","gloss":"beautiful"},{"text":"honden","gloss":"the dog, dogs"},{"text":"gehad.","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L06.e10.i12.m4a"},{"number":48,"id":"val.nl.L06.e10.i13","source":"Wij hadden een groot boek gehad.","translation":"We had had a fine book.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"hadden","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"groot","gloss":"great"},{"text":"boek","gloss":"book"},{"text":"gehad.","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L06.e10.i13.m4a"},{"number":49,"id":"val.nl.L06.e10.i14","source":"Hij heeft moed gehad.","translation":"He has had courage.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"heeft","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"moed","gloss":"courage"},{"text":"gehad.","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L06.e10.i14.m4a"},{"number":50,"id":"val.nl.L06.e10.i15","source":"Wij zouden een schat gehad hebben.","translation":"We should have had a treasure.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"zouden","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"schat","gloss":"treasure"},{"text":"gehad","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"hebben.","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L06.e10.i15.m4a"},{"number":51,"id":"val.nl.L06.e10.i16","source":"De krekel zou in de winter gezongen hebben.","translation":"The cricket would have sung in [the] winter.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"krekel","gloss":"cricket"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"winter","gloss":"winter"},{"text":"gezongen","gloss":"to sing"},{"text":"hebben.","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L06.e10.i16.m4a"},{"number":52,"id":"val.nl.L06.e10.i17","source":"Heb moed!","translation":"Have (S. and Pl.) courage (moed)!","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Heb","gloss":"have"},{"text":"moed!","gloss":"courage"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L06.e10.i17.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 7: Zullen: shall, will (and 1 more)","teaching":[{"title":"Zullen and the future","paragraphs":["Zullen means shall or will. Its present tense makes the future.","Ik zal morgen komen means I will come tomorrow.","The form follows the person. Ik, hij, zij and het take zal. Jij and u take zult. Wij, jullie and zij take zullen."]},{"title":"Zou and zouden","paragraphs":["Zullen also makes the conditional, with two forms: zou and zouden.","Zou is for one person: ik zou, jij zou, u zou, hij zou. Zouden is for more than one: wij zouden, jullie zouden, zij zouden.","Zou jij dat doen? means Would you do that? Wij zouden graag blijven means We would like to stay.","Older written Dutch kept a separate form, zoude. It survives only in a very old book."]},{"title":"Zullen: shall, will","paragraphs":["Zullen has two forms in living use: the present tense, which makes the future, and zou/zouden, which makes the conditional. The infinitive zullen and the present participle zullende are rarely used on their own."]},{"title":"Conditional","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"The verb that makes the passive","paragraphs":["In a passive sentence the subject receives the action. Het huis wordt gebouwd means The house is being built. The house does not do the building.","Worden makes this sentence. It stands with a participle, here gebouwd. Worden also means to become: hij is ziek geworden means He has become ill.","Worden has one set of forms for every use. It has no separate subjunctive."]},{"title":"The forms of worden","paragraphs":["The present tense follows the person: ik word, jij wordt, hij wordt, wij worden. The past tense is ik werd and wij werden. De brief werd geschreven means The letter was written.","The present perfect uses zijn and geworden: ik ben geworden, hij is geworden, wij zijn geworden.","The command is word! It serves one person or several, a friend or a stranger. Older written Dutch had a separate plural command, wordt! It is gone."]},{"title":"Worden: to be (of the passive voice)","paragraphs":["Worden, to be, to become (the passive auxiliary).","Worden is a full verb, with one form for every function; there is no separate subjunctive."]},{"title":"Past","paragraphs":[]}],"lines":[{"number":53,"id":"val.nl.L07.x.1.1","source":"Ik zal morgen komen.","translation":"I will come tomorrow.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"morgen","gloss":"morning"},{"text":"komen.","gloss":"to come"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L07.x.1.1.m4a"},{"number":54,"id":"val.nl.L07.x.1.2","source":"Zou jij dat doen?","translation":"Would you do that?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"jij","gloss":"you"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"doen?","gloss":"to do"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L07.x.1.2.m4a"},{"number":55,"id":"val.nl.L07.x.1.3","source":"Wij zouden graag blijven.","translation":"We would like to stay.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"zouden","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"graag","gloss":"gladly"},{"text":"blijven.","gloss":"stay"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L07.x.1.3.m4a"},{"number":56,"id":"val.nl.L07.x.2.1","source":"Het huis wordt gebouwd.","translation":"The house is being built.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"huis","gloss":"house"},{"text":"wordt","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"gebouwd.","gloss":"built"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L07.x.2.1.m4a"},{"number":57,"id":"val.nl.L07.x.2.2","source":"Hij is ziek geworden.","translation":"He has become ill.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"ziek","gloss":"ill"},{"text":"geworden.","gloss":"to become, to get"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L07.x.2.2.m4a"},{"number":58,"id":"val.nl.L07.x.2.3","source":"De brief werd geschreven.","translation":"The letter was written.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"brief","gloss":"letter"},{"text":"werd","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"geschreven.","gloss":"to write"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L07.x.2.3.m4a"},{"number":59,"id":"val.nl.L07.x.2.4","source":"Zij is gestraft.","translation":"She has been punished.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"gestraft.","gloss":"punished"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L07.x.2.4.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":188,"text":"Zullen: shall, will\n\nZullen has two forms in living use: the present tense, which makes the future, and zou/zouden, which makes the conditional. The infinitive zullen and the present participle zullende are rarely used on their own.\n\nPresent (future)\nik zal\njij zult / je zult\nu zult\nhij/zij/het zal\nwij zullen\njullie zullen\nzij zullen\n\nConditional\nik zou\njij zou\nu zou\nhij/zij/het zou\nwij zouden\njullie zouden\nzij zouden\n\nOlder written Dutch, and Multatuli, kept a separate subjunctive zoude standing apart from zou; it survives only in a very old book."},{"section":189,"text":"Worden: to be (of the passive voice)\n\nWorden, to be, to become (the passive auxiliary).\n\nWorden is a full verb, with one form for every function; there is no separate subjunctive.\n\nPresent\nik word\njij wordt / je wordt\nu wordt\nhij/zij/het wordt\nwij worden\njullie worden\nzij worden\n\nPast\nik werd\njij werd\nu werd\nhij werd\nwij werden\njullie werden\nzij werden\n\nPresent perfect (with zijn)\nik ben geworden\njij bent geworden\nu bent/is geworden\nhij is geworden\nwij zijn geworden\njullie zijn geworden\nzij zijn geworden\n\nPluperfect: ik was geworden, wij waren geworden, and so on.\n\nFuture: ik zal worden, wij zullen worden, and so on.\n\nFuture perfect: ik zal geworden zijn, and so on.\n\nConditional: ik zou worden (present), ik zou geworden zijn (past).\n\nImperative: word!, for one person or several, familiar or polite alike.\n\nOlder written Dutch, and Multatuli, kept a full subjunctive (worde, werde, zij, ware, zoude) and a separate plural imperative wordt!; both are gone from ordinary written Dutch."},{"section":1003,"text":"Note 1: worden as the copula \"to become\"\n\nNote 1. The copula verb worden, to become (to get, to grow, to turn), is conjugated the same way; compare: hij wordt gestraft he is punished; hij wordt een geleerd man he is becoming a learned man."},{"section":1004,"text":"Note 2: word order in compound tenses\n\nNote 2. In a compound tense the participle, noun or adjective is placed directly after the finite verb: hij zal gestraft worden he will be punished, hij zou rijk geworden zijn he would have grown rich, ik zou kapitein worden I should become a captain. The perfect passive uses zijn plus the plain participle, with no second geworden: hij is gestraft he has been punished, not hij is gestraft geworden.\n\nOlder written Dutch, and Multatuli, doubled the participle in the perfect passive (hij is gestraft geworden); that doubling survives in Flemish and German-influenced Dutch, but a Dutch newspaper drops it."},{"section":1005,"text":"Note 3: translating the English passive progressive\n\nNote 3. Instead of “the house is building, was building” and so on, translate as if the English ran “the house is built,” “the house was built”: het huis wordt gebouwd; het huis werd gebouwd."},{"section":2007,"text":"Verbs of this lesson, with their principal parts\n\nhouden to keep ik houd, ik hield, ik heb gehouden\nzwemmen to swim ik zwem, ik zwom, ik heb gezwommen\nzien to see ik zie, ik zag, ik heb gezien\nafnemen to take away ik neem af, ik nam af, ik heb afgenomen\nloslaten to let loose ik laat los, ik liet los, ik heb losgelaten"}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 7: Note 1: worden as the copula \"to become\" (and 2 more)","teaching":[{"title":"Worden meaning to become","paragraphs":["Worden also means to become, to get, to grow or to turn. Its forms are the same in this use.","Compare two sentences. Hij wordt gestraft means He is punished. Hij wordt een geleerd man means He is becoming a learned man.","In the first, a participle follows the verb. In the second, a noun follows it."]},{"title":"The first verb and what follows it","paragraphs":["In a compound tense, the participle, noun or adjective comes directly after the verb that carries the person.","Hij zal gestraft worden means He will be punished. Hij zou rijk geworden zijn means He would have grown rich. Ik zou kapitein worden means I would become a captain."]},{"title":"The perfect passive has one participle","paragraphs":["The perfect passive uses zijn and the plain participle, with no second geworden. Hij is gestraft means He has been punished.","Older written Dutch added geworden: hij is gestraft geworden. That form survives in Flemish and German-influenced Dutch. A Dutch newspaper drops it."]},{"title":"Translate the plain passive","paragraphs":["English can say the house is being built or the house was being built. Dutch uses the plain passive for both.","Translate as if the English said the house is built, the house was built. Het huis wordt gebouwd. Het huis werd gebouwd.","Wordt is the present. Werd is the past."]}],"lines":[{"number":60,"id":"val.nl.L07.x.3.1","source":"Hij wordt gestraft.","translation":"He is punished.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"wordt","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"gestraft.","gloss":"punished"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L07.x.3.1.m4a"},{"number":61,"id":"val.nl.L07.x.3.2","source":"Hij wordt een geleerd man.","translation":"He is becoming a learned man.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"wordt","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"geleerd","gloss":"learned"},{"text":"man.","gloss":"man; husband"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L07.x.3.2.m4a"},{"number":62,"id":"val.nl.L07.x.4.1","source":"Hij zal gestraft worden.","translation":"He will be punished.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"gestraft","gloss":"punished"},{"text":"worden.","gloss":"to become, to get"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L07.x.4.1.m4a"},{"number":63,"id":"val.nl.L07.x.4.2","source":"Hij is gestraft.","translation":"He has been punished.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"gestraft.","gloss":"punished"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L07.x.4.2.m4a"},{"number":64,"id":"val.nl.L07.x.4.3","source":"Ik zou kapitein worden.","translation":"I would become a captain.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"kapitein","gloss":"captain"},{"text":"worden.","gloss":"to become, to get"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L07.x.4.3.m4a"},{"number":65,"id":"val.nl.L07.x.5.1","source":"Het huis wordt gebouwd.","translation":"The house is being built.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"huis","gloss":"house"},{"text":"wordt","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"gebouwd.","gloss":"built"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L07.x.5.1.m4a"},{"number":66,"id":"val.nl.L07.x.5.2","source":"Het huis werd gebouwd.","translation":"The house was being built.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"huis","gloss":"house"},{"text":"werd","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"gebouwd.","gloss":"built"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L07.x.5.2.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Gestrafte gulzigheid","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":67,"id":"val.nl.L07.r.0","source":"Gestrafte gulzigheid","translation":"Punished Gluttony","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Gestrafte","gloss":"punished man"},{"text":"gulzigheid","gloss":"gluttony"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L07.r.0.m4a"},{"number":68,"id":"val.nl.L07.r.1","source":"Een hond, die een stuk vlees in zijn bek hield, zwom over een rivier.","translation":"A dog, which held a piece of meat in its mouth, swam across a river.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"hond,","gloss":"the dog, dogs"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"stuk","gloss":"piece"},{"text":"vlees","gloss":"meat"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"bek","gloss":"mouth (of an animal)"},{"text":"hield,","gloss":"to keep"},{"text":"zwom","gloss":"to swim"},{"text":"over","gloss":"across, over"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"rivier.","gloss":"river"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L07.r.1.m4a"},{"number":69,"id":"val.nl.L07.r.2","source":"Toen hij zijn spiegelbeeld in het water bemerkte, meende hij een andere hond te zien, die een ander stuk in de bek had.","translation":"When he noticed his reflection in the water, he thought he saw another dog, which had another piece in its mouth.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Toen","gloss":"as, when"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"spiegelbeeld","gloss":"reflection"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"water","gloss":"water"},{"text":"bemerkte,","gloss":"to observe, to notice"},{"text":"meende","gloss":"to think, to believe"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"andere","gloss":"other"},{"text":"hond","gloss":"the dog, dogs"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"zien,","gloss":"to see"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"ander","gloss":"another (person)"},{"text":"stuk","gloss":"piece"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"bek","gloss":"mouth (of an animal)"},{"text":"had.","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L07.r.2.m4a"},{"number":70,"id":"val.nl.L07.r.3","source":"Vol begeerlijkheid wilde hij het hem afnemen en liet zijn stuk vlees los.","translation":"Full of greed, he wanted to take it from him and let go of his own piece of meat.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Vol","gloss":"full (of)"},{"text":"begeerlijkheid","gloss":"avidity, greed"},{"text":"wilde","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"afnemen","gloss":"to take away"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"liet","gloss":"let (past)"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"stuk","gloss":"piece"},{"text":"vlees","gloss":"meat"},{"text":"los.","gloss":"loose"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L07.r.3.m4a"},{"number":71,"id":"val.nl.L07.r.4","source":"Hij was het nu voor altijd kwijt, en hoe groot was zijn verbazing, toen hij de andere hond ook zonder zijn vlees zag, even bedroefd kijkend als hij.","translation":"He was now without it forever, and how great was his astonishment, when he saw the other dog was likewise without its meat, looking just as sad as he was.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"nu","gloss":"now, at present"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"altijd","gloss":"always"},{"text":"kwijt,","gloss":"lost, gone"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"hoe","gloss":"how"},{"text":"groot","gloss":"great"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"verbazing,","gloss":"astonishment"},{"text":"toen","gloss":"as, when"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"andere","gloss":"other"},{"text":"hond","gloss":"the dog, dogs"},{"text":"ook","gloss":"also, likewise"},{"text":"zonder","gloss":"without"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"vlees","gloss":"meat"},{"text":"zag,","gloss":"to see"},{"text":"even","gloss":"a moment, just"},{"text":"bedroefd","gloss":"sad"},{"text":"kijkend","gloss":"looking"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"hij.","gloss":"he"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L07.r.4.