{"course":{"lang":"nl","language":"Dutch","title":"Dutch Conversation-Grammar","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/nl","source":"Valette, Dutch Conversation-Grammar (1913) and its Key (1893); Defense Language Institute, Dutch Refresher Course, Books I to III (1961). Public domain. The teaching pages, the readings' English, the answers to the conversations and the narration are ours."},"unit":{"number":3,"id":"val.nl.m11-13","title":"Lessons 11 to 13","stage":"Parts of Speech I","situation":"De twist; De bediende en zijn meester; Lodewijk de Veertiende en Puget","outcome":"§ 205. Nouns with two plurals; § 206. The plural of diminutives; § 207. Plurals with a change of vowel, and man; § 208. Nouns used in the plural only; § 209. Nouns used in the singular only; § 210. The plural of abstract nouns; § 211. Proper nouns and foreign words; The adjective used as a noun; Dec","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/nl/3","lines":455},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/courses/nl/2","next":"https://1732studios.com/courses/nl/4","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/","sections":[{"title":"Lesson 11: Nouns with two plurals","teaching":[{"title":"One noun, two plurals","paragraphs":["Most nouns have one plural. A few have two, and the two plurals mean different things.","Benen are legs. Beenderen are bones. Bladen are leaves of a book or sheets. Bladeren are leaves of a tree. Kleden are rugs. Kleren are clothes.","The meaning decides the form. Learn each pair as two separate words."]},{"title":"The solemn plural","paragraphs":["In some pairs the form in -en is solemn or biblical. Broeders are brothers. Broederen are brethren. Hemelen are the heavens.","Vaders are fathers. Vaderen are forefathers.","In other pairs the two forms mean the same. Zoons and zonen both mean sons. Zonen is the more formal."]}],"lines":[{"number":1,"id":"val.nl.L11.x.1.1","source":"de benen en de beenderen","translation":"the legs and the bones","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"benen","gloss":"leg"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"beenderen","gloss":"bones"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.x.1.1.m4a"},{"number":2,"id":"val.nl.L11.x.1.2","source":"de bladen van het boek","translation":"the leaves of the book","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"bladen","gloss":"pages"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"boek","gloss":"book"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.x.1.2.m4a"},{"number":3,"id":"val.nl.L11.x.1.3","source":"de bladeren van de boom","translation":"the leaves of the tree","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"bladeren","gloss":"leafing through"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"boom","gloss":"tree"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.x.1.3.m4a"},{"number":4,"id":"val.nl.L11.x.1.4","source":"de kleden en de kleren","translation":"the rugs and the clothes","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"kleden","gloss":"rugs"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"kleren","gloss":"clothes"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.x.1.4.m4a"},{"number":5,"id":"val.nl.L11.x.1.5","source":"onze vaderen","translation":"our forefathers","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"onze","gloss":"our"},{"text":"vaderen","gloss":"fathers"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.x.1.5.m4a"},{"number":6,"id":"val.nl.L11.x.1.6","source":"de tafelen der wet","translation":"the tables of the law","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"tafelen","gloss":"tables"},{"text":"der","gloss":"of the"},{"text":"wet","gloss":"law"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.x.1.6.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":205,"text":"Nouns with two plurals\n\nSeveral nouns have two plurals with a difference in meaning: benen legs, beenderen bones; bladen leaves of a book, sheets, newspapers, bladeren leaves of a tree; kleden cloths, rugs, kleren clothes; letters letters, letteren letters, literature; tafels tables, tafelen (der wet) the tables of the law; vaders fathers, vaderen forefathers; waters waters, wateren bodies of water; wortels roots, wortelen carrots (wortels serves for both). In some pairs the -en form is the solemn or biblical one: broeders brothers, broederen brethren; dochters daughters, dochteren (in the Bible) descendants; hemels testers, canopies, hemelen heavens; heidenen heathens. In others the two forms have fallen together: knechts and knechten both mean servants, zoons and zonen both mean sons, zonen being the more formal. Older texts, and Multatuli, kept knechten for slaves or lansquenets, zonen for descendants, and heidens for gipsies."},{"section":206,"text":"The plural of diminutives\n\nThe diminutives (ending in -je, -pje or -tje) take -s in the plural: het huisje, de huisjes; het boompje little tree, de boompjes. A few neuter nouns take -er- before the diminutive ending: het eitje, de eitjes or eiertjes; het blaadje, de blaadjes or bladertjes; het hoentje, de hoentjes or hoendertjes; het lammetje, de lammetjes or lammertjes; het radje, de radjes or radertjes. The plural of kindje is kindjes or kindertjes. Cf.: kleedjes = small cloths, rugs, and kleertjes = children's clothes."},{"section":207,"text":"Plurals with a change of vowel, and man\n\nSome nouns change their vowel in the plural: lid member, leden; gelid rank, gelederen; ooglid eyelid, oogleden; schip ship, schepen; smid smith, smeden; stad town, steden; vloo flea, vlooien; koe cow, koeien; kleinood gem, kleinoden or kleinodiën; sieraad ornament, sieraden.\nAll nouns ending in -heid change -heid into -heden: de gelegenheid the opportunity, de gelegenheden; de goedheid kindness, de goedheden.\nThe word man has in the plural: a) mannen; b) man, if preceded by a numeral: honderd man a hundred men; c) lieden or lui in compounds denoting an office or profession: de staatsman statesman, de staatslieden; de timmerman carpenter, de timmerlieden or timmerlui; de koopman merchant, de kooplieden or kooplui.\nThe following words, having a short vowel in the singular, change this into a long vowel in the plural, without doubling the final consonant: with [a]: het bad bath, de baden; het blad leaf, de bladen; de dag day, de dagen; het dak roof, de daken; het dal dale, de dalen; het gat hole, de gaten; het glas glass, de glazen; het pad path, de paden; het rad wheel, de raderen or raden; de slag blow, de slagen; het vat cask, de vaten; with [ɛ]: het bevel order, de bevelen; het spel game, de spelen; with [ɔ]: het hol cavern, de holen; het lot lot, de loten; de god god, de goden; de afgod idol, de afgoden; het slot lock, de sloten."},{"section":208,"text":"Nouns used in the plural only\n\nAs in English some words are used in the plural only: geliefden lovers, goederen goods, hersenen (hersens) brains, ingewanden entrails, inkomsten revenue, kosten expenses, levensmiddelen victuals, mazelen measles, onkosten charges, ouders parents, pokken smallpox, voorouders ancestors, etc. Also the geographical names: de Antillen, de Apennijnen, de Ardennen, de Balearen, de Cycladen, de Karpaten, de Pyreneeën, etc. Note. The following English plural forms have a singular form in Dutch: arms wapens (one weapon: wapen), ashes koude (cold) as, compasses passer, embers gloeiende (glowing) as, billiards biljart, contents inhoud (m.), dregs bezinksel, droesem, nutcrackers notenkraker, oats haver, pincers nijptang, riches rijkdom, scissors schaar, snuffers kaarsensnuiter, spectacles bril, stairs trap, thanks dank, tidings tijding, bericht, tongs tang, trousers broek, wages loon. Older texts, and Multatuli, have gelieven for lovers and lieden for people, where a writer today has geliefden and mensen or lui."},{"section":209,"text":"Nouns used in the singular only\n\nIn the singular only are used: a) the names of materials: melk milk, azijn vinegar, vlees meat; b) the abstract nouns: gehoorzaamheid obedience, verdriet sorrow; c) nouns denoting number, weight, measure or value after a numeral: twee riem papier two reams of paper, acht gros pennen eight gross of pens, drie vat bier three barrels of beer, tien pond suiker ten pounds of sugar, vier meter laken four metres of cloth, vijf paar kousen five pairs of stockings, twintig euro twenty euros, vijf cent five cents. The same rule that separates pence from pennies holds for the Dutch cent and centen: zestig cent = sixty cents as a sum, zestig centen = 60 one-cent pieces; tien pond suiker = 10 pounds of sugar, tien ponden = 10 separate one-pound parcels; twintig euro = 20 euros, twintig euro's = 20 one-euro coins. Note 1. The following English singular forms are used in Dutch in the plural: business zaken, furniture meubels, information inlichtingen, progress vorderingen, property bezittingen, smallpox pokken, strength krachten (when strength means one's powers). Note 2. The names of sciences ending in -ics have no plural form in Dutch: mathematics wiskunde, mechanics mechanica, physics natuurkunde, etc. Older texts, and Multatuli, count in gulden and stuiver (twintig gulden, vijf stuiver) and measure cloth by the el, and the rule for them is the same."},{"section":210,"text":"The plural of abstract nouns\n\nAbstract nouns have no plural as a rule; some of them take as their plurals the plurals of words allied in meaning: aanbod offer, aanbiedingen; bedrog deception, bedriegerijen; eer honour, eerbewijzen; gedrag behaviour, gedragingen; genot enjoyment, genietingen; kennis knowledge, kundigheden (kennissen = acquaintances); leer doctrine, leringen, leerstukken, leerstellingen; raad counsel, raadgevingen; roof plunder, roverijen; troost consolation, vertroostingen; twijfel hesitation, twijfels, twijfelingen; wanorde disorder, wanordelijkheden; zegen blessing, zegeningen. Doel aim has the plural doelen beside doeleinden, and oordeel judgment has oordelen beside beoordelingen."},{"section":211,"text":"Proper nouns and foreign words\n\nAs regards proper nouns and foreign words the following should be noticed:\n\nThe possessive is formed by adding -s to the name; a name ending in s, x or z takes an apostrophe only. If the final letter is a vowel, 's is added, except when the vowel is ie, ee or an unaccented e, or the name ends in é. Examples: Willems vader, Nederlands dichters, Floris' zoon; Beatrix' moeder, Maria's boek, Cicero's werken, Maries armbanden, Karolines boek, Renés fiets.\n\nThe plural of proper names is formed by means of -s, except those ending in s or st, which take -en: de Willems, de Maartens, de De Witts, de Cornelissen, de De Vriezen. Names of nations take -en, those ending in -er take -s, those ending in -aar take -s or -en: Belg Belgian, Belgen; Deen Dane, Denen; Noor Norwegian, Noren; Portugees Portuguese, Portugezen; Rus Russian, Russen; Zweed Swede, Zweden; Amsterdammer, Amsterdammers people of Amsterdam; Rotterdammer, Rotterdammers people of Rotterdam; Londenaar, Londenaars or Londenaren people of London; Gouwenaar, Gouwenaars or Gouwenaren people of Gouda. Compound words with man take -en (the n of man is doubled), or, if the first part is an adjective, the word man is dropped and -en added to the adjective: Noorman Norman, Noormannen; een Engelsman, Fransman an Englishman, a Frenchman; tien Engelsen, Fransen; de Engelsen, de Fransen. A man from Gelderland is a Gelderlander, plural Gelderlanders.\n\nMost foreign words take -s in the plural: de dame lady, de dames; de korporaal corporal, de korporaals; de sergeant, de sergeants or sergeanten; de kapitein captain, de kapiteins; de officier, de officieren; de professor, de professoren or professors. Inanimate things in -ier, -eur, -oor take -en: het vizier vizier, de vizieren; het humeur temper, de humeuren; het kwispedoor spittoon, de kwispedoren.\n\nProper nouns and foreign words ending in a single vowel a, i, o, u or y take 's in the plural: de collega's colleagues, de sofa's, de motto's, de menu's, de baby's. Those ending in an accented é, in -eau or in a vowel written double take a plain -s: de canapés, de bureaus, de cafés, de zees. Those in ie or in unaccented e take -s: Maries, bougies, tralies, Adelines, Lines, horloges watches, diligences stage-coaches. Latin words ending in -ius and -ium generally drop -us or -um before the plural ending: de genius, de geniën; het gymnasium, de gymnasia or gymnasiums. Older texts, and Multatuli, write bureau's, canapé's and gymnasiën, and the old spellings Engelschman and Franschman."},{"section":2011,"text":"Verbs of this lesson, with their principal parts\n\nvinden     to find        ik vind, ik vond, ik heb gevonden\nspreken    to speak       ik spreek, ik sprak, ik heb gesproken\nbegrijpen  to understand  ik begrijp, ik begreep, ik heb begrepen\nwinnen     to win         ik win, ik won, ik heb gewonnen"}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 11: The plural of diminutives","teaching":[{"title":"The diminutive takes s","paragraphs":["A diminutive makes its plural with s. Het huisje becomes de huisjes. Het boompje becomes de boompjes.","This holds for every ending of the diminutive: -je, -pje and -tje."]},{"title":"Diminutives with er","paragraphs":["A few diminutives can put er before the ending in the plural. Het eitje has the plural eitjes or eiertjes. Het blaadje has blaadjes or bladertjes.","Kindje has the plural kindjes or kindertjes.","Kleedjes and kleertjes are two different words. Kleedjes are small rugs. Kleertjes are children's clothes."]}],"lines":[{"number":7,"id":"val.nl.L11.x.2.1","source":"het huisje, de huisjes","translation":"the little house, the little houses","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"huisje,","gloss":"little house"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"huisjes","gloss":"house"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.x.2.1.m4a"},{"number":8,"id":"val.nl.L11.x.2.2","source":"het eitje, de eitjes","translation":"the little egg, the little eggs","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"eitje,","gloss":"little egg"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"eitjes","gloss":"little eggs"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.x.2.2.m4a"},{"number":9,"id":"val.nl.L11.x.2.3","source":"het kindje, de kindertjes","translation":"the little child, the little children","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"kindje,","gloss":"child"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"kindertjes","gloss":"little children"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.x.2.3.m4a"},{"number":10,"id":"val.nl.L11.x.2.4","source":"de kleertjes van het kind","translation":"the child's clothes","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"kleertjes","gloss":"clothes"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"kind","gloss":"the child"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.x.2.4.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 11: Plurals with a change of vowel, and man","teaching":[{"title":"A vowel changes","paragraphs":["A vowel is a letter such as a, e, i, o or u. Some nouns change their vowel in the plural. Het schip becomes de schepen. De stad becomes de steden.","Some nouns add letters. De koe becomes de koeien. De vloo becomes de vlooien.","Every noun ending in -heid changes it to -heden. De gelegenheid becomes de gelegenheden."]},{"title":"Short vowel, long vowel, and man","paragraphs":["Many nouns have a short vowel in the singular. In the plural the vowel is long, and the last consonant is not doubled. De dag becomes de dagen. Het dak becomes de daken.","Man has three plural forms. Mannen is the usual one. After a number, man stays as it is: honderd man.","In words that name a job, man becomes lieden or lui. De timmerman becomes de timmerlieden or timmerlui."]}],"lines":[{"number":11,"id":"val.nl.L11.x.3.1","source":"het schip, de schepen","translation":"the ship, the ships","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"schip,","gloss":"ship, ships"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"schepen","gloss":"ship, ships"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.x.3.1.m4a"},{"number":12,"id":"val.nl.L11.x.3.2","source":"de stad, de steden","translation":"the town, the towns","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"stad,","gloss":"city, town"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"steden","gloss":"cities"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.x.3.2.m4a"},{"number":13,"id":"val.nl.L11.x.3.3","source":"de koe, de koeien","translation":"the cow, the cows","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"koe,","gloss":"cow"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"koeien","gloss":"cows"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.x.3.3.m4a"},{"number":14,"id":"val.nl.L11.x.3.4","source":"de gelegenheid, de gelegenheden","translation":"the opportunity, the opportunities","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"gelegenheid,","gloss":"occasion, opportunity"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"gelegenheden","gloss":"occasions"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.x.3.4.m4a"},{"number":15,"id":"val.nl.L11.x.3.5","source":"honderd man","translation":"a hundred men","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"honderd","gloss":"hundred"},{"text":"man","gloss":"man; husband"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.x.3.5.m4a"},{"number":16,"id":"val.nl.L11.x.3.6","source":"de timmerman, de timmerlieden","translation":"the carpenter, the carpenters","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"timmerman,","gloss":"carpenter (also a surname)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"timmerlieden","gloss":"carpenters"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.x.3.6.m4a"},{"number":17,"id":"val.nl.L11.x.3.7","source":"de dag, de dagen","translation":"the day, the days","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"dag,","gloss":"day"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"dagen","gloss":"days"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.x.3.7.m4a"},{"number":18,"id":"val.nl.L11.x.3.8","source":"het slot, de sloten","translation":"the lock, the locks","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"slot,","gloss":"ending"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"sloten","gloss":"locks"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.x.3.8.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 11: Nouns used in the plural only","teaching":[{"title":"Nouns with no singular","paragraphs":["Some Dutch nouns exist only in the plural. English has the same thing: thanks, wages.","Examples are ouders, kosten, inkomsten and mazelen. Hij heeft de mazelen.","Some place names are plural only: de Pyreneeën, de Ardennen."]},{"title":"English plural, Dutch singular","paragraphs":["Some English nouns are plural, but the Dutch word is singular. Spectacles is bril. Trousers is broek. Scissors is schaar. Stairs is trap.","Dutch counts each of these as one thing: Ik zoek mijn bril. Mijn broek is nat."]}],"lines":[{"number":19,"id":"val.nl.L11.x.4.1","source":"de ouders en de voorouders","translation":"the parents and the ancestors","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"ouders","gloss":"parents"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"voorouders","gloss":"forefathers"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.x.4.1.m4a"},{"number":20,"id":"val.nl.L11.x.4.2","source":"Hij heeft de mazelen.","translation":"He has the measles.