{"course":{"lang":"nl","language":"Dutch","title":"Dutch Conversation-Grammar","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/nl","source":"Valette, Dutch Conversation-Grammar (1913) and its Key (1893); Defense Language Institute, Dutch Refresher Course, Books I to III (1961). Public domain. The teaching pages, the readings' English, the answers to the conversations and the narration are ours."},"unit":{"number":5,"id":"val.nl.m19-21","title":"Lessons 19 to 21","stage":"Parts of Speech II","situation":"Een brief; Trek van zelfverloochening; De leeuw en de muis","outcome":"The irregular verbs: three groups; Kunnen, mogen, weten, moeten, zullen, willen: conjugation; Why these six verbs have no personal ending; Durven; Leggen and zeggen; Werken; Brengen, denken, dunken; Zoeken and kopen; Doen, gaan, slaan, staan, zien, zijn: the monosyllabic verbs; Kunnen, mogen: how to","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/nl/5","lines":331},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/courses/nl/4","next":"https://1732studios.com/courses/nl/6","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/","sections":[{"title":"Lesson 19: The irregular verbs: three groups (and 1 more)","teaching":[{"title":"Verbs that break the pattern","paragraphs":["A regular verb makes its past tense and past participle by one fixed pattern. An irregular verb does not. Its forms must be learned one by one.","This lesson puts the irregular verbs in three groups. The first is kunnen, zullen, mogen, weten, moeten and willen. The second is zeggen, leggen, werken, brengen, denken, dunken, zoeken, kopen and hebben. The third is doen, gaan, slaan, zien and zijn.","A few strong verbs also add or change a consonant. Houden gives hield. Verliezen gives verloor and verloren. Vriezen gives vroor and gevroren."]},{"title":"Six verbs with a short singular","paragraphs":["These six verbs do not follow the regular pattern. Learn each one as a whole set of forms.","In the present, look at the singular. Ik and hij share one short form: ik kan, hij kan. Wij, jullie and zij take the infinitive: wij kunnen, wij zullen.","In the past, each verb has its own form. Ik kan becomes ik kon. Ik zal becomes ik zou. Ik wil becomes ik wilde.","Only weten has an imperative: weet. Zullen has no past participle. The others have one: gekund, gemogen, geweten, gemoeten, gewild.","An old subjunctive survives only in fixed phrases, such as het zij zo."]},{"title":"Kunnen, mogen, weten, moeten, zullen, willen: conjugation","paragraphs":["Present indicative."]},{"title":"Mogen","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"Weten","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"Moeten","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"Zullen","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"Willen","paragraphs":[]}],"lines":[{"number":1,"id":"val.nl.L19.x.1.1","source":"Ik kan het niet doen.","translation":"I cannot do it.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"kan","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"doen.","gloss":"to do"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.x.1.1.m4a"},{"number":2,"id":"val.nl.L19.x.1.2","source":"Hij koopt een nieuwe fiets.","translation":"He is buying a new bicycle.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"koopt","gloss":"to buy"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"nieuwe","gloss":"new"},{"text":"fiets.","gloss":"bicycle"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.x.1.2.m4a"},{"number":3,"id":"val.nl.L19.x.1.3","source":"Het heeft de hele nacht gevroren.","translation":"It has frozen all night.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"heeft","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"hele","gloss":"whole"},{"text":"nacht","gloss":"night"},{"text":"gevroren.","gloss":"frozen (vriezen)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.x.1.3.m4a"},{"number":4,"id":"val.nl.L19.x.2.1","source":"Ik kan niet komen.","translation":"I cannot come.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"kan","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"komen.","gloss":"to come"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.x.2.1.m4a"},{"number":5,"id":"val.nl.L19.x.2.2","source":"Zij wilden niet blijven.","translation":"They did not want to stay.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"wilden","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"blijven.","gloss":"to remain, stay"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.x.2.2.m4a"},{"number":6,"id":"val.nl.L19.x.2.3","source":"Het zij zo.","translation":"So be it.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"zij","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"zo.","gloss":"so, as"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.x.2.3.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1001,"text":"The irregular verbs: three groups\n\nThe irregular verbs are: a) kunnen (to be able), zullen (the auxiliary for the future), mogen (to be allowed), weten (to know), moeten (to be obliged), willen (to want); b) zeggen (to say), leggen (to lay), werken (to work), brengen (to bring), denken (to think), dunken (to seem, to appear), zoeken (to seek), kopen (to buy), hebben (to have); c) doen (to do), gaan (to go), slaan (to beat, to strike), zien (to see), zijn (to be).\nBesides these verbs a few strong verbs show irregularities by inserting or changing a consonant: houden, imperfect hield; verliezen, imperfect verloor, past participle verloren; vriezen, imperfect vroor, past participle gevroren."},{"section":1002,"text":"Kunnen, mogen, weten, moeten, zullen, willen: conjugation\n\nPresent indicative.\n\nKunnen\nik kan\njij kunt\nu kunt\nhij kan\nwij kunnen\njullie kunnen\nzij kunnen\n\nMogen\nik mag\njij mag\nu mag\nhij mag\nwij mogen\njullie mogen\nzij mogen\n\nWeten\nik weet\njij weet\nu weet\nhij weet\nwij weten\njullie weten\nzij weten\n\nMoeten\nik moet\njij moet\nu moet\nhij moet\nwij moeten\njullie moeten\nzij moeten\n\nZullen\nik zal\njij zult\nu zult\nhij zal\nwij zullen\njullie zullen\nzij zullen\n\nWillen\nik wil\njij wilt\nu wilt\nhij wil\nwij willen\njullie willen\nzij willen\n\nPast indicative.\n\nKunnen\nik kon\njij kon\nu kon\nhij kon\nwij konden\njullie konden\nzij konden\n\nMogen\nik mocht\njij mocht\nu mocht\nhij mocht\nwij mochten\njullie mochten\nzij mochten\n\nWeten\nik wist\njij wist\nu wist\nhij wist\nwij wisten\njullie wisten\nzij wisten\n\nMoeten\nik moest\njij moest\nu moest\nhij moest\nwij moesten\njullie moesten\nzij moesten\n\nZullen\nik zou\njij zou\nu zou\nhij zou\nwij zouden\njullie zouden\nzij zouden\n\nWillen\nik wilde\njij wilde\nu wilde\nhij wilde\nwij wilden\njullie wilden\nzij wilden\n\nImperative: only weten has one, weet. The other five give no command, since one cannot order ability, permission, knowledge of an obligation, futurity or wanting.\nPresent participle: kunnende, mogende, wetende, moetende, zullende, willende, all rare and literary.\nPast participle: gekund, gemogen, geweten, gemoeten, gewild; zullen has none.\nVermogen (to be capable of) conjugates like kunnen, except that its past participle is vermocht.\n\nWritten Dutch before the war, and Multatuli's prose, show a distinct present subjunctive for these six verbs (kunne, moge, wete, moete, wille) in clauses of wish or concession; the mood survives today only in fixed expressions like het zij zo (so be it) and lang leve de koning (long live the king)."},{"section":1003,"text":"Why these six verbs have no personal ending\n\nThe verbs kunnen, mogen, weten, moeten and zullen have lost their original present-tense singular; the singular of the present indicative descends from the singular of the old preterite (past) tense. The present indicative of willen descends from the old present subjunctive. Because of this history, the third person singular of these six verbs equals the first person singular and never takes a final -t: ik kan, hij kan (not hij kant); ik zal, hij zal."},{"section":1004,"text":"Durven\n\nDurven is a regular weak verb: ik durf, ik durfde, ik heb gedurfd. Nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century Dutch, including this book's own note, still allowed the old strong preterite dorst beside durfde; dorst is now archaic, and durfde is the only form in ordinary use."},{"section":1005,"text":"Leggen and zeggen\n\nLeggen is a regular weak verb: ik leg, ik legde, ik heb gelegd. Zeggen has an irregular past: ik zeg, ik zei, ik heb gezegd; zei descends from the old form zeide. The book's own alternative forms, leide for leggen and zegde for zeggen, are not standard in the Netherlands today; zegde is still current in Belgian Dutch, and leide has dropped out of use entirely."},{"section":1006,"text":"Werken\n\nWerken is a regular weak verb: ik werk, ik werkte, ik heb gewerkt. The old strong forms wrocht and gewrocht, which the book still allowed for artistic creation, are archaic; het gewrocht survives only as a literary, often ironic, word for a creation."},{"section":1007,"text":"Brengen, denken, dunken\n\nBrengen, denken and dunken change their vowel in the past tense and past participle. The impersonal verb dunken has no past participle.\n\nBrengen\nik breng\nik bracht\nik heb gebracht\n\nDenken\nik denk\nik dacht\nik heb gedacht\n\nDunken: het dunkt mij (present), het docht mij (past)."},{"section":1008,"text":"Zoeken and kopen\n\nZoeken and kopen have a short o in the past tense and the past participle.\n\nZoeken\nik zoek\nik zocht\nik heb gezocht\n\nKopen\nik koop\nik kocht\nik heb gekocht"},{"section":1009,"text":"Doen, gaan, slaan, staan, zien, zijn: the monosyllabic verbs\n\nDoen, gaan, slaan, staan, zien and zijn are the only monosyllabic verbs.\n\nDoen\nik doe\njij doet\nu doet\nhij doet\nwij doen\njullie doen\nzij doen; ik deed\njij deed\nu deed\nhij deed\nwij deden\njullie deden\nzij deden; ik heb gedaan\n\nGaan\nik ga\njij gaat\nu gaat\nhij gaat\nwij gaan\njullie gaan\nzij gaan; ik ging\njij ging\nu ging\nhij ging\nwij gingen\njullie gingen\nzij gingen; ik ben gegaan\n\nSlaan\nik sla\njij slaat\nu slaat\nhij slaat\nwij slaan\njullie slaan\nzij slaan; ik sloeg\njij sloeg\nu sloeg\nhij sloeg\nwij sloegen\njullie sloegen\nzij sloegen; ik heb geslagen\n\nStaan\nik sta\njij staat\nu staat\nhij staat\nwij staan\njullie staan\nzij staan; ik stond\njij stond\nu stond\nhij stond\nwij stonden\njullie stonden\nzij stonden; ik heb gestaan\n\nZien\nik zie\njij ziet\nu ziet\nhij ziet\nwij zien\njullie zien\nzij zien; ik zag\njij zag\nu zag\nhij zag\nwij zagen\njullie zagen\nzij zagen; ik heb gezien\n\nZijn: given in full in an earlier lesson."},{"section":1010,"text":"Kunnen, mogen: how to use them\n\nKunnen answers to the English can: hij kan niet komen he cannot come. Zou kunnen means could or might: wij zouden het niet beter kunnen schrijven we could not write it better. When kunnen expresses eventuality it answers to the English may: hij kan wel ziek zijn he may be ill, dit werk had beter kunnen zijn this work might have been better. Had(t) kunnen means might: je had beleefder tegen hem kunnen zijn you might have been more polite towards him.\nMogen means may: je mag met ons uitgaan you may go out with us; mag niet, referring to a prohibition, answers to must not: je mag nu niet spelen you must not play now. Mocht, denoting a supposition, means should: mocht hij nog komen should he still come. Mogen is also used in the sense of houden van, to like: ik mag zulke boeken niet I do not like such books."},{"section":1011,"text":"Moeten: how to use it\n\nMoeten means must, to be obliged, to have to: ik moet een brief schrijven I must write a letter, ik moest een brief schrijven (obligation) I had to write a letter. Had moeten, denoting a duty that was not carried out, means ought to have: ik had gisteren een brief moeten schrijven I ought to have written a letter yesterday. Moeten, denoting someone else's will, means to be to: wie moet dit doen who is to do this?\nMoeten can also report hearsay: hij moet erg ziek zijn he is said to be very ill."},{"section":1012,"text":"Zullen: the future auxiliary\n\nZullen is the auxiliary verb for the future. Je zult dat doen (with special stress) means you shall do that."},{"section":1013,"text":"Willen: its several meanings\n\nWillen a) means will: hij wil niet gaan he will not go; b) means to want, to like, to wish: ik weet niet wat hij wil I do not know what he wants, doe wat je wilt do as you like, hij wil mij zien he wishes to see me; c) means to claim, to pretend: hij wil er alles van weten he pretends to know everything about it; men wil dat hij zijn vrouw heeft verlaten people say he has deserted his wife; d) means to be about to: ik wilde net vertrekken, toen jij binnenkwam I was just about to start, when you entered. Zou willen means would: ik zou willen schrijven, maar ik kan nu niet I would write but I cannot do it now.\nWhen English will expresses a habit or custom, it is rendered with plegen: mijn vader placht vaak over de oorlog met Belgie te spreken my father would often talk about the war against Belgium. Sometimes will is not translated at all: onkruid vergaat niet weeds will grow in spite of the gardener's care; ik verzoek u mij vriendelijk te willen verontschuldigen I beg you kindly to excuse me."},{"section":1014,"text":"Doen as an auxiliary verb\n\nDoen is very seldom used as an auxiliary verb; it must be left untranslated in almost all the cases where English uses it as such:\nWhat does he do?\n\nDoen is very seldom used as an auxiliary verb; it must be left untranslated in almost all the cases where English uses it as such:\nWhat does he do? Wat doet hij?\nHow do you do? Hoe vaart u? Hoe gaat het?\nI do not know it. Ik weet het niet.\nDo make haste! Toe, haast u wat!\nDoes he know it? Yes, he does. Weet hij het? Ja, jawel.\nSuch means did he use to obtain his end. Zulke middelen wendde hij aan om zijn doel te bereiken.\nNote the use of doen in: ik deed beter dadelijk te gaan I had rather go at once, mij dunkt, jij deed beter thuis te blijven I think you had better stay at home."},{"section":1015,"text":"Hebben or zijn\n\nHebben is used:\nWith all transitive verbs: ik heb een brief geschreven. A few are also used with zijn, when they carry a different meaning: ik heb mijn boek vergeten I have forgotten my book, ik ben vergeten wat ik zeggen wilde I forget what I was going to say; wij hebben uw voorbeeld gevolgd we have followed your example, de politie is de dief gevolgd the police has pursued the thief; ik heb besloten mee te gaan I have resolved to go with you, ik ben vast besloten het niet te doen I am firmly resolved not to do it.\nWith all reflexive and impersonal verbs: hij heeft zich geschaamd; het heeft de hele zomer geregend. Except with gebeuren and geschieden: het is gebeurd, het is geschied.\nWith intransitive verbs that express an action or a condition: ik heb geslapen; deze school heeft al 25 jaar bestaan this school has existed these 25 years. Except with zijn and blijven (to remain): ik ben geweest I have been, hij is gebleven waar hij was he has remained where he was.\nZijn is used with the verbs mentioned above:\na) with intransitive verbs that express a change of condition: het kind is gevallen the child has fallen, de kinderen zijn gegroeid the children have grown;\nb) with intransitive verbs when the destination is expressed: ik heb lang gereisd I have travelled a long time; ik ben naar Amsterdam gereisd I have travelled to Amsterdam; wij hebben veel gewandeld we have walked much; wij zijn van Londen naar Richmond gewandeld we have walked from London to Richmond.\nAlso with worden and ontstaan (to arise): hij is soldaat geworden he has become a soldier; hoe is die twist ontstaan how did that quarrel arise?\nSome verbs take hebben or zijn depending on their meaning: de bediende heeft mijn bevelen opgevolgd the servant has obeyed my orders; Willem II is Frederik I opgevolgd William II has succeeded Frederick I; hij volbracht alles wat hij begonnen had he finished all he had begun; hij was al begonnen eer wij het wisten he had already begun before we knew it; met zulke mensen is niets te beginnen such people are not to be managed. Beginnen always takes zijn when followed by an infinitive: zij zijn al begonnen te spelen they have already begun playing."},{"section":1016,"text":"Verbs followed by a bare infinitive\n\nThe verbs willen, zullen, moeten, mogen, kunnen, durven and gaan are followed by an infinitive without te: hij wil, zal, moet, mag wandelen; hij kan, durft spreken; hij gaat de dokter halen he goes for the doctor. Compare: hij durft het niet te zeggen, hij waagt het niet te zeggen."},{"section":2019,"text":"Verbs of this lesson, with their principal parts\n\nbezoeken  to visit            ik bezoek, ik bezocht, ik heb bezocht\ngenieten  to enjoy            ik geniet, ik genoot, ik heb genoten\nmogen     may, to be allowed  ik mag, ik mocht, ik heb gemogen\ndurven    to dare             ik durf, ik durfde, ik heb gedurfd"}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 19: Why these six verbs have no personal ending (and 2 more)","teaching":[{"title":"No t after hij","paragraphs":["Most verbs add a t for hij. These six verbs do not. Hij takes the same form as ik.","Ik kan, hij kan. Ik zal, hij zal. Ik wil, hij wil. Hij kant is wrong.","The cause is history. For five of them the present singular comes from an old past tense. For willen it comes from an old subjunctive."]},{"title":"Durven is regular","paragraphs":["Durven follows the regular pattern. The forms are ik durf, ik durfde, ik heb gedurfd.","An old strong past form, dorst, once stood beside durfde. It is now archaic. Use durfde."]},{"title":"One regular verb, one irregular","paragraphs":["Leggen is regular. The forms are ik leg, ik legde, ik heb gelegd.","Zeggen has an irregular past: ik zeg, ik zei, ik heb gezegd. The past form zei comes from the older zeide.","The forms leide and zegde are not standard in the Netherlands today. Zegde is still current in Belgian Dutch. Leide is no longer used."]}],"lines":[{"number":7,"id":"val.nl.L19.x.3.1","source":"Ik kan, hij kan.","translation":"I can, he can.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"kan,","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"kan.","gloss":"to be able (can)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.x.3.1.m4a"},{"number":8,"id":"val.nl.L19.x.3.2","source":"Ik zal, hij zal.","translation":"I shall, he shall.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"zal,","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"zal.","gloss":"shall, will"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.x.3.2.m4a"},{"number":9,"id":"val.nl.L19.x.3.3","source":"Ik wil, hij wil.","translation":"I want, he wants.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"wil,","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"wil.","gloss":"to want, to wish"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.x.3.3.m4a"},{"number":10,"id":"val.nl.L19.x.4.1","source":"Ik durfde het niet te vragen.","translation":"I did not dare to ask it.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"durfde","gloss":"to dare"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"vragen.","gloss":"to ask"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.x.4.1.m4a"},{"number":11,"id":"val.nl.L19.x.4.2","source":"Durf jij dat te doen?","translation":"Do you dare to do that?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Durf","gloss":"to dare"},{"text":"jij","gloss":"you"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"doen?","gloss":"to do"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.x.4.2.m4a"},{"number":12,"id":"val.nl.L19.x.5.1","source":"Hij legde het boek op tafel.","translation":"He laid the book on the table.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"legde","gloss":"to lay"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"boek","gloss":"book"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"tafel.","gloss":"table"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.x.5.1.m4a"},{"number":13,"id":"val.nl.L19.x.5.2","source":"Zij zei dat hij ziek was.","translation":"She said that he was ill.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"zei","gloss":"to say"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"ziek","gloss":"ill"},{"text":"was.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.x.5.2.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 19: Werken (and 2 more)","teaching":[{"title":"Werken is regular","paragraphs":["Werken follows the regular pattern. The forms are ik werk, ik werkte, ik heb gewerkt.","The old strong forms wrocht and gewrocht are archaic. Het gewrocht survives only as a literary word for a creation, and often an ironic one."]