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"gulzigheid","gloss":"gluttony"},{"word":"stuk","gloss":"piece"},{"word":"vlees","gloss":"meat"},{"word":"bek","gloss":"mouth (of an animal)"},{"word":"rivier","gloss":"river"},{"word":"water","gloss":"water"},{"word":"begeerlijkheid","gloss":"avidity, greed"},{"word":"verbazing","gloss":"astonishment"},{"word":"kwijt","gloss":"to lose, to get rid of (kwijt worden)"},{"word":"over","gloss":"across, over"},{"word":"Vol","gloss":"full (of)"},{"word":"kwijt","gloss":"lost, gone"},{"word":"groot","gloss":"great, big"},{"word":"bedroefd","gloss":"sad"},{"word":"als","gloss":"as ... as (even ... als)"},{"word":"kijkend","gloss":"looking"},{"word":"ook","gloss":"also, likewise"},{"word":"zonder","gloss":"without"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 7: conversation","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":72,"id":"val.nl.L07.c.q1","source":"Wat hield de hond in zijn bek?","translation":"What did the dog hold in its mouth?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"hield","gloss":"to keep"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"hond","gloss":"the dog, dogs"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"bek?","gloss":"mouth (of an animal)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L07.c.q1.m4a"},{"number":73,"id":"val.nl.L07.c.q2","source":"Waarover zwom hij?","translation":"What did he swim across?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Waarover","gloss":"about which"},{"text":"zwom","gloss":"to swim"},{"text":"hij?","gloss":"he"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L07.c.q2.m4a"},{"number":74,"id":"val.nl.L07.c.q3","source":"Waar bemerkte hij zijn spiegelbeeld?","translation":"Where did he notice his reflection?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Waar","gloss":"where; true"},{"text":"bemerkte","gloss":"to observe, to notice"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"spiegelbeeld?","gloss":"reflection"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L07.c.q3.m4a"},{"number":75,"id":"val.nl.L07.c.q4","source":"Wat meende hij daarin te zien?","translation":"What did he think he saw in it?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"meende","gloss":"to think, to believe"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"daarin","gloss":"in it"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"zien?","gloss":"to see"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L07.c.q4.m4a"},{"number":76,"id":"val.nl.L07.c.a1","source":"De hond hield een stuk vlees in zijn bek.","translation":"The dog held a piece of meat in its mouth.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"hond","gloss":"the dog, dogs"},{"text":"hield","gloss":"to keep"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"stuk","gloss":"piece"},{"text":"vlees","gloss":"meat"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"bek.","gloss":"mouth (of an animal)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L07.c.a1.m4a"},{"number":77,"id":"val.nl.L07.c.a2","source":"Hij zwom over een rivier.","translation":"He swam across a river.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"zwom","gloss":"to swim"},{"text":"over","gloss":"across, over"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"rivier.","gloss":"river"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L07.c.a2.m4a"},{"number":78,"id":"val.nl.L07.c.a3","source":"Hij bemerkte zijn spiegelbeeld in het water.","translation":"He noticed his reflection in the water.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"bemerkte","gloss":"to observe, to notice"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"spiegelbeeld","gloss":"reflection"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"water.","gloss":"water"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L07.c.a3.m4a"},{"number":79,"id":"val.nl.L07.c.a4","source":"Hij meende een andere hond te zien.","translation":"He thought he saw another dog.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"meende","gloss":"to think, to believe"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"andere","gloss":"other"},{"text":"hond","gloss":"the dog, dogs"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"zien.","gloss":"to see"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L07.c.a4.m4a"},{"number":80,"id":"val.nl.L07.c.q5","source":"Waarmee meende hij die andere hond te zien?","translation":"What did he think that other dog had?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Waarmee","gloss":"with which"},{"text":"meende","gloss":"to think, to believe"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"andere","gloss":"other"},{"text":"hond","gloss":"the dog, dogs"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"zien?","gloss":"to see"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L07.c.q5.m4a"},{"number":81,"id":"val.nl.L07.c.q6","source":"Wat wilde hij vol begeerlijkheid doen?","translation":"What did he want to do out of greed?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"wilde","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"vol","gloss":"full (of)"},{"text":"begeerlijkheid","gloss":"avidity, greed"},{"text":"doen?","gloss":"to do"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L07.c.q6.m4a"},{"number":82,"id":"val.nl.L07.c.q7","source":"Wat gebeurde er met zijn stuk vlees?","translation":"What happened to his piece of meat?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"gebeurde","gloss":"happened"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"stuk","gloss":"piece"},{"text":"vlees?","gloss":"meat"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L07.c.q7.m4a"},{"number":83,"id":"val.nl.L07.c.q8","source":"Wanneer was zijn verbazing groot?","translation":"When was his astonishment great?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wanneer","gloss":"when"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"verbazing","gloss":"astonishment"},{"text":"groot?","gloss":"great"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L07.c.q8.m4a"},{"number":84,"id":"val.nl.L07.c.a5","source":"Hij meende dat die andere hond een ander stuk vlees in de bek had.","translation":"He thought that other dog had another piece of meat in its mouth.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"meende","gloss":"to think, to believe"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"andere","gloss":"other"},{"text":"hond","gloss":"the dog, dogs"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"ander","gloss":"another (person)"},{"text":"stuk","gloss":"piece"},{"text":"vlees","gloss":"meat"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"bek","gloss":"mouth (of an animal)"},{"text":"had.","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L07.c.a5.m4a"},{"number":85,"id":"val.nl.L07.c.a6","source":"Hij wilde het hem afnemen.","translation":"He wanted to take it from him.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"wilde","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"afnemen.","gloss":"to take away"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L07.c.a6.m4a"},{"number":86,"id":"val.nl.L07.c.a7","source":"Hij liet zijn stuk vlees los en raakte het voorgoed kwijt.","translation":"He let go of his piece of meat and lost it for good.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"liet","gloss":"let (past)"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"stuk","gloss":"piece"},{"text":"vlees","gloss":"meat"},{"text":"los","gloss":"loose"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"raakte","gloss":"become"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"voorgoed","gloss":"for good"},{"text":"kwijt.","gloss":"lost, gone"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L07.c.a7.m4a"},{"number":87,"id":"val.nl.L07.c.a8","source":"Zijn verbazing was groot toen hij zag dat de andere hond ook zonder vlees was.","translation":"His astonishment was great when he saw that the other dog was also without meat.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"verbazing","gloss":"astonishment"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"groot","gloss":"great"},{"text":"toen","gloss":"as, when"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"zag","gloss":"to see"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"andere","gloss":"other"},{"text":"hond","gloss":"the dog, dogs"},{"text":"ook","gloss":"also, likewise"},{"text":"zonder","gloss":"without"},{"text":"vlees","gloss":"meat"},{"text":"was.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L07.c.a8.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 7: exercise 11","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":88,"id":"val.nl.L07.e11.i1","source":"De vrouw zou vergeten zijn.","translation":"The woman would have been forgotten.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vrouw","gloss":"a woman, a lady"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"vergeten","gloss":"to forget"},{"text":"zijn.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L07.e11.i1.m4a"},{"number":89,"id":"val.nl.L07.e11.i2","source":"De slapende honden zijn wakker geworden.","translation":"The sleeping dogs have been awakened.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"slapende","gloss":"sleep"},{"text":"honden","gloss":"the dog, dogs"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"wakker","gloss":"awake"},{"text":"geworden.","gloss":"to become, to get"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L07.e11.i2.m4a"},{"number":90,"id":"val.nl.L07.e11.i3","source":"De eieren zullen gelegd worden.","translation":"The eggs will be laid.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"eieren","gloss":"egg, eggs"},{"text":"zullen","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"gelegd","gloss":"to lay"},{"text":"worden.","gloss":"to become, to get"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L07.e11.i3.m4a"},{"number":91,"id":"val.nl.L07.e11.i4","source":"De krekel zou in de zomer gezongen hebben.","translation":"The cricket would have sung in [the] summer.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"krekel","gloss":"cricket"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"zomer","gloss":"summer"},{"text":"gezongen","gloss":"to sing"},{"text":"hebben.","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L07.e11.i4.m4a"},{"number":92,"id":"val.nl.L07.e11.i5","source":"Word gelukkig!","translation":"Be (become, S. and Pl.) happy!","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Word","gloss":"become, am (passive)"},{"text":"gelukkig!","gloss":"happy, unhappy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L07.e11.i5.m4a"},{"number":93,"id":"val.nl.L07.e11.i6","source":"De vrek zou bestolen zijn.","translation":"The miser would have been robbed.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vrek","gloss":"miser"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"bestolen","gloss":"robbed"},{"text":"zijn.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L07.e11.i6.m4a"},{"number":94,"id":"val.nl.L07.e11.i7","source":"Een steen werd in zijn plaats gelegd.","translation":"A stone was laid in its (zijne) place.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"steen","gloss":"stone"},{"text":"werd","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"plaats","gloss":"place"},{"text":"gelegd.","gloss":"to lay"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L07.e11.i7.m4a"},{"number":95,"id":"val.nl.L07.e11.i8","source":"Het boek werd geschreven.","translation":"The book was written.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"boek","gloss":"book"},{"text":"werd","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"geschreven.","gloss":"to write"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L07.e11.i8.m4a"},{"number":96,"id":"val.nl.L07.e11.i9","source":"Word niet bedroefd!","translation":"Do not be (become) sad!","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Word","gloss":"become, am (passive)"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"bedroefd!","gloss":"sad"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L07.e11.i9.m4a"},{"number":97,"id":"val.nl.L07.e11.i10","source":"De andere honden werden in de rivier gezien.","translation":"The other dogs were seen in the river.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"andere","gloss":"other"},{"text":"honden","gloss":"the dog, dogs"},{"text":"werden","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"rivier","gloss":"river"},{"text":"gezien.","gloss":"to see"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L07.e11.i10.m4a"},{"number":98,"id":"val.nl.L07.e11.i11","source":"Ik zou in de tuin gezien zijn.","translation":"I should have been seen in the garden.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"tuin","gloss":"garden"},{"text":"gezien","gloss":"to see"},{"text":"zijn.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L07.e11.i11.m4a"},{"number":99,"id":"val.nl.L07.e11.i12","source":"Wij zouden vergeten zijn.","translation":"We should have been forgotten.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"zouden","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"vergeten","gloss":"to forget"},{"text":"zijn.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L07.e11.i12.m4a"},{"number":100,"id":"val.nl.L07.e11.i13","source":"Het stuk vlees zou gegeten zijn.","translation":"The piece (of) meat would have been eaten (gegeten).","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"stuk","gloss":"piece"},{"text":"vlees","gloss":"meat"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"gegeten","gloss":"to eat"},{"text":"zijn.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L07.e11.i13.m4a"},{"number":101,"id":"val.nl.L07.e11.i14","source":"Ik word bestolen.","translation":"I am robbed.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"word","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"bestolen.","gloss":"robbed"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L07.e11.i14.m4a"},{"number":102,"id":"val.nl.L07.e11.i15","source":"U wordt gewekt.","translation":"You are awakened.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"U","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"wordt","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"gewekt.","gloss":"awakened"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L07.e11.i15.m4a"},{"number":103,"id":"val.nl.L07.e11.i16","source":"Het paleis werd gebouwd.","translation":"The palace (paleis, n.) was being built.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"paleis","gloss":"palace"},{"text":"werd","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"gebouwd.","gloss":"built"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L07.e11.i16.m4a"},{"number":104,"id":"val.nl.L07.e11.i17","source":"Hij werd bemerkt.","translation":"He was observed.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"werd","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"bemerkt.","gloss":"to observe, to notice"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L07.e11.i17.m4a"},{"number":105,"id":"val.nl.L07.e11.i18","source":"Het lied zal gezongen worden.","translation":"The song (lied, n.) will be sung.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"lied","gloss":"song"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"gezongen","gloss":"to sing"},{"text":"worden.","gloss":"to become, to get"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L07.e11.i18.m4a"},{"number":106,"id":"val.nl.L07.e11.i19","source":"Wij raakten het kwijt.","translation":"We got rid of it.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"raakten","gloss":"become"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"kwijt.","gloss":"lost, gone"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L07.e11.i19.m4a"},{"number":107,"id":"val.nl.L07.e11.i20","source":"De eieren waren gegeten.","translation":"The eggs had been eaten.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"eieren","gloss":"egg, eggs"},{"text":"waren","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"gegeten.","gloss":"to eat"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L07.e11.i20.m4a"},{"number":108,"id":"val.nl.L07.e11.i21","source":"Het boek zal geschreven worden.","translation":"The book will be written.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"boek","gloss":"book"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"geschreven","gloss":"to write"},{"text":"worden.","gloss":"to become, to get"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L07.e11.i21.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 8: Conjugation of weak verbs (§ 190) (and 1 more)","teaching":[{"title":"Present and past of a regular verb","paragraphs":["Antwoorden means to answer. Wensen means to wish. Both are regular weak verbs, so every form follows one pattern.","In the present, ik takes the stem alone: ik antwoord, ik wens. Jij and hij add t: jij wenst, hij antwoordt. Wij, jullie and zij take the whole verb: wij antwoorden.","The past adds de or te to the stem. A stem that ends in a voiced sound, like d, takes de: ik antwoordde. A stem that ends in a voiceless sound, like s, takes te: ik wenste.","More than one person adds n: wij antwoordden, wij wensten."]},{"title":"The other tenses","paragraphs":["Every other tense uses an auxiliary verb and a second form of the main verb. The auxiliary verb carries the person.","The present perfect uses hebben and the past participle: wij hebben geantwoord, wij hebben gewenst. The pluperfect uses had: ik had gewenst.","The future uses zal or zult and the infinitive: ik zal antwoorden. The conditional uses zou: ik zou wensen.","The imperative has one form for everyone: antwoord! wens!"]