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"heeft","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"mazelen.","gloss":"measles"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.x.4.2.m4a"},{"number":21,"id":"val.nl.L11.x.4.3","source":"de kosten en de inkomsten","translation":"the expenses and the revenue","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"kosten","gloss":"costs"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"inkomsten","gloss":"income"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.x.4.3.m4a"},{"number":22,"id":"val.nl.L11.x.4.4","source":"Ik zoek mijn bril.","translation":"I am looking for my spectacles.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"zoek","gloss":"am looking for"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"bril.","gloss":"spectacles"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.x.4.4.m4a"},{"number":23,"id":"val.nl.L11.x.4.5","source":"Mijn broek is nat.","translation":"My trousers are wet.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"broek","gloss":"Broek"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"nat.","gloss":"wet"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.x.4.5.m4a"},{"number":24,"id":"val.nl.L11.x.4.6","source":"de Pyreneeën","translation":"the Pyrenees","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Pyreneeën","gloss":"Pyreneeën"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.x.4.6.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 11: Nouns used in the singular only","teaching":[{"title":"Materials and ideas","paragraphs":["Some nouns have no plural. The names of materials are one group: melk, azijn, vlees. The names of ideas are another: gehoorzaamheid, verdriet.","The names of sciences also have no plural. Wiskunde and natuurkunde are the Dutch for mathematics and physics.","A few English singular nouns are plural in Dutch. Business is zaken. Furniture is meubels."]},{"title":"Counting with a singular noun","paragraphs":["After a number, a noun for a weight, a measure or a value stays singular. Tien pond suiker is ten pounds of sugar. Twee vat bier is two barrels of beer.","The same rule covers vijf paar kousen and zestig cent.","A plural ending changes the meaning. Twintig euro is twenty euros. Twintig euro's is twenty coins of one euro. Zestig centen is sixty coins of one cent."]}],"lines":[{"number":25,"id":"val.nl.L11.x.5.1","source":"tien pond suiker","translation":"ten pounds of sugar","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"tien","gloss":"ten"},{"text":"pond","gloss":"pound"},{"text":"suiker","gloss":"sugar"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.x.5.1.m4a"},{"number":26,"id":"val.nl.L11.x.5.2","source":"twee vat bier","translation":"two barrels of beer","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"twee","gloss":"two"},{"text":"vat","gloss":"vessel"},{"text":"bier","gloss":"beer"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.x.5.2.m4a"},{"number":27,"id":"val.nl.L11.x.5.3","source":"vijf paar kousen","translation":"five pairs of stockings","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"vijf","gloss":"five"},{"text":"paar","gloss":"couple"},{"text":"kousen","gloss":"stockings"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.x.5.3.m4a"},{"number":28,"id":"val.nl.L11.x.5.4","source":"twintig euro","translation":"twenty euros","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"twintig","gloss":"twenty"},{"text":"euro","gloss":"euro"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.x.5.4.m4a"},{"number":29,"id":"val.nl.L11.x.5.5","source":"twintig euro's","translation":"twenty one-euro coins","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"twintig","gloss":"twenty"},{"text":"euro's","gloss":"one-euro coins"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.x.5.5.m4a"},{"number":30,"id":"val.nl.L11.x.5.6","source":"zestig cent","translation":"sixty cents","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"zestig","gloss":"sixty"},{"text":"cent","gloss":"pennies"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.x.5.6.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 11: The plural of abstract nouns","teaching":[{"title":"Borrowed plurals","paragraphs":["An abstract noun names an idea, not a thing you can touch. Zegen is blessing. Raad is counsel. Genot is enjoyment.","An abstract noun has no plural as a rule. When Dutch needs one, it borrows the plural of a related word.","De zegen has the plural zegeningen. De raad has the plural raadgevingen. Het doel has the plural doelen."]},{"title":"A plural with another meaning","paragraphs":["Kennis is knowledge. Its borrowed plural is kundigheden. Kennissen is a different word: it means acquaintances, as in mijn kennissen.","Some nouns have more than one borrowed plural. Leer has leringen, leerstukken and leerstellingen."]}],"lines":[{"number":31,"id":"val.nl.L11.x.6.1","source":"de zegen, de zegeningen","translation":"the blessing, the blessings","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"zegen,","gloss":"blessing"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"zegeningen","gloss":"blessings"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.x.6.1.m4a"},{"number":32,"id":"val.nl.L11.x.6.2","source":"de raad, de raadgevingen","translation":"the counsel, the pieces of advice","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"raad,","gloss":"counsel"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"raadgevingen","gloss":"pieces of advice"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.x.6.2.m4a"},{"number":33,"id":"val.nl.L11.x.6.3","source":"het doel, de doelen","translation":"the aim, the aims","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"doel,","gloss":"aim"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"doelen","gloss":"point"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.x.6.3.m4a"},{"number":34,"id":"val.nl.L11.x.6.4","source":"mijn kennissen","translation":"my acquaintances","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"kennissen","gloss":"acquaintances"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.x.6.4.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 11: Proper nouns and foreign words","teaching":[{"title":"The possessive of a name","paragraphs":["A proper noun is the name of one person or place, such as Maria. A possessive shows who owns something. In Willems vader, the father belongs to the person named.","Add s to the name. A name ending in s, x or z takes only an apostrophe. Floris' zoon is Floris's son.","After most vowels, add 's. Maria's boek is Maria's book. After ie, ee or an unaccented e, add s alone. Maries armbanden are Marie's bracelets."]},{"title":"Plurals of names and foreign words","paragraphs":["Names make the plural with s: de Willems. Names ending in s or st take -en: de Cornelissen. Names of nations take -en: de Belgen, de Denen.","Names ending in -er take s: Amsterdammers. Een Engelsman becomes twee Engelsen: man drops and -en is added.","Most foreign words take s: de dames, de kapiteins. A single final a, i, o, u or y takes 's: de collega's. Final -eau or unaccented e takes s alone: de bureaus, de horloges."]},{"title":"Verbs of this lesson, with their principal parts","paragraphs":[]}],"lines":[{"number":35,"id":"val.nl.L11.x.7.1","source":"Willems vader","translation":"William's father","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Willems","gloss":"Willems"},{"text":"vader","gloss":"the father"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.x.7.1.m4a"},{"number":36,"id":"val.nl.L11.x.7.2","source":"Floris' zoon","translation":"Floris's son","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Floris'","gloss":"Floris'"},{"text":"zoon","gloss":"son"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.x.7.2.m4a"},{"number":37,"id":"val.nl.L11.x.7.3","source":"Maria's boek","translation":"Maria's book","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Maria's","gloss":"Maria's"},{"text":"boek","gloss":"book"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.x.7.3.m4a"},{"number":38,"id":"val.nl.L11.x.7.4","source":"Maries armbanden","translation":"Marie's bracelets","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Maries","gloss":"Maries"},{"text":"armbanden","gloss":"bracelets"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.x.7.4.m4a"},{"number":39,"id":"val.nl.L11.x.7.5","source":"de Belgen en de Denen","translation":"the Belgians and the Danes","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Belgen","gloss":"Belgen"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Denen","gloss":"Denen"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.x.7.5.m4a"},{"number":40,"id":"val.nl.L11.x.7.6","source":"een Engelsman, twee Engelsen","translation":"an Englishman, two Englishmen","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"Engelsman,","gloss":"Engelsman"},{"text":"twee","gloss":"two"},{"text":"Engelsen","gloss":"Engelsen"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.x.7.6.m4a"},{"number":41,"id":"val.nl.L11.x.7.7","source":"de collega's","translation":"the colleagues","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"collega's","gloss":"the colleagues"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.x.7.7.m4a"},{"number":42,"id":"val.nl.L11.x.7.8","source":"de bureaus","translation":"the desks","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"bureaus","gloss":"the desks"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.x.7.8.m4a"},{"number":43,"id":"val.nl.L11.x.7.9","source":"de horloges","translation":"the watches","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"horloges","gloss":"the watches"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.x.7.9.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"De twist","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":44,"id":"val.nl.L11.r.0","source":"De twist","translation":"The quarrel","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"twist","gloss":"quarrel, dispute"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.r.0.m4a"},{"number":45,"id":"val.nl.L11.r.1","source":"Twee kleine jongens hadden een noot gevonden en raakten daarover hevig aan het twisten.","translation":"Two small boys had found a nut and fell into a fierce quarrel about it.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Twee","gloss":"two"},{"text":"kleine","gloss":"small"},{"text":"jongens","gloss":"boys"},{"text":"hadden","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"noot","gloss":"a nut"},{"text":"gevonden","gloss":"to find"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"raakten","gloss":"to get into, to begin to"},{"text":"daarover","gloss":"about it"},{"text":"hevig","gloss":"fierce, fiercely"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"twisten.","gloss":"to quarrel"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.r.1.m4a"},{"number":46,"id":"val.nl.L11.r.2","source":"“Die is voor mij,” zei een van hen, “want ik heb hem het eerst gezien.”","translation":"“It is for me,” said one of them, “for I saw it first.”","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"“Die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"is","gloss":"is"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"mij,”","gloss":"me"},{"text":"zei","gloss":"said"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"van","gloss":"one of them"},{"text":"hen,","gloss":"one of them"},{"text":"“want","gloss":"for, because"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"have"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"eerst","gloss":"first (of all)"},{"text":"gezien.”","gloss":"seen"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.r.2.m4a"},{"number":47,"id":"val.nl.L11.r.3","source":"“Nee, hij is van mij,” zei de ander, “ik heb hem het eerst opgeraapt.”","translation":"“No, it belongs to me,” said the other, “I picked it up first.”","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"“Nee,","gloss":"no"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"is","gloss":"is"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"mij,”","gloss":"me"},{"text":"zei","gloss":"said"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"ander,","gloss":"another (person)"},{"text":"“ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"have"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"eerst","gloss":"first (of all)"},{"text":"opgeraapt.”","gloss":"picked up"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.r.3.m4a"},{"number":48,"id":"val.nl.L11.r.4","source":"Zij raakten handgemeen, toen een derde jongen, die getuige was van de twist, tegen hen zei: “Kom, ik zal jullie twist beslechten.”","translation":"They came to blows, when a third boy, who was a witness of the quarrel, said to them: “Come, I will settle your quarrel.”","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"raakten","gloss":"came"},{"text":"handgemeen,","gloss":"a fight, blows (handgemeen raken: to come to blows)"},{"text":"toen","gloss":"as, when"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"derde","gloss":"third"},{"text":"jongen,","gloss":"boy"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"getuige","gloss":"witness"},{"text":"was","gloss":"was"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"twist,","gloss":"quarrel, dispute"},{"text":"tegen","gloss":"to (a person)"},{"text":"hen","gloss":"them"},{"text":"zei:","gloss":"said"},{"text":"“Kom,","gloss":"come"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"jullie","gloss":"you (plural)"},{"text":"twist","gloss":"quarrel, dispute"},{"text":"beslechten.”","gloss":"to settle"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.r.4.m4a"},{"number":49,"id":"val.nl.L11.r.5","source":"Hij plaatste zich tussen de beide jongens, kraakte de noot en zei: “Een van de doppen is voor degene die de noot het eerst gezien heeft, de andere is voor degene die hem het eerst heeft opgeraapt.","translation":"He placed himself between the two boys, cracked the nut and said: “One of the shells belongs to the one who saw the nut first, the other is for the one who picked it up first.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"plaatste","gloss":"placed"},{"text":"zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"tussen","gloss":"between"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"beide","gloss":"the two boys, both boys"},{"text":"jongens,","gloss":"the two boys, both boys"},{"text":"kraakte","gloss":"cracked"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"noot","gloss":"a nut"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"zei:","gloss":"said"},{"text":"“Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"doppen","gloss":"shells"},{"text":"is","gloss":"is"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"degene","gloss":"the one (who)"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"noot","gloss":"a nut"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"eerst","gloss":"first (of all)"},{"text":"gezien","gloss":"seen"},{"text":"heeft,","gloss":"has"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"andere","gloss":"other"},{"text":"is","gloss":"is"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"degene","gloss":"the one (who)"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"eerst","gloss":"first (of all)"},{"text":"heeft","gloss":"has"},{"text":"opgeraapt.","gloss":"picked up"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.r.5.m4a"},{"number":50,"id":"val.nl.L11.r.6","source":"Wat de pit aangaat, die houd ik voor het vellen van het vonnis.”","translation":"As for the kernel, I keep that for pronouncing the sentence.”","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"pit","gloss":"kernel"},{"text":"aangaat,","gloss":"concerns"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"houd","gloss":"hold, keep"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"vellen","gloss":"sheets"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"vonnis.”","gloss":"sentence"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.r.6.m4a"},{"number":51,"id":"val.nl.L11.r.7","source":"De beide kleine jongens waren nog niet van hun verbazing bekomen, toen de rechter, in zijn hoge wijsheid, de noot al had opgegeten.","translation":"The two small boys had not yet recovered from their astonishment when the judge, in his high wisdom, had already eaten the nut.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"beide","gloss":"both"},{"text":"kleine","gloss":"small"},{"text":"jongens","gloss":"boys"},{"text":"waren","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"nog","gloss":"still, yet; another"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"hun","gloss":"them; their"},{"text":"verbazing","gloss":"astonishment"},{"text":"bekomen,","gloss":"received"},{"text":"toen","gloss":"as, when"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"rechter,","gloss":"judge"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"hoge","gloss":"high"},{"text":"wijsheid,","gloss":"wisdom"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"noot","gloss":"a nut"},{"text":"al","gloss":"already"},{"text":"had","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"opgegeten.","gloss":"eaten up"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.r.7.m4a"},{"number":52,"id":"val.nl.L11.r.8","source":"Zij begrepen nu dat men niets wint met twisten.","translation":"They now understood that one gains nothing by quarrelling.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"begrepen","gloss":"to understand"},{"text":"nu","gloss":"now, at present"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"men","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":"niets","gloss":"nothing"},{"text":"wint","gloss":"to win"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"twisten.","gloss":"quarrel, dispute"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.r.8.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"twist","gloss":"quarrel"},{"word":"noot","gloss":"a nut"},{"word":"Twee","gloss":"two"},{"word":"hevig","gloss":"fierce, fiercely"},{"word":"hen","gloss":"one of them (een van hen)"},{"word":"eerst","gloss":"first (of all)"},{"word":"jongens","gloss":"the two boys, both boys (de beide jongens)"},{"word":"daarover","gloss":"about it"},{"word":"twisten","gloss":"to quarrel"},{"word":"van","gloss":"to recover from (bekomen van)"},{"word":"jongen","gloss":"boy"},{"word":"derde","gloss":"third"},{"word":"Nee","gloss":"no"},{"word":"tussen","gloss":"between"},{"word":"handgemeen","gloss":"to come to blows (handgemeen raken)"},{"word":"beslechten","gloss":"to settle"},{"word":"pit","gloss":"kernel"},{"word":"vellen","gloss":"to pronounce sentence (een vonnis vellen)"},{"word":"verbazing","gloss":"astonishment"},{"word":"rechter","gloss":"judge"},{"word":"wijsheid","gloss":"wisdom"},{"word":"al","gloss":"already"},{"word":"aangaat","gloss":"as for, concerning (wat ... aangaat)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 11: conversation","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":53,"id":"val.nl.L11.c.q1","source":"Wat deden de jongens nadat zij een noot gevonden hadden? Zij . . .","translation":"What did the boys do after they had found a nut? They . . .","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"deden","gloss":"did"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"jongens","gloss":"boys"},{"text":"nadat","gloss":"after"},{"text":"zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"noot","gloss":"a nut"},{"text":"gevonden","gloss":"to find"},{"text":"hadden?","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"Zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":".","gloss":""},{"text":".","gloss":""},{"text":".","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.c.q1.m4a"},{"number":54,"id":"val.nl.L11.c.q2","source":"Waarom wilde de eerste de noot voor zich houden?","translation":"Why did the first want to keep the nut for himself?