},{"title":"A changed vowel in the past","paragraphs":["Brengen, denken and dunken change their vowel in the past tense and the past participle.","Brengen gives ik bracht and ik heb gebracht. Denken gives ik dacht and ik heb gedacht.","Dunken is impersonal and has no past participle. The present is het dunkt mij. The past is het docht mij."]},{"title":"Brengen, denken, dunken","paragraphs":["Brengen, denken and dunken change their vowel in the past tense and past participle. The impersonal verb dunken has no past participle."]},{"title":"Denken","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"A short o in the past","paragraphs":["Zoeken and kopen both take a short o in the past tense and the past participle.","Zoeken gives ik zocht and ik heb gezocht. Kopen gives ik kocht and ik heb gekocht."]},{"title":"Zoeken and kopen","paragraphs":["Zoeken and kopen have a short o in the past tense and the past participle."]},{"title":"Kopen","paragraphs":[]}],"lines":[{"number":14,"id":"val.nl.L19.x.6.1","source":"Zij heeft de hele dag gewerkt.","translation":"She has worked all day.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"heeft","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"hele","gloss":"whole"},{"text":"dag","gloss":"day"},{"text":"gewerkt.","gloss":"worked"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.x.6.1.m4a"},{"number":15,"id":"val.nl.L19.x.6.2","source":"Dit schilderij is een waar gewrocht.","translation":"This painting is a true work of art.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dit","gloss":"this"},{"text":"schilderij","gloss":"painting"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"waar","gloss":"where; true"},{"text":"gewrocht.","gloss":"work of art"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.x.6.2.m4a"},{"number":16,"id":"val.nl.L19.x.7.1","source":"Ik breng een cadeau mee.","translation":"I am bringing a present along.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"breng","gloss":"to pass, to spend (time)"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"cadeau","gloss":"present"},{"text":"mee.","gloss":"along, with"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.x.7.1.m4a"},{"number":17,"id":"val.nl.L19.x.7.2","source":"Mij dunkt dat dit juist is.","translation":"It seems to me that this is right.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mij","gloss":"me thinks"},{"text":"dunkt","gloss":"me thinks"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"dit","gloss":"this"},{"text":"juist","gloss":"exactly"},{"text":"is.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.x.7.2.m4a"},{"number":18,"id":"val.nl.L19.x.8.1","source":"Ik zocht mijn sleutels.","translation":"I was looking for my keys.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"zocht","gloss":"sought"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"sleutels.","gloss":"keys"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.x.8.1.m4a"},{"number":19,"id":"val.nl.L19.x.8.2","source":"Wij kochten een huis.","translation":"We bought a house.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"kochten","gloss":"bought"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"huis.","gloss":"house"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.x.8.2.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 19: Doen, gaan, slaan, staan, zien, zijn: the monosyllabic verbs (and 2 more)","teaching":[{"title":"Six verbs of one syllable","paragraphs":["A monosyllabic verb is a verb whose infinitive has one syllable. Doen, gaan, slaan, staan, zien and zijn are the only six.","Each has its own past tense. Doen gives ik deed. Gaan gives ik ging. Slaan gives ik sloeg. Staan gives ik stond. Zien gives ik zag.","In the table, look at the past participle at the end of each verb. Gaan takes ben: ik ben gegaan. Doen, slaan, staan and zien take heb."]},{"title":"Doen, gaan, slaan, staan, zien, zijn: the monosyllabic verbs","paragraphs":["Doen, gaan, slaan, staan, zien and zijn are the only monosyllabic verbs."]},{"title":"jullie deden","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"Gaan","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"jullie gingen","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"Slaan","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"Can, may and must not","paragraphs":["Kunnen means can. Hij kan niet komen. Zou kunnen means could or might.","Kunnen can also say that something is possible. Hij kan wel ziek zijn means he may be ill.","Mogen means may. Je mag met ons uitgaan. Mag niet means must not: je mag nu niet spelen.","Mocht means should, for a supposition: mocht hij nog komen.","Mogen can also mean to like. Ik mag zulke boeken niet means I do not like such books."]},{"title":"Must, ought and is said to","paragraphs":["Moeten means must or to have to. Ik moet een brief schrijven.","Had moeten means ought to have. It names a duty that was not carried out.","Moeten can also report what people say. Hij moet erg ziek zijn means he is said to be very ill."]}],"lines":[{"number":20,"id":"val.nl.L19.x.9.1","source":"Wij deden ons best.","translation":"We did our best.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"deden","gloss":"to do"},{"text":"ons","gloss":"us"},{"text":"best.","gloss":"well"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.x.9.1.m4a"},{"number":21,"id":"val.nl.L19.x.9.2","source":"Zij is naar school gegaan.","translation":"She has gone to school.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"school","gloss":"school"},{"text":"gegaan.","gloss":"to go"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.x.9.2.m4a"},{"number":22,"id":"val.nl.L19.x.10.1","source":"Hij kan wel ziek zijn.","translation":"He may be ill.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"kan","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"wel","gloss":"but"},{"text":"ziek","gloss":"ill"},{"text":"zijn.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.x.10.1.m4a"},{"number":23,"id":"val.nl.L19.x.10.2","source":"Ik mag zulke boeken niet.","translation":"I do not like such books.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"mag","gloss":"may"},{"text":"zulke","gloss":"such"},{"text":"boeken","gloss":"books"},{"text":"niet.","gloss":"not"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.x.10.2.m4a"},{"number":24,"id":"val.nl.L19.x.11.1","source":"Ik moet een brief schrijven.","translation":"I must write a letter.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"moet","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"brief","gloss":"letter"},{"text":"schrijven.","gloss":"to write"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.x.11.1.m4a"},{"number":25,"id":"val.nl.L19.x.11.2","source":"Hij moet erg ziek zijn.","translation":"He is said to be very ill.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"moet","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"erg","gloss":"very; bad"},{"text":"ziek","gloss":"ill"},{"text":"zijn.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.x.11.2.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 19: Zullen: the future auxiliary (and 2 more)","teaching":[{"title":"Zullen makes the future","paragraphs":["Zullen is the auxiliary verb for the future.","Ik zal het morgen doen means I will do it tomorrow. Zij zullen op tijd komen means they will arrive on time.","With special stress, je zult dat doen means you shall do that."]},{"title":"Four meanings of willen","paragraphs":["Willen has four meanings: will, want, claim, and be about to.","Hij wil niet gaan means he will not go. Ik weet niet wat hij wil means I do not know what he wants.","Hij wil er alles van weten means he pretends to know everything about it. Ik wilde net vertrekken means I was just about to start."]},{"title":"Would, and a habit in the past","paragraphs":["Zou willen means would: ik zou willen schrijven.","When English would names a habit, Dutch uses plegen. Mijn vader placht vaak te wandelen.","Sometimes English will has no Dutch word at all: onkruid vergaat niet."]},{"title":"English do has no Dutch partner","paragraphs":["English uses do as an auxiliary verb in questions and in negation. Dutch almost never does. Leave the English do out.","What does he do? Wat doet hij? Here only the second do is a real verb, and Dutch keeps only that one.","I do not know it. Ik weet het niet. The Dutch verb stands alone.","Doen with beter means had better: jij deed beter thuis te blijven."]}],"lines":[{"number":26,"id":"val.nl.L19.x.12.1","source":"Ik zal het morgen doen.","translation":"I will do it tomorrow.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"morgen","gloss":"morning"},{"text":"doen.","gloss":"to do"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.x.12.1.m4a"},{"number":27,"id":"val.nl.L19.x.12.2","source":"Zij zullen op tijd komen.","translation":"They will arrive on time.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"zullen","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"tijd","gloss":"time"},{"text":"komen.","gloss":"to come"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.x.12.2.m4a"},{"number":28,"id":"val.nl.L19.x.13.1","source":"Hij wil niet gaan.","translation":"He will not go.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"wil","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"gaan.","gloss":"to go"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.x.13.1.m4a"},{"number":29,"id":"val.nl.L19.x.13.2","source":"Mijn vader placht vaak te wandelen.","translation":"My father would often go for a walk.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"vader","gloss":"the father"},{"text":"placht","gloss":"to be accustomed, to be in the habit of"},{"text":"vaak","gloss":"often"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"wandelen.","gloss":"to walk, stroll"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.x.13.2.m4a"},{"number":30,"id":"val.nl.L19.x.14.1","source":"Wat doet hij?","translation":"What does he do?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"doet","gloss":"to do"},{"text":"hij?","gloss":"he"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.x.14.1.m4a"},{"number":31,"id":"val.nl.L19.x.14.2","source":"Ik weet het niet.","translation":"I do not know it.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"weet","gloss":"to know"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"niet.","gloss":"not"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.x.14.2.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 19: Hebben or zijn (and 1 more)","teaching":[{"title":"Hebben, the usual helper","paragraphs":["The present perfect needs an auxiliary verb before the past participle. The auxiliary is hebben or zijn.","A transitive verb is a verb that takes a direct object. Transitive verbs take hebben: ik heb een brief geschreven.","Reflexive and impersonal verbs also take hebben, and so do verbs of action or condition: ik heb geslapen.","Some verbs take zijn instead: ik ben geweest, hij is gebleven, het is gebeurd."]},{"title":"When zijn is the helper","paragraphs":["Zijn goes with verbs that name a change of condition. Het kind is gevallen. De kinderen zijn gegroeid.","Zijn also goes with a verb of motion when the goal is named. Ik heb lang gereisd, but ik ben naar Amsterdam gereisd.","Worden and ontstaan take zijn: hij is soldaat geworden.","A few verbs take hebben or zijn by their meaning. Ik heb mijn boek vergeten, but ik ben vergeten wat ik zeggen wilde."]},{"title":"An infinitive with no te","paragraphs":["Seven verbs take an infinitive without te: willen, zullen, moeten, mogen, kunnen, durven and gaan.","Hij kan goed zwemmen. Zij gaat de dokter halen. Hij wil wandelen.","Compare hij durft het niet te zeggen and hij waagt het niet te zeggen. Here durven takes te, and so does waagt."]},{"title":"Verbs of this lesson, with their principal parts","paragraphs":[]}],"lines":[{"number":32,"id":"val.nl.L19.x.15.1","source":"Ik heb een brief geschreven.","translation":"I have written a letter.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"brief","gloss":"letter"},{"text":"geschreven.","gloss":"to write"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.x.15.1.m4a"},{"number":33,"id":"val.nl.L19.x.15.2","source":"Wij zijn naar Amsterdam gereisd.","translation":"We have travelled to Amsterdam.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"Amsterdam","gloss":"Amsterdam"},{"text":"gereisd.","gloss":"traveled"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.x.15.2.m4a"},{"number":34,"id":"val.nl.L19.x.15.3","source":"De kinderen zijn gegroeid.","translation":"The children have grown.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"kinderen","gloss":"children"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"gegroeid.","gloss":"to grow"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.x.15.3.m4a"},{"number":35,"id":"val.nl.L19.x.16.1","source":"Hij kan goed zwemmen.","translation":"He can swim well.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"kan","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"goed","gloss":"good, well"},{"text":"zwemmen.","gloss":"to swim"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.x.16.1.m4a"},{"number":36,"id":"val.nl.L19.x.16.2","source":"Zij gaat de dokter halen.","translation":"She is going to fetch the doctor.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"gaat","gloss":"to go"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"dokter","gloss":"physician, doctor"},{"text":"halen.","gloss":"fetch"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.x.16.2.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Een brief","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":37,"id":"val.nl.L19.r.0","source":"Een brief","translation":"A Letter","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"brief","gloss":"letter"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.r.0.m4a"},{"number":38,"id":"val.nl.L19.r.1","source":"Hoorn, 5 juni 1911.","translation":"Hoorn, June 5, 1911.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hoorn,","gloss":"horns"},{"text":"5","gloss":"5"},{"text":"juni","gloss":"juni"},{"text":"1911.","gloss":"1911"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.r.1.m4a"},{"number":39,"id":"val.nl.L19.r.2","source":"Waarde vriend,","translation":"Dear friend,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Waarde","gloss":"value"},{"text":"vriend,","gloss":"friend"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.r.2.m4a"},{"number":40,"id":"val.nl.L19.r.3","source":"Daar wij binnen zeven weken vakantie hebben, wordt het tijd onze reisplannen nader te bespreken.","translation":"Since we have our holiday within seven weeks, it is becoming time to discuss our travel plans in more detail.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Daar","gloss":"as, since, because"},{"text":"wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"binnen","gloss":"within"},{"text":"zeven","gloss":"seven"},{"text":"weken","gloss":"weeks"},{"text":"vakantie","gloss":"holiday, vacation"},{"text":"hebben,","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"wordt","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"tijd","gloss":"time"},{"text":"onze","gloss":"our"},{"text":"reisplannen","gloss":"travel plans"},{"text":"nader","gloss":"further, in more detail"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"bespreken.","gloss":"discussed"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.r.3.m4a"},{"number":41,"id":"val.nl.L19.r.4","source":"Heb je zin om dit jaar met mij Heidelberg en het Neckardal eens te bezoeken?","translation":"Do you feel like visiting Heidelberg and the Neckar valley with me this year?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Heb","gloss":"have"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"zin","gloss":"sense"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"dit","gloss":"this"},{"text":"jaar","gloss":"the year"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"Heidelberg","gloss":"Heidelberg"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"Neckardal","gloss":"Neckardal"},{"text":"eens","gloss":"once, one day"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"bezoeken?","gloss":"to visit"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.r.4.m4a"},{"number":42,"id":"val.nl.L19.r.5","source":"Ik kan je verzekeren, het is een van de mooiste plekjes van heel Duitsland, en men moet al erg verwend zijn, wil men daar niet volop genieten.","translation":"I can assure you it is one of the most beautiful spots in all of Germany, and one must be very spoiled indeed, if one does not enjoy oneself there to the full.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"kan","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"verzekeren,","gloss":"to assure"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"mooiste","gloss":"finest"},{"text":"plekjes","gloss":"spot"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"heel","gloss":"whole"},{"text":"Duitsland,","gloss":"Duitsland"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"men","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":"moet","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"al","gloss":"already"},{"text":"erg","gloss":"very; bad"},{"text":"verwend","gloss":"spoiled"},{"text":"zijn,","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"wil","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"men","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":"daar","gloss":"as, since, because"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"volop","gloss":"plenty, to the full"},{"text":"genieten.","gloss":"to enjoy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.r.5.m4a"},{"number":43,"id":"val.nl.L19.r.6","source":"Verleden jaar ben ik er ook geweest, maar men kan er gerust een tweede of derde maal heen reizen, het blijft altijd nieuw.","translation":"Last year I was there too, but one can safely travel there a second or third time, it always remains new.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Verleden","gloss":"past"},{"text":"jaar","gloss":"the year"},{"text":"ben","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"ook","gloss":"also, likewise"},{"text":"geweest,","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"men","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":"kan","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"gerust","gloss":"safely, without worry"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"tweede","gloss":"the Second"},{"text":"of","gloss":"or; whether"},{"text":"derde","gloss":"third"},{"text":"maal","gloss":"time (an occasion)"},{"text":"heen","gloss":"to travel there"},{"text":"reizen,","gloss":"to travel there"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"blijft","gloss":"to remain, stay"},{"text":"altijd","gloss":"always"},{"text":"nieuw.","gloss":"new"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.r.6.m4a"},{"number":44,"id":"val.nl.L19.r.7","source":"Mocht je soms een ander plan hebben, wees dan zo goed het mij spoedig mee te delen.","translation":"Should you perhaps have another plan, be so good as to let me know soon.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mocht","gloss":"might, was allowed"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"soms","gloss":"sometimes"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"ander","gloss":"another (person)"},{"text":"plan","gloss":"plan, plans"},{"text":"hebben,","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"wees","gloss":"be (imperative)"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"zo","gloss":"so, as"},{"text":"goed","gloss":"good, well"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"spoedig","gloss":"soon"},{"text":"mee","gloss":"along, with"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"delen.","gloss":"to communicate, to pass on"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.r.7.m4a"},{"number":45,"id":"val.nl.L19.r.8","source":"Zo niet, dan zal ik onze vriend Paul van onze komst verwittigen.","translation":"If not, then I will inform our friend Paul of our arrival.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zo","gloss":"so, as"},{"text":"niet,","gloss":"not"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"onze","gloss":"our"},{"text":"vriend","gloss":"friend"},{"text":"Paul","gloss":"Paul"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"onze","gloss":"our"},{"text":"komst","gloss":"arrival"},{"text":"verwittigen.","gloss":"to inform, to notify"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.r.8.m4a"},{"number":46,"id":"val.nl.L19.r.9","source":"Ik zou hem nog wel eens willen ontmoeten, ik mag hem graag; daarenboven kent hij de schoonheden van Heidelberg en omstreken.","translation":"I would like to meet him again sometime, I am fond of him; besides, he knows the beauties of Heidelberg and its surroundings.