},{"title":"Saying not","paragraphs":["To say not, Dutch puts niet after the verb. English adds do or did. Dutch adds nothing.","Ik antwoord niet means I do not answer. Ik heb niet means I have not. Ik zong niet means I did not sing.","The verb keeps its own form and its own tense. Only niet is new: hij antwoordt niet, wij wensten niet."]}],"lines":[{"number":109,"id":"val.nl.L08.x.1.1","source":"Ik antwoord niet.","translation":"I do not answer.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"antwoord","gloss":"to answer"},{"text":"niet.","gloss":"not"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L08.x.1.1.m4a"},{"number":110,"id":"val.nl.L08.x.1.2","source":"Wens jij hem geluk?","translation":"Do you wish him luck?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wens","gloss":"to wish"},{"text":"jij","gloss":"you"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"geluk?","gloss":"happiness"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L08.x.1.2.m4a"},{"number":111,"id":"val.nl.L08.x.1.3","source":"Wij hebben geantwoord.","translation":"We have answered.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"hebben","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"geantwoord.","gloss":"to answer"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L08.x.1.3.m4a"},{"number":112,"id":"val.nl.L08.x.1.4","source":"Zij hadden gewenst dat hij kwam.","translation":"They had wished that he would come.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"hadden","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"gewenst","gloss":"to wish"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"kwam.","gloss":"to come"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L08.x.1.4.m4a"},{"number":113,"id":"val.nl.L08.x.2.1","source":"Hij antwoordt niet.","translation":"He does not answer.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"antwoordt","gloss":"to answer"},{"text":"niet.","gloss":"not"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L08.x.2.1.m4a"},{"number":114,"id":"val.nl.L08.x.2.2","source":"Wij wensten niet.","translation":"We did not wish.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"wensten","gloss":"wished"},{"text":"niet.","gloss":"not"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L08.x.2.2.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1001,"text":"Conjugation of weak verbs (§ 190)\n\nConjugation of weak verbs. Antwoorden, to answer, and wensen, to wish (the book spells it wenschen), are regular weak verbs. Infinitive: antwoorden / wensen. Perfect infinitive: geantwoord hebben / gewenst hebben. Participles: present antwoordend / wensend; past geantwoord / gewenst. Present indicative: ik antwoord, jij antwoordt (antwoord jij?), u antwoordt, hij antwoordt, wij antwoorden, jullie antwoorden, zij antwoorden; ik wens, jij wenst (wens jij?), u wenst, hij wenst, wij wensen, jullie wensen, zij wensen. Past indicative, by 't kofschip, -de after a voiced stem and -te after a voiceless one: ik antwoordde, jij antwoordde, wij antwoordden, jullie antwoordden, zij antwoordden; ik wenste, jij wenste, wij wensten, jullie wensten, zij wensten. Present perfect: ik heb, jij hebt, u hebt, hij heeft, wij hebben, jullie hebben, zij hebben, plus geantwoord / gewenst. Pluperfect: ik had, jij had, and so on, plus geantwoord / gewenst. Future: ik zal, jij zult, and so on, plus antwoorden / wensen. Future perfect: ik zal, jij zult, and so on, plus geantwoord hebben / gewenst hebben. Conditional: ik zou, jij zou, and so on, plus antwoorden / wensen. Past conditional: ik zou, jij zou, and so on, plus geantwoord hebben / gewenst hebben. Imperative: one form serves everyone, singular, plural and polite alike: antwoord! wens! Older written Dutch, and Multatuli, kept a full subjunctive mood (antwoorde, wensche, hebbe, hadde, zoude, and their gij-forms in -et) and a separate plural imperative in -t (antwoordt!, wenscht!), both long gone from ordinary written Dutch."},{"section":1002,"text":"The negative form (§ 191)\n\nThe negative form of all Dutch verbs is like that of the English auxiliary verbs: ik heb niet, I have not; ik ben niet, I am not; ik antwoord niet, I do not answer; ik wens niet, I do not wish; ik zing niet, I do not sing; ik zong niet, I did not sing."},{"section":1003,"text":"The interrogative form (§ 192)\n\nThe interrogative form corresponds likewise to that of the English auxiliaries: heb ik? have I? ben ik? am I? antwoord ik? do I answer? wens ik? do I wish? zing ik? do I sing? zong ik? did I sing?"},{"section":1004,"text":"The negative-interrogative form (§ 193)\n\nNegative-interrogative form: heb ik niet? have I not? ben ik niet? am I not? antwoord ik niet? do I not answer? wens ik niet? do I not wish? zing ik niet? do I not sing? zong ik niet? did I not sing?"},{"section":2008,"text":"Verbs of this lesson, with their principal parts\n\nstortregenen to pour with rain het stortregent, het stortregende, het heeft gestortregend\nverdwijnen to disappear ik verdwijn, ik verdween, ik ben verdwenen"}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 8: The interrogative form (§ 192) (and 1 more)","teaching":[{"title":"Asking a question","paragraphs":["To ask a question, Dutch puts the verb before the subject. English often adds do or did. Dutch adds nothing.","Ik antwoord becomes antwoord ik? and means do I answer. Hij antwoordt becomes antwoordt hij? Zij wensten becomes wensten zij?","The verb keeps its tense. Zong ik? means did I sing.","With jij the verb loses its t: jij antwoordt becomes antwoord jij?"]},{"title":"A question with not","paragraphs":["A question that also says not joins the two patterns. The verb comes first, then the subject, then niet.","Antwoord ik niet? means do I not answer. Heb ik niet? means have I not. Zong ik niet? means did I not sing.","Niet stands after the subject: antwoordt hij niet? wensten zij niet?"]}],"lines":[{"number":115,"id":"val.nl.L08.x.3.1","source":"Antwoordt hij?","translation":"Does he answer?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Antwoordt","gloss":"to answer"},{"text":"hij?","gloss":"he"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L08.x.3.1.m4a"},{"number":116,"id":"val.nl.L08.x.3.2","source":"Wensten zij?","translation":"Did they wish?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wensten","gloss":"wished"},{"text":"zij?","gloss":"she; they"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L08.x.3.2.m4a"},{"number":117,"id":"val.nl.L08.x.4.1","source":"Antwoordt hij niet?","translation":"Does he not answer?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Antwoordt","gloss":"to answer"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"niet?","gloss":"not"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L08.x.4.1.m4a"},{"number":118,"id":"val.nl.L08.x.4.2","source":"Wensten zij niet?","translation":"Did they not wish?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wensten","gloss":"wished"},{"text":"zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"niet?","gloss":"not"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L08.x.4.2.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"De bedrogen bedrieger","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":119,"id":"val.nl.L08.r.0","source":"De bedrogen bedrieger","translation":"The deceived deceiver","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"bedrogen","gloss":"deceived"},{"text":"bedrieger","gloss":"deceiver"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L08.r.0.m4a"},{"number":120,"id":"val.nl.L08.r.1","source":"Eens stortregende het in Londen.","translation":"Once it was pouring with rain in London.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Eens","gloss":"once, one day"},{"text":"stortregende","gloss":"to pour with rain"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in London"},{"text":"Londen.","gloss":"in London"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L08.r.1.m4a"},{"number":121,"id":"val.nl.L08.r.2","source":"Een rijke koopman, die van de Beurs kwam, bemerkt een vigilante, stapt erin en laat zich naar een zeer ver verwijderde wijk van de stad brengen.","translation":"A rich merchant, coming from the Exchange, notices a cab, gets in, and has himself taken to a quarter of the city very far away.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"rijke","gloss":"rich"},{"text":"koopman,","gloss":"merchant"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Beurs","gloss":"Beurs"},{"text":"kwam,","gloss":"to come"},{"text":"bemerkt","gloss":"to observe, to notice"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"vigilante,","gloss":"cab (a horse-drawn hansom cab)"},{"text":"stapt","gloss":"steps (stappen)"},{"text":"erin","gloss":"in it"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"laat","gloss":"let; late"},{"text":"zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"zeer","gloss":"very"},{"text":"ver","gloss":"far"},{"text":"verwijderde","gloss":"remove"},{"text":"wijk","gloss":"quarter, district"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"stad","gloss":"city, town"},{"text":"brengen.","gloss":"bring"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L08.r.2.m4a"},{"number":122,"id":"val.nl.L08.r.3","source":"Onderweg bemerkt de koopman dat hij vergeten heeft zijn portemonnee bij zich te steken.","translation":"On the way the merchant notices that he has forgotten to bring his purse.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Onderweg","gloss":"on the way"},{"text":"bemerkt","gloss":"to observe, to notice"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"koopman","gloss":"merchant"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"vergeten","gloss":"to forget"},{"text":"heeft","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"portemonnee","gloss":"purse, wallet"},{"text":"bij","gloss":"at, near, with"},{"text":"zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"steken.","gloss":"stitches"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L08.r.3.m4a"},{"number":123,"id":"val.nl.L08.r.4","source":"Wat nu te doen?","translation":"What to do now?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"nu","gloss":"now, at present"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"doen?","gloss":"to do"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L08.r.4.m4a"},{"number":124,"id":"val.nl.L08.r.5","source":"Voor het huis aangekomen, waar hij wezen moest, stapte hij uit de vigilante en zei tegen de koetsier: “Wees zo goed een lucifertje te geven, ik heb een souverein in het rijtuig laten vallen.”","translation":"Having arrived in front of the house where he had to be, he got out of the cab and said to the driver: “Be so kind as to give me a match, I have dropped a sovereign in the carriage.”","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"huis","gloss":"house"},{"text":"aangekomen,","gloss":"arrived"},{"text":"waar","gloss":"where; true"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"wezen","gloss":"be"},{"text":"moest,","gloss":"had to"},{"text":"stapte","gloss":"stepped"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"uit","gloss":"out of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vigilante","gloss":"cab (a horse-drawn hansom cab)"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"zei","gloss":"said"},{"text":"tegen","gloss":"to (a person)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"koetsier:","gloss":"cabman, driver"},{"text":"“Wees","gloss":"be (imperative)"},{"text":"zo","gloss":"so, as"},{"text":"goed","gloss":"good, well"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"lucifertje","gloss":"little match"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to (before a verb); at, in (before a place); too"},{"text":"geven,","gloss":"give"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"have"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"souverein","gloss":"sovereign (a gold coin)"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"rijtuig","gloss":"carriage, cab"},{"text":"laten","gloss":"let"},{"text":"vallen.”","gloss":"fall"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L08.r.5.m4a"},{"number":125,"id":"val.nl.L08.r.6","source":"Dadelijk legt de koetsier de zweep over het paard en verdwijnt weldra om de hoek van de straat.","translation":"At once the driver lays the whip over the horse and soon disappears around the corner of the street.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dadelijk","gloss":"immediately"},{"text":"legt","gloss":"to lay"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"koetsier","gloss":"cabman, driver"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"zweep","gloss":"whip"},{"text":"over","gloss":"across, over"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"paard","gloss":"horse"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"verdwijnt","gloss":"to disappear"},{"text":"weldra","gloss":"soon"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"hoek","gloss":"corner"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"straat.","gloss":"street"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L08.r.6.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"bedrieger","gloss":"deceiver"},{"word":"koopman","gloss":"merchant"},{"word":"Beurs","gloss":"the (Stock) Exchange"},{"word":"Beurs","gloss":"purse"},{"word":"vigilante","gloss":"cab (a horse-drawn hansom cab)"},{"word":"wijk","gloss":"quarter, district"},{"word":"stad","gloss":"city, town"},{"word":"Londen","gloss":"in London (in Londen)"},{"word":"bedrogen","gloss":"deceived"},{"word":"Eens","gloss":"once, one day"},{"word":"ver","gloss":"far"},{"word":"erin","gloss":"he gets in, he got out (hij stapt erin)"},{"word":"brengen","gloss":"he has himself taken (somewhere) (hij laat zich brengen)"},{"word":"portemonnee","gloss":"purse, wallet"},{"word":"koetsier","gloss":"cabman, driver"},{"word":"lucifertje","gloss":"little match"},{"word":"souverein","gloss":"sovereign (a gold coin)"},{"word":"rijtuig","gloss":"carriage, cab"},{"word":"zweep","gloss":"whip"},{"word":"paard","gloss":"horse"},{"word":"hoek","gloss":"corner"},{"word":"straat","gloss":"street"},{"word":"aangekomen","gloss":"arrived"},{"word":"Onderweg","gloss":"on the way"},{"word":"Voor","gloss":"before"},{"word":"Dadelijk","gloss":"immediately"},{"word":"over","gloss":"over, on"},{"word":"weldra","gloss":"soon"},{"word":"vallen","gloss":"I have dropped (some) money (ik heb geld laten vallen)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 8: conversation","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":126,"id":"val.nl.L08.c.q1","source":"Vanwaar kwam de rijke koopman?","translation":"Where did the rich merchant come from?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Vanwaar","gloss":"where"},{"text":"kwam","gloss":"to come"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"rijke","gloss":"rich"},{"text":"koopman?","gloss":"merchant"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L08.c.q1.m4a"},{"number":127,"id":"val.nl.L08.c.q2","source":"Wat bemerkte hij?","translation":"What did he notice?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"bemerkte","gloss":"to observe, to notice"},{"text":"hij?","gloss":"he"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L08.c.q2.m4a"},{"number":128,"id":"val.nl.L08.c.q3","source":"Waarom wilde hij een vigilante hebben?","translation":"Why did he want to have a cab?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Waarom","gloss":"why"},{"text":"wilde","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"vigilante","gloss":"cab (a horse-drawn hansom cab)"},{"text":"hebben?","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L08.c.q3.m4a"},{"number":129,"id":"val.nl.L08.c.q4","source":"Waarheen liet hij zich brengen?","translation":"Where did he have himself taken?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Waarheen","gloss":"where to"},{"text":"liet","gloss":"let (past)"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"brengen?","gloss":"bring"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L08.c.q4.m4a"},{"number":130,"id":"val.nl.L08.c.a1","source":"Hij kwam van de Beurs.","translation":"He came from the Exchange.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"kwam","gloss":"to come"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Beurs.","gloss":"Beurs"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L08.c.a1.m4a"},{"number":131,"id":"val.nl.L08.c.a2","source":"Hij bemerkte een vigilante.","translation":"He noticed a cab.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"bemerkte","gloss":"to observe, to notice"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"vigilante.","gloss":"cab (a horse-drawn hansom cab)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L08.c.a2.m4a"},{"number":132,"id":"val.nl.L08.c.a3","source":"Omdat hij naar een ver verwijderde wijk van de stad moest.","translation":"Because he had to go to a quarter of the city that was far away.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Omdat","gloss":"because"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"ver","gloss":"far"},{"text":"verwijderde","gloss":"remove"},{"text":"wijk","gloss":"quarter, district"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"stad","gloss":"city, town"},{"text":"moest.","gloss":"to have to, must"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L08.c.a3.m4a"},{"number":133,"id":"val.nl.L08.c.a4","source":"Hij liet zich naar een zeer ver verwijderde wijk van de stad brengen.","translation":"He had himself taken to a quarter of the city very far away.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"liet","gloss":"let (past)"},{"text":"zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"zeer","gloss":"very"},{"text":"ver","gloss":"far"},{"text":"verwijderde","gloss":"remove"},{"text":"wijk","gloss":"quarter, district"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"stad","gloss":"city, town"},{"text":"brengen.","gloss":"bring"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L08.c.a4.m4a"},{"number":134,"id":"val.nl.L08.c.q5","source":"Wat bemerkte de koopman onderweg?","translation":"What did the merchant notice on the way?