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Waarom","gloss":"why"},{"text":"wilde","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"eerste","gloss":"the former (the first-mentioned)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"noot","gloss":"a nut"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"houden?","gloss":"to keep"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.c.q2.m4a"},{"number":55,"id":"val.nl.L11.c.q3","source":"Wat meende de ander?","translation":"What did the other think?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"meende","gloss":"to think, to believe"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"ander?","gloss":"another (person)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.c.q3.m4a"},{"number":56,"id":"val.nl.L11.c.q4","source":"Hoe eindigde de twist?","translation":"How did the quarrel end?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hoe","gloss":"how"},{"text":"eindigde","gloss":"ended"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"twist?","gloss":"quarrel, dispute"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.c.q4.m4a"},{"number":57,"id":"val.nl.L11.c.a1","source":"Zij raakten daarover hevig aan het twisten.","translation":"They fell into a fierce quarrel about it.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"raakten","gloss":"to get into, to begin to"},{"text":"daarover","gloss":"about it"},{"text":"hevig","gloss":"fierce, fiercely"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"twisten.","gloss":"to quarrel"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.c.a1.m4a"},{"number":58,"id":"val.nl.L11.c.a2","source":"Omdat hij de noot het eerst gezien had.","translation":"Because he had seen the nut first.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Omdat","gloss":"because"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"noot","gloss":"a nut"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"eerst","gloss":"first (of all)"},{"text":"gezien","gloss":"to see"},{"text":"had.","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.c.a2.m4a"},{"number":59,"id":"val.nl.L11.c.a3","source":"De ander meende dat de noot van hem was, omdat hij hem het eerst had opgeraapt.","translation":"The other thought that the nut was his, because he had picked it up first.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"ander","gloss":"another (person)"},{"text":"meende","gloss":"to think, to believe"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"noot","gloss":"a nut"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"was,","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"omdat","gloss":"because"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"eerst","gloss":"first (of all)"},{"text":"had","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"opgeraapt.","gloss":"picked up"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.c.a3.m4a"},{"number":60,"id":"val.nl.L11.c.a4","source":"Zij raakten handgemeen.","translation":"They came to blows.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"raakten","gloss":"to get into, to begin to"},{"text":"handgemeen.","gloss":"a fight, blows (handgemeen raken: to come to blows)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.c.a4.m4a"},{"number":61,"id":"val.nl.L11.c.q5","source":"Wat zei de derde jongen, die getuige was van de twist?","translation":"What did the third boy, who was a witness of the quarrel, say?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"zei","gloss":"to say"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"derde","gloss":"third"},{"text":"jongen,","gloss":"boy"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"getuige","gloss":"witness"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"twist?","gloss":"quarrel, dispute"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.c.q5.m4a"},{"number":62,"id":"val.nl.L11.c.q6","source":"Waar plaatste deze zich?","translation":"Where did he place himself?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Waar","gloss":"where; true"},{"text":"plaatste","gloss":"to put, to place"},{"text":"deze","gloss":"the latter (the most recently mentioned)"},{"text":"zich?","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.c.q6.m4a"},{"number":63,"id":"val.nl.L11.c.q7","source":"Wat zei hij toen hij de noot kraakte?","translation":"What did he say when he cracked the nut?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"zei","gloss":"to say"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"toen","gloss":"as, when"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"noot","gloss":"a nut"},{"text":"kraakte?","gloss":"to crack"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.c.q7.m4a"},{"number":64,"id":"val.nl.L11.c.q8","source":"Wat hield hij voor het vellen van het vonnis?","translation":"What did he keep for pronouncing the sentence?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"hield","gloss":"to keep"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"vellen","gloss":"sheets"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"vonnis?","gloss":"sentence"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.c.q8.m4a"},{"number":65,"id":"val.nl.L11.c.a5","source":"Hij zei: “Kom, ik zal jullie twist beslechten.”","translation":"He said: “Come, I will settle your quarrel.”","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"zei:","gloss":"said"},{"text":"“Kom,","gloss":"come"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"jullie","gloss":"you (plural)"},{"text":"twist","gloss":"quarrel, dispute"},{"text":"beslechten.”","gloss":"to settle"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.c.a5.m4a"},{"number":66,"id":"val.nl.L11.c.a6","source":"Hij plaatste zich tussen de beide jongens.","translation":"He placed himself between the two boys.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"plaatste","gloss":"to put, to place"},{"text":"zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"tussen","gloss":"between"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"beide","gloss":"the two boys, both boys"},{"text":"jongens.","gloss":"the two boys, both boys"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.c.a6.m4a"},{"number":67,"id":"val.nl.L11.c.a7","source":"Hij zei: “Een van de doppen is voor degene die de noot het eerst gezien heeft, de andere is voor degene die hem het eerst heeft opgeraapt.”","translation":"He said: “One of the shells belongs to the one who saw the nut first, the other is for the one who picked it up first.”","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"zei:","gloss":"said"},{"text":"“Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"doppen","gloss":"shells"},{"text":"is","gloss":"is"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"degene","gloss":"the one (who)"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"noot","gloss":"a nut"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"eerst","gloss":"first (of all)"},{"text":"gezien","gloss":"seen"},{"text":"heeft,","gloss":"has"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"andere","gloss":"other"},{"text":"is","gloss":"is"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"degene","gloss":"the one (who)"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"eerst","gloss":"first (of all)"},{"text":"heeft","gloss":"has"},{"text":"opgeraapt.”","gloss":"picked up"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.c.a7.m4a"},{"number":68,"id":"val.nl.L11.c.a8","source":"De pit hield hij voor het vellen van het vonnis.","translation":"He kept the kernel for pronouncing the sentence.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"pit","gloss":"kernel"},{"text":"hield","gloss":"held"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"vellen","gloss":"sheets"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"vonnis.","gloss":"sentence"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.c.a8.m4a"},{"number":69,"id":"val.nl.L11.c.q9","source":"Had de rechter de noot spoedig opgegeten? (Ja, nog voordat . . .)","translation":"Had the judge eaten the nut soon? (Yes, even before . . .)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Had","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"rechter","gloss":"judge"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"noot","gloss":"a nut"},{"text":"spoedig","gloss":"soon"},{"text":"opgegeten?","gloss":"eaten up"},{"text":"(Ja,","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"nog","gloss":"still, yet; another"},{"text":"voordat","gloss":"before"},{"text":".","gloss":""},{"text":".","gloss":""},{"text":".)","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.c.q9.m4a"},{"number":70,"id":"val.nl.L11.c.q10","source":"Wat begrepen zij nu?","translation":"What did they now understand?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"begrepen","gloss":"to understand"},{"text":"zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"nu?","gloss":"now, at present"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.c.q10.m4a"},{"number":71,"id":"val.nl.L11.c.a9","source":"Ja, nog voordat de beide jongens van hun verbazing bekomen waren, had hij de noot al opgegeten.","translation":"Yes, even before the two boys had recovered from their astonishment, he had already eaten the nut.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ja,","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"nog","gloss":"still, yet; another"},{"text":"voordat","gloss":"before"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"beide","gloss":"the two boys, both boys"},{"text":"jongens","gloss":"the two boys, both boys"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"hun","gloss":"them; their"},{"text":"verbazing","gloss":"astonishment"},{"text":"bekomen","gloss":"received"},{"text":"waren,","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"had","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"noot","gloss":"a nut"},{"text":"al","gloss":"already"},{"text":"opgegeten.","gloss":"eaten up"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.c.a9.m4a"},{"number":72,"id":"val.nl.L11.c.a10","source":"Zij begrepen nu dat men niets wint met twisten.","translation":"They now understood that one gains nothing by quarrelling.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"begrepen","gloss":"to understand"},{"text":"nu","gloss":"now, at present"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"men","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":"niets","gloss":"nothing"},{"text":"wint","gloss":"to win"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"twisten.","gloss":"quarrel, dispute"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.c.a10.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 11: exercise 19","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":73,"id":"val.nl.L11.e19.i1.1","source":"ik raak","translation":"I begin (to get into)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e19.i1.1.m4a"},{"number":74,"id":"val.nl.L11.e19.i1.2","source":"hij raakt","translation":"he begins (to get into)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e19.i1.2.m4a"},{"number":75,"id":"val.nl.L11.e19.i1.3","source":"wij raken","translation":"we begin (to get into)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e19.i1.3.m4a"},{"number":76,"id":"val.nl.L11.e19.i2.1","source":"jij twist","translation":"you quarrel","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e19.i2.1.m4a"},{"number":77,"id":"val.nl.L11.e19.i2.2","source":"jullie twisten","translation":"you (plural) quarrel","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e19.i2.2.m4a"},{"number":78,"id":"val.nl.L11.e19.i2.3","source":"zij twisten","translation":"they quarrel","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e19.i2.3.m4a"},{"number":79,"id":"val.nl.L11.e19.i3.1","source":"ik behoor","translation":"I belong","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e19.i3.1.m4a"},{"number":80,"id":"val.nl.L11.e19.i3.2","source":"u behoort","translation":"you belong","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e19.i3.2.m4a"},{"number":81,"id":"val.nl.L11.e19.i3.3","source":"zij behoren","translation":"they belong","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e19.i3.3.m4a"},{"number":82,"id":"val.nl.L11.e19.i4.1","source":"wij hebben opgeraapt","translation":"we (perfect of to pick up)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e19.i4.1.m4a"},{"number":83,"id":"val.nl.L11.e19.i5.1","source":"ik heb beslecht","translation":"I (perfect of to settle)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e19.i5.1.m4a"},{"number":84,"id":"val.nl.L11.e19.i5.2","source":"wij hebben beslecht","translation":"we (perfect of to settle)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e19.i5.2.m4a"},{"number":85,"id":"val.nl.L11.e19.i7.1","source":"ik heb gekraakt","translation":"I (perfect of to crack)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e19.i7.1.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 11: exercise 20","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":86,"id":"val.nl.L11.e20.i1","source":"de twisten","translation":"the quarrels","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e20.i1.m4a"},{"number":87,"id":"val.nl.L11.e20.i2","source":"de jongens","translation":"the boys","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e20.i2.m4a"},{"number":88,"id":"val.nl.L11.e20.i3","source":"de noten","translation":"the nuts","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e20.i3.m4a"},{"number":89,"id":"val.nl.L11.e20.i4","source":"de doppen","translation":"the shells","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e20.i4.m4a"},{"number":90,"id":"val.nl.L11.e20.i5","source":"de pitten","translation":"the kernels","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e20.i5.m4a"},{"number":91,"id":"val.nl.L11.e20.i6","source":"de vonnissen","translation":"the sentences","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e20.i6.m4a"},{"number":92,"id":"val.nl.L11.e20.i7","source":"de rechters","translation":"the judges","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e20.i7.m4a"},{"number":93,"id":"val.nl.L11.e20.i8","source":"de leden","translation":"the members","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e20.i8.m4a"},{"number":94,"id":"val.nl.L11.e20.i9","source":"de gelederen","translation":"the ranks","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e20.i9.m4a"},{"number":95,"id":"val.nl.L11.e20.i10","source":"de eitjes","translation":"the little eggs","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e20.i10.m4a"},{"number":96,"id":"val.nl.L11.e20.i11","source":"de blaadjes","translation":"the little leaves","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e20.i11.m4a"},{"number":97,"id":"val.nl.L11.e20.i12","source":"de oogleden","translation":"the eyelids","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e20.i12.m4a"},{"number":98,"id":"val.nl.L11.e20.i13","source":"de schepen","translation":"the ships","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e20.i13.m4a"},{"number":99,"id":"val.nl.L11.e20.i14","source":"de hoentjes","translation":"the little hens","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e20.i14.m4a"},{"number":100,"id":"val.nl.L11.e20.i15","source":"de lammetjes","translation":"the little lambs","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e20.i15.m4a"},{"number":101,"id":"val.nl.L11.e20.i16","source":"de smeden","translation":"the smiths","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e20.i16.m4a"},{"number":102,"id":"val.nl.L11.e20.i17","source":"de diertjes","translation":"the little animals","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e20.i17.m4a"},{"number":103,"id":"val.nl.L11.e20.i18","source":"de steden","translation":"the towns","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e20.i18.m4a"},{"number":104,"id":"val.nl.L11.e20.i19","source":"de vlooien","translation":"the fleas","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e20.i19.m4a"},{"number":105,"id":"val.nl.L11.e20.i20","source":"de sieraden","translation":"the ornaments","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e20.i20.m4a"},{"number":106,"id":"val.nl.L11.e20.i21","source":"de koeien","translation":"the cows","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e20.i21.m4a"},{"number":107,"id":"val.nl.L11.e20.i22","source":"de wijsheden","translation":"the wisdoms","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e20.i22.m4a"},{"number":108,"id":"val.nl.L11.e20.i23","source":"de goedheden","translation":"the kindnesses","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e20.i23.m4a"},{"number":109,"id":"val.nl.L11.e20.i24","source":"de timmerlieden","translation":"the carpenters","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e20.i24.m4a"},{"number":110,"id":"val.nl.L11.e20.i25","source":"de landlieden","translation":"the farmers","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e20.i25.m4a"},{"number":111,"id":"val.nl.L11.e20.i26","source":"de gelegenheden","translation":"the opportunities","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e20.i26.m4a"},{"number":112,"id":"val.nl.L11.e20.i27","source":"de staatslieden","translation":"the statesmen","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e20.i27.m4a"},{"number":113,"id":"val.nl.L11.e20.i28","source":"de kooplieden","translation":"the merchants","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e20.i28.m4a"},{"number":114,"id":"val.nl.L11.e20.i29","source":"de heldendaden","translation":"the heroic deeds","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e20.i29.m4a"},{"number":115,"id":"val.nl.L11.e20.i30","source":"de collega's","translation":"the colleagues","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e20.i30.m4a"},{"number":116,"id":"val.nl.L11.e20.i31","source":"de bougies","translation":"the candles","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e20.i31.m4a"},{"number":117,"id":"val.nl.L11.e20.i32","source":"de geniën","translation":"the genii","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e20.i32.m4a"},{"number":118,"id":"val.nl.L11.e20.i33","source":"de horloges","translation":"the watches","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e20.i33.m4a"},{"number":119,"id":"val.nl.L11.e20.i34","source":"de canapés","translation":"the sofas","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e20.i34.m4a"},{"number":120,"id":"val.nl.L11.e20.i35","source":"de gymnasia","translation":"the grammar schools","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e20.i35.m4a"},{"number":121,"id":"val.nl.L11.e20.i36","source":"de bureaus","translation":"the desks, the offices","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e20.i36.m4a"},{"number":122,"id":"val.nl.L11.e20.i37","source":"de sofa's","translation":"the sofas","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e20.i37.m4a"},{"number":123,"id":"val.nl.L11.e20.i38","source":"de tralies","translation":"the 