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"nog","gloss":"still, yet; another"},{"text":"wel","gloss":"but"},{"text":"eens","gloss":"once, one day"},{"text":"willen","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"ontmoeten,","gloss":"to meet"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"mag","gloss":"may"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"graag;","gloss":"gladly, with pleasure"},{"text":"daarenboven","gloss":"besides, moreover"},{"text":"kent","gloss":"knows"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"schoonheden","gloss":"beauties"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"Heidelberg","gloss":"Heidelberg"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"omstreken.","gloss":"environs, surroundings"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.r.9.m4a"},{"number":47,"id":"val.nl.L19.r.10","source":"Vraag of meneer R. een reisgids van Zuid-Duitsland voor ons heeft!","translation":"Ask whether Mr. R. has a guidebook to South Germany for us!","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Vraag","gloss":"to ask"},{"text":"of","gloss":"or; whether"},{"text":"meneer","gloss":"sir, Mr"},{"text":"R.","gloss":"er"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"reisgids","gloss":"guidebook"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"Zuid-Duitsland","gloss":"South Germany"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"ons","gloss":"us"},{"text":"heeft!","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.r.10.m4a"},{"number":48,"id":"val.nl.L19.r.11","source":"Ik durf hem er niet lastig mee vallen en kan er hier geen lenen.","translation":"I do not dare to trouble him about it and cannot borrow one here.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"durf","gloss":"to dare"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"lastig","gloss":"troublesome"},{"text":"mee","gloss":"along, with"},{"text":"vallen","gloss":"fall"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"kan","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"hier","gloss":"here"},{"text":"geen","gloss":"no, not a"},{"text":"lenen.","gloss":"to borrow"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.r.11.m4a"},{"number":49,"id":"val.nl.L19.r.12","source":"Weet je hoe lang van tevoren men de rondreisbiljetten moet bestellen?","translation":"Do you know how long in advance one must order the circular tickets?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Weet","gloss":"know"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"hoe","gloss":"how long"},{"text":"lang","gloss":"how long"},{"text":"van","gloss":"beforehand, in advance"},{"text":"tevoren","gloss":"beforehand, in advance"},{"text":"men","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"rondreisbiljetten","gloss":"circular tickets"},{"text":"moet","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"bestellen?","gloss":"order"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.r.12.m4a"},{"number":50,"id":"val.nl.L19.r.13","source":"Antwoord spoedig.","translation":"Answer soon.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Antwoord","gloss":"answer"},{"text":"spoedig.","gloss":"soon"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.r.13.m4a"},{"number":51,"id":"val.nl.L19.r.14","source":"Groetend, je vriend, N. N.","translation":"With regards, your friend, N. N.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Groetend,","gloss":"regards (letter closing)"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"vriend,","gloss":"friend"},{"text":"N.","gloss":"No."},{"text":"N.","gloss":"No."}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.r.14.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"vakantie","gloss":"holiday, vacation"},{"word":"Neckardal","gloss":"the Neckar valley"},{"word":"Duitsland","gloss":"Germany"},{"word":"Daar","gloss":"as, since, because"},{"word":"nader","gloss":"further, in more detail"},{"word":"volop","gloss":"plenty, to the full"},{"word":"tijd","gloss":"it is getting time (het wordt tijd)"},{"word":"hebben","gloss":"to feel like, to want to (lust hebben)"},{"word":"verzekeren","gloss":"to assure"},{"word":"met","gloss":"to trouble, to bother (someone) about (lastigvallen met)"},{"word":"komst","gloss":"arrival"},{"word":"gerust","gloss":"safely, without worry"},{"word":"reizen","gloss":"to travel there (heen reizen)"},{"word":"verwittigen","gloss":"to inform, to notify"},{"word":"omstreken","gloss":"environs, surroundings"},{"word":"reisgids","gloss":"guidebook"},{"word":"Zuid-Duitsland","gloss":"South Germany"},{"word":"daarenboven","gloss":"besides, moreover"},{"word":"lenen","gloss":"to borrow"},{"word":"lang","gloss":"how long (hoe lang)"},{"word":"tevoren","gloss":"beforehand, in advance (van tevoren)"},{"word":"Groetend","gloss":"regards (letter closing)"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 19: conversation","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":52,"id":"val.nl.L19.c.q1","source":"Ik schrijf aan mijn vriend, dat het tijd wordt onze reisplannen nader te bespreken, omdat . . .","translation":"I am writing to my friend that it is becoming time to discuss our travel plans in more detail, because . . .","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"schrijf","gloss":"write"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"vriend,","gloss":"friend"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"tijd","gloss":"time"},{"text":"wordt","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"onze","gloss":"our"},{"text":"reisplannen","gloss":"travel plans"},{"text":"nader","gloss":"further, in more detail"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"bespreken,","gloss":"discussed"},{"text":"omdat","gloss":"because"},{"text":".","gloss":""},{"text":".","gloss":""},{"text":".","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.c.q1.m4a"},{"number":53,"id":"val.nl.L19.c.q2","source":"Ik vraag hem of hij lust heeft . . .","translation":"I ask him whether he feels like . . .","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"vraag","gloss":"to ask"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"of","gloss":"or; whether"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"lust","gloss":"a mind"},{"text":"heeft","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":".","gloss":""},{"text":".","gloss":""},{"text":".","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.c.q2.m4a"},{"number":54,"id":"val.nl.L19.c.q3","source":"Ik kan mijn vriend verzekeren, dat Heidelberg . . .","translation":"I can assure my friend that Heidelberg . . .","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"kan","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"vriend","gloss":"friend"},{"text":"verzekeren,","gloss":"to assure"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"Heidelberg","gloss":"Heidelberg"},{"text":".","gloss":""},{"text":".","gloss":""},{"text":".","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.c.q3.m4a"},{"number":55,"id":"val.nl.L19.c.q4","source":"Verleden jaar ben ik er reeds geweest, maar men . . .","translation":"Last year I had already been there, but one . . .","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Verleden","gloss":"past"},{"text":"jaar","gloss":"the year"},{"text":"ben","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"reeds","gloss":"already"},{"text":"geweest,","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"men","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":".","gloss":""},{"text":".","gloss":""},{"text":".","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.c.q4.m4a"},{"number":56,"id":"val.nl.L19.c.a1","source":"Ik schrijf aan mijn vriend, dat het tijd wordt onze reisplannen nader te bespreken, omdat wij binnen zeven weken vakantie hebben.","translation":"I am writing to my friend that it is becoming time to discuss our travel plans in more detail, because we have our holiday within seven weeks.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"schrijf","gloss":"write"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"vriend,","gloss":"friend"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"tijd","gloss":"time"},{"text":"wordt","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"onze","gloss":"our"},{"text":"reisplannen","gloss":"travel plans"},{"text":"nader","gloss":"further, in more detail"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"bespreken,","gloss":"discussed"},{"text":"omdat","gloss":"because"},{"text":"wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"binnen","gloss":"within"},{"text":"zeven","gloss":"seven"},{"text":"weken","gloss":"weeks"},{"text":"vakantie","gloss":"holiday, vacation"},{"text":"hebben.","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.c.a1.m4a"},{"number":57,"id":"val.nl.L19.c.a2","source":"Ik vraag hem of hij lust heeft dit jaar met mij Heidelberg en het Neckardal te bezoeken.","translation":"I ask him whether he feels like visiting Heidelberg and the Neckar valley with me this year.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"vraag","gloss":"to ask"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"of","gloss":"or; whether"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"lust","gloss":"a mind"},{"text":"heeft","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"dit","gloss":"this"},{"text":"jaar","gloss":"the year"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"Heidelberg","gloss":"Heidelberg"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"Neckardal","gloss":"Neckardal"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"bezoeken.","gloss":"to visit"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.c.a2.m4a"},{"number":58,"id":"val.nl.L19.c.a3","source":"Ik kan mijn vriend verzekeren, dat Heidelberg een van de mooiste plekjes van heel Duitsland is.","translation":"I can assure my friend that Heidelberg is one of the most beautiful spots in all of Germany.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"kan","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"vriend","gloss":"friend"},{"text":"verzekeren,","gloss":"to assure"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"Heidelberg","gloss":"Heidelberg"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"mooiste","gloss":"finest"},{"text":"plekjes","gloss":"spot"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"heel","gloss":"whole"},{"text":"Duitsland","gloss":"Duitsland"},{"text":"is.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.c.a3.m4a"},{"number":59,"id":"val.nl.L19.c.a4","source":"Verleden jaar ben ik er reeds geweest, maar men kan er gerust een tweede of derde maal heen reizen, het blijft altijd nieuw.","translation":"Last year I had already been there, but one can safely travel there a second or third time, it always remains new.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Verleden","gloss":"past"},{"text":"jaar","gloss":"the year"},{"text":"ben","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"reeds","gloss":"already"},{"text":"geweest,","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"men","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":"kan","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"gerust","gloss":"safely, without worry"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"tweede","gloss":"the Second"},{"text":"of","gloss":"or; whether"},{"text":"derde","gloss":"third"},{"text":"maal","gloss":"time (an occasion)"},{"text":"heen","gloss":"to travel there"},{"text":"reizen,","gloss":"to travel there"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"blijft","gloss":"to remain, stay"},{"text":"altijd","gloss":"always"},{"text":"nieuw.","gloss":"new"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.c.a4.m4a"},{"number":60,"id":"val.nl.L19.c.q5","source":"Ik verzoek mijn vriend mij spoedig te schrijven, indien . . .","translation":"I ask my friend to write to me soon, if . . .","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"verzoek","gloss":"to beg, to request"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"vriend","gloss":"friend"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"spoedig","gloss":"soon"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"schrijven,","gloss":"to write"},{"text":"indien","gloss":"if"},{"text":".","gloss":""},{"text":".","gloss":""},{"text":".","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.c.q5.m4a"},{"number":61,"id":"val.nl.L19.c.q6","source":"Mocht hij geen ander plan hebben, dan . . .","translation":"Should he have no other plan, then . . .","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mocht","gloss":"might, was allowed"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"geen","gloss":"no, not a"},{"text":"ander","gloss":"another (person)"},{"text":"plan","gloss":"plan, plans"},{"text":"hebben,","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":".","gloss":""},{"text":".","gloss":""},{"text":".","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.c.q6.m4a"},{"number":62,"id":"val.nl.L19.c.q7","source":"Ik zou hem nog wel eens willen ontmoeten, want . . ., daarenboven . . .","translation":"I would like to meet him again sometime, because . . ., besides . . .","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"nog","gloss":"still, yet; another"},{"text":"wel","gloss":"but"},{"text":"eens","gloss":"once, one day"},{"text":"willen","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"ontmoeten,","gloss":"to meet"},{"text":"want","gloss":"for, because"},{"text":".","gloss":""},{"text":".","gloss":""},{"text":".,","gloss":""},{"text":"daarenboven","gloss":"besides, moreover"},{"text":".","gloss":""},{"text":".","gloss":""},{"text":".","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.c.q7.m4a"},{"number":63,"id":"val.nl.L19.c.q8","source":"Ik verzoek mijn vriend aan meneer R. te vragen of hij soms . . ., want . . .","translation":"I ask my friend to ask Mr. R. whether he perhaps . . ., because . . .","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"verzoek","gloss":"to beg, to request"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"vriend","gloss":"friend"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"meneer","gloss":"sir, Mr"},{"text":"R.","gloss":"er"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"vragen","gloss":"to ask"},{"text":"of","gloss":"or; whether"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"soms","gloss":"sometimes"},{"text":".","gloss":""},{"text":".","gloss":""},{"text":".,","gloss":""},{"text":"want","gloss":"for, because"},{"text":".","gloss":""},{"text":".","gloss":""},{"text":".","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.c.q8.m4a"},{"number":64,"id":"val.nl.L19.c.a5","source":"Ik verzoek mijn vriend mij spoedig te schrijven, indien hij soms een ander plan heeft.","translation":"I ask my friend to write to me soon, if he perhaps has another plan.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"verzoek","gloss":"to beg, to request"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"vriend","gloss":"friend"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"spoedig","gloss":"soon"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"schrijven,","gloss":"to write"},{"text":"indien","gloss":"if"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"soms","gloss":"sometimes"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"ander","gloss":"another (person)"},{"text":"plan","gloss":"plan, plans"},{"text":"heeft.","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.c.a5.m4a"},{"number":65,"id":"val.nl.L19.c.a6","source":"Mocht hij geen ander plan hebben, dan zal ik onze vriend Paul van onze komst verwittigen.","translation":"Should he have no other plan, then I will inform our friend Paul of our arrival.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mocht","gloss":"might, was allowed"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"geen","gloss":"no, not a"},{"text":"ander","gloss":"another (person)"},{"text":"plan","gloss":"plan, plans"},{"text":"hebben,","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"onze","gloss":"our"},{"text":"vriend","gloss":"friend"},{"text":"Paul","gloss":"Paul"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"onze","gloss":"our"},{"text":"komst","gloss":"arrival"},{"text":"verwittigen.","gloss":"to inform, to notify"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.c.a6.m4a"},{"number":66,"id":"val.nl.L19.c.a7","source":"Ik zou hem nog wel eens willen ontmoeten, want ik mag hem graag, daarenboven kent hij de schoonheden van Heidelberg en omstreken.","translation":"I would like to meet him again sometime, because I am fond of him, besides he knows the beauties of Heidelberg and its surroundings.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"nog","gloss":"still, yet; another"},{"text":"wel","gloss":"but"},{"text":"eens","gloss":"once, one day"},{"text":"willen","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"ontmoeten,","gloss":"to meet"},{"text":"want","gloss":"for, because"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"mag","gloss":"may"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"graag,","gloss":"gladly, with pleasure"},{"text":"daarenboven","gloss":"besides, moreover"},{"text":"kent","gloss":"knows"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"schoonheden","gloss":"beauties"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"Heidelberg","gloss":"Heidelberg"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"omstreken.","gloss":"environs, surroundings"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.c.a7.m4a"},{"number":67,"id":"val.nl.L19.c.a8","source":"Ik verzoek mijn vriend aan meneer R. te vragen of hij soms een reisgids van Zuid-Duitsland voor ons heeft, want ik durf hem er niet lastig mee te vallen en kan er hier geen lenen.","translation":"I ask my friend to ask Mr. R. whether he perhaps has a guidebook to South Germany for us, because I do not dare to trouble him about it and cannot borrow one here.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"verzoek","gloss":"to beg, to request"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"vriend","gloss":"friend"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"meneer","gloss":"sir, Mr"},{"text":"R.","gloss":"er"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"vragen","gloss":"to ask"},{"text":"of","gloss":"or; whether"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"soms","gloss":"sometimes"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"reisgids","gloss":"guidebook"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"Zuid-Duitsland","gloss":"South Germany"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"ons","gloss":"us"},{"text":"heeft,","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"want","gloss":"for, because"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"durf","gloss":"to dare"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"lastig","gloss":"troublesome"},{"text":"mee","gloss":"along, with"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"vallen","gloss":"fall"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"kan","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"hier","gloss":"here"},{"text":"geen","gloss":"no, not a"},{"text":"lenen.","gloss":"to borrow"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.c.a8.m4a"},{"number":68,"id":"val.nl.L19.c.q9","source":"Ten slotte (at last) vraag ik of mijn vriend weet . . . en verzoek hem spoedig . . .","translation":"Finally I ask whether my friend knows . . . and ask him soon to . . .","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ten","gloss":"in"},{"text":"slotte","gloss":"ending"},{"text":"(at","gloss":"ate"},{"text":"last)","gloss":"Last"},{"text":"vraag","gloss":"to ask"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"of","gloss":"or; whether"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"vriend","gloss":"friend"},{"text":"weet","gloss":"to know"},{"text":".","gloss":""},{"text":".","gloss":""},{"text":".","gloss":""},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"verzoek","gloss":"request"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"spoedig","gloss":"soon"},{"text":".","gloss":""},{"text":".","gloss":""},{"text":".","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.c.q9.m4a"},{"number":69,"id":"val.nl.L19.c.a9","source":"Ten slotte vraag ik of mijn vriend weet hoe lang van tevoren men de rondreisbiljetten moet bestellen, en verzoek hem spoedig te antwoorden.","translation":"Finally I ask whether my friend knows how long in advance one must order the circular tickets, and ask him to answer soon.