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"bemerkte","gloss":"to observe, to notice"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"koopman","gloss":"merchant"},{"text":"onderweg?","gloss":"on the way"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L08.c.q5.m4a"},{"number":135,"id":"val.nl.L08.c.q6","source":"Wanneer stapte hij uit de vigilante?","translation":"When did he get out of the cab?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wanneer","gloss":"when"},{"text":"stapte","gloss":"stepped"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"uit","gloss":"out of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vigilante?","gloss":"cab (a horse-drawn hansom cab)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L08.c.q6.m4a"},{"number":136,"id":"val.nl.L08.c.q7","source":"Wat zei hij tegen de koetsier?","translation":"What did he say to the driver?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"zei","gloss":"to say"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"tegen","gloss":"against; to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"koetsier?","gloss":"cabman, driver"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L08.c.q7.m4a"},{"number":137,"id":"val.nl.L08.c.q8","source":"Wat deed de koetsier?","translation":"What did the driver do?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"deed","gloss":"to do"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"koetsier?","gloss":"cabman, driver"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L08.c.q8.m4a"},{"number":138,"id":"val.nl.L08.c.a5","source":"Hij bemerkte dat hij zijn portemonnee vergeten was.","translation":"He noticed that he had forgotten his purse.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"bemerkte","gloss":"to observe, to notice"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"portemonnee","gloss":"purse, wallet"},{"text":"vergeten","gloss":"to forget"},{"text":"was.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L08.c.a5.m4a"},{"number":139,"id":"val.nl.L08.c.a6","source":"Hij stapte uit de vigilante toen hij voor het huis was aangekomen, waar hij wezen moest.","translation":"He got out of the cab when he had arrived in front of the house where he had to be.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"stapte","gloss":"stepped"},{"text":"uit","gloss":"out of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vigilante","gloss":"cab (a horse-drawn hansom cab)"},{"text":"toen","gloss":"as, when"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"huis","gloss":"house"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"aangekomen,","gloss":"arrived"},{"text":"waar","gloss":"where; true"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"wezen","gloss":"be"},{"text":"moest.","gloss":"to have to, must"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L08.c.a6.m4a"},{"number":140,"id":"val.nl.L08.c.a7","source":"Hij zei: “Wees zo goed een lucifertje te geven, ik heb een souverein in het rijtuig laten vallen.”","translation":"He said: “Be so kind as to give me a match, I have dropped a sovereign in the carriage.”","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"zei:","gloss":"said"},{"text":"“Wees","gloss":"be (imperative)"},{"text":"zo","gloss":"so, as"},{"text":"goed","gloss":"good, well"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"lucifertje","gloss":"little match"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to (before a verb); at, in (before a place); too"},{"text":"geven,","gloss":"give"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"have"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"souverein","gloss":"sovereign (a gold coin)"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"rijtuig","gloss":"carriage, cab"},{"text":"laten","gloss":"let"},{"text":"vallen.”","gloss":"fall"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L08.c.a7.m4a"},{"number":141,"id":"val.nl.L08.c.a8","source":"Hij legde de zweep over het paard en verdween om de hoek van de straat.","translation":"He laid the whip over the horse and disappeared around the corner of the street.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"legde","gloss":"to lay"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"zweep","gloss":"whip"},{"text":"over","gloss":"across, over"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"paard","gloss":"horse"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"verdween","gloss":"to disappear"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"hoek","gloss":"corner"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"straat.","gloss":"street"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L08.c.a8.m4a"},{"number":142,"id":"val.nl.L08.c.q9","source":"Wie was bedrogen?","translation":"Who was deceived?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wie","gloss":"who"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"bedrogen?","gloss":"deceived"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L08.c.q9.m4a"},{"number":143,"id":"val.nl.L08.c.a9","source":"De koopman was bedrogen.","translation":"The merchant was deceived.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"koopman","gloss":"merchant"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"bedrogen.","gloss":"deceived"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L08.c.a9.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 8: exercise 12","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":144,"id":"val.nl.L08.e12.i1.1","source":"ik leg","translation":"I lay","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L08.e12.i1.1.m4a"},{"number":145,"id":"val.nl.L08.e12.i1.2","source":"hij legt","translation":"he lays","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L08.e12.i1.2.m4a"},{"number":146,"id":"val.nl.L08.e12.i1.3","source":"wij leggen","translation":"we lay","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L08.e12.i1.3.m4a"},{"number":147,"id":"val.nl.L08.e12.i2.1","source":"jij dient","translation":"you serve","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L08.e12.i2.1.m4a"},{"number":148,"id":"val.nl.L08.e12.i2.2","source":"jullie dienen","translation":"you (plural) serve","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L08.e12.i2.2.m4a"},{"number":149,"id":"val.nl.L08.e12.i2.3","source":"zij dienen","translation":"they serve","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L08.e12.i2.3.m4a"},{"number":150,"id":"val.nl.L08.e12.i3.1","source":"ik bezorg","translation":"I procure","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L08.e12.i3.1.m4a"},{"number":151,"id":"val.nl.L08.e12.i3.2","source":"u bezorgt","translation":"you procure","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L08.e12.i3.2.m4a"},{"number":152,"id":"val.nl.L08.e12.i3.3","source":"zij bezorgen","translation":"they procure","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L08.e12.i3.3.m4a"},{"number":153,"id":"val.nl.L08.e12.i4.1","source":"jij maakt","translation":"you make","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L08.e12.i4.1.m4a"},{"number":154,"id":"val.nl.L08.e12.i4.2","source":"hij maakt","translation":"he makes","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L08.e12.i4.2.m4a"},{"number":155,"id":"val.nl.L08.e12.i4.3","source":"wij maken","translation":"we make","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L08.e12.i4.3.m4a"},{"number":156,"id":"val.nl.L08.e12.i5.1","source":"ik gebruik","translation":"I use","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L08.e12.i5.1.m4a"},{"number":157,"id":"val.nl.L08.e12.i5.2","source":"hij gebruikt","translation":"he uses","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L08.e12.i5.2.m4a"},{"number":158,"id":"val.nl.L08.e12.i5.3","source":"wij gebruiken","translation":"we use","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L08.e12.i5.3.m4a"},{"number":159,"id":"val.nl.L08.e12.i6.1","source":"jij vernacht","translation":"you pass the night","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L08.e12.i6.1.m4a"},{"number":160,"id":"val.nl.L08.e12.i6.2","source":"jullie vernachten","translation":"you (plural) pass the night","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L08.e12.i6.2.m4a"},{"number":161,"id":"val.nl.L08.e12.i6.3","source":"zij vernachten","translation":"they pass the night","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L08.e12.i6.3.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 8: exercise 13","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":162,"id":"val.nl.L08.e13.i1.1","source":"ik dans niet","translation":"I do not dance","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L08.e13.i1.1.m4a"},{"number":163,"id":"val.nl.L08.e13.i1.2","source":"hij danst niet","translation":"he does not dance","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L08.e13.i1.2.m4a"},{"number":164,"id":"val.nl.L08.e13.i1.3","source":"wij dansen niet","translation":"we do not dance","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L08.e13.i1.3.m4a"},{"number":165,"id":"val.nl.L08.e13.i2.1","source":"jij klaagt niet","translation":"you do not complain","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L08.e13.i2.1.m4a"},{"number":166,"id":"val.nl.L08.e13.i2.2","source":"jullie klagen niet","translation":"you (plural) do not complain","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L08.e13.i2.2.m4a"},{"number":167,"id":"val.nl.L08.e13.i2.3","source":"zij klagen niet","translation":"they do not complain","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L08.e13.i2.3.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 8: exercise 14","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":168,"id":"val.nl.L08.e14.i2.1","source":"zet ik? zet jij? zet u? zet hij? zetten wij? zetten jullie? zetten zij?","translation":"do they put?","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L08.e14.i2.1.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 9: The noun: het zelfstandig naamwoord. Gender: het geslacht","teaching":[{"title":"Two classes, three names","paragraphs":["Every Dutch noun is a de-word or a het-word. The class decides the article. De dokter and de matroos are de-words. Het schip and het ongeval are het-words.","Grammars and dictionaries give three names. Masculine and feminine words are de-words. Neuter words are het-words.","The article cannot tell masculine from feminine. Only the pronoun can. A speaker says hij or zij when the noun comes up again: De kapitein? Hij is aan boord."]},{"title":"How the gender shows","paragraphs":["Two things often show the gender. One is the meaning, such as a man or a woman. The other is the ending of the word.","The name of a thing can be of any of the three genders. The rules of this lesson give the main groups. For many words, look in the dictionary."]}],"lines":[{"number":169,"id":"val.nl.L09.x.1.1","source":"de dokter, de matroos","translation":"the doctor, the sailor (de-words)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"dokter,","gloss":"physician, doctor"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"matroos","gloss":"sailor, sailors"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.x.1.1.m4a"},{"number":170,"id":"val.nl.L09.x.1.2","source":"het schip, het ongeval","translation":"the ship, the accident (het-words)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"schip,","gloss":"ship, ships"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"ongeval","gloss":"accident"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.x.1.2.m4a"},{"number":171,"id":"val.nl.L09.x.1.3","source":"De kapitein? Hij is aan boord.","translation":"The captain? He is on board.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"kapitein?","gloss":"captain"},{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"boord.","gloss":"board (of a ship)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.x.1.3.m4a"},{"number":172,"id":"val.nl.L09.x.1.4","source":"De gelegenheid? Zij komt niet terug.","translation":"The opportunity? It will not come back.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"gelegenheid?","gloss":"occasion, opportunity"},{"text":"Zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"komt","gloss":"to come"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"terug.","gloss":"back"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.x.1.4.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":194,"text":"The noun: het zelfstandig naamwoord. Gender: het geslacht\n\nDutch nouns fall into two classes, and the class decides the article: de-words, which take de, and het-words, which take het. Grammars and dictionaries call the de-words masculine (mannelijk) or feminine (vrouwelijk) and the het-words neuter (onzijdig). The difference between masculine and feminine shows only in the pronoun that refers back to the noun (hij or zij), never in the article; for the article it is enough to know whether a word is a de-word or a het-word. Names of inanimate objects may be of any of the three. The gender of a noun can generally be told either by its meaning, i. e. natural gender, or by its ending, i. e. word gender. The following are the chief rules for determining gender; in many cases the dictionary will have to be resorted to. Older written Dutch, and Multatuli, kept the three genders apart in the article and the adjective as well (den, der, des), which is why the old grammars set out masculine and feminine at length."},{"section":195,"text":"Masculine nouns\n\nMasculine, and so de-words referred to as hij, are:\nAll appellations of men and male animals. The names of trees: beuk beech, berk birch. Except: linde (f.) lime-tree. The names of coins: euro, cent, and the old gulden guilder and stuiver (five cents). Except: munt coin and guinje guinea, which are feminine. The names of mountains: de Etna, de Mont Blanc. The names of a) months: januari, februari, maart, etc.; b) days: zondag, maandag, dinsdag, woensdag, donderdag, vrijdag, zaterdag; c) seasons: zomer summer, herfst autumn, winter; except lente (f.) spring. The primary nouns corresponding with the root of a strong verb, having an abstract meaning: val fall, greep grasp; but val = trap and lettergreep = syllable are feminine. Note. If such nouns are preceded by an inseparable prefix they are neuter. All dissyllabic nouns ending in -aar, -aard, -erd, -el, -em, -sem, -lm, -rm, -er and most words ending in -en: beukelaar buckler, luiaard sluggard, mosterd mustard, beitel chisel, adem breath, wasem vapour, storm storm, loper strip of carpet, regen rain. All words ending in -ing (if they are not derived from verbs) and -ling: ketting chain, penning medal, krakeling cracknel. The words ending in -dom, expressing a state or condition: adeldom nobility, rijkdom wealth, wasdom growth, eigendom = right of possession."},{"section":196,"text":"Feminine nouns\n\nFeminine, and so de-words referred to as zij (ze), are:\nAll names of female persons and of female animals. Except: het wijf, a coarse word for a woman, never used in polite language.\nSuch names of materials as are not neuter: kant lace, wol wool, zijde silk.\nMost names of flowers, grains, fruits, vegetables and foreign produce: roos rose, lelie lily, bes berry, peer pear, rogge rye, tarwe wheat, spinazie spinach, koffie coffee, siroop syrup, zwavel sulphur.\nThe names of kinds of vessels: aak barge, bark barque, brik brig. Except: those ending in -er, which are masculine: driemaster three-master, schoener schooner. A ship with a name is referred to as hij: de Willem III verloor zijn masten.\nThe names of the letters of the alphabet, the figures, the notes and the intervals in music: een onduidelijke a, b, 6, 7, an indistinct a, b, 6, 7; een fa-kruis an F-sharp, een grote terts a major third.\nThe foreign names of musical instruments: trompet trumpet, gitaar guitar.\nAll dissyllabic nouns ending in -e, -de, -te, denoting inanimate objects: aarde earth, koude cold, ellende misery, hoogte height. Except: vrede (m.) peace, einde (n.) end, and the collective nouns ending in -te.\nAll derivative nouns formed with the suffixes -heid, -nis, -teit and all nouns ending in -iek, -age, -ij, -ei, -uw: goedheid goodness, beeltenis image, majesteit majesty; fabriek factory, slijtage wear and tear, bedelarij beggary, lei slate, schaduw shadow.\nMost words ending in -ing, -st, -t, formed from verbal roots: beloning reward, gunst favour, vaart canal. Except: dienst (m.) service, last (m.) load, schrift (n.) writing (de Schrift = scripture), gewicht (n.) weight.\nWords ending in -schap expressing a body or an association of persons or a condition: burgerschap citizenship, priesterschap priesthood, vriendschap friendship.\nIn the Netherlands the feminine pronoun is kept for female persons and animals and for the derived nouns in -heid, -ing, -nis, -teit, -schap and -ij; a concrete feminine noun such as roos or tafel is referred to as hij, or in speech as die. Older written Dutch, and Multatuli, marked the feminine in the article and the possessive as well: der vrouw, hare masten."},{"section":197,"text":"Neuter nouns\n\nOf the neuter gender, and so het-words, are:\nThe names of animals that express a whole class and the names of the young of animals: paard horse, zwijn swine, veulen foal, kalf calf.\nThe collective nouns: volk people, leger army, woud wood, dorp village, gehucht hamlet, gebergte chain of mountains, gebeente bones, geboomte trees; but stad town or city is feminine.\nThe names of materials: goud gold, brood bread, zout salt, water water. Except: a) some clothing materials; b) the masculine nouns: azijn vinegar, honing honey, inkt ink, mosterd mustard, room cream, wijn wine. Note. Some names of materials are also used to denote an object; in this case they are de-words: het diamant (material), de diamant; het doek linen, de doek (m.) the cloth; het draad wire, de draad (m.) the thread.