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Pyreneeën","translation":"Pyrenees","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Pyreneeën","gloss":"Pyreneeën"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e23.i42.m4a"},{"number":229,"id":"val.nl.L11.e23.i43","source":"inkomsten","translation":"revenue","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"inkomsten","gloss":"income"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e23.i43.m4a"},{"number":230,"id":"val.nl.L11.e23.i44","source":"rijkdom","translation":"riches","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"rijkdom","gloss":"wealth"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e23.i44.m4a"},{"number":231,"id":"val.nl.L11.e23.i45","source":"Russen","translation":"Russians","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Russen","gloss":"Russen"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e23.i45.m4a"},{"number":232,"id":"val.nl.L11.e23.i46","source":"pokken","translation":"small-pox","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"pokken","gloss":"smallpox"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e23.i46.m4a"},{"number":233,"id":"val.nl.L11.e23.i47","source":"schaar","translation":"scissors","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"schaar","gloss":"scissors"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e23.i47.m4a"},{"number":234,"id":"val.nl.L11.e23.i48","source":"kracht","translation":"strength","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"kracht","gloss":"strength"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e23.i48.m4a"},{"number":235,"id":"val.nl.L11.e23.i49","source":"kaarsensnuiter","translation":"snuffers","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"kaarsensnuiter","gloss":"snuffers"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e23.i49.m4a"},{"number":236,"id":"val.nl.L11.e23.i50","source":"Zweden","translation":"Swedes","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zweden","gloss":"Zweden"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e23.i50.m4a"},{"number":237,"id":"val.nl.L11.e23.i51","source":"bril","translation":"spectacles","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"bril","gloss":"spectacles"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e23.i51.m4a"},{"number":238,"id":"val.nl.L11.e23.i52","source":"trap","translation":"stairs","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"trap","gloss":"stairs"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e23.i52.m4a"},{"number":239,"id":"val.nl.L11.e23.i53","source":"dank","translation":"thanks","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"dank","gloss":"thanks"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e23.i53.m4a"},{"number":240,"id":"val.nl.L11.e23.i54","source":"tijding","translation":"tidings","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"tijding","gloss":"tidings"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e23.i54.m4a"},{"number":241,"id":"val.nl.L11.e23.i55","source":"tang","translation":"tongs","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"tang","gloss":"tongs"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e23.i55.m4a"},{"number":242,"id":"val.nl.L11.e23.i56","source":"broek","translation":"trousers","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"broek","gloss":"Broek"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e23.i56.m4a"},{"number":243,"id":"val.nl.L11.e23.i57","source":"levensmiddelen","translation":"victuals","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"levensmiddelen","gloss":"provisions"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e23.i57.m4a"},{"number":244,"id":"val.nl.L11.e23.i58","source":"loon","translation":"wages","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"loon","gloss":"reward"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e23.i58.m4a"},{"number":245,"id":"val.nl.L11.e23.i59","source":"kapiteins","translation":"captains","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"kapiteins","gloss":"captain"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e23.i59.m4a"},{"number":246,"id":"val.nl.L11.e23.i60","source":"korporaals","translation":"corporals","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"korporaals","gloss":"corporals"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e23.i60.m4a"},{"number":247,"id":"val.nl.L11.e23.i61","source":"collega's","translation":"colleagues","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"collega's","gloss":"the colleagues"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e23.i61.m4a"},{"number":248,"id":"val.nl.L11.e23.i62","source":"geniën","translation":"genii","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"geniën","gloss":"genii"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e23.i62.m4a"},{"number":249,"id":"val.nl.L11.e23.i63","source":"gymnasia","translation":"gymnasiums","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"gymnasia","gloss":"gymnasiums"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e23.i63.m4a"},{"number":250,"id":"val.nl.L11.e23.i64","source":"dames","translation":"ladies","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"dames","gloss":"ladies"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e23.i64.m4a"},{"number":251,"id":"val.nl.L11.e23.i65","source":"officieren","translation":"officers","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"officieren","gloss":"officers"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e23.i65.m4a"},{"number":252,"id":"val.nl.L11.e23.i66","source":"professoren","translation":"professors","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"professoren","gloss":"professors"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e23.i66.m4a"},{"number":253,"id":"val.nl.L11.e23.i67","source":"sergeanten","translation":"sergeants","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"sergeanten","gloss":"sergeants"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e23.i67.m4a"},{"number":254,"id":"val.nl.L11.e23.i68","source":"diligences","translation":"stage-coaches","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"diligences","gloss":"stagecoaches"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e23.i68.m4a"},{"number":255,"id":"val.nl.L11.e23.i69","source":"humeuren","translation":"tempers","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"humeuren","gloss":"temper"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e23.i69.m4a"},{"number":256,"id":"val.nl.L11.e23.i70","source":"vizieren","translation":"viziers","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"vizieren","gloss":"viziers"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e23.i70.m4a"},{"number":257,"id":"val.nl.L11.e23.i71","source":"horloges","translation":"watches","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"horloges","gloss":"the watches"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e23.i71.m4a"},{"number":258,"id":"val.nl.L11.e23.i72","source":"tien stuiver","translation":"ten pence","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"tien","gloss":"ten"},{"text":"stuiver","gloss":"stivers"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e23.i72.m4a"},{"number":259,"id":"val.nl.L11.e23.i73","source":"vijf gulden","translation":"five guilders","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"vijf","gloss":"five"},{"text":"gulden","gloss":"guilders"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e23.i73.m4a"},{"number":260,"id":"val.nl.L11.e23.i74","source":"vier el laken","translation":"four yards of cloth","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"vier","gloss":"four"},{"text":"el","gloss":"yard"},{"text":"laken","gloss":"upholstery"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e23.i74.m4a"},{"number":261,"id":"val.nl.L11.e23.i75","source":"tien pond suiker","translation":"ten pounds of sugar","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"tien","gloss":"ten"},{"text":"pond","gloss":"pound"},{"text":"suiker","gloss":"sugar"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e23.i75.m4a"},{"number":262,"id":"val.nl.L11.e23.i76","source":"twintig riem papier","translation":"twenty reams of paper","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"twintig","gloss":"twenty"},{"text":"riem","gloss":"reams"},{"text":"papier","gloss":"paper"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e23.i76.m4a"},{"number":263,"id":"val.nl.L11.e23.i77","source":"twee vat bier","translation":"two barrels of beer","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"twee","gloss":"two"},{"text":"vat","gloss":"vessel"},{"text":"bier","gloss":"beer"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e23.i77.m4a"},{"number":264,"id":"val.nl.L11.e23.i78","source":"zestig cent","translation":"sixty cents","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"zestig","gloss":"sixty"},{"text":"cent","gloss":"pennies"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L11.e23.i78.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 12: The adjective used as a noun (and 1 more)","teaching":[{"title":"A describing word that names a person","paragraphs":["An adjective is a word that describes a noun: good, blind, small. Dutch can use an adjective as a noun.","Used this way, it takes e in the singular. De blinde means the blind man or woman. The form is the same for both.","The plural takes en: de blinden means the blind people. The pattern is the same as for any noun that ends in e."]},{"title":"The good, and of the blind","paragraphs":["An adjective can also name a quality. Het goede means the good, or what is good. It has one form and no plural.","Dutch says of with van, never with a changed ending: van de blinde, van het goede.","Older writing, and Multatuli, use other forms for the same idea, such as des blinden. Today Dutch uses van."]},{"title":"Two forms of every adjective","paragraphs":["Before a noun, an adjective has two forms. One is bare: goed. The other adds e: goede.","Two things decide the form: the word before the adjective and the kind of noun after it. The job of the noun in the sentence does not matter.","A plural noun always takes the e form: goede vaders, goede moeders, goede kinderen.","Compare de goede vader with een goed boek. The same adjective has e once and is bare once."]}],"lines":[{"number":265,"id":"val.nl.L12.x.1.1","source":"de blinde","translation":"the blind man or woman","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"blinde","gloss":"the blind man or woman"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.x.1.1.m4a"},{"number":266,"id":"val.nl.L12.x.1.2","source":"de blinden","translation":"the blind (people)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"blinden","gloss":"the blind (people)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.x.1.2.m4a"},{"number":267,"id":"val.nl.L12.x.1.3","source":"het goede","translation":"the good, what is good","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"goede","gloss":"the good, what is good"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.x.1.3.m4a"},{"number":268,"id":"val.nl.L12.x.1.4","source":"van de blinde","translation":"of the blind man","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"blinde","gloss":"the blind man or woman"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.x.1.4.m4a"},{"number":269,"id":"val.nl.L12.x.2.1","source":"de goede vader","translation":"the good father","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"goede","gloss":"the good father"},{"text":"vader","gloss":"the good father"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.x.2.1.m4a"},{"number":270,"id":"val.nl.L12.x.2.2","source":"een goed boek","translation":"a good book","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"goed","gloss":"a good book"},{"text":"boek","gloss":"a good book"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.x.2.2.m4a"},{"number":271,"id":"val.nl.L12.x.2.3","source":"goede vaders","translation":"good fathers","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"goede","gloss":"the good, what is good"},{"text":"vaders","gloss":"father's"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.x.2.3.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1001,"text":"The adjective used as a noun\n\nIn Dutch an adjective or past participle can be used attributively, predicatively, or as a noun. A nominalized adjective (de blinde, the blind man or woman) is not declined by case; it takes -e in the singular for both masculine and feminine, and -en in the plural for all genders, exactly like an ordinary noun ending in -e. The neuter singular, used for an abstract quality (het goede, the good), has only one form and no plural. Possession or relation is always expressed with van, never with a genitive case ending: van de blinde (of the blind man or woman), van het goede (of the good). Older written Dutch, and Multatuli, show des blinden, der blinde, den blinde for these same relations."},{"section":1002,"text":"Declension of an adjective preceding the noun\n\nAn attributive adjective has two forms: with -e (goede) and without it (goed). The plural always takes -e: goede vaders, goede moeders, goede kinderen."},{"section":1003,"text":"Van instead of the genitive\n\nVan, not a case ending, expresses of: van de grote man, van de goede vrouw, van het kleine land, van goede mannen, vrouwen, kinderen; van een grote man, van een goede vrouw, van een klein kind. Van is likewise the only way to say of when no article or pronoun precedes the adjective: van goede eieren (of good eggs), van oud brood (of stale bread)."},{"section":1004,"text":"When an attributive adjective takes -e\n\nBefore a het-word, the adjective stays bare when the noun has no article, or has een or a possessive: goed brood, een goed boek, mijn oud huis. It takes -e when the noun has de, het, dit, dat, or is followed by a superlative or an ordinal number, whatever the gender: het goede brood, het goede boek, het oude huis, hun beste boek, ons kleinste huis, dit tweede hoofdstuk. Before a de-word the adjective takes -e in every position, with or without een: een goede koning, de goede koning. Een grote man and een goede koning are written with -e whatever the sense, a tall man or a great man; the two meanings are told apart from context alone."},{"section":1005,"text":"The old genitive -s in iets moois, niets nieuws\n\nAfter iets, niets, wat, weinig, veel and similar indefinite words, the adjective takes -s instead of -e: iets moois (something pretty), niets slechts (nothing bad), wat aangenaams (something pleasant), weinig nieuws (little news), veel goeds (much good)."},{"section":1006,"text":"Adjectives that are never inflected\n\nThese adjectives never take -e or -en. Used predicatively: dit huis is groot, oud, hoog. Made from a material, ending in -en: het gouden horloge (the gold watch), de zilveren lepel (the silver spoon), de ijzeren vork (the iron fork), gesloten brieven (closed letters). Made from a place name, ending in -er: de Haarlemmerhout (the Haarlem wood), Neurenberger waren (Nuremberg wares). Rechter and linker, right and left: de rechterzijde, de linkerzijde (the right side, the left side), de rechterarm, de linkerarm (the right arm, the left arm), de rechterbeen, de linkerbeen (the right leg, the left leg), de rechterhand, de linkerhand (the right hand, the left hand), de rechterkant, de linkerkant (the right side, the left side). And, for the sound of it, adjectives of two or more syllables ending in -en, and comparatives of three or more syllables: verheven woorden (dignified words), verhevener woorden (more dignified words), dapperder mannen (braver men)."},{"section":2012,"text":"Verbs of this lesson, with their principal parts\n\nzitten     to sit         ik zit, ik zat, ik heb gezeten\nopnemen    to take up     ik neem op, ik nam op, ik heb opgenomen\nwegwerpen  to throw away  ik werp weg, ik wierp weg, ik heb weggeworpen"}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 12: Van instead of the genitive (and 1 more)","teaching":[{"title":"Of is always van","paragraphs":["The genitive is a form of the noun that says of, as in the king of the land. Dutch has no such form. It puts van before the noun.","Van de grote man means of the great man. Van het kleine land means of the small country. Van goede mannen means of good men."]},{"title":"Van with no article","paragraphs":["Van is also the only way to say of when no article or pronoun comes before the adjective.","Van goede eieren means of good eggs. Van oud brood means of stale bread."]},{"title":"Nouns with het: bare or e","paragraphs":["Before a het-word, the adjective stays bare after een or a possessive, or with no article: goed brood, een goed boek, mijn oud huis.","It takes e when the noun has de, het, dit or dat: het goede boek, het oude huis.","It also takes e when it means most, as beste does, or gives a place in order, as tweede does. This holds after a possessive too: hun beste boek, ons kleinste huis."]},{"title":"Nouns with de: always e","paragraphs":["Before a de-word the adjective takes e in every position, with een or without it: een goede koning, de goede koning.","Een grote man has e whether it means a tall man or a great man. Only the context tells the two meanings apart."]}],"lines":[{"number":272,"id":"val.nl.L12.x.3.1","source":"van de grote man","translation":"of the great man","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"grote","gloss":"big, great"},{"text":"man","gloss":"man; husband"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.x.3.1.m4a"},{"number":273,"id":"val.nl.L12.x.3.2","source":"van goede eieren","translation":"of good eggs","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"goede","gloss":"the good, what is good"},{"text":"eieren","gloss":"egg, eggs"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.x.3.2.m4a"},{"number":274,"id":"val.nl.L12.x.4.1","source":"een goed boek","translation":"a good book","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"goed","gloss":"a good book"},{"text":"boek","gloss":"a good book"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.x.4.1.m4a"},{"number":275,"id":"val.nl.L12.x.4.2","source":"het goede boek","translation":"the good book","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"goede","gloss":"the good book"},{"text":"boek","gloss":"the good book"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.x.4.2.m4a"},{"number":276,"id":"val.nl.L12.x.4.3","source":"een goede koning","translation":"a good king","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"goede","gloss":"a good king"},{"text":"koning","gloss":"a good king"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.x.4.3.m4a"},{"number":277,"id":"val.nl.L12.x.4.4","source":"hun beste boek","translation":"their best book","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"hun","gloss":"them; their"},{"text":"beste","gloss":"best"},{"text":"boek","gloss":"book"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.x.4.4.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 12: The old genitive -s in iets moois, niets nieuws (and 1 more)","teaching":[{"title":"An s after iets and niets","paragraphs":["After a word for an unnamed thing or amount, the adjective takes s instead of e. These words are iets, niets, wat, weinig, veel and others like them.","Iets moois means something pretty. Niets nieuws means nothing new. Veel goeds means much good.","This s is what is left of an old genitive ending."]},{"title":"Adjectives that stay as they are","paragraphs":["Some adjectives never take e or en. After a verb such as is, every adjective stays bare: dit huis is groot, oud, hoog.","An adjective made from a material ends in en and does not change: de zilveren lepel, het gouden horloge.","An adjective made from a place name ends in er and does not change: de Haarlemmerhout."]},{"title":"Right, left and long words","paragraphs":["Rechter and linker, right and left, do not change: de rechterzijde, de linkerhand.","For the sound, two kinds of long adjective also stay bare. The first has two or more syllables and ends in en: verheven woorden.","The second means more and has three or more syllables: dapperder mannen, braver men."]