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ten","gloss":"in"},{"text":"slotte","gloss":"ending"},{"text":"vraag","gloss":"question"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"of","gloss":"or; whether"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"vriend","gloss":"friend"},{"text":"weet","gloss":"to know"},{"text":"hoe","gloss":"how long"},{"text":"lang","gloss":"how long"},{"text":"van","gloss":"beforehand, in advance"},{"text":"tevoren","gloss":"beforehand, in advance"},{"text":"men","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"rondreisbiljetten","gloss":"circular tickets"},{"text":"moet","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"bestellen,","gloss":"order"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"verzoek","gloss":"request"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"spoedig","gloss":"soon"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"antwoorden.","gloss":"to answer"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.c.a9.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 19: exercise 37","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":70,"id":"val.nl.L19.e37.i1.1","source":"ik breng","translation":"I bring","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e37.i1.1.m4a"},{"number":71,"id":"val.nl.L19.e37.i3.1","source":"ik doe","translation":"I do","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e37.i3.1.m4a"},{"number":72,"id":"val.nl.L19.e37.i5.1","source":"ik durf","translation":"I dare","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e37.i5.1.m4a"},{"number":73,"id":"val.nl.L19.e37.i7.1","source":"ik houd","translation":"I hold","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e37.i7.1.m4a"},{"number":74,"id":"val.nl.L19.e37.i9.1","source":"ik kan","translation":"I am able","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e37.i9.1.m4a"},{"number":75,"id":"val.nl.L19.e37.i11.1","source":"ik moet","translation":"I have to","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e37.i11.1.m4a"},{"number":76,"id":"val.nl.L19.e37.i13.1","source":"ik sla","translation":"I strike","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e37.i13.1.m4a"},{"number":77,"id":"val.nl.L19.e37.i17.1","source":"ik wil","translation":"I want","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e37.i17.1.m4a"},{"number":78,"id":"val.nl.L19.e37.i19.1","source":"ik zeg","translation":"I say","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e37.i19.1.m4a"},{"number":79,"id":"val.nl.L19.e37.i21.1","source":"ik zoek","translation":"I seek","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e37.i21.1.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 19: exercise 38","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":80,"id":"val.nl.L19.e38.i1","source":"U zou de fout niet hebben kunnen opmerken.","translation":"You could not have noticed the mistake.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"U","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"fout","gloss":"fault"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"hebben","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"kunnen","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"opmerken.","gloss":"notice"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e38.i1.m4a"},{"number":81,"id":"val.nl.L19.e38.i2","source":"U zou de fout niet hebben kunnen of mogen opmerken.","translation":"You might not have noticed the mistake.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"U","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"fout","gloss":"fault"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"hebben","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"kunnen","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"of","gloss":"or; whether"},{"text":"mogen","gloss":"may"},{"text":"opmerken.","gloss":"notice"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e38.i2.m4a"},{"number":82,"id":"val.nl.L19.e38.i3","source":"U kunt de fout niet hebben opgemerkt.","translation":"You cannot have noticed the mistake.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"U","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"kunt","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"fout","gloss":"fault"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"hebben","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"opgemerkt.","gloss":"noticed"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e38.i3.m4a"},{"number":83,"id":"val.nl.L19.e38.i4","source":"U kunt of u moogt de fout niet hebben opgemerkt.","translation":"You may not have noticed the mistake.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"U","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"kunt","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"of","gloss":"or; whether"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"moogt","gloss":"may"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"fout","gloss":"fault"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"hebben","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"opgemerkt.","gloss":"noticed"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e38.i4.m4a"},{"number":84,"id":"val.nl.L19.e38.i5","source":"U had de fout kunnen opmerken.","translation":"You might have noticed the mistake.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"U","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"had","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"fout","gloss":"fault"},{"text":"kunnen","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"opmerken.","gloss":"notice"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e38.i5.m4a"},{"number":85,"id":"val.nl.L19.e38.i6","source":"Ik zou de fout opgemerkt hebben.","translation":"I should have noticed the mistake.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"fout","gloss":"fault"},{"text":"opgemerkt","gloss":"noticed"},{"text":"hebben.","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e38.i6.m4a"},{"number":86,"id":"val.nl.L19.e38.i7","source":"U had de fout moeten opmerken.","translation":"You ought to have noticed the mistake.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"U","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"had","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"fout","gloss":"fault"},{"text":"moeten","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"opmerken.","gloss":"notice"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e38.i7.m4a"},{"number":87,"id":"val.nl.L19.e38.i8","source":"Hij zou ons niet kunnen of mogen verstaan.","translation":"He might not understand us.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"ons","gloss":"us"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"kunnen","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"of","gloss":"or; whether"},{"text":"mogen","gloss":"may"},{"text":"verstaan.","gloss":"understood"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e38.i8.m4a"},{"number":88,"id":"val.nl.L19.e38.i9","source":"Hij kon ons niet verstaan.","translation":"He could not understand us.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"kon","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"ons","gloss":"us"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"verstaan.","gloss":"understood"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e38.i9.m4a"},{"number":89,"id":"val.nl.L19.e38.i10","source":"Hij kan het misschien niet gezien hebben.","translation":"He may not have seen it.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"kan","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"misschien","gloss":"perhaps"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"gezien","gloss":"to see"},{"text":"hebben.","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e38.i10.m4a"},{"number":90,"id":"val.nl.L19.e38.i11","source":"Hij kan het niet gezien hebben.","translation":"He cannot have seen it.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"kan","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"gezien","gloss":"to see"},{"text":"hebben.","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e38.i11.m4a"},{"number":91,"id":"val.nl.L19.e38.i12","source":"Hij kan zich vergissen.","translation":"He may be mistaken.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"kan","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"vergissen.","gloss":"be mistaken"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e38.i12.m4a"},{"number":92,"id":"val.nl.L19.e38.i13","source":"Als u iets goed gedaan wilt hebben, doe het dan zelf.","translation":"If you would have a thing done well, do it yourself.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"iets","gloss":"something"},{"text":"goed","gloss":"good, well"},{"text":"gedaan","gloss":"to do"},{"text":"wilt","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"hebben,","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"doe","gloss":"to do"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"zelf.","gloss":"self"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e38.i13.m4a"},{"number":93,"id":"val.nl.L19.e38.i14","source":"Het zal tijd zijn als de klok twaalf slaat.","translation":"It will be time when the clock strikes twelve.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"tijd","gloss":"time"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"klok","gloss":"clock"},{"text":"twaalf","gloss":"twelve"},{"text":"slaat.","gloss":"beats"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e38.i14.m4a"},{"number":94,"id":"val.nl.L19.e38.i15","source":"Het zal gedaan zijn wanneer de klok twaalf slaat.","translation":"It shall be done when the clock strikes twelve.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"gedaan","gloss":"to do"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"wanneer","gloss":"when"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"klok","gloss":"clock"},{"text":"twaalf","gloss":"twelve"},{"text":"slaat.","gloss":"beats"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e38.i15.m4a"},{"number":95,"id":"val.nl.L19.e38.i16","source":"Wie dit zou doen, zou een van de grootste weldoeners van de mensheid zijn.","translation":"He who should do this, would be one of the greatest benefactors of mankind.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wie","gloss":"who"},{"text":"dit","gloss":"this"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"doen,","gloss":"to do"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"grootste","gloss":"greatest"},{"text":"weldoeners","gloss":"benefactors"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"mensheid","gloss":"mankind"},{"text":"zijn.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e38.i16.m4a"},{"number":96,"id":"val.nl.L19.e38.i17","source":"U zou mij een genoegen doen, als u dit voor mij zou willen vertalen.","translation":"I should be glad if you would translate this for me.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"U","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"genoegen","gloss":"pleasure"},{"text":"doen,","gloss":"to do"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"dit","gloss":"this"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"willen","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"vertalen.","gloss":"translate"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e38.i17.m4a"},{"number":97,"id":"val.nl.L19.e38.i18","source":"Het zou mij verheugen, als u zou slagen.","translation":"I should be glad if you should succeed.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"verheugen,","gloss":"rejoice"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"slagen.","gloss":"succeed"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e38.i18.m4a"},{"number":98,"id":"val.nl.L19.e38.i19","source":"Mijn broer zegt dat hij gestraft zal worden.","translation":"My brother says he will be punished.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"broer","gloss":"brother"},{"text":"zegt","gloss":"to say"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"gestraft","gloss":"punished"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"worden.","gloss":"to become, to get"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e38.i19.m4a"},{"number":99,"id":"val.nl.L19.e38.i20","source":"Mijn broer zegt dat hij zeker gestraft zal worden.","translation":"My brother says he shall be punished.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"broer","gloss":"brother"},{"text":"zegt","gloss":"to say"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"zeker","gloss":"surely, certainly"},{"text":"gestraft","gloss":"punished"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"worden.","gloss":"to become, to get"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e38.i20.m4a"},{"number":100,"id":"val.nl.L19.e38.i21","source":"Hij zou mij een boek hebben meegebracht, maar hij heeft het vergeten.","translation":"He should have brought me a book, but he has forgotten it.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"boek","gloss":"book"},{"text":"hebben","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"meegebracht,","gloss":"brought along"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"heeft","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"vergeten.","gloss":"to forget"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e38.i21.m4a"},{"number":101,"id":"val.nl.L19.e38.i22","source":"Het gebeurde dat de koning door Nederland reisde.","translation":"It happened, that the king passed through the Netherlands.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"gebeurde","gloss":"happened"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"koning","gloss":"king, kings"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"Nederland","gloss":"Nederland"},{"text":"reisde.","gloss":"travels"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e38.i22.m4a"},{"number":102,"id":"val.nl.L19.e38.i23","source":"Wij zijn van Whitby naar Malton gewandeld.","translation":"We have walked from Whitby to Malton.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"Whitby","gloss":"Whitby"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"Malton","gloss":"Malton"},{"text":"gewandeld.","gloss":"to walk, stroll"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e38.i23.m4a"},{"number":103,"id":"val.nl.L19.e38.i24","source":"Hoe lang hebt u gewandeld?","translation":"How long have you walked.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hoe","gloss":"how long"},{"text":"lang","gloss":"how long"},{"text":"hebt","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"gewandeld?","gloss":"to walk, stroll"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e38.i24.m4a"},{"number":104,"id":"val.nl.L19.e38.i25","source":"Wat is er van hem geworden?","translation":"What has become of him?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"geworden?","gloss":"to become, to get"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e38.i25.m4a"},{"number":105,"id":"val.nl.L19.e38.i26","source":"Ik ben besloten dit land niet te verlaten.","translation":"I have made up my mind not to leave this country.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"ben","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"besloten","gloss":"resolved"},{"text":"dit","gloss":"this"},{"text":"land","gloss":"land"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"verlaten.","gloss":"left"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e38.i26.m4a"},{"number":106,"id":"val.nl.L19.e38.i27","source":"Deze kinderen hebben altijd het voorbeeld van hun ouders gevolgd.","translation":"These children have always followed the example of their parents.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Deze","gloss":"the latter (the most recently mentioned)"},{"text":"kinderen","gloss":"children"},{"text":"hebben","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"altijd","gloss":"always"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"voorbeeld","gloss":"example"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"hun","gloss":"them; their"},{"text":"ouders","gloss":"parents"},{"text":"gevolgd.","gloss":"followed"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e38.i27.m4a"},{"number":107,"id":"val.nl.L19.e38.i28","source":"Ik ben zijn naam vergeten.","translation":"I forget his name.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"ben","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"naam","gloss":"name"},{"text":"vergeten.","gloss":"to forget"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e38.i28.m4a"},{"number":108,"id":"val.nl.L19.e38.i29","source":"Ik deed beter dadelijk te vertrekken.","translation":"I had rather start (vertrekken) at once.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"deed","gloss":"to do"},{"text":"beter","gloss":"better"},{"text":"dadelijk","gloss":"immediately"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"vertrekken.","gloss":"depart"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e38.i29.m4a"},{"number":109,"id":"val.nl.L19.e38.i30","source":"Mij dunkt, u deed beter in uw eigen land te blijven.","translation":"I think you had better stay in your own country.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mij","gloss":"me thinks"},{"text":"dunkt,","gloss":"me thinks"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"deed","gloss":"to do"},{"text":"beter","gloss":"better"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"uw","gloss":"your (polite)"},{"text":"eigen","gloss":"own"},{"text":"land","gloss":"land"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"blijven.","gloss":"to remain, stay"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e38.i30.m4a"},{"number":110,"id":"val.nl.L19.e38.i31","source":"Hoe vaart u, meneer?","translation":"How do you do, Sir?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hoe","gloss":"how"},{"text":"vaart","gloss":"momentum"},{"text":"u,","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"meneer?","gloss":"sir, Mr"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e38.i31.m4a"},{"number":111,"id":"val.nl.L19.e38.i32","source":"Dank u, heel goed.","translation":"Very well, [I] thank you.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dank","gloss":"thanks"},{"text":"u,","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"heel","gloss":"very well"},{"text":"goed.","gloss":"very well"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e38.i32.m4a"},{"number":112,"id":"val.nl.L19.e38.i33","source":"Daar ik ongesteld ben, verzoek ik u vriendelijk mij te verschonen.","translation":"As (daar), I am ill; I beg you kindly to excuse me.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Daar","gloss":"as, since, because"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"ongesteld","gloss":"ill"},{"text":"ben,","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"verzoek","gloss":"to beg, to request"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"vriendelijk","gloss":"friendly, kind"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"verschonen.","gloss":"spared"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e38.i33.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 19: exercise 39","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":113,"id":"val.nl.L19.e39.i1","source":"waren","translation":"waren (a judge, an officer and a clergyman HAD ARRIVED)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e39.i1.m4a"},{"number":114,"id":"val.nl.L19.e39.i2","source":"waren","translation":"waren (scarcely HAD they alighted)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e39.i2.m4a"},{"number":115,"id":"val.nl.L19.e39.i3","source":"had","translation":"had (it HAD always held as a rule with him)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e39.i3.m4a"},{"number":116,"id":"val.nl.L19.e39.i4","source":"was","translation":"was (the guest who HAD arrived first)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e39.i4.m4a"},{"number":117,"id":"val.nl.L19.e39.i5","source":"waren","translation":"waren (those who HAD arrived later)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e39.i5.m4a"},{"number":118,"id":"val.nl.L19.e39.i6","source":"waren","translation":"waren (there WERE, however, three of them)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e39.i6.m4a"},{"number":119,"id":"val.nl.L19.e39.i7","source":"moest","translation":"moest (the innkeeper HAD TO decide)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e39.i7.m4a"},{"number":120,"id":"val.nl.L19.e39.i8","source":"is","translation":"is (“who are you,” he asked, turning to the officer, “and where HAVE you been until now?”)