\nThe infinitive of verbs and all other parts of speech used as nouns: het opgaan van de zon sunrise, het ondergaan van de maan moonset, het schone the beautiful, het ja the yes, het waarom the why.\nNames of continents, countries, provinces and towns: Amerika, Engeland, Zuid-Holland, Londen.\nAll diminutives ending in -je (-pje, -tje, etc.): kindje little child, bloempje little flower, mannetje little man.\nThe words ending in -dom, except those which denote a state or condition: bisdom bishopric, vorstendom principality, christendom Christianity, heidendom paganism.\nAll words ending in -schap when they express a dignity, an occupation or a territory: priesterschap priesthood, koningschap kingship, meesterschap mastery; also: genootschap society, gereedschap tools, gezelschap company. Verwantschap relationship or affinity is feminine.\nAll words ending in -sel: overblijfsel remainder, raadsel riddle, blauwsel laundry blue.\nThe nouns formed from the root of a verb with the inseparable prefixes be-, ge-, onder-, ont-, ver-: bedrag amount, gebruik use, onderwijs or onderricht instruction, ontstaan origin, verlies loss. Except: verkoop (m.) sale, verbouw (m.) cultivation, and ontvangst (f.) reception."},{"section":198,"text":"Compound nouns\n\nCompound nouns have the gender of the principal word, which is the last: hoef (m.) hoof, de paardenhoef (m.) a horse's hoof; maand (f.) month, de zomermaand (f.) the summer month; geloof (n.) belief, het bijgeloof superstition."},{"section":199,"text":"Words with two genders\n\nSome words have two genders with a difference in meaning. Where one of the two is neuter, the article shows the difference: de atlas atlas, het atlas satin; de patroon patron, de patroon cartridge, het patroon pattern; de stof subject, material, het stof dust; de veer feather, spring, het veer ferry. Where both are de-words the difference is one of gender only and shows in the pronoun: deken (m.) = dean, (f.) = blanket; gang (m.) = gait, (f.) = corridor; hoop (m.) = heap, (f.) = hope; muil (m.) = mule or muzzle, (f.) = slipper; traan (m.) = tear, (f.) = train-oil; val (m.) = fall, (f.) = trap; vorst (m.) = prince, (f.) = frost or ridge; zegen (m.) = blessing, (f.) = drag-net. Zaal (f.) is a hall; the neuter zaal for a saddle survives only in older texts, the word being zadel (n.)."},{"section":2009,"text":"Verbs of this lesson, with their principal parts\n\nplegen to be accustomed, to be in the habit of ik placht (past tense only; the present pleeg is formal and rare)\nverdrinken to drown, to be drowned ik verdrink, ik verdronk, ik ben verdronken\nvragen to ask ik vraag, ik vroeg, ik heb gevraagd"}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 9: Masculine nouns","teaching":[{"title":"Masculine nouns are de-words","paragraphs":["Masculine nouns take de, and the pronoun for them is hij. Some groups of meaning are masculine: men, male animals, trees, stones, coins, mountains, months, days and seasons.","Examples are de beuk, de berk, de euro, de cent and de zomer. A few groups have exceptions. Lente is feminine, though the other seasons are masculine.","Each entry in the list gives the Dutch word and then its English meaning, as in beuk beech. The mark f. means feminine. The mark m. means masculine."]},{"title":"Masculine endings","paragraphs":["Some endings mark a masculine word. Words of two syllables ending in -el, -em or -er are masculine, and most words ending in -en: de adem, de regen.","Words ending in -ling are masculine, such as krakeling. Words ending in -ing are masculine too when they do not come from a verb, such as ketting.","Words ending in -dom are masculine when they name a state or condition. De rijkdom is wealth."]}],"lines":[{"number":173,"id":"val.nl.L09.x.2.1","source":"de beuk, de berk","translation":"the beech, the birch","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"beuk,","gloss":"beech"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"berk","gloss":"berk"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.x.2.1.m4a"},{"number":174,"id":"val.nl.L09.x.2.2","source":"de euro, de cent, de gulden","translation":"the euro, the cent, the guilder","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"euro,","gloss":"euro"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"cent,","gloss":"pennies"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"gulden","gloss":"guilders"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.x.2.2.m4a"},{"number":175,"id":"val.nl.L09.x.2.3","source":"de zomer en de winter","translation":"the summer and the winter","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"zomer","gloss":"summer"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"winter","gloss":"winter"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.x.2.3.m4a"},{"number":176,"id":"val.nl.L09.x.2.4","source":"de regen, de storm, de adem","translation":"the rain, the storm, the breath","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"regen,","gloss":"rain"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"storm,","gloss":"storm"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"adem","gloss":"breath"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.x.2.4.m4a"},{"number":177,"id":"val.nl.L09.x.2.5","source":"de rijkdom, de eigendom","translation":"wealth, the right of possession","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"rijkdom,","gloss":"wealth"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"eigendom","gloss":"property"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.x.2.5.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 9: Feminine nouns","teaching":[{"title":"Feminine nouns are de-words","paragraphs":["Feminine nouns take de, and the pronoun for them is zij. Female persons and female animals are feminine. So are most flowers, fruits and vegetables, and some materials, such as wol and zijde.","Examples are de roos, de lelie and de peer. One exception is het wijf, a coarse word that polite speakers never use.","Words of two syllables ending in -e, -de or -te are feminine when they name things. Examples are de aarde, de hoogte and de ellende."]},{"title":"Feminine endings and the pronoun","paragraphs":["The endings -heid, -nis, -teit, -iek, -age and -ij mark feminine words: de goedheid, de majesteit, de fabriek. Words in -schap are feminine when they name a group of people or a condition: de vriendschap.","In the Netherlands, zij is kept for female people and animals, and for nouns in -heid, -ing, -nis, -teit, -schap and -ij. A thing such as roos or tafel is referred to as hij, or in speech as die.","The article is de in every case. Only the pronoun differs: De regering? Zij heeft geantwoord."]}],"lines":[{"number":178,"id":"val.nl.L09.x.3.1","source":"de roos, de lelie, de peer","translation":"the rose, the lily, the pear","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"roos,","gloss":"rose"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"lelie,","gloss":"lily"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"peer","gloss":"pear"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.x.3.1.m4a"},{"number":179,"id":"val.nl.L09.x.3.2","source":"de aarde, de hoogte, de ellende","translation":"the earth, the height, the misery","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"aarde,","gloss":"earth"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"hoogte,","gloss":"height"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"ellende","gloss":"misery"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.x.3.2.m4a"},{"number":180,"id":"val.nl.L09.x.3.3","source":"de goedheid, de majesteit, de fabriek","translation":"goodness, majesty, the factory","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"goedheid,","gloss":"goodness"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"majesteit,","gloss":"Majesty"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"fabriek","gloss":"factory"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.x.3.3.m4a"},{"number":181,"id":"val.nl.L09.x.3.4","source":"de beloning, de vriendschap","translation":"the reward, the friendship","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"beloning,","gloss":"reward"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vriendschap","gloss":"friendship"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.x.3.4.m4a"},{"number":182,"id":"val.nl.L09.x.3.5","source":"De regering? Zij heeft geantwoord.","translation":"The government? It has answered.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"regering?","gloss":"Government"},{"text":"Zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"heeft","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"geantwoord.","gloss":"to answer"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.x.3.5.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 9: Neuter nouns","teaching":[{"title":"Neuter nouns are het-words","paragraphs":["Neuter nouns take het. Some groups of meaning are neuter: young animals, groups of people or things, materials, continents, countries and towns.","Examples are het veulen, het kalf, het volk, het leger, het goud, het brood and het zout. A material that becomes an object may change class. Het doek is linen. De doek is a cloth."]},{"title":"Neuter endings and forms","paragraphs":["All words ending in -je are neuter, such as het kindje and het bloempje. They name something small.","Words ending in -sel are neuter, such as het raadsel. So are most nouns made from a verb with be-, ge-, onder-, ont- or ver- at the front: het gebruik, het verlies.","A verb used as a noun is neuter too: het opgaan van de zon."]}],"lines":[{"number":183,"id":"val.nl.L09.x.4.1","source":"het paard, het veulen, het kalf","translation":"the horse, the foal, the calf","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"paard,","gloss":"horse"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"veulen,","gloss":"veulen"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"kalf","gloss":"calf"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.x.4.1.m4a"},{"number":184,"id":"val.nl.L09.x.4.2","source":"het volk, het leger, het dorp","translation":"the people, the army, the village","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"volk,","gloss":"people"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"leger,","gloss":"army"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"dorp","gloss":"village"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.x.4.2.m4a"},{"number":185,"id":"val.nl.L09.x.4.3","source":"het goud, het brood, het zout, het water","translation":"gold, bread, salt, water","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"goud,","gloss":"gold"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"brood,","gloss":"bread"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"zout,","gloss":"salt"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"water","gloss":"water"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.x.4.3.m4a"},{"number":186,"id":"val.nl.L09.x.4.4","source":"het kindje, het bloempje","translation":"the little child, the little flower","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"kindje,","gloss":"child"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"bloempje","gloss":"little flower"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.x.4.4.m4a"},{"number":187,"id":"val.nl.L09.x.4.5","source":"het raadsel, het gebruik, het verlies","translation":"the riddle, the use, the loss","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"raadsel,","gloss":"riddle"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"gebruik,","gloss":"use"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"verlies","gloss":"loss"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.x.4.5.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 9: Compound nouns (and 1 more)","teaching":[{"title":"The last part decides","paragraphs":["A compound noun joins two words into one noun. The last part is the main word, and it decides the gender.","Hoef is masculine, so paardenhoef is masculine. Maand is feminine, so zomermaand is feminine.","Geloof is a het-word, so bijgeloof is a het-word too: het geloof, het bijgeloof."]},{"title":"One word, two meanings","paragraphs":["A few words have two genders, and the gender changes the meaning.","Where one of the two is a het-word, the article shows the difference. De stof is material. Het stof is dust. De veer is a feather. Het veer is a ferry."]},{"title":"Two de-words with different meanings","paragraphs":["Sometimes both meanings are de-words. The article is the same, so only the pronoun shows the meaning.","Hoop as a masculine word is a heap. Hoop as a feminine word is hope. Gang as a masculine word is a gait, and as a feminine word it is a corridor.","So de hoop is groot can mean the heap is big, or the hope is great."]}],"lines":[{"number":188,"id":"val.nl.L09.x.5.1","source":"de hoef, de paardenhoef","translation":"the hoof, the horse's hoof","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"hoef,","gloss":"need"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"paardenhoef","gloss":"horse's hoof"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.x.5.1.m4a"},{"number":189,"id":"val.nl.L09.x.5.2","source":"de maand, de zomermaand","translation":"the month, the summer month","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"maand,","gloss":"month"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"zomermaand","gloss":"summer month"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.x.5.2.m4a"},{"number":190,"id":"val.nl.L09.x.5.3","source":"het geloof, het bijgeloof","translation":"the belief, the superstition","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"geloof,","gloss":"believe"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"bijgeloof","gloss":"superstition"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.x.5.3.m4a"},{"number":191,"id":"val.nl.L09.x.6.1","source":"de stof, het stof","translation":"the material, the dust","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"stof,","gloss":"matter"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"stof","gloss":"matter"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.x.6.1.m4a"},{"number":192,"id":"val.nl.L09.x.6.2","source":"de veer, het veer","translation":"the feather, the ferry","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"veer,","gloss":"spring"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"veer","gloss":"spring"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.x.6.2.m4a"},{"number":193,"id":"val.nl.L09.x.6.3","source":"de patroon, het patroon","translation":"the patron (or the cartridge), the pattern","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"patroon,","gloss":"employer"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"patroon","gloss":"employer"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.x.6.3.m4a"},{"number":194,"id":"val.nl.L09.x.6.4","source":"de hoop is groot","translation":"the heap is big, or the hope is great","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"hoop","gloss":"hope"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"groot","gloss":"great"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.x.6.4.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"In een medicijnkist verdronken","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":195,"id":"val.nl.L09.r.0","source":"In een medicijnkist verdronken","translation":"Drowned in a medicine chest","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"In","gloss":"in"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"medicijnkist","gloss":"medicine chest"},{"text":"verdronken","gloss":"to drown, to be drowned"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.r.0.m4a"},{"number":196,"id":"val.nl.L09.r.1","source":"De dokter van een Engels schip placht bij alle kwalen zout water aan zijn patiënten voor te schrijven.","translation":"The doctor of an English ship used to prescribe salt water to his patients for every ailment.