}],"lines":[{"number":278,"id":"val.nl.L12.x.5.1","source":"iets moois","translation":"something pretty","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"iets","gloss":"something"},{"text":"moois","gloss":"beautiful"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.x.5.1.m4a"},{"number":279,"id":"val.nl.L12.x.5.2","source":"niets nieuws","translation":"nothing new","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"niets","gloss":"nothing"},{"text":"nieuws","gloss":"new"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.x.5.2.m4a"},{"number":280,"id":"val.nl.L12.x.5.3","source":"veel goeds","translation":"much good","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"veel","gloss":"much"},{"text":"goeds","gloss":"good"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.x.5.3.m4a"},{"number":281,"id":"val.nl.L12.x.6.1","source":"de zilveren lepel","translation":"the silver spoon","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"zilveren","gloss":"the silver spoon"},{"text":"lepel","gloss":"the silver spoon"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.x.6.1.m4a"},{"number":282,"id":"val.nl.L12.x.6.2","source":"de rechterzijde","translation":"the right side","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"rechterzijde","gloss":"the right side"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.x.6.2.m4a"},{"number":283,"id":"val.nl.L12.x.6.3","source":"de linkerhand","translation":"the left hand","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"linkerhand","gloss":"the left hand"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.x.6.3.m4a"},{"number":284,"id":"val.nl.L12.x.6.4","source":"dapperder mannen","translation":"braver men","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"dapperder","gloss":"braver"},{"text":"mannen","gloss":"men"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.x.6.4.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"De bediende en zijn meester","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":285,"id":"val.nl.L12.r.0","source":"De bediende en zijn meester","translation":"The servant and his master","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"bediende","gloss":"the servant, the servants"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his master"},{"text":"meester","gloss":"his master"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.r.0.m4a"},{"number":286,"id":"val.nl.L12.r.1","source":"Een rijke Engelsman zit aan tafel.","translation":"A rich Englishman is sitting at the table.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"rijke","gloss":"rich"},{"text":"Engelsman","gloss":"Engelsman"},{"text":"zit","gloss":"to sit"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"tafel.","gloss":"table"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.r.1.m4a"},{"number":287,"id":"val.nl.L12.r.2","source":"Hij neemt het brood op, dat de knecht hem gebracht heeft, en zegt toen op strenge toon: “Thompson, ik heb je verscheidene malen beknord, omdat je me oudbakken brood bij mijn middageten gebracht hebt.","translation":"He picks up the bread that the servant has brought him, and then says in a stern tone: “Thompson, I have scolded you several times because you have brought me stale bread for my dinner.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"neemt","gloss":"takes"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"brood","gloss":"bread"},{"text":"op,","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"knecht","gloss":"servant"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"gebracht","gloss":"brought"},{"text":"heeft,","gloss":"has"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"zegt","gloss":"says"},{"text":"toen","gloss":"as, when"},{"text":"op","gloss":"in a stern tone"},{"text":"strenge","gloss":"in a stern tone"},{"text":"toon:","gloss":"in a stern tone"},{"text":"“Thompson,","gloss":"Thompson"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"have"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"verscheidene","gloss":"several"},{"text":"malen","gloss":"times"},{"text":"beknord,","gloss":"scolded"},{"text":"omdat","gloss":"because"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"me","gloss":"me"},{"text":"oudbakken","gloss":"stale"},{"text":"brood","gloss":"bread"},{"text":"bij","gloss":"with"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"middageten","gloss":"dinner"},{"text":"gebracht","gloss":"brought"},{"text":"hebt.","gloss":"have"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.r.2.m4a"},{"number":288,"id":"val.nl.L12.r.3","source":"Hoe komt het dat je me nu weer oudbakken brengt?”","translation":"How is it that you are bringing me stale bread again now?”","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hoe","gloss":"how"},{"text":"komt","gloss":"comes"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"me","gloss":"me"},{"text":"nu","gloss":"now, at present"},{"text":"weer","gloss":"again"},{"text":"oudbakken","gloss":"stale"},{"text":"brengt?”","gloss":"brings"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.r.3.m4a"},{"number":289,"id":"val.nl.L12.r.4","source":"Thompson antwoordt op deftige en eerbiedige toon: “Waarlijk, mijnheer, ik weet niet meer hoe ik 't aanleggen moet.","translation":"Thompson answers in a dignified and respectful tone: “Truly, sir, I no longer know how I am to manage it.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Thompson","gloss":"Thompson"},{"text":"antwoordt","gloss":"answers"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"deftige","gloss":"dignified"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"eerbiedige","gloss":"respectful"},{"text":"toon:","gloss":"tone, voice"},{"text":"“Waarlijk,","gloss":"truly"},{"text":"mijnheer,","gloss":"sir!; Mr. (as a title before a name)"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"weet","gloss":"know"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"meer","gloss":"more"},{"text":"hoe","gloss":"how"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"'t","gloss":"it"},{"text":"aanleggen","gloss":"to manage"},{"text":"moet.","gloss":"must"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.r.4.m4a"},{"number":290,"id":"val.nl.L12.r.5","source":"Het oudbakken brood kan toch niet weggeworpen worden, wel?”","translation":"The stale bread surely cannot be thrown away, can it?”","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"oudbakken","gloss":"stale"},{"text":"brood","gloss":"bread"},{"text":"kan","gloss":"can"},{"text":"toch","gloss":"not... after all"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not... after all"},{"text":"weggeworpen","gloss":"to throw away"},{"text":"worden,","gloss":"become, are (passive)"},{"text":"wel?”","gloss":"but"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.r.5.m4a"},{"number":291,"id":"val.nl.L12.r.6","source":"“Zeker niet, maar me dunkt dat de bedienden dat wel konden eten.”","translation":"“Certainly not, but it seems to me that the servants could well eat it.”","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"“Zeker","gloss":"surely, certainly"},{"text":"niet,","gloss":"not"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"me","gloss":"me thinks"},{"text":"dunkt","gloss":"me thinks"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"bedienden","gloss":"the servant, the servants"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"wel","gloss":"but"},{"text":"konden","gloss":"could"},{"text":"eten.”","gloss":"eat; food"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.r.6.m4a"},{"number":292,"id":"val.nl.L12.r.7","source":"“Wij eten alleen vers brood in de keuken,” antwoordde Thompson.","translation":"“We eat only fresh bread in the kitchen,” Thompson answered.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"“Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"eten","gloss":"eat; food"},{"text":"alleen","gloss":"only"},{"text":"vers","gloss":"new"},{"text":"brood","gloss":"bread"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"keuken,”","gloss":"kitchen"},{"text":"antwoordde","gloss":"answered"},{"text":"Thompson.","gloss":"Thompson"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.r.7.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"meester","gloss":"his master (zijn meester)"},{"word":"brood","gloss":"bread"},{"word":"middageten","gloss":"dinner"},{"word":"toon","gloss":"tone, voice"},{"word":"verscheidene","gloss":"several"},{"word":"oudbakken","gloss":"stale"},{"word":"toen","gloss":"then"},{"word":"toon","gloss":"in a stern tone (op strenge toon)"},{"word":"omdat","gloss":"because"},{"word":"bij","gloss":"with"},{"word":"keuken","gloss":"kitchen"},{"word":"vers","gloss":"new"},{"word":"Waarlijk","gloss":"truly"},{"word":"Zeker","gloss":"certainly"},{"word":"weer","gloss":"again"},{"word":"Hoe","gloss":"how"},{"word":"wel","gloss":"well"},{"word":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"word":"alleen","gloss":"only"},{"word":"aanleggen","gloss":"to manage"},{"word":"dunkt","gloss":"me thinks (mij dunkt)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 12: conversation","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":293,"id":"val.nl.L12.c.q1","source":"Wie zit aan tafel?","translation":"Who is sitting at the table?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wie","gloss":"who"},{"text":"zit","gloss":"to sit"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"tafel?","gloss":"table"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.c.q1.m4a"},{"number":294,"id":"val.nl.L12.c.q2","source":"Wat zegt de meester op strenge toon tegen zijn knecht?","translation":"What does the master say in a stern tone to his servant?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"zegt","gloss":"to say"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"meester","gloss":"master"},{"text":"op","gloss":"in a stern tone"},{"text":"strenge","gloss":"in a stern tone"},{"text":"toon","gloss":"in a stern tone"},{"text":"tegen","gloss":"against; to"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"knecht?","gloss":"servant"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.c.q2.m4a"},{"number":295,"id":"val.nl.L12.c.q3","source":"Wat wil hij weten? Hoe het komt, dat . . . .","translation":"What does he want to know? How it is, that . . . .","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"wil","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"weten?","gloss":"to know"},{"text":"Hoe","gloss":"how"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"komt,","gloss":"to come"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":".","gloss":""},{"text":".","gloss":""},{"text":".","gloss":""},{"text":".","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.c.q3.m4a"},{"number":296,"id":"val.nl.L12.c.q4","source":"Hoe en wat antwoordt Thompson?","translation":"How, and what, does Thompson answer?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hoe","gloss":"how"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"antwoordt","gloss":"to answer"},{"text":"Thompson?","gloss":"Thompson"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.c.q4.m4a"},{"number":297,"id":"val.nl.L12.c.a1","source":"Een rijke Engelsman zit aan tafel.","translation":"A rich Englishman is sitting at the table.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"rijke","gloss":"rich"},{"text":"Engelsman","gloss":"Engelsman"},{"text":"zit","gloss":"to sit"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"tafel.","gloss":"table"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.c.a1.m4a"},{"number":298,"id":"val.nl.L12.c.a2","source":"Hij zegt: “Thompson, ik heb je verscheidene malen beknord, omdat je me oudbakken brood bij mijn middageten brengt.”","translation":"He says: “Thompson, I have scolded you several times because you bring me stale bread for my dinner.”","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"zegt:","gloss":"says"},{"text":"“Thompson,","gloss":"Thompson"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"have"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"verscheidene","gloss":"several"},{"text":"malen","gloss":"times"},{"text":"beknord,","gloss":"scolded"},{"text":"omdat","gloss":"because"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"me","gloss":"me"},{"text":"oudbakken","gloss":"stale"},{"text":"brood","gloss":"bread"},{"text":"bij","gloss":"with"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"middageten","gloss":"dinner"},{"text":"brengt.”","gloss":"brings"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.c.a2.m4a"},{"number":299,"id":"val.nl.L12.c.a3","source":"Hij wil weten hoe het komt dat Thompson hem steeds weer oudbakken brood brengt.","translation":"He wants to know why Thompson keeps bringing him stale bread again and again.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"wil","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"weten","gloss":"to know"},{"text":"hoe","gloss":"how"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"komt","gloss":"to come"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"Thompson","gloss":"Thompson"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"steeds","gloss":"always"},{"text":"weer","gloss":"again"},{"text":"oudbakken","gloss":"stale"},{"text":"brood","gloss":"bread"},{"text":"brengt.","gloss":"brings"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.c.a3.m4a"},{"number":300,"id":"val.nl.L12.c.a4","source":"Thompson antwoordt op deftige en eerbiedige toon dat hij niet meer weet hoe hij het moet aanleggen.","translation":"Thompson answers in a dignified and respectful tone that he no longer knows how to manage it.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Thompson","gloss":"Thompson"},{"text":"antwoordt","gloss":"to answer"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"deftige","gloss":"dignified"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"eerbiedige","gloss":"respectful"},{"text":"toon","gloss":"tone, voice"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"meer","gloss":"more"},{"text":"weet","gloss":"to know"},{"text":"hoe","gloss":"how"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"moet","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"aanleggen.","gloss":"to manage"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.c.a4.m4a"},{"number":301,"id":"val.nl.L12.c.q5","source":"Wat kan niet weggeworpen worden?","translation":"What cannot be thrown away?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"kan","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"weggeworpen","gloss":"to throw away"},{"text":"worden?","gloss":"to become, to get"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.c.q5.m4a"},{"number":302,"id":"val.nl.L12.c.q6","source":"Wat meende de meester van Thompson?","translation":"What did the master suggest to Thompson?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"meende","gloss":"to think, to believe"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"meester","gloss":"master"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"Thompson?","gloss":"Thompson"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.c.q6.m4a"},{"number":303,"id":"val.nl.L12.c.q7","source":"Wat antwoordde de laatste (the latter)?","translation":"What did the last one answer?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"antwoordde","gloss":"to answer"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"laatste","gloss":"last"},{"text":"(the","gloss":"the"},{"text":"latter)?","gloss":"latter"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.c.q7.m4a"},{"number":304,"id":"val.nl.L12.c.a5","source":"Het oudbakken brood kan niet weggeworpen worden.","translation":"The stale bread cannot be thrown away.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"oudbakken","gloss":"stale"},{"text":"brood","gloss":"bread"},{"text":"kan","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"weggeworpen","gloss":"to throw away"},{"text":"worden.","gloss":"to become, to get"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.c.a5.m4a"},{"number":305,"id":"val.nl.L12.c.a6","source":"Hij meende dat de bedienden het oudbakken brood wel konden eten.","translation":"He suggested that the servants could well eat the stale bread.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"meende","gloss":"to think, to believe"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"bedienden","gloss":"the servant, the servants"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"oudbakken","gloss":"stale"},{"text":"brood","gloss":"bread"},{"text":"wel","gloss":"but"},{"text":"konden","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"eten.","gloss":"to eat"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.c.a6.m4a"},{"number":306,"id":"val.nl.L12.c.a7","source":"Thompson antwoordde dat zij in de keuken alleen vers brood aten.","translation":"Thompson answered that in the kitchen they ate only fresh bread.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Thompson","gloss":"Thompson"},{"text":"antwoordde","gloss":"to answer"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"keuken","gloss":"kitchen"},{"text":"alleen","gloss":"only"},{"text":"vers","gloss":"new"},{"text":"brood","gloss":"bread"},{"text":"aten.","gloss":"ate"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.c.a7.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 12: exercise 24","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":307,"id":"val.nl.L12.e24.i1","source":"de goede vader","translation":"a) the good father","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.e24.i1.m4a"},{"number":308,"id":"val.nl.L12.e24.i2","source":"de oude moeder","translation":"a) the old mother","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.e24.i2.m4a"},{"number":309,"id":"val.nl.L12.e24.i3","source":"het kleine kind","translation":"a) the little child","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.e24.i3.m4a"},{"number":310,"id":"val.nl.L12.e24.i4","source":"mijn grote tuin","translation":"a) my large garden","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.e24.i4.m4a"},{"number":311,"id":"val.nl.L12.e24.i5","source":"uw slechte pen","translation":"a) your bad pen","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.e24.i5.m4a"},{"number":312,"id":"val.nl.L12.e24.i6","source":"zijn oud huis","translation":"a) his old house","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.e24.i6.m4a"},{"number":313,"id":"val.nl.L12.e24.i7","source":"goede wijn","translation":"b) good wine (singular only)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.e24.i7.m4a"},{"number":314,"id":"val.nl.L12.e24.i8","source":"slechte vrucht","translation":"b) bad fruit (singular only)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.e24.i8.m4a"},{"number":315,"id":"val.nl.L12.e24.i9","source":"oud brood","translation":"b) stale bread (singular only)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.e24.i9.m4a"},{"number":316,"id":"val.nl.L12.e24.i10","source":"het kwade","translation":"b) the bad, evil (singular only)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.e24.i10.m4a"},{"number":317,"id":"val.nl.L12.e24.i11","source":"een arme","translation":"c) a poor woman","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.e24.i11.m4a"},{"number":318,"id":"val.nl.L12.e24.i12","source":"een rijke","translation":"c) a rich woman","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.e24.i12.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 12: exercise 25","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":319,"id":"val.nl.L12.e25.i1","source":"De dood van de oude vrouw.","translation":"The death of the old woman.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"dood","gloss":"death"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"oude","gloss":"old"},{"text":"vrouw.","gloss":"a woman, a lady"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.e25.i1.m4a"},{"number":320,"id":"val.nl.L12.e25.i2","source":"Geen slapende honden.","translation":"No sleeping dogs.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Geen","gloss":"no, not a"},{"text":"slapende","gloss":"sleep"},{"text":"honden.","gloss":"the dog, dogs"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.e25.i2.m4a"},{"number":321,"id":"val.nl.L12.e25.i3","source":"De rekening van de slimme herbergier.","translation":"The bill of the sly host.