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e39.i8.m4a"},{"number":121,"id":"val.nl.L19.e39.i9","source":"heb","translation":"heb (“I HAVE lain in garrison as a captain in B. for 15 years,” the officer answered)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e39.i9.m4a"},{"number":122,"id":"val.nl.L19.e39.i10","source":"heb","translation":"heb (“and I HAVE had a seat in the court of justice in E. as a judge for 20 years,” said the judge)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e39.i10.m4a"},{"number":123,"id":"val.nl.L19.e39.i11","source":"heb","translation":"heb (“and I HAVE already stood as a minister in H. for 25 years,” said the clergyman)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e39.i11.m4a"},{"number":124,"id":"val.nl.L19.e39.i12","source":"is","translation":"is (“well then, the dispute IS settled at once,” cried the innkeeper)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e39.i12.m4a"},{"number":125,"id":"val.nl.L19.e39.i13","source":"hebt","translation":"hebt (you, captain, HAVE lain 15 years)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e39.i13.m4a"},{"number":126,"id":"val.nl.L19.e39.i14","source":"hebt","translation":"hebt (you, judge, HAVE sat 20 years)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e39.i14.m4a"},{"number":127,"id":"val.nl.L19.e39.i15","source":"heeft","translation":"heeft (the minister, however, HAS stood 25 years, so the bed falls to him)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e39.i15.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 19: exercise 40","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":128,"id":"val.nl.L19.e40.i1","source":"wilt","translation":"wilt (you WILL want to know)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e40.i1.m4a"},{"number":129,"id":"val.nl.L19.e40.i2","source":"kan","translation":"kan (I CAN inform you)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e40.i2.m4a"},{"number":130,"id":"val.nl.L19.e40.i3","source":"wordt","translation":"wordt (my health IS getting better)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e40.i3.m4a"},{"number":131,"id":"val.nl.L19.e40.i4","source":"mag","translation":"mag (I MAY already walk in the garden)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e40.i4.m4a"},{"number":132,"id":"val.nl.L19.e40.i5","source":"mag","translation":"mag (and MAY then stay outside a couple of hours)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e40.i5.m4a"},{"number":133,"id":"val.nl.L19.e40.i6","source":"mag","translation":"mag (I MAY not yet go out, morning and evening)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e40.i6.m4a"},{"number":134,"id":"val.nl.L19.e40.i7","source":"zou","translation":"zou (I WOULD not speed up my recovery with that anyway)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e40.i7.m4a"},{"number":135,"id":"val.nl.L19.e40.i8","source":"ben","translation":"ben (as soon as I AM completely better)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e40.i8.m4a"},{"number":136,"id":"val.nl.L19.e40.i9","source":"zal","translation":"zal (I WILL write to you)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e40.i9.m4a"},{"number":137,"id":"val.nl.L19.e40.i10","source":"zal","translation":"zal (SHALL I bring my friend D. along?)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e40.i10.m4a"},{"number":138,"id":"val.nl.L19.e40.i11","source":"zou","translation":"zou (he WOULD so love to see your garden sometime)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e40.i11.m4a"},{"number":139,"id":"val.nl.L19.e40.i12","source":"zal","translation":"zal (and WILL also invite you sometime)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L19.e40.i12.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 20: Geven: paradigm of a strong verb (and 1 more)","teaching":[{"title":"Geven in the present","paragraphs":["Geven means to give. It is a strong verb: it changes its vowel in the past, as in gaf.","In the present the ending follows the person. Ik geef. Jij geeft. Hij geeft. Wij geven. Jullie geven. Zij geven.","A question puts the verb first. Geef ik? Geeft hij? Geven wij? The verb drops its t before jij: geef jij?"]},{"title":"Geven in the past and after","paragraphs":["The past has two forms. Ik gaf and hij gaf use gaf. Wij gaven, jullie gaven and zij gaven use gaven.","The past participle is gegeven. It builds the compound tenses: ik heb gegeven, ik had gegeven, ik zal gegeven hebben.","The future uses zal and the infinitive: ik zal geven. The conditional uses zou: ik zou geven.","The imperative is geef. One form serves one person or many.","The subjunctive dat ik geve has died out of ordinary speech. It survives in set phrases such as leve de koning."]},{"title":"","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"As a question","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"The four forms of a strong verb","paragraphs":["To conjugate a verb is to build all its forms. A strong verb needs four forms to start from.","These are the infinitive, the past singular, the past plural and the past participle. For geven they are geven, gaf, gaven, gegeven.","Every other tense is built as for a weak verb. Only the past subjunctive is different."]},{"title":"The past subjunctive","paragraphs":["The past subjunctive comes from the past plural. Wij gaven gives dat ik gave and dat hij gave.","Wij schreven gives dat ik schreve and dat hij schreve.","For zij, the past subjunctive is the same as the ordinary past: zij gaven."]}],"lines":[{"number":140,"id":"val.nl.L20.x.1.1","source":"Ik geef je een boek.","translation":"I give you a book.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"geef","gloss":"to give"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"boek.","gloss":"book"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.x.1.1.m4a"},{"number":141,"id":"val.nl.L20.x.1.2","source":"Geef je hem het geld?","translation":"Are you giving him the money?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Geef","gloss":"to give"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"geld?","gloss":"money"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.x.1.2.m4a"},{"number":142,"id":"val.nl.L20.x.1.3","source":"Wij gaven haar een cadeau.","translation":"We gave her a present.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"gaven","gloss":"to give"},{"text":"haar","gloss":"her"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"cadeau.","gloss":"present"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.x.1.3.m4a"},{"number":143,"id":"val.nl.L20.x.1.4","source":"Hij heeft het boek gegeven.","translation":"He has given the book.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"heeft","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"boek","gloss":"book"},{"text":"gegeven.","gloss":"to give"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.x.1.4.m4a"},{"number":144,"id":"val.nl.L20.x.2.1","source":"wij gaven, dus dat ik gave.","translation":"we gave, hence that I might give.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"gaven,","gloss":"to give"},{"text":"dus","gloss":"so"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"gave.","gloss":"gift"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.x.2.1.m4a"},{"number":145,"id":"val.nl.L20.x.2.2","source":"wij schreven, dus dat ik schreve.","translation":"we wrote, hence that I might write.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"schreven,","gloss":"to write"},{"text":"dus","gloss":"so"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"schreve.","gloss":"might write"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.x.2.2.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1001,"text":"Geven: paradigm of a strong verb\n\nParadigm of a strong verb\nik geef                    I give\njij geeft                  you give (familiar)\nu geeft                    you give (polite)\nhij geeft                  he gives\nwij geven                  we give\njullie geven               you give (familiar plural)\nzij geven                  they give\n\nAs a question\ngeef ik?       do I give?\ngeef jij?      do you give?\ngeeft u?       do you give?\ngeeft hij?     does he give?\ngeven wij?     do we give?\ngeven jullie?  do you give?\ngeven zij?     do they give?\n\nPast.\nIk gaf, I gave; hij gaf, he gave; wij gaven, we gave; jullie gaven, you gave; zij gaven, they gave.\n\nPresent Perfect.\nIk heb gegeven enz. I have given &c.\n\nPluperfect.\nIk had gegeven enz. I had given &c.\n\nFuture.\nIk zal geven enz. I shall give &c.\n\nFuture Perfect.\nIk zal gegeven hebben enz. I shall have given &c.\n\nPresent Conditional.\nIk zou geven enz. I should give &c.\n\nPast Conditional.\nIk zou gegeven hebben enz. I should have given &c.\n\nImperative.\nGeef! give! One form serves both singular and plural; the old plural geeft is a literary form only.\n\nThe subjunctive (dat ik geve, dat ik gave) is grammatically still formed exactly as here, but it has died out of ordinary speech and survives only in a handful of set and literary phrases, such as leve de koning, long live the king, and het ga je goed, may it go well with you."},{"section":1002,"text":"How a strong verb is conjugated; the past subjunctive\n\nTo conjugate a strong verb we need, besides the infinitive: the singular of the past indicative, the plural of the past indicative, and the past participle. Every other tense is built the same way as for a weak verb, except the past subjunctive, which is formed from the plural of the past indicative: wij gaven, we gave, gives dat ik gave, dat hij gave; wij schreven, we wrote, gives dat ik schreve, dat hij schreve. The third person plural of the past subjunctive is the same as that of the indicative."},{"section":1003,"text":"The seven classes of strong verbs\n\nAccording to their vowel change, all strong verbs fall into seven classes:\nI: berg, borg, borgen, geborgen; bind, bond, bonden, gebonden.\n\nAccording to their vowel change, all strong verbs fall into seven classes:\nI: berg, borg, borgen, geborgen; bind, bond, bonden, gebonden.\nII: neem, nam, namen, genomen.\nIII: lees, las, lazen, gelezen.\nIV: drijf, dreef, dreven, gedreven.\nV: bied, bood, boden, geboden; sluit, sloot, sloten, gesloten.\nVI: vaar, voer, voeren, gevaren.\nVII: a) hang, hing, hingen, gehangen; b) val, viel, vielen, gevallen; c) slaap, sliep, sliepen, geslapen; d) loop, liep, liepen, gelopen; e) roep, riep, riepen, geroepen."},{"section":1004,"text":"Strong verbs, class I\n\nThe verbs of the 1st class have e or i in the present tense followed by two or more consonants; the singular and plural of the past tense and the past participle have short o.\nTo this class belong: bederven to spoil, beginnen to begin, bergen to hide, bersten to burst (also weak in the past tense; the past participle is gebarsten or geborsten), binden to bind, blinken to shine, delven to dig, dringen to press, drinken to drink, dwingen to force, gelden to be worth, glimmen to glimmer, glimpen to shine faintly, helpen to help, kerven to carve, klimmen to climb, klinken to sound, krimpen to shrink, melken to milk, ontginnen to work (a mine), schelden to call names, slinken to shrink, smelten to melt, spinnen to spin, springen to spring, sterven to die, stinken to stink, vechten to fight, vlechten to twist, verslinden to devour, verzwinden to disappear, vinden to find, werpen to throw, werven to recruit, worden to become, winden to wind, winnen to win, wringen to wring, zwelgen to swallow, zwellen to swell, zwemmen to swim, zwerven to roam, zingen to sing, zinken to sink.\nThe verbs treffen to hit and schrikken to startle (intransitive) belong here rather than to the 3rd class. Of the obsolete verbs belgen and gerinnen only the participles verbolgen (angry) and geronnen (clotted) are left.\nThe verbs bederven, helpen, sterven, werpen, werven and zwerven have ie instead of o in the past: bedierf, bedierven, and so on."},{"section":1005,"text":"Strong verbs, class II\n\nThe verbs of the 2nd class have ee in the present tense followed by a liquid consonant or by k. The singular of the past tense has a, the plural has a, the past participle has o.\nTo this class belong: bevelen to order, breken to break, nemen to take, spreken to speak, steken to sting, stelen to steal, wreken to avenge. Of the verbs beren and helen only the participles are left: geboren born, verholen concealed.\nThe verbs komen: kom, kwam, kwamen, gekomen, to come; zweren: zweer, zwoer, zwoeren, gezworen, to swear; and scheren: scheer, schoor, schoren, geschoren, to shave, deviate from the vowel change of this class. Wreken has a weak past tense: wreekte."},{"section":1006,"text":"Strong verbs, class III\n\nThe verbs of the 3rd class have a long e in the present tense and in the past participle, followed by hard consonants (except k); the singular of the past tense has a short a, the plural a long a.\nTo this class belong: eten (past participle gegeten) to eat, genezen to cure, geven to give, lezen to read, meten to measure, treden to step, vergeten to forget, vreten to devour.\nThe following verbs are irregular: bewegen to move, and wegen: weeg, woog, wogen, gewogen, to weigh; plegen, to be accustomed, pleeg, placht, plachten, with no past participle; plegen meaning to commit, and verplegen, to nurse, are weak. Bidden to pray, liggen to lie and zitten to sit have i in the present tense instead of e: bid, lig, zit; in the other tenses they follow the general rule. The monosyllabic verb zien also belongs to this class."},{"section":1007,"text":"Strong verbs, class IV\n\nThe verbs of the 4th class have ij in the present tense, ee in the singular of the past tense, and e in the plural of the past tense and in the past participle.\nTo this class belong: belijden to confess, bezwijken to yield, bijten to bite, blijken to appear, blijven to remain, drijven to float, glijden to glide, grijpen to catch, hijsen to hoist, kijken to look, kijven to wrangle, knijpen to pinch, krijten to weep, kwijten to acquit, lijden to suffer, mijden to avoid, nijgen to curtsy, nijpen to pinch, overlijden to die, pijpen to whistle, prijzen to praise, rijden to ride or to drive, rijgen to lace, rijten to tear, rijven to rake, rijzen to rise, schijnen to seem or to shine, schrijden to stride, schrijven to write, slijpen to grind, slijten to wear out, smijten to fling, snijden to cut, splijten to split, stijgen to mount, strijden to fight, strijken to stroke, verdwijnen to disappear, wijken to retreat, wijten to impute, wrijven to rub, zijgen to filter or to sink down, zwijgen to be silent.\n(Aan)tijgen to accuse, bezwijmen to swoon, grijnen to fret, krijgen to get, krijsen to shriek are weak or strong. Stijven in a figurative sense (iemand in het kwaad stijven, to encourage someone in wrongdoing) and pijpen in aanpijpen, to light a pipe, are weak."},{"section":1008,"text":"Strong verbs, class V\n\nThe verbs of the 5th class have ie or ui in the present tense, oo in the singular of the past tense, and o in the plural of the past tense and in the past participle.\nTo this class belong: a) bieden to offer, bedriegen to cheat, gieten to pour, genieten to enjoy, liegen to lie, schieten to shoot, verdrieten to sadden, vlieden to flee, vliegen to fly, vlieten to flow, zieden to seethe, and two verbs which change z into r in the past and the past participle: verliezen to lose, and vriezen to freeze; b) buigen to bend, druipen to drip, duiken to dive, kluiven to pick, kruipen to creep, luiken to shut, ontluiken to open, ruiken to smell, schuiven to push, sluipen to sneak, sluiten to shut, snuiten to blow (one's nose) or to snuff (a candle), snuiven to take snuff, spruiten to sprout, spuiten to spout, stuiven to fly, to be dusty, zuigen to suck, zuipen to drink (immoderately).\nKruien to wheel and schuilen to hide may be conjugated weak or strong.\nBrouwen to brew has become weak, but besides gebrouwd the old past participle gebrouwen still exists; the verb tijgen, to draw or to go, is lost, but the past tense toog, togen and the past participle getogen survive, chiefly in geboren en getogen, born and bred."},{"section":1009,"text":"Strong verbs, class VI\n\nThe verbs of the 6th class have a long a in the present tense and in the past participle, and u (oe) in the singular and plural of the past tense.\nTo this class belong: a) dragen to carry, graven to dig, varen to navigate; b) lachen to laugh, laden to load, and malen to grind, which have a weak past tense: laadde, lachte, maalde; c) zweren to swear, which has a long o in the past participle: gezworen; d) the irregular verbs slaan and staan; e) the past forms joeg, vroeg and woei, or jaagde, vraagde, waaide, of the weak verbs jagen to hunt, vragen to ask, waaien to blow."},{"section":1010,"text":"Strong verbs, class VII\n\nThe verbs of the 7th class have the same vowel in the present tense and in the past participle; in the past tense they have i or ie.\nTo this class belong: a) hangen to hang, vangen to catch, and the past forms of the irregular verb gaan; b) vallen to fall, wassen to grow, wassen to wash, and the past tense forms hief, hieven, schiep, schiepen of the verbs heffen to lift and scheppen to create: past participles geheven, geschapen; scheppen is weak in all other meanings, for example hij schepte water, he scooped water; c) blazen to blow, laten to let, raden to advise or to guess (past tense ried and raadde), slapen to sleep; d) houden to hold (past tense hield), houwen to hew (past tense hieuw), lopen to run and stoten to push; e) roepen to call.\nThe verbs bakken to bake, bannen to banish, braden to roast, heten to be called, scheiden to separate, spannen to stretch, vouwen to fold, zouten to salt have a weak past tense, with only the strong past participle left: bakte, gebakken; bande, gebannen; braadde, gebraden; heette, geheten; scheidde, gescheiden; spande, gespannen; vouwde, gevouwen; zoutte, gezouten."},{"section":2020,"text":"Verbs of this lesson, with their principal parts\n\ntoestaan  to allow, to permit  ik sta toe, ik stond toe, ik heb toegestaan"}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[{"section":1001,"headword":"geven","caption":"paradigm of a strong verb","cells":[{"label":"ik","number":"singular","form":"geef","meaning":"I give","name":"ik, singular"},{"label":"jij","number":"singular","form":"geeft","meaning":"you give (familiar)","name":"jij, singular"},{"label":"u","number":"singular","form":"geeft","meaning":"you give (polite)","name":"u, singular"},{"label":"hij","number":"singular","form":"geeft","meaning":"he gives","name":"hij, singular"},{"label":"wij","number":"plural","form":"geven","meaning":"we give","name":"wij, plural"},{"label":"jullie","number":"plural","form":"geven","meaning":"you give (familiar plural)","name":"jullie, plural"},{"label":"zij","number":"plural","form":"geven","meaning":"they give","name":"zij, plural"}]}]},{"title":"Lesson 20: The seven classes of strong verbs (and 1 more)","teaching":[{"title":"Seven vowel patterns","paragraphs":["A class is a group of strong verbs that change their vowel in the same way. Dutch has seven classes.","Each entry gives four forms in this order: present, past singular, past plural, past participle. Read bind, bond, bonden, gebonden.","The vowel changes from bind to bond. It stays the same in bonden. The participle gebonden has the same vowel as the past.","Class VII has five groups. In each, the present and the participle share a vowel, as in loop, liep, liepen, gelopen."]},{"title":"Class I: o in the past","paragraphs":["Class I verbs have e or i in the present, followed by two or more consonants. The past and the participle have a short o.","Binden to bind gives bind, bond, bonden, gebonden. Beginnen to begin and vinden to find follow the same pattern.","Hij begon te zingen. Wij vonden het huis."]},{"title":"Reading the list and its exceptions","paragraphs":["The list gives each class I verb with its meaning, as in zingen to sing.","Bederven, helpen, sterven, werpen, werven and zwerven have ie in the past instead of o. Bederven gives bedierf and bedierven. Zij hielp haar moeder.","Bersten to burst can also take a weak past tense. Its participle is gebarsten or geborsten."]}],"lines":[{"number":146,"id":"val.nl.L20.x.3.1","source":"Ik berg het weg.","translation":"I put it away.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"berg","gloss":"mountain"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"weg.","gloss":"away; road"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.x.3.1.m4a"},{"number":147,"id":"val.nl.L20.x.3.2","source":"Hij bond het touw vast.","translation":"He tied the rope fast.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"bond","gloss":"tied"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"touw","gloss":"rope"},{"text":"vast.","gloss":"solid, firm"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.x.3.2.m4a"},{"number":148,"id":"val.nl.L20.x.3.3","source":"Zij hebben lang geslapen.","translation":"They have slept a long time.