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"dokter","gloss":"physician, doctor"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"Engels","gloss":"Engels"},{"text":"schip","gloss":"ship, ships"},{"text":"placht","gloss":"to be accustomed, to be in the habit of"},{"text":"bij","gloss":"at, near, with"},{"text":"alle","gloss":"all"},{"text":"kwalen","gloss":"indisposition, ailment"},{"text":"zout","gloss":"salt 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raadsel","translation":"riddle","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i149.m4a"},{"number":361,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i150","source":"een rogge","translation":"rye","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i150.m4a"},{"number":362,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i151","source":"een rijkdom","translation":"wealth","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i151.m4a"},{"number":363,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i152","source":"een schat","translation":"treasure","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i152.m4a"},{"number":364,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i153","source":"een steen","translation":"stone","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i153.m4a"},{"number":365,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i154","source":"een schouwburg","translation":"theatre","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i154.m4a"},{"number":366,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i155","source":"een stokslag","translation":"blow with a stick","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i155.m4a"},{"number":367,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i156","source":"een stuk","translation":"piece","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i156.m4a"},{"number":368,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i157","source":"een straat","translation":"street","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i157.m4a"},{"number":369,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i158","source":"een stad","translation":"town","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i158.m4a"},{"number":370,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i159","source":"een schip","translation":"ship","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i159.m4a"},{"number":371,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i160","source":"een sieraad","translation":"ornament","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i160.m4a"},{"number":372,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i161","source":"een spel","translation":"game","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i161.m4a"},{"number":373,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i162","source":"een slot","translation":"lock, castle","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i162.m4a"},{"number":374,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i163","source":"een sofa","translation":"sofa","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i163.m4a"},{"number":375,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i164","source":"een standbeeld","translation":"statue","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i164.m4a"},{"number":376,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i165","source":"een som","translation":"sum","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i165.m4a"},{"number":377,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i166","source":"een september","translation":"September","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i166.m4a"},{"number":378,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i167","source":"een stam","translation":"trunk, stem","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i167.m4a"},{"number":379,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i168","source":"een schoener","translation":"schooner","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i168.m4a"},{"number":380,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i169","source":"een storm","translation":"storm","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i169.m4a"},{"number":381,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i170","source":"een siroop","translation":"syrup","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i170.m4a"},{"number":382,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i171","source":"een schaduw","translation":"shadow","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i171.m4a"},{"number":383,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i172","source":"een slijtage","translation":"wear and tear","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i172.m4a"},{"number":384,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i173","source":"een tuin","translation":"garden","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i173.m4a"},{"number":385,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i174","source":"een twist","translation":"quarrel","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i174.m4a"},{"number":386,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i175","source":"een tak","translation":"branch","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i175.m4a"},{"number":387,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i176","source":"een tafel","translation":"table","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i176.m4a"},{"number":388,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i177","source":"een tralie","translation":"bar (of a grating)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i177.m4a"},{"number":389,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i178","source":"een turf","translation":"peat","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i178.m4a"},{"number":390,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i179","source":"een tijd","translation":"time","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i179.m4a"},{"number":391,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i180","source":"een trompet","translation":"trumpet","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i180.m4a"},{"number":392,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i181","source":"een tarwe","translation":"wheat","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i181.m4a"},{"number":393,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i182","source":"een uurwerk","translation":"clockwork","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i182.m4a"},{"number":394,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i183","source":"een uniform","translation":"uniform","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i183.m4a"},{"number":395,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i184","source":"een vinger","translation":"finger","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i184.m4a"},{"number":396,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i185","source":"een vlees","translation":"meat","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i185.m4a"},{"number":397,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i186","source":"een vigilante","translation":"cab","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i186.m4a"},{"number":398,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i187","source":"een vrees","translation":"fear","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i187.m4a"},{"number":399,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i188","source":"een verjaardag","translation":"birthday","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i188.m4a"},{"number":400,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i189","source":"een vlo","translation":"flea","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i189.m4a"},{"number":401,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i190","source":"een vat","translation":"barrel","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i190.m4a"},{"number":402,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i191","source":"een verbazing","translation":"astonishment","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i191.m4a"},{"number":403,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i192","source":"een vogeltje","translation":"little bird","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i192.m4a"},{"number":404,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i193","source":"een verdriet","translation":"sorrow","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i193.m4a"},{"number":405,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i194","source":"een vrede","translation":"peace","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i194.m4a"},{"number":406,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i195","source":"een vonnis","translation":"sentence, verdict","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i195.m4a"},{"number":407,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i196","source":"een vaderland","translation":"native country","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i196.m4a"},{"number":408,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i197","source":"een val","translation":"fall","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i197.m4a"},{"number":409,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i198","source":"een vriendschap","translation":"friendship","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i198.m4a"},{"number":410,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i199","source":"een veulen","translation":"foal","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i199.m4a"},{"number":411,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i200","source":"een verwantschap","translation":"relationship","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i200.m4a"},{"number":412,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i201","source":"een verlies","translation":"loss","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i201.m4a"},{"number":413,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i202","source":"een volk","translation":"people","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i202.m4a"},{"number":414,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i203","source":"een vorstendom","translation":"principality","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i203.m4a"},{"number":415,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i204","source":"een winter","translation":"winter","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i204.m4a"},{"number":416,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i205","source":"een water","translation":"water","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i205.m4a"},{"number":417,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i206","source":"een weg","translation":"road","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i206.m4a"},{"number":418,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i207","source":"een wind","translation":"wind","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i207.m4a"},{"number":419,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i208","source":"een wijn","translation":"wine","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i208.m4a"},{"number":420,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i209","source":"een wortel","translation":"root, carrot","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i209.m4a"},{"number":421,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i210","source":"een wasdom","translation":"growth","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i210.m4a"},{"number":422,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i211","source":"een waard","translation":"innkeeper","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i211.m4a"},{"number":423,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i212","source":"een wacht","translation":"watch, guard","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i212.m4a"},{"number":424,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i213","source":"een wol","translation":"wool","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i213.m4a"},{"number":425,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i214","source":"een wasem","translation":"vapour","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i214.m4a"},{"number":426,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i215","source":"een zinnebeeld","translation":"emblem","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i215.m4a"},{"number":427,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i216","source":"een zomer","translation":"summer","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i216.m4a"},{"number":428,"id":"val.nl.L09.e16.i217","source":"een zout","translation":"salt","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L09.e16.i217.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 10: Declension: verbuiging","teaching":[{"title":"A noun has two forms","paragraphs":["A Dutch noun does not change for the job it does in the sentence. It changes only for number.","The singular is the form for one thing: de vorst. The noun has one singular form and one plural form.","De vorst komt. Ik zie de vorst. Het paleis van de vorst. The noun vorst looks the same each time."]},{"title":"Case in older Dutch","paragraphs":["A case is a form of a noun that shows its job in the sentence. Modern Dutch nouns have no cases.","Older written Dutch had them, and so did Multatuli. A noun could take an ending to show that it was the owner of something.","Most nouns took -s, as in des velds. A small group took -en, as in des boden and des harten."]}],"lines":[{"number":429,"id":"val.nl.L10.x.1.1","source":"De vorst komt.","translation":"The monarch is coming.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vorst","gloss":"prince"},{"text":"komt.","gloss":"to come"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.x.1.1.m4a"},{"number":430,"id":"val.nl.L10.x.1.2","source":"Ik zie de vorst.","translation":"I see the monarch.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"zie","gloss":"to see"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vorst.","gloss":"prince"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.x.1.2.m4a"},{"number":431,"id":"val.nl.L10.x.1.3","source":"het paleis van de vorst","translation":"the palace of the monarch","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"paleis","gloss":"palace"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vorst","gloss":"prince"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.x.1.3.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":200,"text":"Declension: verbuiging\n\nA noun is not declined for case. It has two forms, the singular and the plural, and the same form serves as subject, object and after a preposition: de vorst komt, ik zie de vorst, het paleis van de vorst. Possession is expressed with van or, for persons, with -s. Older written Dutch, and Multatuli, had two declensions, a strong one with the genitive in -s (des vorsten, des velds) and a weak one with the genitive in -en (des boden, des harten)."},{"section":201,"text":"The noun in the singular: possession\n\nThe singular (enkelvoud) of a noun has one form, whatever its place in the sentence. Possession is expressed in two ways.\n\nWith van, for any noun: van het huis of the house, van het moeras of the swamp, van de loods of the pilot, van het gebergte of the mountain range, van het einde of the end, van de mens, van de paus, van de getuige.\n\nWith -s on the name of a person or a family word standing before the noun it possesses: moeders verjaardag mother's birthday, tantes hondje aunt's little dog, Maries hoed Mary's hat, vaders huis father's house. The -s is written straight on to the name; an apostrophe is used only after a name ending in a vowel that would otherwise be read short (Anna's hoed, Otto's boek) or in s (Hans' boek). A pronoun or an adjective before such an expression keeps its ordinary form: mijn moeders verjaardag, mijn oude tantes hondje.\n\nOlder written Dutch, and Multatuli, had a genitive case with its own endings, -s for most masculine and neuter nouns (des vaders, des velds) and -en for a small weak class (des boden, des getuigen, des menschen, des prinsen, des harten), and it survives in fixed phrases such as de heer des huizes, in naam der wet, 's lands wijs."},{"section":202,"text":"The plural: meervoud\n\nRules for the formation of the plural (meervoud): All nouns take -en or -s. Note. A few neuter nouns take -er- before the plural ending.\n\nThe following nouns take -s in the plural: a) all diminutives (verkleinwoorden), which are of more frequent use than in English or German: het huisje, de huisjes; het boompje the little tree, de boompjes. b) nearly all words ending in -el, -em, -en, -aar, -ier, -aard, -erd, -age; some of them admit also of the ending -en, especially in elevated style; conversational language and common style prefer -s. Examples: lepel spoon, lepels; bezem broom, bezems; keten chain, ketens or ketenen; leraar teacher, leraars or leraren; bankier banker, bankiers; luiaard sluggard, luiaards; lieverd darling, lieverds; bosschage (n.) little wood, bosschages. Except: engel angel, lauwer laurel, wonder wonder, miracle, christen Christian, which take -en: engelen, lauweren, wonderen, christenen. c) The words: ra (f.) yard, vla (f.) custard, eega husband, kok cook, bruigom bridegroom, vaandrig ensign; plural: ra's, vla's, eega's, koks, bruigoms, vaandrigs. A word ending in a single vowel takes the -s with an apostrophe.\n\nAll the other nouns take -en: pen (f.) pen, pennen; hoed (m.) hat, hoeden; duif (f.) pigeon, duiven; turf (f.) peat, turven; huis (n.) house, huizen; muis (f.) mouse, muizen. Note. In words of foreign origin s is generally written in the plural instead of z: struis (m.) ostrich, struisen; kruis (n.) cross, kruisen; kaars (f.) candle, kaarsen; kers cherry, kersen; dans (m.) dance, dansen; krans (m.) garland, kransen; lans (f.) lance, lansen; schrans sponger, schransen; prins, prinsen; spons (f.) sponge, sponsen; boomschors (f.) bark, boomschorsen; paus pope, pausen; saus sauce, sausen; kous stocking, kousen.\n\nSome neuter nouns take -er- before the plural ending -en: ei, eieren; goed goods (ware), goederen; kalf calf, kalveren; lam lamb, lammeren; lied song, liederen; rad wheel, raderen; volk nation, volken or volkeren; gemoed mind, gemoederen.\n\nA few neuter nouns have -eren beside another plural, with a difference of meaning or of style: blad, bladeren (leaves of a tree) and bladen (sheets, newspapers); hoen hen, hoenders; kind, kinderen; rund cow, runderen."},{"section":203,"text":"The noun's two forms: strong nouns\n\nA noun with its article has one form in the singular and one in the plural, and the article of the plural is de for every noun.\n\nMasculine de leraar, plural de leraars or de leraren; een mond, plural monden.\nFeminine de vrouw, plural de vrouwen; een hand, plural handen.\nNeuter het veld (field), plural de velden; een boekje, plural boekjes.\n\nThe same forms serve as subject, object and after a preposition: de leraar spreekt, ik zie de leraar, het boek van de leraar, aan de leraar. Older written Dutch, and Multatuli, gave each of these nouns four cases (des leeraars, den leeraar; der vrouw; des velds, den velde), and the old dative survives in te velde in the field and in phrases such as in den beginne."