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"rekening","gloss":"the bill"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"slimme","gloss":"sly"},{"text":"herbergier.","gloss":"innkeeper, host"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.e25.i3.m4a"},{"number":322,"id":"val.nl.L12.e25.i4","source":"Een enkel ei.","translation":"One single egg.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"enkel","gloss":"single"},{"text":"ei.","gloss":"egg, eggs"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.e25.i4.m4a"},{"number":323,"id":"val.nl.L12.e25.i5","source":"In een grote dorpsherberg.","translation":"In a large village-inn.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"In","gloss":"in"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"grote","gloss":"big, great"},{"text":"dorpsherberg.","gloss":"a country inn"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.e25.i5.m4a"},{"number":324,"id":"val.nl.L12.e25.i6","source":"Eieren zijn schaars.","translation":"Eggs are scarce.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Eieren","gloss":"egg, eggs"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"schaars.","gloss":"scarce"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.e25.i6.m4a"},{"number":325,"id":"val.nl.L12.e25.i7","source":"Gedurende de hele dag en de hele nacht.","translation":"During (Gedurende) the whole day and the whole night.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Gedurende","gloss":"during"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"hele","gloss":"whole"},{"text":"dag","gloss":"day"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"hele","gloss":"whole"},{"text":"nacht.","gloss":"night"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.e25.i7.m4a"},{"number":326,"id":"val.nl.L12.e25.i8","source":"De schat van de ongelukkige gierigaard.","translation":"The treasure of the unhappy miser.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"schat","gloss":"treasure"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"ongelukkige","gloss":"unhappy"},{"text":"gierigaard.","gloss":"miser"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.e25.i8.m4a"},{"number":327,"id":"val.nl.L12.e25.i9","source":"Een ellendige steen.","translation":"A miserable stone.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"ellendige","gloss":"wretched"},{"text":"steen.","gloss":"stone"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.e25.i9.m4a"},{"number":328,"id":"val.nl.L12.e25.i10","source":"U zou uw grote schat niet hebben.","translation":"You would not have your great treasure.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"U","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"uw","gloss":"your (polite)"},{"text":"grote","gloss":"big, great"},{"text":"schat","gloss":"treasure"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"hebben.","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.e25.i10.m4a"},{"number":329,"id":"val.nl.L12.e25.i11","source":"De vrek was arm.","translation":"The miser was poor.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vrek","gloss":"miser"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"arm.","gloss":"poor, poorer"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.e25.i11.m4a"},{"number":330,"id":"val.nl.L12.e25.i12","source":"De bedienden van een jonge en zeer trotse edelman.","translation":"The servants of a young and very proud nobleman.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"bedienden","gloss":"the servant, the servants"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"jonge","gloss":"young"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"zeer","gloss":"very"},{"text":"trotse","gloss":"haughty"},{"text":"edelman.","gloss":"nobleman"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.e25.i12.m4a"},{"number":331,"id":"val.nl.L12.e25.i13","source":"Zij spraken over het vriendelijke aanbod.","translation":"They spoke about (over) the friendly offer.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"spraken","gloss":"spoke"},{"text":"over","gloss":"across, over"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"vriendelijke","gloss":"friendly, kind"},{"text":"aanbod.","gloss":"the offer"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.e25.i13.m4a"},{"number":332,"id":"val.nl.L12.e25.i14","source":"De studeerkamer of het studeervertrek van een geleerde, of van een geleerd man.","translation":"The study of a learned man.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"studeerkamer","gloss":"study"},{"text":"of","gloss":"or; whether"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"studeervertrek","gloss":"study"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"geleerde,","gloss":"a learned man"},{"text":"of","gloss":"or; whether"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"geleerd","gloss":"learned"},{"text":"man.","gloss":"man; husband"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.e25.i14.m4a"},{"number":333,"id":"val.nl.L12.e25.i15","source":"De geleerde schreef grote boeken.","translation":"The learned man wrote large books.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"geleerde","gloss":"a learned man"},{"text":"schreef","gloss":"to write"},{"text":"grote","gloss":"big, great"},{"text":"boeken.","gloss":"books"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.e25.i15.m4a"},{"number":334,"id":"val.nl.L12.e25.i16","source":"De hond zwom over de grote rivier.","translation":"The dog swam across the large river.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"hond","gloss":"the dog, dogs"},{"text":"zwom","gloss":"to swim"},{"text":"over","gloss":"across, over"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"grote","gloss":"big, great"},{"text":"rivier.","gloss":"river"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.e25.i16.m4a"},{"number":335,"id":"val.nl.L12.e25.i17","source":"Hoe groot was zijn verbazing!","translation":"How great was his astonishment!","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hoe","gloss":"how"},{"text":"groot","gloss":"great"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"verbazing!","gloss":"astonishment"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.e25.i17.m4a"},{"number":336,"id":"val.nl.L12.e25.i18","source":"Wij gaan naar een verwijderde stadswijk.","translation":"We go to (naar) a distant quarter.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"gaan","gloss":"to go"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"verwijderde","gloss":"remove"},{"text":"stadswijk.","gloss":"quarter"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.e25.i18.m4a"},{"number":337,"id":"val.nl.L12.e25.i19","source":"De dokter van een Engels schip.","translation":"The physician of an English ship.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"dokter","gloss":"physician, doctor"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"Engels","gloss":"English"},{"text":"schip.","gloss":"ship, ships"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.e25.i19.m4a"},{"number":338,"id":"val.nl.L12.e25.i20","source":"Hij verdronk in zijn eigen medicijnkist.","translation":"He was drowned in his own medicine-chest.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"verdronk","gloss":"to drown, to be drowned"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"eigen","gloss":"own"},{"text":"medicijnkist.","gloss":"medicine chest"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.e25.i20.m4a"},{"number":339,"id":"val.nl.L12.e25.i21","source":"Hij deelde het aan de man mee.","translation":"He communicated it to the man.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"deelde","gloss":"to communicate, to pass on"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"man","gloss":"man; husband"},{"text":"mee.","gloss":"along, with"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.e25.i21.m4a"},{"number":340,"id":"val.nl.L12.e25.i22","source":"Hij leefde in eeuwigdurende vrees.","translation":"He lived in everlasting fear.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"leefde","gloss":"lived"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"eeuwigdurende","gloss":"everlasting"},{"text":"vrees.","gloss":"fear"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.e25.i22.m4a"},{"number":341,"id":"val.nl.L12.e25.i23","source":"Die jongen was getuige.","translation":"That boy was (a) witness.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"jongen","gloss":"boy"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"getuige.","gloss":"witness"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.e25.i23.m4a"},{"number":342,"id":"val.nl.L12.e25.i24","source":"Die jongens waren getuigen van de twist.","translation":"Those boys were witnesses of the quarrel.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"jongens","gloss":"boys"},{"text":"waren","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"getuigen","gloss":"witnesses"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"twist.","gloss":"quarrel, dispute"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.e25.i24.m4a"},{"number":343,"id":"val.nl.L12.e25.i25","source":"Hij plaatste zich tussen de twistenden.","translation":"He placed himself between the quarrelling (boys).","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"plaatste","gloss":"to put, to place"},{"text":"zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"tussen","gloss":"between"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"twistenden.","gloss":"quarrelling boys"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.e25.i25.m4a"},{"number":344,"id":"val.nl.L12.e25.i26","source":"De kleine jongens zagen de noot.","translation":"The little boys saw the nut.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"kleine","gloss":"small"},{"text":"jongens","gloss":"boys"},{"text":"zagen","gloss":"to see"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"noot.","gloss":"a nut"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.e25.i26.m4a"},{"number":345,"id":"val.nl.L12.e25.i27","source":"In zijn hoge wijsheid.","translation":"In his great wisdom.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"In","gloss":"in"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"hoge","gloss":"high"},{"text":"wijsheid.","gloss":"wisdom"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.e25.i27.m4a"},{"number":346,"id":"val.nl.L12.e25.i28","source":"Het oudbakken brood.","translation":"The stale bread.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"oudbakken","gloss":"stale"},{"text":"brood.","gloss":"bread"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.e25.i28.m4a"},{"number":347,"id":"val.nl.L12.e25.i29","source":"Het gestolen vlees.","translation":"The stolen meat.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"gestolen","gloss":"to steal"},{"text":"vlees.","gloss":"meat"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.e25.i29.m4a"},{"number":348,"id":"val.nl.L12.e25.i30","source":"Aan de rechterzijde.","translation":"At the right side.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"rechterzijde.","gloss":"the right side"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.e25.i30.m4a"},{"number":349,"id":"val.nl.L12.e25.i31","source":"Met de linkerhand en linkervoet.","translation":"With the left hand and foot.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"linkerhand","gloss":"the left hand"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"linkervoet.","gloss":"left foot"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.e25.i31.m4a"},{"number":350,"id":"val.nl.L12.e25.i32","source":"Veel goeds.","translation":"Much good.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Veel","gloss":"much"},{"text":"goeds.","gloss":"good"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.e25.i32.m4a"},{"number":351,"id":"val.nl.L12.e25.i33","source":"Niets nieuws.","translation":"Nothing new.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Niets","gloss":"nothing"},{"text":"nieuws.","gloss":"new"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.e25.i33.m4a"},{"number":352,"id":"val.nl.L12.e25.i34","source":"Hij zag het met zijn rechteroog.","translation":"He saw it with his right eye.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"zag","gloss":"to see"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"rechteroog.","gloss":"right eye"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.e25.i34.m4a"},{"number":353,"id":"val.nl.L12.e25.i35","source":"Neurenberger speelgoed.","translation":"Nurenberg toys (speelgoed).","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Neurenberger","gloss":"Neurenberger"},{"text":"speelgoed.","gloss":"toys"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L12.e25.i35.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 13: Degrees of comparison: § 216 (and 3 more)","teaching":[{"title":"Three degrees of comparison","paragraphs":["An adjective can show how much of a quality a thing has. Dutch does this in three steps, called degrees.","The positive is the plain word: groot, big. The comparative says more: groter, bigger. The superlative says most: grootst, biggest.","Dutch names them de stellende trap, de vergrotende trap and de overtreffende trap."]},{"title":"The comparative ending","paragraphs":["The comparative adds er to the positive. Groot becomes groter. Hoog becomes hoger.","A positive that ends in e adds only r: blode, bloder. A positive that ends in r takes a d before the ending. Ver becomes verder. Zwaar becomes zwaarder.","Dan means than. Dit huis is hoger dan dat huis."]},{"title":"The superlative ending","paragraphs":["The superlative adds st to the positive. Groot becomes grootst. Hoog becomes hoogst.","A positive that ends in e drops the e: blode, bloodst. A positive that ends in s adds only t. Wijs becomes wijst. Fris becomes frist."]},{"title":"Meer and meest before the adjective","paragraphs":["Some forms sound better with a separate word in place of the ending. Meer means more. Meest means most.","Dutch always does this in the superlative when the positive ends in st. Vast becomes meest vast. Juist becomes meest juist.","Dit antwoord is het meest juist."]}],"lines":[{"number":354,"id":"val.nl.L13.x.1.1","source":"Groot is de stellende trap, groter de vergrotende trap en grootst de overtreffende trap.","translation":"Groot is the positive, groter the comparative and grootst the superlative.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Groot","gloss":"great"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"stellende","gloss":"putting"},{"text":"trap,","gloss":"stairs"},{"text":"groter","gloss":"great"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vergrotende","gloss":"comparative"},{"text":"trap","gloss":"stairs"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"grootst","gloss":"greatest"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"overtreffende","gloss":"surpassed"},{"text":"trap.","gloss":"stairs"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.x.1.1.m4a"},{"number":355,"id":"val.nl.L13.x.2.1","source":"Dit huis is hoger dan dat huis.","translation":"This house is higher than that house.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dit","gloss":"this"},{"text":"huis","gloss":"house"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"hoger","gloss":"high; (of age) great, old"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"huis.","gloss":"house"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.x.2.1.m4a"},{"number":356,"id":"val.nl.L13.x.2.2","source":"De reis was verder dan wij dachten.","translation":"The journey was farther than we thought.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"reis","gloss":"journey"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"verder","gloss":"further"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"dachten.","gloss":"thought"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.x.2.2.m4a"},{"number":357,"id":"val.nl.L13.x.3.1","source":"Puget was de beroemdste beeldhouwer van Frankrijk.","translation":"Puget was the most famous sculptor of France.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Puget","gloss":"Puget"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"beroemdste","gloss":"celebrated"},{"text":"beeldhouwer","gloss":"sculptor"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"Frankrijk.","gloss":"Frankrijk"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.x.3.1.m4a"},{"number":358,"id":"val.nl.L13.x.3.2","source":"Dit is de frisste ochtend van de week.","translation":"This is the freshest morning of the week.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dit","gloss":"this"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"frisste","gloss":"more refreshing"},{"text":"ochtend","gloss":"morning"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"week.","gloss":"week"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.x.3.2.m4a"},{"number":359,"id":"val.nl.L13.x.4.1","source":"Dit antwoord is het meest juist.","translation":"This answer is the most exact.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dit","gloss":"this"},{"text":"antwoord","gloss":"answer"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"meest","gloss":"most"},{"text":"juist.","gloss":"exactly"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.x.4.1.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1001,"text":"Degrees of comparison: § 216\n\nThere are three degrees of comparison: the Positive (de stellende trap), the Comparative (de vergrotende trap), and the Superlative (de overtreffende trap)."},{"section":1002,"text":"Forming the comparative: § 217\n\nThe Comparative is formed by adding (e)r to the Positive: groot - groter, hoog - hoger, blij - blijer, blode - bloder. If the Positive ends in r, the letter d is inserted: ver - verder, zwaar heavy - zwaarder. For the doubling and simplification of consonants and vowels in this process, see Book I."},{"section":1003,"text":"Forming the superlative: § 218\n\nThe Superlative is formed by adding st to the Positive: groot - grootst, hoog - hoogst. If the Positive ends in e, this letter is dropped: blij - blijst, blode - bloodst. If the Positive ends in s, t only is added: wijs wise - wijst, fris - frist."},{"section":1004,"text":"Meer and meest for euphony: § 219\n\nFor the sake of euphony the Comparative and Superlative are often expressed with meer more and meest most. This is always done in the Superlative if the Positive ends in st: vast firm - meest vast, juist exact - meest juist."},{"section":1005,"text":"Superlatives formed from adverbs: § 220\n\nSome Superlatives are formed from Adverbs but are used as Adjectives: achterst (achter) hindermost, benedenst (beneden) lowest, binnenst (binnen) inmost, bovenst (boven) uppermost, buitenst (buiten) outmost, onderst (onder) undermost, voorst (voor) foremost."},{"section":1006,"text":"Irregular comparison: goed, veel, weinig, kwaad: § 221\n\nThe Positives goed, veel, weinig have adverbial forms in the Comparative and Superlative: goed, beter, best = good, better, best; veel, meer, meest = much (many), more, most; weinig, minder, minst = little, less, least. Note. Kwaad = bad, ill: erger, ergst (from erg); kwaad = angry: kwader, kwaadst."},{"section":1007,"text":"Absolute adjectives used figuratively: § 222\n\nSome Adjectives with an absolute meaning are sometimes used in the Superlative in a figurative sense: de volmaaktste rust the most complete rest, het volste glas the fullest glass."},{"section":1008,"text":"Participles compared: § 223\n\nParticiples admit of degrees of comparison if they have become real Adjectives, with the accent on the root of the verb: een welsprekender man a more eloquent man, de welsprekendste man the most eloquent man; also uitstekend excellent, innemend charming, ingenomen pleased at. The participles uitstekend, innemend, ingenomen do not admit of degrees of comparison."