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"hebben","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"lang","gloss":"long"},{"text":"geslapen.","gloss":"slept"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.x.3.3.m4a"},{"number":149,"id":"val.nl.L20.x.4.1","source":"Hij begon te zingen.","translation":"He began to sing.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"begon","gloss":"began"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"zingen.","gloss":"to sing"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.x.4.1.m4a"},{"number":150,"id":"val.nl.L20.x.4.2","source":"Wij vonden het huis.","translation":"We found the house.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"vonden","gloss":"to find"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"huis.","gloss":"house"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.x.4.2.m4a"},{"number":151,"id":"val.nl.L20.x.4.3","source":"Zij hielp haar moeder.","translation":"She helped her mother.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"hielp","gloss":"to help"},{"text":"haar","gloss":"her"},{"text":"moeder.","gloss":"the mother"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.x.4.3.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 20: Strong verbs, class II (and 1 more)","teaching":[{"title":"Class II: a, a, o","paragraphs":["Class II verbs have ee in the present, followed by k or by a liquid consonant. Here that is l or m, as in stelen and nemen.","The past singular has a. The past plural has a. The participle has o. Neem, nam, namen, genomen shows the pattern.","Hij nam het boek. Spreken to speak and breken to break follow it too."]},{"title":"Three verbs that differ","paragraphs":["Komen differs from the class. Its four forms are kom, kwam, kwamen, gekomen. Wij kwamen te laat.","Zweren to swear has zweer, zwoer, zwoeren, gezworen. Scheren to shave has scheer, schoor, schoren, geschoren.","Wreken to avenge has a weak past tense: wreekte. Of beren and helen only the participles geboren and verholen are left."]},{"title":"Class III: a short, a long","paragraphs":["Class III verbs have a long e in the present and in the participle, followed by hard consonants other than k.","The past singular has a short a. The past plural has a long a. Lees, las, lazen, gelezen shows the pattern.","Hij las de brief. Wij vergaten de naam. Geven to give and eten to eat belong here too."]},{"title":"Verbs that differ","paragraphs":["Bidden to pray, liggen to lie and zitten to sit have i in the present: bid, lig, zit. The other forms follow the class.","Zij bad om hulp.","Wegen to weigh is irregular: weeg, woog, wogen, gewogen. Plegen to be accustomed has placht and plachten and no past participle.","Plegen meaning to commit is weak. So is verplegen to nurse. The verb zien also belongs to this class."]}],"lines":[{"number":152,"id":"val.nl.L20.x.5.1","source":"Hij nam het boek.","translation":"He took the book.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"nam","gloss":"to take"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"boek.","gloss":"book"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.x.5.1.m4a"},{"number":153,"id":"val.nl.L20.x.5.2","source":"Zij is in Gouda geboren.","translation":"She was born in Gouda.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"Gouda","gloss":"Gouda"},{"text":"geboren.","gloss":"born"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.x.5.2.m4a"},{"number":154,"id":"val.nl.L20.x.5.3","source":"Wij kwamen te laat.","translation":"We came too late.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"kwamen","gloss":"to come"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"laat.","gloss":"let; late"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.x.5.3.m4a"},{"number":155,"id":"val.nl.L20.x.6.1","source":"Hij las de brief.","translation":"He read the letter.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"las","gloss":"read (past)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"brief.","gloss":"letter"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.x.6.1.m4a"},{"number":156,"id":"val.nl.L20.x.6.2","source":"Zij bad om hulp.","translation":"She prayed for help.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"bad","gloss":"begged"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"hulp.","gloss":"help"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.x.6.2.m4a"},{"number":157,"id":"val.nl.L20.x.6.3","source":"Wij vergaten de naam.","translation":"We forgot the name.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"vergaten","gloss":"to forget"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"naam.","gloss":"name"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.x.6.3.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 20: Strong verbs, class IV (and 1 more)","teaching":[{"title":"Class IV: ij, ee, e","paragraphs":["Class IV verbs have ij in the present. The past singular has ee. The past plural and the participle have e.","Drijf, dreef, dreven, gedreven shows the pattern. Hij schreef een brief. Wij zwegen de hele avond.","Blijven to remain, kijken to look and schrijven to write belong to this class."]},{"title":"Verbs that are weak or strong","paragraphs":["Krijgen to get and krijsen to shriek are weak or strong. So are grijnen to fret and bezwijmen to swoon.","Stijven is weak when it means to encourage someone in wrongdoing. Pijpen in aanpijpen to light a pipe is weak."]},{"title":"Class V: oo, o","paragraphs":["Class V verbs have ie or ui in the present. The past singular has oo. The past plural and the participle have o.","Bied, bood, boden, geboden shows the ie group. Sluit, sloot, sloten, gesloten shows the ui group.","Zij verloor haar sleutel. Hij kroop onder de tafel."]},{"title":"Two verbs that change z to r","paragraphs":["Verliezen to lose and vriezen to freeze change z into r in the past and the participle.","Het heeft vannacht gevroren.","Kruien and schuilen may be weak or strong. Brouwen has become weak, but the old participle gebrouwen still exists."]}],"lines":[{"number":158,"id":"val.nl.L20.x.7.1","source":"Hij schreef een brief.","translation":"He wrote a letter.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"schreef","gloss":"to write"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"brief.","gloss":"letter"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.x.7.1.m4a"},{"number":159,"id":"val.nl.L20.x.7.2","source":"Zij beet in de appel.","translation":"She bit into the apple.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"beet","gloss":"bit"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"appel.","gloss":"apple"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.x.7.2.m4a"},{"number":160,"id":"val.nl.L20.x.7.3","source":"Wij zwegen de hele avond.","translation":"We were silent all evening.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"zwegen","gloss":"were silent"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"hele","gloss":"whole"},{"text":"avond.","gloss":"evening"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.x.7.3.m4a"},{"number":161,"id":"val.nl.L20.x.8.1","source":"Zij verloor haar sleutel.","translation":"She lost her key.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"verloor","gloss":"lost"},{"text":"haar","gloss":"her"},{"text":"sleutel.","gloss":"key"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.x.8.1.m4a"},{"number":162,"id":"val.nl.L20.x.8.2","source":"Het heeft vannacht gevroren.","translation":"It froze last night.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"heeft","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"vannacht","gloss":"last night"},{"text":"gevroren.","gloss":"frozen (vriezen)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.x.8.2.m4a"},{"number":163,"id":"val.nl.L20.x.8.3","source":"Hij kroop onder de tafel.","translation":"He crept under the table.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"kroop","gloss":"crept"},{"text":"onder","gloss":"under; among"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"tafel.","gloss":"table"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.x.8.3.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 20: Strong verbs, class VI (and 1 more)","teaching":[{"title":"Class VI: a, oe","paragraphs":["Class VI verbs have a long a in the present and in the participle. The past singular and plural have u, written oe.","Vaar, voer, voeren, gevaren shows the pattern. Zij droeg een tas. Dragen to carry belongs here.","Slaan and staan are irregular."]},{"title":"Weak forms in this class","paragraphs":["Lachen, laden and malen have a weak past tense: lachte, laadde, maalde.","Jagen, vragen and waaien are weak verbs, but their past can take the forms joeg, vroeg and woei. The weak forms are jaagde, vraagde and waaide.","Hij vroeg naar de weg. De wind woei hard. Zweren has a long o in the participle: gezworen."]},{"title":"Class VII: i or ie in the past","paragraphs":["Class VII verbs keep the same vowel in the present and in the participle. The past has i or ie.","Hang, hing, hingen, gehangen has i. Val, viel, vielen, gevallen and slaap, sliep, sliepen, geslapen have ie.","De jas hing aan de kapstok. Wij liepen naar huis."]},{"title":"Strong participle, weak past","paragraphs":["Some verbs have a weak past tense and a strong participle. Bakken gives bakte and gebakken. Heten gives heette and geheten.","Scheppen is strong in the meaning to create. In all other meanings it is weak: hij schepte water.","Raden to advise or to guess has the past ried and raadde. Houden has the past hield."]}],"lines":[{"number":164,"id":"val.nl.L20.x.9.1","source":"Zij droeg een tas.","translation":"She carried a bag.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"droeg","gloss":"wore"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"tas.","gloss":"bag"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.x.9.1.m4a"},{"number":165,"id":"val.nl.L20.x.9.2","source":"Hij vroeg naar de weg.","translation":"He asked for directions.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"vroeg","gloss":"to ask"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"weg.","gloss":"away; road"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.x.9.2.m4a"},{"number":166,"id":"val.nl.L20.x.9.3","source":"De wind woei hard.","translation":"The wind blew hard.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"wind","gloss":"wind"},{"text":"woei","gloss":"blew"},{"text":"hard.","gloss":"hard"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.x.9.3.m4a"},{"number":167,"id":"val.nl.L20.x.10.1","source":"De jas hing aan de kapstok.","translation":"The coat hung on the coat rack.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"jas","gloss":"coat (dated in this sense; rok now means 'skirt')"},{"text":"hing","gloss":"to hang"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"kapstok.","gloss":"coat rack"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.x.10.1.m4a"},{"number":168,"id":"val.nl.L20.x.10.2","source":"Wij liepen naar huis.","translation":"We walked home.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"liepen","gloss":"walked"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"huis.","gloss":"house"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.x.10.2.m4a"},{"number":169,"id":"val.nl.L20.x.10.3","source":"Hij hield het touw vast.","translation":"He held the rope fast.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"hield","gloss":"to keep"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"touw","gloss":"rope"},{"text":"vast.","gloss":"solid, firm"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.x.10.3.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Trek van zelfverloochening","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":170,"id":"val.nl.L20.r.0","source":"Trek van zelfverloochening","translation":"A trait of self-denial","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Trek","gloss":"trait, feature"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"zelfverloochening","gloss":"self-denial"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.r.0.m4a"},{"number":171,"id":"val.nl.L20.r.1","source":"Szekuli, een Oostenrijkse kapitein, werd tot opsluiting in de vesting Szegedin veroordeeld.","translation":"Szekuli, an Austrian captain, was sentenced to confinement in the fortress of Szegedin.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Szekuli,","gloss":"Szekuli"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"Oostenrijkse","gloss":"Austrian"},{"text":"kapitein,","gloss":"captain"},{"text":"werd","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"tot","gloss":"until, to"},{"text":"opsluiting","gloss":"confinement"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vesting","gloss":"fortress"},{"text":"Szegedin","gloss":"Szegedin"},{"text":"veroordeeld.","gloss":"to condemn"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.r.1.m4a"},{"number":172,"id":"val.nl.L20.r.2","source":"De bediende van deze ongelukkige nam het besluit zich tot de keizer te wenden, om hem te verzoeken zijn meester in de vesting te mogen volgen.","translation":"The servant of this unfortunate man resolved to turn to the emperor, to beg him to be allowed to follow his master to the fortress.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"bediende","gloss":"the servant, the servants"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"deze","gloss":"the latter (the most recently mentioned)"},{"text":"ongelukkige","gloss":"unhappy"},{"text":"nam","gloss":"to take"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"besluit","gloss":"decree"},{"text":"zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"tot","gloss":"until, to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"keizer","gloss":"emperor"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"wenden,","gloss":"turn"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"verzoeken","gloss":"to beg"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his master"},{"text":"meester","gloss":"his master"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vesting","gloss":"fortress"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"mogen","gloss":"may"},{"text":"volgen.","gloss":"follow"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.r.2.m4a"},{"number":173,"id":"val.nl.L20.r.3","source":"“Wat wil je bij je meester doen?” vroeg de keizer hem, “je weet immers dat hij als misdadiger veroordeeld is.”","translation":"“What do you want to do with your master?” the emperor asked him, “you know, after all, that he has been condemned as a criminal.”","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"“Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"wil","gloss":"want"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"bij","gloss":"with"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"meester","gloss":"teacher (in everyday speech, meester/schoolmeester is often used for a primary-school teacher; a teacher at a public secondary school (H.B.S.) or a gymnasium is called leraar, a university professor is called professor or hoogleraar)"},{"text":"doen?”","gloss":"do"},{"text":"vroeg","gloss":"asked"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"keizer","gloss":"emperor"},{"text":"hem,","gloss":"him"},{"text":"“je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"weet","gloss":"know"},{"text":"immers","gloss":"after all"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"misdadiger","gloss":"criminal"},{"text":"veroordeeld","gloss":"condemned"},{"text":"is.”","gloss":"is"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.r.3.m4a"},{"number":174,"id":"val.nl.L20.r.4","source":"“Ik weet het,” antwoordde de trouwe dienaar, “maar ik heb hem in zijn geluk gediend, en nu bied ik mij aan hem ook in zijn ongeluk te volgen.","translation":"“I know it,” answered the faithful servant, “but I have served him in his good fortune, and now I offer to follow him in his misfortune as well.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"“Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"weet","gloss":"know"},{"text":"het,”","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"antwoordde","gloss":"answered"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"trouwe","gloss":"faithful"},{"text":"dienaar,","gloss":"servant"},{"text":"“maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"have"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"geluk","gloss":"fortune"},{"text":"gediend,","gloss":"served"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"nu","gloss":"now, at present"},{"text":"bied","gloss":"offer"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"ook","gloss":"also, likewise"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"ongeluk","gloss":"misfortune"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to (before a verb); at, in (before a place); too"},{"text":"volgen.","gloss":"follow"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.r.4.m4a"},{"number":175,"id":"val.nl.L20.r.5","source":"Hij zal mijn diensten op zijn oude dag nodig hebben en wanneer ik niets anders doen kan om zijn lot te verzachten, dan zal ik hem ten minste troosten en hem aanmoedigen om zijn straf geduldig te verdragen.”","translation":"He will need my services in his old age, and when I can do nothing else to ease his fate, then I will at least console him and encourage him to bear his punishment patiently.”","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"diensten","gloss":"services"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"oude","gloss":"old"},{"text":"dag","gloss":"day"},{"text":"nodig","gloss":"to want, to need"},{"text":"hebben","gloss":"to want, to need"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"wanneer","gloss":"if"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"niets","gloss":"nothing"},{"text":"anders","gloss":"otherwise"},{"text":"doen","gloss":"do"},{"text":"kan","gloss":"can"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"lot","gloss":"fate"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to (before a verb); at, in (before a place); too"},{"text":"verzachten,","gloss":"to mitigate"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"ten","gloss":"at least"},{"text":"minste","gloss":"at least"},{"text":"troosten","gloss":"to console"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"aanmoedigen","gloss":"to encourage"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"straf","gloss":"punishment"},{"text":"geduldig","gloss":"patiently"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to (before a verb); at, in (before a place); too"},{"text":"verdragen.”","gloss":"to bear"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.r.5.m4a"},{"number":176,"id":"val.nl.L20.r.6","source":"De keizer, door zulk een zeldzame verknochtheid en trouw geroerd, veroorloofde hem zijn meester te vergezellen en stond hem zelfs een klein pensioen toe.","translation":"The emperor, moved by such a rare attachment and fidelity, allowed him to accompany his master and even granted him a small pension.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"keizer,","gloss":"emperor"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"zulk","gloss":"such"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"zeldzame","gloss":"rare"},{"text":"verknochtheid","gloss":"attachment"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"trouw","gloss":"fidelity"},{"text":"geroerd,","gloss":"to touch"},{"text":"veroorloofde","gloss":"to allow"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his master"},{"text":"meester","gloss":"his master"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"vergezellen","gloss":"to accompany"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"stond","gloss":"stood"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"zelfs","gloss":"even"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"klein","gloss":"small"},{"text":"pensioen","gloss":"pension"},{"text":"toe.","gloss":"to"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.r.6.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"Trek","gloss":"trait, feature"},{"word":"zelfverloochening","gloss":"self-denial"},{"word":"opsluiting","gloss":"confinement"},{"word":"vesting","gloss":"fortress"},{"word":"keizer","gloss":"emperor"},{"word":"besluit","gloss":"to resolve (een besluit nemen)"},{"word":"verzoeken","gloss":"to beg"},{"word":"misdadiger","gloss":"criminal"},{"word":"dienaar","gloss":"servant"},{"word":"lot","gloss":"fate"},{"word":"straf","gloss":"punishment"},{"word":"verknochtheid","gloss":"attachment"},{"word":"trouw","gloss":"fidelity"},{"word":"pensioen","gloss":"pension"},{"word":"geluk","gloss":"fortune"},{"word":"ongeluk","gloss":"misfortune"},{"word":"trouw","gloss":"faithful"},{"word":"wanneer","gloss":"if"},{"word":"dan","gloss":"only (niets anders ... dan)"},{"word":"minste","gloss":"at least (ten minste)"},{"word":"zelfs","gloss":"even"},{"word":"hebben","gloss":"to want, to need (nodig hebben)"},{"word":"verzachten","gloss":"to mitigate"},{"word":"troosten","gloss":"to console"},{"word":"aanmoedigen","gloss":"to encourage"},{"word":"verdragen","gloss":"to bear"},{"word":"vergezellen","gloss":"to accompany"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 20: conversation","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":177,"id":"val.nl.L20.c.q1","source":"Waartoe werd Szekuli veroordeeld?","translation":"What was Szekuli sentenced to?