},{"section":204,"text":"The noun's two forms: the old weak nouns\n\nThe nouns of the old weak class go like every other noun: de bode messenger, plural de boden; een graaf count, plural graven; het hart heart, plural de harten. Older written Dutch, and Multatuli, gave these a genitive in -en (des boden, eens graven, des harten), and that ending is met in fixed phrases such as van ganser harte with all one's heart and in the official name of Den Haag, 's-Gravenhage, the count's hedge."},{"section":2010,"text":"Verbs of this lesson, with their principal parts\n\ntoelaten to admit, to permit ik laat toe, ik liet toe, ik heb toegelaten\nnemen to take ik neem, ik nam, ik heb genomen\nweggaan to go away ik ga weg, ik ging weg, ik ben weggegaan\nhangen to hang ik hang, ik hing, ik heb gehangen\nwegdrijven to drive away; to drift away ik drijf weg, ik dreef weg, ik heb weggedreven (driven away), ik ben weggedreven (drifted away)"}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 10: The noun in the singular: possession","teaching":[{"title":"Two ways to show who owns","paragraphs":["Possession means that a thing belongs to someone. Dutch has two ways to show it.","The first way uses van, and it works for any noun: het huis van de vader, van het moeras, van de loods.","The second way adds -s to the name of a person or to a family word: Maries hoed, vaders huis, moeders verjaardag. The owner comes first, then the thing owned."]},{"title":"Writing the -s","paragraphs":["The -s is written straight on to the name. After a name that ends in a vowel, an apostrophe keeps the vowel long: Anna's hoed, Otto's boek.","After a name that ends in s, the apostrophe stands alone: Hans' boek.","A word before the owner keeps its ordinary form: mijn moeders verjaardag, mijn oude tantes hondje.","Older written Dutch had a separate form for the owner. It survives in fixed phrases such as in naam der wet."]}],"lines":[{"number":432,"id":"val.nl.L10.x.2.1","source":"het huis van de vader","translation":"the house of the father","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"huis","gloss":"house"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vader","gloss":"the father"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.x.2.1.m4a"},{"number":433,"id":"val.nl.L10.x.2.2","source":"moeders verjaardag","translation":"mother's birthday","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"moeders","gloss":"Mothers"},{"text":"verjaardag","gloss":"birthday"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.x.2.2.m4a"},{"number":434,"id":"val.nl.L10.x.2.3","source":"tantes hondje","translation":"aunt's little dog","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"tantes","gloss":"aunts"},{"text":"hondje","gloss":"the dog, dogs"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.x.2.3.m4a"},{"number":435,"id":"val.nl.L10.x.2.4","source":"Maries hoed","translation":"Mary's hat","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Maries","gloss":"Marie"},{"text":"hoed","gloss":"hat"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.x.2.4.m4a"},{"number":436,"id":"val.nl.L10.x.2.5","source":"mijn oude tantes hondje","translation":"my old aunt's little dog","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"oude","gloss":"old"},{"text":"tantes","gloss":"aunt's little dog"},{"text":"hondje","gloss":"aunt's little dog"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.x.2.5.m4a"},{"number":437,"id":"val.nl.L10.x.2.6","source":"in naam der wet","translation":"in the name of the law","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"naam","gloss":"name"},{"text":"der","gloss":"of the"},{"text":"wet","gloss":"law"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.x.2.6.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 10: The plural: meervoud","teaching":[{"title":"Plural: -en or -s","paragraphs":["Every Dutch noun forms its plural with -en or with -s. The end of the word mostly decides which one.","A diminutive is a word for a small thing. Every diminutive takes -s: het huisje, de huisjes.","Most other nouns take -en: de hoed, de hoeden. A final f becomes v: de duif, de duiven. A final s usually becomes z: het huis, de huizen.","Many borrowed words keep the s: de prins, de prinsen."]},{"title":"Nouns that take -s, and plurals in -eren","paragraphs":["Nearly all words that end in -el, -em, -en, -aar or -ier also take -s: de lepel, de lepels. Some admit -en as well. Conversation prefers -s.","A few words take -en although their ending belongs to this group: de engel, de engelen.","A word that ends in a single vowel takes -s with an apostrophe: ra's, vla's.","Some neuter nouns put -er- before -en: het ei, de eieren. Het kind becomes de kinderen."]}],"lines":[{"number":438,"id":"val.nl.L10.x.3.1","source":"het huisje, de huisjes","translation":"the little house, the little houses","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"huisje,","gloss":"little house"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"huisjes","gloss":"house"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.x.3.1.m4a"},{"number":439,"id":"val.nl.L10.x.3.2","source":"de lepel, de lepels","translation":"the spoon, the spoons","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"lepel,","gloss":"spoon"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"lepels","gloss":"spoon"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.x.3.2.m4a"},{"number":440,"id":"val.nl.L10.x.3.3","source":"de engel, de engelen","translation":"the angel, the angels","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"engel,","gloss":"angel"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"engelen","gloss":"angels"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.x.3.3.m4a"},{"number":441,"id":"val.nl.L10.x.3.4","source":"de duif, de duiven","translation":"the pigeon, the pigeons","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"duif,","gloss":"pigeons"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"duiven","gloss":"pigeons"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.x.3.4.m4a"},{"number":442,"id":"val.nl.L10.x.3.5","source":"het huis, de huizen","translation":"the house, the houses","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"huis,","gloss":"house"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"huizen","gloss":"houses"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.x.3.5.m4a"},{"number":443,"id":"val.nl.L10.x.3.6","source":"de prins, de prinsen","translation":"the prince, the princes","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"prins,","gloss":"prince"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"prinsen","gloss":"prince"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.x.3.6.m4a"},{"number":444,"id":"val.nl.L10.x.3.7","source":"het ei, de eieren","translation":"the egg, the eggs","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"ei,","gloss":"egg, eggs"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"eieren","gloss":"egg, eggs"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.x.3.7.m4a"},{"number":445,"id":"val.nl.L10.x.3.8","source":"het kind, de kinderen","translation":"the child, the children","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"kind,","gloss":"the child"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"kinderen","gloss":"children"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.x.3.8.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 10: The noun's two forms: strong nouns","teaching":[{"title":"One plural article for every noun","paragraphs":["A noun with its article has one singular form and one plural form. The article of the plural is de for every noun, whatever its gender.","De vrouw becomes de vrouwen. Het veld becomes de velden. The plural of een mond is monden, with no article.","The same form serves as subject, as object and after a preposition: de leraar spreekt, ik zie de leraar, aan de leraar.","Older written Dutch gave each noun four cases, such as den velde. A few survive in fixed phrases: in den beginne."]},{"title":"The noun's two forms: strong nouns","paragraphs":["A noun with its article has one form in the singular and one in the plural, and the article of the plural is de for every noun."]}],"lines":[{"number":446,"id":"val.nl.L10.x.4.1","source":"de leraar, de leraren","translation":"the teacher, the teachers","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"leraar,","gloss":"teacher"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"leraren","gloss":"teachers"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.x.4.1.m4a"},{"number":447,"id":"val.nl.L10.x.4.2","source":"een mond, monden","translation":"a mouth, mouths","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"mond,","gloss":"a mouth, mouths"},{"text":"monden","gloss":"a mouth, mouths"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.x.4.2.m4a"},{"number":448,"id":"val.nl.L10.x.4.3","source":"de vrouw, de vrouwen","translation":"the woman, the women","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vrouw,","gloss":"a woman, a lady"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vrouwen","gloss":"women"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.x.4.3.m4a"},{"number":449,"id":"val.nl.L10.x.4.4","source":"een hand, handen","translation":"a hand, hands","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"hand,","gloss":"a hand, hands"},{"text":"handen","gloss":"a hand, hands"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.x.4.4.m4a"},{"number":450,"id":"val.nl.L10.x.4.5","source":"het veld, de velden","translation":"the field, the fields","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"veld,","gloss":"field"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"velden","gloss":"fields"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.x.4.5.m4a"},{"number":451,"id":"val.nl.L10.x.4.6","source":"een boekje, boekjes","translation":"a little book, little books","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"boekje,","gloss":"a little book, little books"},{"text":"boekjes","gloss":"a little book, little books"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.x.4.6.m4a"},{"number":452,"id":"val.nl.L10.x.4.7","source":"het boek van de leraar","translation":"the book of the teacher","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"boek","gloss":"book"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"leraar","gloss":"teacher"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.x.4.7.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 10: The noun's two forms: the old weak nouns","teaching":[{"title":"Old weak nouns follow the same pattern","paragraphs":["A small group of nouns once formed a separate class, the old weak nouns. Today they go like every other noun.","Each has one singular and one plural: de bode, de boden. Een graaf becomes graven. Het hart becomes de harten.","Older written Dutch gave these nouns an ending in -en for the owner, as in des boden and des harten.","That ending survives in fixed phrases: van ganser harte, and 's-Gravenhage, the official name of Den Haag."]}],"lines":[{"number":453,"id":"val.nl.L10.x.5.1","source":"de bode, de boden","translation":"the messenger, the messengers","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"bode,","gloss":"messenger"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"boden","gloss":"offered"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.x.5.1.m4a"},{"number":454,"id":"val.nl.L10.x.5.2","source":"een graaf, graven","translation":"a count, counts","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"graaf,","gloss":"a count, counts"},{"text":"graven","gloss":"a count, counts"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.x.5.2.m4a"},{"number":455,"id":"val.nl.L10.x.5.3","source":"het hart, de harten","translation":"the heart, the hearts","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"hart,","gloss":"heart"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"harten","gloss":"hearts"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.x.5.3.m4a"},{"number":456,"id":"val.nl.L10.x.5.4","source":"van ganser harte","translation":"with all one's heart","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"ganser","gloss":"whole"},{"text":"harte","gloss":"heart"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.x.5.4.m4a"},{"number":457,"id":"val.nl.L10.x.5.5","source":"'s-Gravenhage","translation":"The Hague, the count's hedge","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"'s-Gravenhage","gloss":"The Hague, the count's hedge"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.x.5.5.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Tantalus","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":458,"id":"val.nl.L10.r.0","source":"Tantalus","translation":"Tantalus","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Tantalus","gloss":"Tantalus"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.r.0.m4a"},{"number":459,"id":"val.nl.L10.r.1","source":"Tantalus, de zoon van Jupiter, was bij de goden zo geliefd, dat Jupiter hem tot de maaltijden van de goden toeliet en hem zijn plannen voor de toekomst toevertrouwde.","translation":"Tantalus, the son of Jupiter, was so loved by the gods that Jupiter admitted him to the meals of the gods and entrusted him with his plans for the future.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Tantalus,","gloss":"Tantalus"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"zoon","gloss":"son"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"Jupiter,","gloss":"Jupiter"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"bij","gloss":"at, near, with"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"goden","gloss":"the gods"},{"text":"zo","gloss":"so, as"},{"text":"geliefd,","gloss":"loved"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"Jupiter","gloss":"Jupiter"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"tot","gloss":"until, to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"maaltijden","gloss":"meal, meals"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"goden","gloss":"the gods"},{"text":"toeliet","gloss":"permitted"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"plannen","gloss":"plan, plans"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"toekomst","gloss":"future"},{"text":"toevertrouwde.","gloss":"to entrust"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.r.1.m4a"},{"number":460,"id":"val.nl.L10.r.2","source":"Maar Tantalus deelde wat hij van zijn vader gehoord had aan de stervelingen mee.","translation":"But Tantalus passed on to the mortals what he had heard from his father.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"Tantalus","gloss":"Tantalus"},{"text":"deelde","gloss":"to communicate, to pass on"},{"text":"wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"vader","gloss":"the father"},{"text":"gehoord","gloss":"to hear"},{"text":"had","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"stervelingen","gloss":"mortal, mortals"},{"text":"mee.","gloss":"along, with"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.r.2.m4a"},{"number":461,"id":"val.nl.L10.r.3","source":"Wegens deze misdaad werd hij in de onderwereld in het water gezet.","translation":"For this crime he was set in the water in the underworld.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wegens","gloss":"on account of, because of"},{"text":"deze","gloss":"the latter (the most recently mentioned)"},{"text":"misdaad","gloss":"crime"},{"text":"werd","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"onderwereld","gloss":"underworld"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"water","gloss":"water"},{"text":"gezet.","gloss":"to put, to set"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.r.3.m4a"},{"number":462,"id":"val.nl.L10.r.4","source":"Hij moest echter altijd dorst lijden, want telkens als hij een slok wilde nemen, ging het water weg.","translation":"But he always had to suffer thirst, for every time he wanted to take a drink, the water went away.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"moest","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"echter","gloss":"however"},{"text":"altijd","gloss":"always"},{"text":"dorst","gloss":"to suffer thirst"},{"text":"lijden,","gloss":"to suffer thirst"},{"text":"want","gloss":"for, because"},{"text":"telkens","gloss":"every time"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"slok","gloss":"draught, sip"},{"text":"wilde","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"nemen,","gloss":"to take"},{"text":"ging","gloss":"to go"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"water","gloss":"water"},{"text":"weg.","gloss":"away; road"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.r.4.m4a"},{"number":463,"id":"val.nl.L10.r.5","source":"Er hingen appels boven zijn hoofd, maar telkens als hij die trachtte af te plukken, dreef de wind de takken weg.","translation":"Apples hung above his head, but every time he tried to pluck them, the wind drove the branches away.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Er","gloss":"there hung"},{"text":"hingen","gloss":"there hung"},{"text":"appels","gloss":"apples"},{"text":"boven","gloss":"above, over"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"hoofd,","gloss":"head"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"telkens","gloss":"every time"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"trachtte","gloss":"tried"},{"text":"af","gloss":"off"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"plukken,","gloss":"to pluck"},{"text":"dreef","gloss":"to drive away; to drift away"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"wind","gloss":"wind"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"takken","gloss":"branch, branches"},{"text":"weg.","gloss":"away; road"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.r.5.m4a"},{"number":464,"id":"val.nl.L10.r.6","source":"Volgens anderen moet er een rots boven zijn hoofd hebben gehangen, en leefde hij in de eeuwigdurende vrees dat deze zou neerstorten.","translation":"According to others a rock must have hung above his head, and he lived in the everlasting fear that it would come crashing down.