},{"section":1009,"text":"English comparative, Dutch superlative: § 224\n\nIn English the Comparative is often used where Dutch requires the Superlative: de jongste van de twee broers the younger of the two brothers; compare Scipio de Jongere."},{"section":1010,"text":"Comparative expressing contrast only: § 225\n\nSometimes the Comparative expresses a contrast only: hoger onderwijs en lager onderwijs academic and primary instruction, het Lagerhuis en het Hogerhuis the House of Commons and the House of Lords."},{"section":1011,"text":"Strengthening the superlative with aller-: § 226\n\nThe Superlative is often strengthened by aller: aardig nice - aardigst, alleraardigst very nice; lief lovely - liefst, allerliefst most lovely; treurig sad - treurigst, allertreurigst most sad; belangrijk important - belangrijkst, allerbelangrijkst of the utmost importance."},{"section":1012,"text":"Compound words: § 227\n\nIf the Positive is a compound word the endings are added to the last part: bouwvallig decayed - bouwvalliger, bouwvalligst; vrijmoedig bold, free - vrijmoediger, vrijmoedigst; weldadig charitable - weldadiger, weldadigst."},{"section":1013,"text":"Goedkoop, and beterkoop/bestkoop: § 228\n\nThe degrees of goedkoop cheap are: goedkoper, goedkoopst. Written Dutch of the nineteenth century, Multatuli among the rest, also uses beterkoop and bestkoop as adjectives, though they are properly the comparative and superlative of the adverb goedkoop."},{"section":1014,"text":"Four notes on comparison: § 229\n\nNote: 1. Hij is zo groot als ik = he is as tall as I; hij is niet zo groot als ik = he is not so tall as I. 2. Hij is groter dan ik = he is taller than I; hij is minder groot dan ik = he is less tall than I. 3. Hij is eerder vlug dan vlijtig = he is sharp rather than industrious. 4. Zij zijn hoogst gelukkig = they are most happy."},{"section":1015,"text":"The predicative superlative takes the article: § 230\n\nSuperlatives used predicatively are in Dutch preceded by the article: de mens is in zijn jeugd het gelukkigst man is happiest in his youth, de Schelde is hier het diepst the Scheldt is deepest here."},{"section":2013,"text":"Verbs of this lesson, with their principal parts\n\nopgeven     to declare  ik geef op, ik gaf op, ik heb opgegeven\naandringen  to insist   ik dring aan, ik drong aan, ik heb aangedrongen"}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 13: Superlatives formed from adverbs: § 220 (and 4 more)","teaching":[{"title":"Superlatives from words of place","paragraphs":["Some adverbs of place have a superlative form. That form is used as an adjective.","Boven means above. Bovenst means uppermost. Achter means behind. Achterst means hindermost. Each form adds st to the adverb.","Hij woont op de bovenste verdieping. Zij zaten in de achterste rij."]},{"title":"Four words with their own forms","paragraphs":["Three common words do not take er and st. Goed becomes beter and best. Veel becomes meer and meest. Weinig becomes minder and minst.","These forms work as adverbs. De koning betaalde de generaals beter dan de beeldhouwer.","Kwaad has two meanings and two sets of forms. Kwaad as bad or ill becomes erger and ergst. Kwaad as angry becomes kwader and kwaadst."]},{"title":"Superlatives of words that name a limit","paragraphs":["Some adjectives have an absolute meaning. A full glass cannot be more full. Dutch still gives these words a superlative, in a figurative sense.","De volmaaktste rust means the most complete rest. Het volste glas means the fullest glass."]},{"title":"Participles that have become adjectives","paragraphs":["Some participles have become real adjectives. These take the comparative and superlative.","The sign is the accent. It falls on the root of the verb. Een welsprekender man is a more eloquent man. De welsprekendste man is the most eloquent man.","Three participles do not take degrees: uitstekend, innemend and ingenomen."]},{"title":"The superlative for one of two","paragraphs":["English uses the comparative to pick one of two: the younger of the two brothers.","Dutch uses the superlative here: de jongste van de twee broers."]}],"lines":[{"number":360,"id":"val.nl.L13.x.5.1","source":"Hij woont op de bovenste verdieping.","translation":"He lives on the topmost floor.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"woont","gloss":"lives"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"bovenste","gloss":"topmost"},{"text":"verdieping.","gloss":"floor"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.x.5.1.m4a"},{"number":361,"id":"val.nl.L13.x.5.2","source":"Zij zaten in de achterste rij.","translation":"They sat in the back row.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"zaten","gloss":"to sit"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"achterste","gloss":"back"},{"text":"rij.","gloss":"row"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.x.5.2.m4a"},{"number":362,"id":"val.nl.L13.x.6.1","source":"De koning betaalde de generaals beter dan de beeldhouwer.","translation":"The king paid the generals better than the sculptor.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"koning","gloss":"king, kings"},{"text":"betaalde","gloss":"to pay"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"generaals","gloss":"general"},{"text":"beter","gloss":"better"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"beeldhouwer.","gloss":"sculptor"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.x.6.1.m4a"},{"number":363,"id":"val.nl.L13.x.6.2","source":"Er waren minder officieren dan generaals.","translation":"There were fewer officers than generals.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"waren","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"minder","gloss":"less"},{"text":"officieren","gloss":"officers"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"generaals.","gloss":"generals"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.x.6.2.m4a"},{"number":364,"id":"val.nl.L13.x.7.1","source":"De koning wenste hem de volmaaktste rust toe.","translation":"The king wished him the most complete rest.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"koning","gloss":"king, kings"},{"text":"wenste","gloss":"to wish"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"volmaaktste","gloss":"perfect"},{"text":"rust","gloss":"rest"},{"text":"toe.","gloss":"to"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.x.7.1.m4a"},{"number":365,"id":"val.nl.L13.x.8.1","source":"Puget was een welsprekender man dan de minister.","translation":"Puget was a more eloquent man than the minister.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Puget","gloss":"Puget"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"welsprekender","gloss":"more eloquent"},{"text":"man","gloss":"man; husband"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"minister.","gloss":"Minister"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.x.8.1.m4a"},{"number":366,"id":"val.nl.L13.x.9.1","source":"Puget was de jongste van de twee beeldhouwers.","translation":"Puget was the younger of the two sculptors.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Puget","gloss":"Puget"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"jongste","gloss":"youngest"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"twee","gloss":"two"},{"text":"beeldhouwers.","gloss":"sculptor"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.x.9.1.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 13: Comparative expressing contrast only: § 225 (and 5 more)","teaching":[{"title":"A comparative that only contrasts","paragraphs":["Sometimes a comparative sets two things apart and compares nothing. Hoger onderwijs is academic instruction. Lager onderwijs is primary instruction.","Het Lagerhuis and het Hogerhuis are the House of Commons and the House of Lords."]},{"title":"Aller before the superlative","paragraphs":["Aller, joined to the front of a superlative, makes it stronger.","Aardigst becomes alleraardigst, very nice. Liefst becomes allerliefst, most lovely. Belangrijkst becomes allerbelangrijkst, of the utmost importance."]},{"title":"The ending on the last part","paragraphs":["Some adjectives are made of two words joined into one. Bouwvallig is one example.","The comparative and superlative endings go on the last part. Bouwvallig becomes bouwvalliger and bouwvalligst.","Vrijmoedig becomes vrijmoediger and vrijmoedigst. Weldadig becomes weldadiger and weldadigst."]},{"title":"The degrees of goedkoop","paragraphs":["Goedkoop means cheap. Its comparative is goedkoper. Its superlative is goedkoopst.","Written Dutch of the nineteenth century, Multatuli among the rest, also uses beterkoop and bestkoop as adjectives. Properly they are the comparative and superlative of the adverb goedkoop."]},{"title":"Equal, less and rather","paragraphs":["Zo groot als ik means as tall as I. Niet zo groot als ik means not so tall as I. Als links two things that are equal.","Groter dan ik means taller than I. Minder groot dan ik means less tall than I. Dan links two things that differ.","Eerder vlug dan vlijtig means sharp rather than industrious. Hoogst gelukkig means most happy."]},{"title":"Het before a superlative after the verb","paragraphs":["When a superlative comes after a verb such as is, without a noun, Dutch puts het before it.","De Schelde is hier het diepst means the Scheldt is deepest here. De mens is in zijn jeugd het gelukkigst means man is happiest in his youth.","English has no the here. Dutch keeps het."]}],"lines":[{"number":367,"id":"val.nl.L13.x.10.1","source":"Hij sprak over hoger en lager onderwijs.","translation":"He spoke about higher and primary education.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"sprak","gloss":"to speak"},{"text":"over","gloss":"across, over"},{"text":"hoger","gloss":"high; (of age) great, old"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"lager","gloss":"lower down"},{"text":"onderwijs.","gloss":"instruction"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.x.10.1.m4a"},{"number":368,"id":"val.nl.L13.x.11.1","source":"Frankrijk had maar weinig beeldhouwers die zo beroemd waren als Puget: hij was allerberoemdst.","translation":"France had few sculptors as famous as Puget: he was the most famous of all.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Frankrijk","gloss":"France"},{"text":"had","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"weinig","gloss":"little, few"},{"text":"beeldhouwers","gloss":"sculptor"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"zo","gloss":"so, as"},{"text":"beroemd","gloss":"celebrated"},{"text":"waren","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"Puget:","gloss":"Puget"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"allerberoemdst.","gloss":"most famous of all"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.x.11.1.m4a"},{"number":369,"id":"val.nl.L13.x.12.1","source":"Het huis van de gierigaard was bouwvalliger dan het onze.","translation":"The miser's house was more dilapidated than ours.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"huis","gloss":"house"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"gierigaard","gloss":"miser"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"bouwvalliger","gloss":"ramshackle"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"onze.","gloss":"our"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.x.12.1.m4a"},{"number":370,"id":"val.nl.L13.x.13.1","source":"De standbeelden van Puget waren niet goedkoop.","translation":"Puget's statues were not cheap.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"standbeelden","gloss":"statues"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"Puget","gloss":"Puget"},{"text":"waren","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"goedkoop.","gloss":"cheap"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.x.13.1.m4a"},{"number":371,"id":"val.nl.L13.x.14.1","source":"Puget was niet zo bescheiden als de minister dacht.","translation":"Puget was not as modest as the minister thought.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Puget","gloss":"Puget"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"zo","gloss":"so, as"},{"text":"bescheiden","gloss":"humble"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"minister","gloss":"Minister"},{"text":"dacht.","gloss":"thought"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.x.14.1.m4a"},{"number":372,"id":"val.nl.L13.x.14.2","source":"De koning was rijker dan Puget.","translation":"The king was richer than Puget.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"koning","gloss":"king, kings"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"rijker","gloss":"rich, richer"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"Puget.","gloss":"Puget"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.x.14.2.m4a"},{"number":373,"id":"val.nl.L13.x.15.1","source":"Puget was in Frankrijk het beroemdst.","translation":"Puget was the most famous in France.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Puget","gloss":"Puget"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"Frankrijk","gloss":"Frankrijk"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"beroemdst.","gloss":"most famous"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.x.15.1.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lodewijk de Veertiende en Puget","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":374,"id":"val.nl.L13.r.0","source":"Lodewijk de Veertiende en Puget","translation":"Louis the Fourteenth and Puget","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Lodewijk","gloss":"Louis"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Veertiende","gloss":"Veertiende"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"Puget","gloss":"Puget"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.r.0.m4a"},{"number":375,"id":"val.nl.L13.r.1","source":"De beroemde beeldhouwer Puget beklaagde zich eens bij de markies de Louvois, dat hij niet tevreden was met de prijs, die de koning hem voor zijn standbeelden betaald had.","translation":"The famous sculptor Puget once complained to the marquis de Louvois that he was not content with the price the king had paid him for his statues.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"beroemde","gloss":"celebrated"},{"text":"beeldhouwer","gloss":"sculptor"},{"text":"Puget","gloss":"Puget"},{"text":"beklaagde","gloss":"complained"},{"text":"zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"eens","gloss":"once, one day"},{"text":"bij","gloss":"with"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"markies","gloss":"marquis"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Louvois,","gloss":"Louvois"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"tevreden","gloss":"contented"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"prijs,","gloss":"price"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"koning","gloss":"king, kings"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"standbeelden","gloss":"statues"},{"text":"betaald","gloss":"to pay"},{"text":"had.","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.r.1.m4a"},{"number":376,"id":"val.nl.L13.r.2","source":"De minister sprak er met de koning over; Lodewijk de Veertiende antwoordde de minister: “Puget moest zich ook duidelijker verklaren en nauwkeurig opgeven wat hij hebben moet.”","translation":"The minister spoke about it with the king; Louis the Fourteenth answered the minister: “Puget ought to explain himself more clearly and state precisely what he wants.”","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"minister","gloss":"Minister"},{"text":"sprak","gloss":"spoke"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"koning","gloss":"king, kings"},{"text":"over;","gloss":"across, over"},{"text":"Lodewijk","gloss":"Louis"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Veertiende","gloss":"fourteenth"},{"text":"antwoordde","gloss":"answered"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"minister:","gloss":"Minister"},{"text":"“Puget","gloss":"Puget"},{"text":"moest","gloss":"had to"},{"text":"zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"ook","gloss":"also, likewise"},{"text":"duidelijker","gloss":"more clearly"},{"text":"verklaren","gloss":"to explain"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"nauwkeurig","gloss":"exact(ly)"},{"text":"opgeven","gloss":"enter"},{"text":"wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"hebben","gloss":"have"},{"text":"moet.”","gloss":"must"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.r.2.m4a"},{"number":377,"id":"val.nl.L13.r.3","source":"Louvois drong bij de beeldhouwer aan hem de juiste prijs op te geven.","translation":"Louvois urged the sculptor to state the exact price to him.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Louvois","gloss":"Louvois"},{"text":"drong","gloss":"to insist"},{"text":"bij","gloss":"with"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"beeldhouwer","gloss":"sculptor"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"juiste","gloss":"exactly"},{"text":"prijs","gloss":"price"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"geven.","gloss":"to give"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.r.3.m4a"},{"number":378,"id":"val.nl.L13.r.4","source":"Puget vroeg een zeer aanzienlijke som.","translation":"Puget asked for a very considerable sum.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Puget","gloss":"Puget"},{"text":"vroeg","gloss":"to 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aan?","translation":"What did Louvois insist on?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Waarop","gloss":"on which"},{"text":"drong","gloss":"to insist"},{"text":"Louvois","gloss":"Louvois"},{"text":"aan?","gloss":"on, at, to"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.c.q4.m4a"},{"number":385,"id":"val.nl.L13.c.a1","source":"De beroemde beeldhouwer Puget beklaagde zich bij de markies de Louvois.","translation":"The famous sculptor Puget complained to the marquis de Louvois.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"beroemde","gloss":"celebrated"},{"text":"beeldhouwer","gloss":"sculptor"},{"text":"Puget","gloss":"Puget"},{"text":"beklaagde","gloss":"complained"},{"text":"zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, 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(irregular)"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"prijs","gloss":"price"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"koning","gloss":"king, kings"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"standbeelden","gloss":"statues"},{"text":"betaald","gloss":"to pay"},{"text":"had.","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.c.a2.m4a"},{"number":387,"id":"val.nl.L13.c.a3","source":"Hij zei tegen de minister: “Puget moest zich ook duidelijker verklaren en nauwkeurig opgeven wat hij hebben moet.”","translation":"He said to the minister: “Puget ought to explain himself more clearly and state precisely what he wants.”","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"zei","gloss":"said"},{"text":"tegen","gloss":"to (a 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reply?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"hernam","gloss":"returned"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"minister?","gloss":"Minister"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.c.q6.m4a"},{"number":391,"id":"val.nl.L13.c.q7","source":"Hoe luidde (was) het antwoord van Puget?","translation":"What was Puget's answer?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hoe","gloss":"how"},{"text":"luidde","gloss":"sounded"},{"text":"(was)","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"antwoord","gloss":"answer"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"Puget?","gloss":"Puget"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.c.q7.m4a"},{"number":392,"id":"val.nl.L13.c.a5","source":"Puget vroeg een zeer aanzienlijke som.","translation":"Puget asked for a very considerable sum.