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Waartoe","gloss":"to which"},{"text":"werd","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"Szekuli","gloss":"Szekuli"},{"text":"veroordeeld?","gloss":"to condemn"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.c.q1.m4a"},{"number":178,"id":"val.nl.L20.c.q2","source":"Welk besluit nam de bediende van de kapitein?","translation":"What decision did the captain's servant make?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Welk","gloss":"which, what"},{"text":"besluit","gloss":"decree"},{"text":"nam","gloss":"to take"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"bediende","gloss":"the servant, the servants"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"kapitein?","gloss":"captain"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.c.q2.m4a"},{"number":179,"id":"val.nl.L20.c.q3","source":"Wat vroeg hem de keizer?","translation":"What did the emperor ask him?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"vroeg","gloss":"to ask"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"keizer?","gloss":"emperor"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.c.q3.m4a"},{"number":180,"id":"val.nl.L20.c.q4","source":"Hoe luidde het antwoord van de trouwe dienaar?","translation":"What was the faithful servant's answer?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hoe","gloss":"how"},{"text":"luidde","gloss":"sounded"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"antwoord","gloss":"answer"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"trouwe","gloss":"faithful"},{"text":"dienaar?","gloss":"servant"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.c.q4.m4a"},{"number":181,"id":"val.nl.L20.c.a1","source":"Szekuli werd tot opsluiting in de vesting Szegedin veroordeeld.","translation":"Szekuli was sentenced to confinement in the fortress of Szegedin.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Szekuli","gloss":"Szekuli"},{"text":"werd","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"tot","gloss":"until, to"},{"text":"opsluiting","gloss":"confinement"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vesting","gloss":"fortress"},{"text":"Szegedin","gloss":"Szegedin"},{"text":"veroordeeld.","gloss":"to condemn"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.c.a1.m4a"},{"number":182,"id":"val.nl.L20.c.a2","source":"De bediende nam het besluit zich tot de keizer te wenden, om hem te verzoeken zijn meester in de vesting te mogen volgen.","translation":"The servant resolved to turn to the emperor, to beg him to be allowed to follow his master to the fortress.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"bediende","gloss":"the servant, the servants"},{"text":"nam","gloss":"to take"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"besluit","gloss":"decree"},{"text":"zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"tot","gloss":"until, to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"keizer","gloss":"emperor"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"wenden,","gloss":"turn"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"verzoeken","gloss":"to beg"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his master"},{"text":"meester","gloss":"his master"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vesting","gloss":"fortress"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"mogen","gloss":"may"},{"text":"volgen.","gloss":"follow"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.c.a2.m4a"},{"number":183,"id":"val.nl.L20.c.a3","source":"De keizer vroeg hem: “Wat wil je bij je meester doen?”","translation":"The emperor asked him: “What do you want to do with your master?”","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"keizer","gloss":"emperor"},{"text":"vroeg","gloss":"asked"},{"text":"hem:","gloss":"him"},{"text":"“Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"wil","gloss":"want"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"bij","gloss":"with"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"meester","gloss":"teacher (in everyday speech, meester/schoolmeester is often used for a primary-school teacher; a teacher at a public secondary school (H.B.S.) or a gymnasium is called leraar, a university professor is called professor or hoogleraar)"},{"text":"doen?”","gloss":"do"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.c.a3.m4a"},{"number":184,"id":"val.nl.L20.c.a4","source":"Hij antwoordde dat hij zijn meester in zijn geluk had gediend en hem nu ook in zijn ongeluk wilde volgen.","translation":"He answered that he had served his master in his good fortune and now wanted to follow him in his misfortune as well.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"antwoordde","gloss":"to answer"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his master"},{"text":"meester","gloss":"his master"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"geluk","gloss":"fortune"},{"text":"had","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"gediend","gloss":"to serve"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"nu","gloss":"now, at present"},{"text":"ook","gloss":"also, likewise"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"ongeluk","gloss":"misfortune"},{"text":"wilde","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"volgen.","gloss":"follow"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.c.a4.m4a"},{"number":185,"id":"val.nl.L20.c.q5","source":"Wat dacht de oude man ten minste nog te kunnen doen?","translation":"What did the old man think he could still do at least?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"dacht","gloss":"thought"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"oude","gloss":"old"},{"text":"man","gloss":"man; husband"},{"text":"ten","gloss":"at least"},{"text":"minste","gloss":"at least"},{"text":"nog","gloss":"still, yet; another"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"kunnen","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"doen?","gloss":"to do"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.c.q5.m4a"},{"number":186,"id":"val.nl.L20.c.q6","source":"Waarom veroorloofde de keizer hem zijn meester te vergezellen?","translation":"Why did the emperor allow him to accompany his master?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Waarom","gloss":"why"},{"text":"veroorloofde","gloss":"allowed"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"keizer","gloss":"emperor"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his master"},{"text":"meester","gloss":"his master"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"vergezellen?","gloss":"to accompany"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.c.q6.m4a"},{"number":187,"id":"val.nl.L20.c.q7","source":"Wat deed de keizer daarenboven?","translation":"What did the emperor do besides that?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"deed","gloss":"to do"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"keizer","gloss":"emperor"},{"text":"daarenboven?","gloss":"besides, moreover"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.c.q7.m4a"},{"number":188,"id":"val.nl.L20.c.a5","source":"Hij dacht zijn meester ten minste te kunnen troosten en hem aan te moedigen zijn straf geduldig te verdragen.","translation":"He thought he could at least console his master and encourage him to bear his punishment patiently.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"dacht","gloss":"thought"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his master"},{"text":"meester","gloss":"his master"},{"text":"ten","gloss":"at least"},{"text":"minste","gloss":"at least"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"kunnen","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"troosten","gloss":"to console"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"moedigen","gloss":"encourage"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"straf","gloss":"punishment"},{"text":"geduldig","gloss":"patiently"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"verdragen.","gloss":"to bear"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.c.a5.m4a"},{"number":189,"id":"val.nl.L20.c.a6","source":"De keizer veroorloofde het hem, omdat hij door zulke zeldzame verknochtheid en trouw geroerd was.","translation":"The emperor allowed it because he was moved by such rare attachment and fidelity.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"keizer","gloss":"emperor"},{"text":"veroorloofde","gloss":"allowed"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"hem,","gloss":"him"},{"text":"omdat","gloss":"because"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"zulke","gloss":"such"},{"text":"zeldzame","gloss":"rare"},{"text":"verknochtheid","gloss":"attachment"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"trouw","gloss":"fidelity"},{"text":"geroerd","gloss":"to touch"},{"text":"was.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.c.a6.m4a"},{"number":190,"id":"val.nl.L20.c.a7","source":"Hij stond hem zelfs een klein pensioen toe.","translation":"He even granted him a small pension.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"stond","gloss":"stood"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"zelfs","gloss":"even"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"klein","gloss":"small"},{"text":"pensioen","gloss":"pension"},{"text":"toe.","gloss":"to"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.c.a7.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 20: exercise 41","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":191,"id":"val.nl.L20.e41.i1.1","source":"ik delf","translation":"I dig","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e41.i1.1.m4a"},{"number":192,"id":"val.nl.L20.e41.i1.2","source":"wij dolven","translation":"we dig","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e41.i1.2.m4a"},{"number":193,"id":"val.nl.L20.e41.i3.1","source":"ik bind","translation":"I bind","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e41.i3.1.m4a"},{"number":194,"id":"val.nl.L20.e41.i4.1","source":"wij namen","translation":"we take","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e41.i4.1.m4a"},{"number":195,"id":"val.nl.L20.e41.i5.1","source":"ik lees","translation":"I read","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e41.i5.1.m4a"},{"number":196,"id":"val.nl.L20.e41.i5.2","source":"wij lazen","translation":"we read","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e41.i5.2.m4a"},{"number":197,"id":"val.nl.L20.e41.i7.1","source":"ik bied","translation":"I offer","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e41.i7.1.m4a"},{"number":198,"id":"val.nl.L20.e41.i8.1","source":"wij sloten","translation":"we shut","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e41.i8.1.m4a"},{"number":199,"id":"val.nl.L20.e41.i9.1","source":"ik vaar","translation":"I navigate","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e41.i9.1.m4a"},{"number":200,"id":"val.nl.L20.e41.i9.2","source":"wij voeren","translation":"we navigate","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e41.i9.2.m4a"},{"number":201,"id":"val.nl.L20.e41.i11.1","source":"ik val","translation":"I fall","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e41.i11.1.m4a"},{"number":202,"id":"val.nl.L20.e41.i12.1","source":"wij sliepen","translation":"we sleep","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e41.i12.1.m4a"},{"number":203,"id":"val.nl.L20.e41.i13.1","source":"ik loop","translation":"I run","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e41.i13.1.m4a"},{"number":204,"id":"val.nl.L20.e41.i13.2","source":"wij liepen","translation":"we run","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e41.i13.2.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 20: exercise 42","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":205,"id":"val.nl.L20.e42.i1","source":"waren","translation":"(zijn)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e42.i1.m4a"},{"number":206,"id":"val.nl.L20.e42.i2","source":"werd","translation":"(worden)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e42.i2.m4a"},{"number":207,"id":"val.nl.L20.e42.i3","source":"kwamen","translation":"(komen)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e42.i3.m4a"},{"number":208,"id":"val.nl.L20.e42.i4","source":"gingen","translation":"(gaan)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e42.i4.m4a"},{"number":209,"id":"val.nl.L20.e42.i5","source":"kwam","translation":"(komen)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e42.i5.m4a"},{"number":210,"id":"val.nl.L20.e42.i6","source":"waren","translation":"(zijn)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e42.i6.m4a"},{"number":211,"id":"val.nl.L20.e42.i7","source":"moest","translation":"(moeten)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e42.i7.m4a"},{"number":212,"id":"val.nl.L20.e42.i8","source":"was","translation":"(zijn)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e42.i8.m4a"},{"number":213,"id":"val.nl.L20.e42.i9","source":"was","translation":"(zijn)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e42.i9.m4a"},{"number":214,"id":"val.nl.L20.e42.i10","source":"wilde","translation":"(willen)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e42.i10.m4a"},{"number":215,"id":"val.nl.L20.e42.i11","source":"gekeken","translation":"(kijken)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e42.i11.m4a"},{"number":216,"id":"val.nl.L20.e42.i12","source":"was","translation":"(zijn)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e42.i12.m4a"},{"number":217,"id":"val.nl.L20.e42.i13","source":"vond","translation":"(vinden)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e42.i13.m4a"},{"number":218,"id":"val.nl.L20.e42.i14","source":"liep","translation":"(loopen)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e42.i14.m4a"},{"number":219,"id":"val.nl.L20.e42.i15","source":"begon","translation":"(beginnen)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e42.i15.m4a"},{"number":220,"id":"val.nl.L20.e42.i16","source":"sprongen","translation":"(springen)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e42.i16.m4a"},{"number":221,"id":"val.nl.L20.e42.i17","source":"liepen","translation":"(loopen)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e42.i17.m4a"},{"number":222,"id":"val.nl.L20.e42.i18","source":"blaften","translation":"(blaffen)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e42.i18.m4a"},{"number":223,"id":"val.nl.L20.e42.i19","source":"gelokt","translation":"(lokken)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e42.i19.m4a"},{"number":224,"id":"val.nl.L20.e42.i20","source":"snelde","translation":"(snellen)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e42.i20.m4a"},{"number":225,"id":"val.nl.L20.e42.i21","source":"zocht","translation":"(zoeken)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e42.i21.m4a"},{"number":226,"id":"val.nl.L20.e42.i22","source":"ging","translation":"(gaan)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e42.i22.m4a"},{"number":227,"id":"val.nl.L20.e42.i23","source":"liet","translation":"(laten)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e42.i23.m4a"},{"number":228,"id":"val.nl.L20.e42.i24","source":"wilden","translation":"(willen)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e42.i24.m4a"},{"number":229,"id":"val.nl.L20.e42.i25","source":"legde","translation":"(leggen)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e42.i25.m4a"},{"number":230,"id":"val.nl.L20.e42.i26","source":"waren","translation":"(zijn)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e42.i26.m4a"},{"number":231,"id":"val.nl.L20.e42.i27","source":"merkten","translation":"(merken)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e42.i27.m4a"},{"number":232,"id":"val.nl.L20.e42.i28","source":"hadden","translation":"(hebben)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e42.i28.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 20: exercise 43","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":233,"id":"val.nl.L20.e43.i1","source":"had","translation":"(hebben)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e43.i1.m4a"},{"number":234,"id":"val.nl.L20.e43.i2","source":"ontving","translation":"(ontvangen)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e43.i2.m4a"},{"number":235,"id":"val.nl.L20.e43.i3","source":"was","translation":"(zijn)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e43.i3.m4a"},{"number":236,"id":"val.nl.L20.e43.i4","source":"beging","translation":"(begaan)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e43.i4.m4a"},{"number":237,"id":"val.nl.L20.e43.i5","source":"zette","translation":"(zetten)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e43.i5.m4a"},{"number":238,"id":"val.nl.L20.e43.i6","source":"nam","translation":"(nemen)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e43.i6.m4a"},{"number":239,"id":"val.nl.L20.e43.i7","source":"ging","translation":"(gaan)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e43.i7.m4a"},{"number":240,"id":"val.nl.L20.e43.i8","source":"sliep","translation":"(slapen)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e43.i8.m4a"},{"number":241,"id":"val.nl.L20.e43.i9","source":"beproefde","translation":"(beproeven)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e43.i9.m4a"},{"number":242,"id":"val.nl.L20.e43.i10","source":"verdedigde","translation":"(verdedigen)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e43.i10.m4a"},{"number":243,"id":"val.nl.L20.e43.i11","source":"uitgeslapen","translation":"(uitslapen)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e43.i11.m4a"},{"number":244,"id":"val.nl.L20.e43.i12","source":"ontwaakte","translation":"(ontwaken)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e43.i12.m4a"},{"number":245,"id":"val.nl.L20.e43.i13","source":"bemerkte","translation":"(bemerken)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e43.i13.m4a"},{"number":246,"id":"val.nl.L20.e43.i14","source":"lag","translation":"(liggen)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e43.i14.m4a"},{"number":247,"id":"val.nl.L20.e43.i15","source":"schrok","translation":"(schrikken)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e43.i15.m4a"},{"number":248,"id":"val.nl.L20.e43.i16","source":"bemerkte","translation":"(bemerken)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e43.i16.m4a"},{"number":249,"id":"val.nl.L20.e43.i17","source":"benam","translation":"(benemen)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e43.i17.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 20: exercise 44","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":250,"id":"val.nl.L20.e44.i1","source":"was","translation":"(zijn)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e44.i1.m4a"},{"number":251,"id":"val.nl.L20.e44.i2","source":"zag","translation":"(zien)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e44.i2.m4a"},{"number":252,"id":"val.nl.L20.e44.i3","source":"gekomen","translation":"(komen)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e44.i3.m4a"},{"number":253,"id":"val.nl.L20.e44.i4","source":"voorgesteld","translation":"(voorstellen)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e44.i4.m4a"},{"number":254,"id":"val.nl.L20.e44.i5","source":"bleef","translation":"(blijven)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e44.i5.m4a"},{"number":255,"id":"val.nl.L20.e44.i6","source":"trok","translation":"(trekken)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e44.i6.m4a"},{"number":256,"id":"val.nl.L20.e44.i7","source":"rondleidde","translation":"(rondleiden)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e44.i7.m4a"},{"number":257,"id":"val.nl.L20.e44.i8","source":"toeschreef","translation":"(toeschrijven)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e44.i8.m4a"},{"number":258,"id":"val.nl.L20.e44.i9","source":"wilde","translation":"(willen)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e44.i9.m4a"},{"number":259,"id":"val.nl.L20.e44.i10","source":"vroeg","translation":"(vragen)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e44.i10.m4a"},{"number":260,"id":"val.nl.L20.e44.i11","source":"kon","translation":"(kunnen)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e44.i11.m4a"},{"number":261,"id":"val.nl.L20.e44.i12","source":"antwoordde","translation":"(antwoorden)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e44.i12.m4a"},{"number":262,"id":"val.nl.L20.e44.i13","source":"verricht","translation":"(verrichten)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L20.e44.i13.