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Volgens","gloss":"according to"},{"text":"anderen","gloss":"others"},{"text":"moet","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"rots","gloss":"rock"},{"text":"boven","gloss":"above, over"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"hoofd","gloss":"head"},{"text":"hebben","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"gehangen,","gloss":"to hang"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"leefde","gloss":"lived"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"eeuwigdurende","gloss":"everlasting"},{"text":"vrees","gloss":"fear"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"deze","gloss":"the latter (the most recently mentioned)"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"neerstorten.","gloss":"come crashing down"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.r.6.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"zoon","gloss":"son"},{"word":"goden","gloss":"the gods"},{"word":"toekomst","gloss":"future"},{"word":"vader","gloss":"father"},{"word":"geliefd","gloss":"loved"},{"word":"Maar","gloss":"but"},{"word":"misdaad","gloss":"crime"},{"word":"onderwereld","gloss":"underworld"},{"word":"dorst","gloss":"thirst"},{"word":"slok","gloss":"draught, sip"},{"word":"hoofd","gloss":"head"},{"word":"wind","gloss":"wind"},{"word":"rots","gloss":"rock"},{"word":"vrees","gloss":"fear"},{"word":"Wegens","gloss":"on account of, because of"},{"word":"Volgens","gloss":"according to"},{"word":"boven","gloss":"above, over"},{"word":"echter","gloss":"however"},{"word":"want","gloss":"for, because"},{"word":"telkens","gloss":"every time"},{"word":"hingen","gloss":"there hung (er hingen)"},{"word":"lijden","gloss":"to suffer thirst (dorst lijden)"},{"word":"gezet","gloss":"to be set; he was set (gezet worden)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 10: conversation","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":465,"id":"val.nl.L10.c.q1","source":"Wie was Tantalus?","translation":"Who was Tantalus?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wie","gloss":"who"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"Tantalus?","gloss":"Tantalus"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.c.q1.m4a"},{"number":466,"id":"val.nl.L10.c.q2","source":"Hoezeer was hij bij de goden geliefd?","translation":"How much was he loved by the gods?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hoezeer","gloss":"although"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"bij","gloss":"at, near, with"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"goden","gloss":"the gods"},{"text":"geliefd?","gloss":"loved"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.c.q2.m4a"},{"number":467,"id":"val.nl.L10.c.q3","source":"Wat vertrouwden de goden hem toe?","translation":"What did the gods entrust to him?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"vertrouwden","gloss":"trusted"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"goden","gloss":"the gods"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"toe?","gloss":"to"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.c.q3.m4a"},{"number":468,"id":"val.nl.L10.c.q4","source":"Wat deelde Tantalus aan de stervelingen mee?","translation":"What did Tantalus pass on to the mortals?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"deelde","gloss":"shared"},{"text":"Tantalus","gloss":"Tantalus"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"stervelingen","gloss":"mortal, mortals"},{"text":"mee?","gloss":"along, with"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.c.q4.m4a"},{"number":469,"id":"val.nl.L10.c.a1","source":"Tantalus was de zoon van Jupiter.","translation":"Tantalus was the son of Jupiter.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Tantalus","gloss":"Tantalus"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"zoon","gloss":"son"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"Jupiter.","gloss":"Jupiter"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.c.a1.m4a"},{"number":470,"id":"val.nl.L10.c.a2","source":"Hij was bij de goden zo geliefd, dat Jupiter hem tot de maaltijden van de goden toeliet.","translation":"He was so loved by the gods that Jupiter admitted him to the meals of the gods.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"bij","gloss":"at, near, with"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"goden","gloss":"the gods"},{"text":"zo","gloss":"so, as"},{"text":"geliefd,","gloss":"loved"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"Jupiter","gloss":"Jupiter"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"tot","gloss":"until, to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"maaltijden","gloss":"meal, meals"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"goden","gloss":"the gods"},{"text":"toeliet.","gloss":"permitted"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.c.a2.m4a"},{"number":471,"id":"val.nl.L10.c.a3","source":"Jupiter vertrouwde hem zijn plannen voor de toekomst toe.","translation":"Jupiter entrusted him with his plans for the future.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Jupiter","gloss":"Jupiter"},{"text":"vertrouwde","gloss":"entrusted"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"plannen","gloss":"plan, plans"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"toekomst","gloss":"future"},{"text":"toe.","gloss":"to"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.c.a3.m4a"},{"number":472,"id":"val.nl.L10.c.a4","source":"Hij deelde aan de stervelingen mee wat hij van zijn vader gehoord had.","translation":"He passed on to the mortals what he had heard from his father.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"deelde","gloss":"to communicate, to pass on"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"stervelingen","gloss":"mortal, mortals"},{"text":"mee","gloss":"along, with"},{"text":"wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"vader","gloss":"the father"},{"text":"gehoord","gloss":"to hear"},{"text":"had.","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.c.a4.m4a"},{"number":473,"id":"val.nl.L10.c.q5","source":"Hoe werd hij gestraft?","translation":"How was he punished?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hoe","gloss":"how"},{"text":"werd","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"gestraft?","gloss":"punished"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.c.q5.m4a"},{"number":474,"id":"val.nl.L10.c.q6","source":"Kon hij zijn dorst lessen? Nee, want . . .","translation":"Could he quench his thirst? No, for . . .","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Kon","gloss":"could"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"dorst","gloss":"thirst"},{"text":"lessen?","gloss":"lessons"},{"text":"Nee,","gloss":"no"},{"text":"want","gloss":"for, because"},{"text":".","gloss":""},{"text":".","gloss":""},{"text":".","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.c.q6.m4a"},{"number":475,"id":"val.nl.L10.c.q7","source":"Waarom kon hij de appels boven zijn hoofd niet afplukken?","translation":"Why could he not pluck the apples above his head?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Waarom","gloss":"why"},{"text":"kon","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"appels","gloss":"apples"},{"text":"boven","gloss":"above, over"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"hoofd","gloss":"head"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"afplukken?","gloss":"to pluck"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.c.q7.m4a"},{"number":476,"id":"val.nl.L10.c.q8","source":"Wat moet er volgens anderen boven zijn hoofd gehangen hebben?","translation":"What, according to others, must have hung above his head?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"moet","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"volgens","gloss":"according to"},{"text":"anderen","gloss":"others"},{"text":"boven","gloss":"above, over"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"hoofd","gloss":"head"},{"text":"gehangen","gloss":"to hang"},{"text":"hebben?","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.c.q8.m4a"},{"number":477,"id":"val.nl.L10.c.a5","source":"Hij werd in de onderwereld in het water gezet.","translation":"He was set in the water in the underworld.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"werd","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"onderwereld","gloss":"underworld"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"water","gloss":"water"},{"text":"gezet.","gloss":"to put, to set"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.c.a5.m4a"},{"number":478,"id":"val.nl.L10.c.a6","source":"Nee, want telkens als hij een slok wilde nemen, ging het water weg.","translation":"No, for every time he wanted to take a drink, the water went away.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nee,","gloss":"no"},{"text":"want","gloss":"for, because"},{"text":"telkens","gloss":"every time"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"slok","gloss":"draught, sip"},{"text":"wilde","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"nemen,","gloss":"to take"},{"text":"ging","gloss":"to go"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"water","gloss":"water"},{"text":"weg.","gloss":"away; road"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.c.a6.m4a"},{"number":479,"id":"val.nl.L10.c.a7","source":"Omdat de wind telkens de takken wegdreef.","translation":"Because the wind drove the branches away every time.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Omdat","gloss":"because"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"wind","gloss":"wind"},{"text":"telkens","gloss":"every time"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"takken","gloss":"branch, branches"},{"text":"wegdreef.","gloss":"drove away"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.c.a7.m4a"},{"number":480,"id":"val.nl.L10.c.a8","source":"Volgens anderen moet er een rots boven zijn hoofd gehangen hebben.","translation":"According to others a rock must have hung above his head.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Volgens","gloss":"according to"},{"text":"anderen","gloss":"others"},{"text":"moet","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"rots","gloss":"rock"},{"text":"boven","gloss":"above, over"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"hoofd","gloss":"head"},{"text":"gehangen","gloss":"to hang"},{"text":"hebben.","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.c.a8.m4a"},{"number":481,"id":"val.nl.L10.c.q9","source":"Wat vreesde Tantalus voortdurend?","translation":"What did Tantalus continually fear?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"vreesde","gloss":"feared"},{"text":"Tantalus","gloss":"Tantalus"},{"text":"voortdurend?","gloss":"ever-enduring"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.c.q9.m4a"},{"number":482,"id":"val.nl.L10.c.a9","source":"Hij vreesde voortdurend dat de rots zou neerstorten.","translation":"He continually feared that the rock would come crashing down.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"vreesde","gloss":"feared"},{"text":"voortdurend","gloss":"ever-enduring"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"rots","gloss":"rock"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"neerstorten.","gloss":"come crashing down"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.c.a9.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 10: exercise 17","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":483,"id":"val.nl.L10.e17.i1","source":"de vorst","translation":"the monarch","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.e17.i1.m4a"},{"number":484,"id":"val.nl.L10.e17.i2","source":"een getuige","translation":"a witness","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.e17.i2.m4a"},{"number":485,"id":"val.nl.L10.e17.i3","source":"de lepel","translation":"the spoon","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.e17.i3.m4a"},{"number":486,"id":"val.nl.L10.e17.i4","source":"een boompje","translation":"a little tree","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.e17.i4.m4a"},{"number":487,"id":"val.nl.L10.e17.i5","source":"de pen","translation":"the pen","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.e17.i5.m4a"},{"number":488,"id":"val.nl.L10.e17.i6","source":"een moeder","translation":"a mother","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.e17.i6.m4a"},{"number":489,"id":"val.nl.L10.e17.i7","source":"het dorp","translation":"the village","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.e17.i7.m4a"},{"number":490,"id":"val.nl.L10.e17.i8","source":"het boompje","translation":"the little tree","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.e17.i8.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 10: exercise 18","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":491,"id":"val.nl.L10.e18.i1","source":"de avonden","translation":"the evenings","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.e18.i1.m4a"},{"number":492,"id":"val.nl.L10.e18.i2","source":"de boeken","translation":"the books","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.e18.i2.m4a"},{"number":493,"id":"val.nl.L10.e18.i3","source":"de bruigoms","translation":"the bridegrooms","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.e18.i3.m4a"},{"number":494,"id":"val.nl.L10.e18.i4","source":"de bekken","translation":"the beaks","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.e18.i4.m4a"},{"number":495,"id":"val.nl.L10.e18.i5","source":"de bezems","translation":"the brooms","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.e18.i5.m4a"},{"number":496,"id":"val.nl.L10.e18.i6","source":"de beeltenissen","translation":"the images","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.e18.i6.m4a"},{"number":497,"id":"val.nl.L10.e18.i7","source":"de beurzen","translation":"the purses","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.e18.i7.m4a"},{"number":498,"id":"val.nl.L10.e18.i8","source":"de boorden","translation":"the boards","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.e18.i8.m4a"},{"number":499,"id":"val.nl.L10.e18.i9","source":"de bankiers","translation":"the bankers","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.e18.i9.m4a"},{"number":500,"id":"val.nl.L10.e18.i10","source":"de christenen","translation":"the Christians","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.e18.i10.m4a"},{"number":501,"id":"val.nl.L10.e18.i11","source":"de dorpsherbergen","translation":"the village inns","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.e18.i11.m4a"},{"number":502,"id":"val.nl.L10.e18.i12","source":"de dokters","translation":"the doctors","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.e18.i12.m4a"},{"number":503,"id":"val.nl.L10.e18.i13","source":"de dronken","translation":"the draughts","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.e18.i13.m4a"},{"number":504,"id":"val.nl.L10.e18.i14","source":"de eega's","translation":"the husbands (spouses)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.e18.i14.m4a"},{"number":505,"id":"val.nl.L10.e18.i15","source":"de engelen","translation":"the angels","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.e18.i15.m4a"},{"number":506,"id":"val.nl.L10.e18.i16","source":"de goederen","translation":"the goods","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.e18.i16.m4a"},{"number":507,"id":"val.nl.L10.e18.i17","source":"de guinjes","translation":"the guineas","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.e18.i17.m4a"},{"number":508,"id":"val.nl.L10.e18.i18","source":"de gierigaards","translation":"the misers","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.e18.i18.m4a"},{"number":509,"id":"val.nl.L10.e18.i19","source":"de geneesheren","translation":"the physicians","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.e18.i19.m4a"},{"number":510,"id":"val.nl.L10.e18.i20","source":"de honden","translation":"the dogs","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.e18.i20.m4a"},{"number":511,"id":"val.nl.L10.e18.i21","source":"de herbergiers","translation":"the innkeepers","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.e18.i21.m4a"},{"number":512,"id":"val.nl.L10.e18.i22","source":"de huizen","translation":"the houses","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.e18.i22.m4a"},{"number":513,"id":"val.nl.L10.e18.i23","source":"de hoeken","translation":"the corners","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.e18.i23.m4a"},{"number":514,"id":"val.nl.L10.e18.i24","source":"de hoofden","translation":"the heads","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.e18.i24.m4a"},{"number":515,"id":"val.nl.L10.e18.i25","source":"de jaren","translation":"the years","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.e18.i25.m4a"},{"number":516,"id":"val.nl.L10.e18.i26","source":"de krekels","translation":"the crickets","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.e18.i26.m4a"},{"number":517,"id":"val.nl.L10.e18.i27","source":"de koks","translation":"the cooks","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.e18.i27.m4a"},{"number":518,"id":"val.nl.L10.e18.i28","source":"de koningen","translation":"the kings","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L10.e18.i28.m4a"},{"number":519,"id":"val.nl.L10.e18.i29","source":"de knechten","translation":"the 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