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Puget","gloss":"Puget"},{"text":"vroeg","gloss":"to 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best","translation":"good","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"goed,","gloss":"good, well"},{"text":"beter,","gloss":"better"},{"text":"best","gloss":"well"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.e26.i17.m4a"},{"number":408,"id":"val.nl.L13.e26.i18","source":"geleerd, geleerder, geleerdst","translation":"learned","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"geleerd,","gloss":"learned"},{"text":"geleerder,","gloss":"more learned"},{"text":"geleerdst","gloss":"most learned"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.e26.i18.m4a"},{"number":409,"id":"val.nl.L13.e26.i19","source":"gemakkelijk, gemakkelijker, gemakkelijkst","translation":"easy","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"gemakkelijk,","gloss":"easy, easily"},{"text":"gemakkelijker,","gloss":"easy, easily"},{"text":"gemakkelijkst","gloss":"easiest"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.e26.i19.m4a"},{"number":410,"id":"val.nl.L13.e26.i21","source":"hoog, hoger, hoogst","translation":"high","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"hoog,","gloss":"high; (of age) great, old"},{"text":"hoger,","gloss":"high; (of age) great, old"},{"text":"hoogst","gloss":"highest"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.e26.i21.m4a"},{"number":411,"id":"val.nl.L13.e26.i22","source":"handig, handiger, handigst","translation":"handy","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"handig,","gloss":"deftly"},{"text":"handiger,","gloss":"deftly"},{"text":"handigst","gloss":"handiest"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.e26.i22.m4a"},{"number":412,"id":"val.nl.L13.e26.i23","source":"hevig, heviger, hevigst","translation":"violent, intense","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"hevig,","gloss":"fierce, fiercely"},{"text":"heviger,","gloss":"more violent"},{"text":"hevigst","gloss":"fierce, fiercely"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.e26.i23.m4a"},{"number":413,"id":"val.nl.L13.e26.i25","source":"ingenomen, ingenomener, ingenomenst","translation":"pleased","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ingenomen,","gloss":"taken"},{"text":"ingenomener,","gloss":"more pleased"},{"text":"ingenomenst","gloss":"most pleased"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.e26.i25.m4a"},{"number":414,"id":"val.nl.L13.e26.i26","source":"jong, jonger, jongst","translation":"young","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"jong,","gloss":"young"},{"text":"jonger,","gloss":"younger"},{"text":"jongst","gloss":"youngest"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.e26.i26.m4a"},{"number":415,"id":"val.nl.L13.e26.i28","source":"koel, koeler, koelst","translation":"cool","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"koel,","gloss":"cool"},{"text":"koeler,","gloss":"cooler"},{"text":"koelst","gloss":"coolest"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.e26.i28.m4a"},{"number":416,"id":"val.nl.L13.e26.i29","source":"klein, kleiner, kleinst","translation":"small","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"klein,","gloss":"small"},{"text":"kleiner,","gloss":"smaller"},{"text":"kleinst","gloss":"small"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.e26.i29.m4a"},{"number":417,"id":"val.nl.L13.e26.i30","source":"lief, liever, liefst","translation":"dear, lovely","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"lief,","gloss":"dear"},{"text":"liever,","gloss":"rather"},{"text":"liefst","gloss":"preferably"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.e26.i30.m4a"},{"number":418,"id":"val.nl.L13.e26.i32","source":"oud, ouder, oudst","translation":"old","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"oud,","gloss":"old"},{"text":"ouder,","gloss":"elder"},{"text":"oudst","gloss":"oldest"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.e26.i32.m4a"},{"number":419,"id":"val.nl.L13.e26.i33","source":"ongelukkig, ongelukkiger, ongelukkigst","translation":"unhappy","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ongelukkig,","gloss":"happy, unhappy"},{"text":"ongelukkiger,","gloss":"happy, unhappy"},{"text":"ongelukkigst","gloss":"happy, unhappy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.e26.i33.m4a"},{"number":420,"id":"val.nl.L13.e26.i34","source":"ongesteld, ongestelder, ongesteldst","translation":"unwell, indisposed","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ongesteld,","gloss":"unwell"},{"text":"ongestelder,","gloss":"more unwell"},{"text":"ongesteldst","gloss":"most unwell"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.e26.i34.m4a"},{"number":421,"id":"val.nl.L13.e26.i36","source":"trots, trotser, trotst","translation":"proud","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"trots,","gloss":"haughty"},{"text":"trotser,","gloss":"trotser"},{"text":"trotst","gloss":"proudest"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.e26.i36.m4a"},{"number":422,"id":"val.nl.L13.e26.i37","source":"treurig, treuriger, treurigst","translation":"sad","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"treurig,","gloss":"mournfully"},{"text":"treuriger,","gloss":"sorrowful"},{"text":"treurigst","gloss":"saddest"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.e26.i37.m4a"},{"number":423,"id":"val.nl.L13.e26.i38","source":"tevreden, tevredener, tevredenst","translation":"contented","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"tevreden,","gloss":"contented"},{"text":"tevredener,","gloss":"more contented"},{"text":"tevredenst","gloss":"most contented"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.e26.i38.m4a"},{"number":424,"id":"val.nl.L13.e26.i40","source":"uitstekend, uitstekender, uitstekendst","translation":"outstanding","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"uitstekend,","gloss":"eminent"},{"text":"uitstekender,","gloss":"more outstanding"},{"text":"uitstekendst","gloss":"most outstanding"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.e26.i40.m4a"},{"number":425,"id":"val.nl.L13.e26.i41","source":"vlijtig, vlijtiger, vlijtigst","translation":"diligent","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"vlijtig,","gloss":"diligent"},{"text":"vlijtiger,","gloss":"more diligent"},{"text":"vlijtigst","gloss":"most diligent"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.e26.i41.m4a"},{"number":426,"id":"val.nl.L13.e26.i42","source":"vergenoegd, vergenoegder, vergenoegdst","translation":"satisfied","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"vergenoegd,","gloss":"contented"},{"text":"vergenoegder,","gloss":"more satisfied"},{"text":"vergenoegdst","gloss":"most satisfied"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.e26.i42.m4a"},{"number":427,"id":"val.nl.L13.e26.i44","source":"veel, meer, meest","translation":"much, many","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"veel,","gloss":"much"},{"text":"meer,","gloss":"more"},{"text":"meest","gloss":"most"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.e26.i44.m4a"},{"number":428,"id":"val.nl.L13.e26.i45","source":"vriendelijk, vriendelijker, vriendelijkst","translation":"friendly","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"vriendelijk,","gloss":"friendly, kind"},{"text":"vriendelijker,","gloss":"friendly, kind"},{"text":"vriendelijkst","gloss":"friendliest"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.e26.i45.m4a"},{"number":429,"id":"val.nl.L13.e26.i46","source":"wijs, wijzer, wijst","translation":"wise","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"wijs,","gloss":"wise"},{"text":"wijzer,","gloss":"wiser"},{"text":"wijst","gloss":"pointed"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.e26.i46.m4a"},{"number":430,"id":"val.nl.L13.e26.i48","source":"weinig, minder, minst","translation":"little, few","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"weinig,","gloss":"little, few"},{"text":"minder,","gloss":"less"},{"text":"minst","gloss":"least"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.e26.i48.m4a"},{"number":431,"id":"val.nl.L13.e26.i49","source":"welsprekend, welsprekender, welsprekendst","translation":"eloquent","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"welsprekend,","gloss":"eloquent"},{"text":"welsprekender,","gloss":"welsprekender"},{"text":"welsprekendst","gloss":"most eloquent"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.e26.i49.m4a"},{"number":432,"id":"val.nl.L13.e26.i50","source":"weldadig, weldadiger, weldadigst","translation":"charitable, beneficial","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"weldadig,","gloss":"charitable"},{"text":"weldadiger,","gloss":"more charitable"},{"text":"weldadigst","gloss":"most charitable"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.e26.i50.m4a"},{"number":433,"id":"val.nl.L13.e26.i52","source":"zeker, zekerder, zekerst","translation":"certain, sure","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"zeker,","gloss":"surely, certainly"},{"text":"zekerder,","gloss":"more certain"},{"text":"zekerst","gloss":"zekerst"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.e26.i52.m4a"},{"number":434,"id":"val.nl.L13.e26.i53","source":"zuiver, zuiverder, zuiverst","translation":"pure","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"zuiver,","gloss":"sound"},{"text":"zuiverder,","gloss":"purer"},{"text":"zuiverst","gloss":"purest"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.e26.i53.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 13: exercise 27","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":435,"id":"val.nl.L13.e27.i1","source":"Zijn zuster is een grote en mooie dame.","translation":"His sister is a tall and beautiful lady.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"zuster","gloss":"sister"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"grote","gloss":"big, great"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"mooie","gloss":"beautiful"},{"text":"dame.","gloss":"lady"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.e27.i1.m4a"},{"number":436,"id":"val.nl.L13.e27.i2","source":"Tell was geen slechte jager.","translation":"Tell was no bad sportsman.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Tell","gloss":"Tell"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"geen","gloss":"no, not a"},{"text":"slechte","gloss":"bad"},{"text":"jager.","gloss":"hunter"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.e27.i2.m4a"},{"number":437,"id":"val.nl.L13.e27.i3","source":"De koning is een goede vader.","translation":"The king is a good father.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"koning","gloss":"king, kings"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"goede","gloss":"the good father"},{"text":"vader.","gloss":"the good father"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.e27.i3.m4a"},{"number":438,"id":"val.nl.L13.e27.i4","source":"Wij gaan naar Londen met de Vlissingse boot.","translation":"We go to London with the Flushing (Vlissingen - Vlissinger) boat.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"gaan","gloss":"to go"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"Londen","gloss":"Londen"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Vlissingse","gloss":"Flushing"},{"text":"boot.","gloss":"boat"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.e27.i4.m4a"},{"number":439,"id":"val.nl.L13.e27.i5","source":"Gaat u met de Amsterdamse boot?","translation":"Do you go with the Amsterdam boat?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Gaat","gloss":"goes"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Amsterdamse","gloss":"Amsterdam"},{"text":"boot?","gloss":"boat"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.e27.i5.m4a"},{"number":440,"id":"val.nl.L13.e27.i6","source":"Mijn meest geliefde vriend gaat met mij mee.","translation":"My most beloved friend goes with me.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"meest","gloss":"most"},{"text":"geliefde","gloss":"beloved"},{"text":"vriend","gloss":"friend"},{"text":"gaat","gloss":"to go"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"mee.","gloss":"along, with"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.e27.i6.m4a"},{"number":441,"id":"val.nl.L13.e27.i7","source":"In het bos genoten wij de volmaaktste rust.","translation":"In the wood we enjoyed the greatest rest.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"In","gloss":"in"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"bos","gloss":"bunch"},{"text":"genoten","gloss":"enjoyed"},{"text":"wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"volmaaktste","gloss":"perfect"},{"text":"rust.","gloss":"rest"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.e27.i7.m4a"},{"number":442,"id":"val.nl.L13.e27.i8","source":"Het bovengedeelte van het huis is bouwvallig.","translation":"The upper part of the house is decayed.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"bovengedeelte","gloss":"upper part"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"huis","gloss":"house"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"bouwvallig.","gloss":"ramshackle"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.e27.i8.m4a"},{"number":443,"id":"val.nl.L13.e27.i9","source":"De jongste van deze twee jongens is ziek.","translation":"The younger of these two boys is ill (ziek).","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"jongste","gloss":"youngest"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"deze","gloss":"the latter (the most recently mentioned)"},{"text":"twee","gloss":"two"},{"text":"jongens","gloss":"boys"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"ziek.","gloss":"ill"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.e27.i9.m4a"},{"number":444,"id":"val.nl.L13.e27.i10","source":"Dit feit is allerbelangrijkst.","translation":"This fact (feit) is of the utmost importance.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dit","gloss":"this"},{"text":"feit","gloss":"deed"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"allerbelangrijkst.","gloss":"of the utmost importance"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.e27.i10.m4a"},{"number":445,"id":"val.nl.L13.e27.i11","source":"Hij gaat met een Rotterdamse boot naar New York.","translation":"He goes with a Rotterdam boat to New-York.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"gaat","gloss":"to go"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"Rotterdamse","gloss":"Rotterdam"},{"text":"boot","gloss":"boat"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"New","gloss":"New"},{"text":"York.","gloss":"York"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.e27.i11.m4a"},{"number":446,"id":"val.nl.L13.e27.i12","source":"Wij hebben het Lagerhuis en het Hogerhuis gezien.","translation":"We have seen the House of Commons and the House of Lords.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"hebben","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"Lagerhuis","gloss":"Lagerhuis"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"Hogerhuis","gloss":"Hogerhuis"},{"text":"gezien.","gloss":"to see"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.e27.i12.m4a"},{"number":447,"id":"val.nl.L13.e27.i13","source":"Dat dorp is zeer mooi.","translation":"That village is most lovely.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"dorp","gloss":"village"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"zeer","gloss":"very"},{"text":"mooi.","gloss":"beautiful"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.e27.i13.m4a"},{"number":448,"id":"val.nl.L13.e27.i14","source":"Bent u zo groot als uw broer?","translation":"Are you as tall as your brother?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Bent","gloss":"are"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"zo","gloss":"so, as"},{"text":"groot","gloss":"great"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"uw","gloss":"your (polite)"},{"text":"broer?","gloss":"brother"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.e27.i14.m4a"},{"number":449,"id":"val.nl.L13.e27.i15","source":"Nee, ik ben veel groter dan hij.","translation":"No, I am much taller than he.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nee,","gloss":"no"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"ben","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"veel","gloss":"much"},{"text":"groter","gloss":"great"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"hij.","gloss":"he"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.e27.i15.m4a"},{"number":450,"id":"val.nl.L13.e27.i16","source":"Die man is meer handig dan geleerd.","translation":"That man is more clever than learned.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"man","gloss":"man; husband"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"meer","gloss":"more"},{"text":"handig","gloss":"deftly"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"geleerd.","gloss":"learned"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.e27.i16.m4a"},{"number":451,"id":"val.nl.L13.e27.i17","source":"Schoolboeken zijn goedkoper dan romans.","translation":"Schoolbooks (Schoolboeken) are cheaper than novels (romans).","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Schoolboeken","gloss":"schoolbooks"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"goedkoper","gloss":"cheaper"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"romans.","gloss":"novels"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.e27.i17.m4a"},{"number":452,"id":"val.nl.L13.e27.i18","source":"Deze kamer is buitengewoon groot.","translation":"This room is extremely large.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Deze","gloss":"the latter (the most recently mentioned)"},{"text":"kamer","gloss":"room"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"buitengewoon","gloss":"uncommonly"},{"text":"groot.","gloss":"great"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.e27.i18.m4a"},{"number":453,"id":"val.nl.L13.e27.i19","source":"Waar is de Theems het breedst?","translation":"Where is the (river) Thames (Theems) broadest?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Waar","gloss":"where; true"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Theems","gloss":"Theems"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"breedst?","gloss":"broad"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.e27.i19.m4a"},{"number":454,"id":"val.nl.L13.e27.i20","source":"De vrek was minder gelukkig dan rijk.","translation":"The miser was less happy than rich.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vrek","gloss":"miser"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"minder","gloss":"less"},{"text":"gelukkig","gloss":"happy, unhappy"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"rijk.","gloss":"rich, richer"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.e27.i20.m4a"},{"number":455,"id":"val.nl.L13.e27.i21","source":"Wees tevreden en u zult gelukkiger dan de rijkste zijn.","translation":"Be contented and you will be happier than the richest (man).","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wees","gloss":"be (imperative)"},{"text":"tevreden","gloss":"contented"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"zult","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"gelukkiger","gloss":"happier"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"rijkste","gloss":"rich, richer"},{"text":"zijn.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L13.e27.i21.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]}]}