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 21: The alphabetical list of the strong and irregular verbs","teaching":[{"title":"One entry of the verb list","paragraphs":["This list puts all the strong and irregular verbs in one alphabetical order. Each entry gives the forms needed to conjugate the verb.","An entry has four forms: the infinitive, the past singular, the past plural and the past participle. Gaan gives ging, gingen, gegaan. Bieden gives bood, boden, geboden.","The number after the infinitive is the verb's class.","A star marks a verb or a form that can also be weak. Its weak forms stand in brackets.","A verb built on a simpler verb is conjugated like that verb and is not listed again. Verkiezen follows kiezen. Overlijden follows lijden."]}],"lines":[{"number":263,"id":"val.nl.L21.x.1.1","source":"ik ben gegaan","translation":"I have gone","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"ben","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"gegaan","gloss":"to go"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.x.1.1.m4a"},{"number":264,"id":"val.nl.L21.x.1.2","source":"ik heb gegeten","translation":"I have eaten","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"gegeten","gloss":"to eat"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.x.1.2.m4a"},{"number":265,"id":"val.nl.L21.x.1.3","source":"hij is gevallen","translation":"he has fallen","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"gevallen","gloss":"to fall"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.x.1.3.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":323,"text":"The alphabetical list of the strong and irregular verbs\n\nThis table collects the strong and irregular verbs in one alphabetical list. Each row gives the infinitive, the singular and plural of the simple past, and the past participle. A verb or form marked with an asterisk can also be conjugated weak, and its weak forms are given in brackets. A compound verb, such as verkiezen or overlijden, is conjugated like the simple verb it is built on (kiezen, lijden) and is not repeated under its own letter. The number after the infinitive names the verb's ablaut class."},{"section":2021,"text":"Verbs of this lesson, with their principal parts\n\nbakken      to bake                   (bakte), (bakten), gebakken\nbannen      to banish                 (bande), (banden), gebannen\nbederven    to spoil                  bedierf, bedierven, bedorven\nbedriegen   to cheat                  bedroog, bedrogen, bedrogen\nbeginnen    to begin                  begon, begonnen, begonnen\nbelijden    to confess                beleed, beleden, beleden\nbergen      to hide                   borg, borgen, geborgen\nbersten     to burst                  borst*, borsten*, geborsten, barsten\nbevelen     to order                  beval, bevalen, bevolen\nbewegen     to move                   bewoog, bewogen, bewogen\nbezwijken   to succumb                bezweek, bezweken, bezweken\nbezwijmen*  to faint                  bezweem, bezwemen, bezwemen\nbidden      to pray, to beg           bad, baden, gebeden\nbieden      to offer                  bood, boden, geboden\nbijten      to bite                   beet, beten, gebeten\nbinden      to bind                   bond, bonden, gebonden\nblazen      to blow                   blies, bliezen, geblazen\nblijken     to appear                 bleek, bleken, gebleken\nblijven     to remain                 bleef, bleven, gebleven\nblinken     to shine, to glitter      blonk, blonken, geblonken\nbraden      to roast                  (braadde), (braadden), gebraden\nbreken      to break                  brak, braken, gebroken\nbrouwen     to brew                   (brouwde), (brouwden), gebrouwen*\nbuigen      to bend                   boog, bogen, gebogen\ndelven      to dig                    dolf, dolven, gedolven\ndingen      to bargain                dong, dongen, gedongen\ndoen        to do                     deed, deden, gedaan\ndragen      to carry                  droeg, droegen, gedragen\ndrijven     to float                  dreef, dreven, gedreven\ndringen     to urge                   drong, drongen, gedrongen\ndrinken     to drink                  dronk, dronken, gedronken\ndruipen     to drip                   droop, dropen, gedropen\nduiken      to dive                   dook, doken, gedoken\ndwingen     to force                  dwong, dwongen, gedwongen\neten        to eat                    at, aten, gegeten\nfluiten     to whistle                floot, floten, gefloten\ngaan        to go                     ging, gingen, gegaan\ngelden      to be worth               gold, golden, gegolden\n(ge)lijken  to resemble               (ge)leek, (ge)leken, geleken\ngenezen     to cure, to recover       genas, genazen, genezen\ngenieten    to enjoy                  genoot, genoten, genoten\ngeven       to give                   gaf, gaven, gegeven\ngieten      to pour                   goot, goten, gegoten\nglijden     to glide                  gleed, gleden, gegleden\nglimmen     to glow faintly           glom, glommen, geglommen\ngraven      to dig                    groef, groeven, gegraven\ngrijnen*    to weep                   green, grenen, gegrenen\ngrijpen     to catch                  greep, grepen, gegrepen\nhangen      to hang                   hing, hingen, gehangen\nheten       to be called              (heette), (heetten), geheten\nheffen      to lift                   hief, hieven, geheven\nhelpen      to help                   hielp, hielpen, geholpen\nhijsen      to hoist                  hees, hesen, gehesen\nhouden      to hold                   hield, hielden, gehouden\nhouwen      to hew                    hieuw, hieuwen, gehouwen\njagen*      to hunt                   joeg (6), joegen (6), (gejaagd)\nkerven      to carve                  korf, korven, gekorven\nkiezen      to choose                 koos, kozen, gekozen\nkijken      to look                   keek, keken, gekeken\nkijven      to wrangle                keef, keven, gekeven\nklimmen     to climb                  klom, klommen, geklommen\nklinken     to sound                  klonk, klonken, geklonken\nkluiven     to gnaw                   kloof, kloven, gekloven\nknijpen     to pinch                  kneep, knepen, geknepen\nkomen       to come                   kwam, kwamen, gekomen\nkrijgen     to get                    kreeg, kregen, gekregen\nkrijsen*    to shriek                 (krijste), (krijsten), gekrijst\nkrijten     to weep                   kreet, kreten, gekreten\nkrimpen     to shrink                 kromp, krompen, gekrompen\nkruien*     to wheel                  krooi, krooien, gekrooid\nkruipen     to creep                  kroop, kropen, gekropen\nkwijten     to acquit                 kweet, kweten, gekweten\nlachen      to laugh                  (lachte), (lachten), gelachen\nladen       to load                   (laadde), (laadden), geladen\nlaten       to let                    liet, lieten, gelaten\nlezen       to read                   las, lazen, gelezen\nliegen      to lie (tell an untruth)  loog, logen, gelogen\nliggen      to lie (be situated)      lag, lagen, gelegen\nlijden      to suffer                 leed, leden, geleden\nlopen       to walk                   liep, liepen, gelopen\nmalen       to grind                  (maalde), (maalden), gemalen\nmelken      to milk                   molk, molken, gemolken\nmeten       to measure                mat, maten, gemeten\nmijden      to avoid                  meed, meden, gemeden\nnemen       to take                   nam, namen, genomen\nnijgen      to courtesy               neeg, negen, genegen\nnijpen      to pinch                  neep, nepen, genepen\nontbijten   to breakfast              ontbeet, ontbeten, ontbeten\nontginnen   to work a mine            ontgon, ontgonnen, ontgonnen\nontluiken   to open                   ontlook, ontloken, ontloken\noverlijden  to die                    overleed, overleden, overleden\npijpen      to whistle                peep, pepen, gepepen\nplegen      to be accustomed          placht, plachten, (gepleegd)\npluizen     to pick (oakum)           ploos, plozen, geplozen\nprijzen     to praise                 prees, prezen, geprezen\nraden       to advise, to guess       ried*, rieden*, geraden\nrijden      to ride, to drive         reed, reden, gereden\nrijgen      to lace                   reeg, regen, geregen\nrijten      to tear                   reet, reten, gereten\nrijven      to rake                   reef, reven, gereven\nrijzen      to rise                   rees, rezen, gerezen\nroepen      to call                   riep, riepen, geroepen\nruiken      to smell                  rook, roken, geroken\nscheiden    to separate               (scheidde), (scheidden), gescheiden\nschelden    to call names             schold, scholden, gescholden\nschenden    to violate                schond, schonden, geschonden\nschenken    to pour, to present       schonk, schonken, geschonken\nscheppen    to create                 schiep, schiepen, geschapen\nscheren     to shave                  schoor, schoren, geschoren\nschieten    to shoot                  schoot, schoten, geschoten\nschijnen    to shine                  scheen, schenen, geschenen\nschrijden   to stride                 schreed, schreden, geschreden\nschrijven   to write                  schreef, schreven, geschreven\nschrikken*  to startle                schrok, schrokken, geschrokken\nschuilen*   to hide                   school, scholen, gescholen\nschuiven    to push                   schoof, schoven, geschoven\nslaan       to beat                   sloeg, sloegen, geslagen\nslapen      to sleep                  sliep, sliepen, geslapen\nslijpen     to grind                  sleep, slepen, geslepen\nslijten     to wear out, to retail    sleet, sleten, gesleten\nslinken     to shrink                 slonk, slonken, geslonken\nsluiken     to smuggle                slook, sloken, gesloken\nsluipen     to slink                  sloop, slopen, geslopen\nsluiten     to shut                   sloot, sloten, gesloten\nsmelten     to melt                   smolt, smolten, gesmolten\nsmijten     to cast                   smeet, smeten, gesmeten\nsnijden     to cut                    sneed, sneden, gesneden\nsnuiten     to blow, to snuff         snoot, snoten, gesnoten\nsnuiven     to take snuff             snoof, snoven, gesnoven\nspannen     to stretch                (spande), (spanden), gespannen\nspijten     to regret                 speet, -, gespeten\nspinnen     to spin                   spon, sponnen, gesponnen\nsplijten    to split                  spleet, spleten, gespleten\nspreken     to speak                  sprak, spraken, gesproken\nspringen    to spring                 sprong, sprongen, gesprongen\nspruiten    to sprout                 sproot, sproten, gesproten\nspugen      to spit                   spoog, spogen, gespogen\nspuiten     to spout                  spoot, spoten, gespoten\nstaan       to stand                  stond, stonden, gestaan\nsteken      to sting, to put          stak, staken, gestoken\nstelen      to steal                  stal, stalen, gestolen\nsterven     to die                    stierf, stierven, gestorven\nstijgen     to mount                  steeg, stegen, gestegen\nstijven     to starch                 steef, steven, gesteven\nstinken     to stink                  stank, stonken, gestonken\nstoten      to push                   stiet, stieten, gestoten\nstrijden    to fight                  streed, streden, gestreden\nstrijken    to stroke                 streek, streken, gestreken\nstuiven     to be dusty               stoof, stoven, gestoven\n(tieën)     to draw, to go            toog, togen, getogen\ntijgen      to accuse                 teeg, tegen, getegen\ntreden      to tread                  trad, traden, getreden\ntreffen     to hit                    trof, troffen, getroffen\ntrekken     to draw                   trok, trokken, getrokken\nvallen      to fall                   viel, vielen, gevallen\nvangen      to catch                  ving, vingen, gevangen\nvaren       to navigate               voer, voeren, gevaren\nvechten     to fight                  vocht, vochten, gevochten\nverdrieten  to vex                    verdroot, verdroten, verdroten\nverdwijnen  to disappear              verdween, verdwenen, verdwenen\nvergeten    to forget                 vergat, vergaten, vergeten\nverkiezen   to prefer                 verkoos, verkozen, verkozen\nverliezen   to lose                   verloor, verloren, verloren\nverslinden  to devour                 verslond, verslonden, verslonden\nverzwinden  to disappear              verzwond, verzwonden, verzwonden\nvinden      to find                   vond, vonden, gevonden\nvlechten    to twist                  vlocht, vlochten, gevlochten\nvlieden     to flee                   vlood, vloden, gevloden\nvliegen     to fly                    vloog, vlogen, gevlogen\nvlieten     to flow                   vloot, vloten, gevloten\nvouwen      to fold                   (vouwde), (vouwden), gevouwen\nvragen      to ask                    vroeg* (6), vroegen* (6), (gevraagd)\nvreten      to devour                 vrat, vraten, gevreten\nvriezen     to freeze                 vroor, -, gevroren\nwaaien      to blow                   woei* (6), woeien* (6), (gewaaid)\nwassen      to wash                   (waste), (wasten), gewassen\nwassen      to grow                   wies, wiesen, gewassen\nwegen       to weigh                  woog, wogen, gewogen\nwerpen      to throw                  wierp, wierpen, geworpen\nwerven      to recruit                wierf, wierven, geworven\nweten       to know                   wist, wisten, geweten\nwezen       cf. zijn, to be           was, waren, (geweest)\nwijken      to retreat                week, weken, geweken\nwijten      to impute                 weet, weten, geweten\nwijzen      to show                   wees, wezen, gewezen\nwinden      to wind                   wond, wonden, gewonden\nwinnen      to win                    won, wonnen, gewonnen\nworden      to become                 werd, werden, geworden\nwreken      to revenge                (wreekte), (wreekten), gewroken\nwrijven     to rub                    wreef, wreven, gewreven\nwringen     to wring                  wrong, wrongen, gewrongen\nzenden      to send                   zond, zonden, gezonden\nzieden      to seethe                 zood, zoden, gezoden\nzien        to see                    zag, zagen, gezien\nzijgen      to filter, to sink down   zeeg, zegen, gezegen\nzijn        to be                     was, waren, geweest\nzingen      to sing                   zong, zongen, gezongen\nzinken      to sink                   zonk, zonken, gezonken\nzinnen      to meditate               zon, zonnen, gezonnen\nzitten      to sit                    zat, zaten, gezeten\nzouten      to salt                   (zoutte), (zoutten), gezouten\nzuigen      to suck                   zoog, zogen, gezogen\nzuipen      to drink                  zoop, zopen, gezopen\nzwelgen     to swallow                zwolg, zwolgen, gezwolgen\nzwellen     to swell                  zwol, zwollen, gezwollen\nzwemmen     to swim                   zwom, zwommen, gezwommen\nzweren      to swear                  zwoer, zwoeren, gezworen\nzweren      to fester                 zwoor, zworen, gezworen\nzwerven     to roam                   zwierf, zwierven, gezworven\nzwijgen     to be silent              zweeg, zwegen, gezwegen"}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"De leeuw en de muis","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":266,"id":"val.nl.L21.r.0","source":"De leeuw en de muis","translation":"The lion and the mouse","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"leeuw","gloss":"lion"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"muis","gloss":"mouse"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.r.0.m4a"},{"number":267,"id":"val.nl.L21.r.1","source":"Eens lag de leeuw, vermoeid van de jacht, in de koele schaduw van een plataan; een diepe slaap had zijn oogleden gesloten.","translation":"Once the lion lay, tired from the hunt, in the cool shade of a plane tree; a deep sleep had closed his eyelids.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Eens","gloss":"once, one day"},{"text":"lag","gloss":"to lie (be situated)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"leeuw,","gloss":"lion"},{"text":"vermoeid","gloss":"tired"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"jacht,","gloss":"hunting"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"koele","gloss":"cooler"},{"text":"schaduw","gloss":"shadow"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"plataan;","gloss":"plane tree"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"diepe","gloss":"deep"},{"text":"slaap","gloss":"sleep"},{"text":"had","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"oogleden","gloss":"eyelids"},{"text":"gesloten.","gloss":"to shut"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.r.1.m4a"},{"number":268,"id":"val.nl.L21.r.2","source":"Daar kwamen enige muizen te voorschijn en speelden driest om de leeuw heen.","translation":"Then a few mice appeared and played boldly around the lion.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Daar","gloss":"as, since, because"},{"text":"kwamen","gloss":"to come"},{"text":"enige","gloss":"only (het enige: the only thing)"},{"text":"muizen","gloss":"mice"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"voorschijn","gloss":"view"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"speelden","gloss":"to play"},{"text":"driest","gloss":"daring"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"leeuw","gloss":"lion"},{"text":"heen.","gloss":"away"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.r.2.m4a"},{"number":269,"id":"val.nl.L21.r.3","source":"Weldra werden zij stouter en stouter en zonder achting voor de koning der dieren klauterden zij op zijn rug en zetten het uitgelaten spel ook hier voort.","translation":"Soon they grew bolder and bolder, and without respect for the king of the animals they clambered onto his back and carried on their unruly game there too.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Weldra","gloss":"soon"},{"text":"werden","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"stouter","gloss":"bolder"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"stouter","gloss":"bolder"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"zonder","gloss":"without"},{"text":"achting","gloss":"respect, regard"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"koning","gloss":"king, kings"},{"text":"der","gloss":"of the"},{"text":"dieren","gloss":"creatures"},{"text":"klauterden","gloss":"clambered"},{"text":"zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"rug","gloss":"back"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"zetten","gloss":"to put, to set"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"uitgelaten","gloss":"frolicksome"},{"text":"spel","gloss":"stake"},{"text":"ook","gloss":"also, likewise"},{"text":"hier","gloss":"here"},{"text":"voort.","gloss":"on"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.r.3.m4a"},{"number":270,"id":"val.nl.L21.r.4","source":"Daar ontwaakte plotseling de koning der dieren.","translation":"Then the king of the animals suddenly woke up.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Daar","gloss":"as, since, because"},{"text":"ontwaakte","gloss":"woke up"},{"text":"plotseling","gloss":"suddenly"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"koning","gloss":"king, kings"},{"text":"der","gloss":"of the"},{"text":"dieren.","gloss":"creatures"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.r.4.m4a"},{"number":271,"id":"val.nl.L21.r.5","source":"Schuw vluchtten de muizen naar alle zijden; maar één talmde wat en werd door de leeuw gevangen.","translation":"Startled, the mice fled in all directions; but one lingered a little and was caught by the lion.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Schuw","gloss":"shy"},{"text":"vluchtten","gloss":"flee"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"muizen","gloss":"mice"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"alle","gloss":"all"},{"text":"zijden;","gloss":"silken"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"één","gloss":"one"},{"text":"talmde","gloss":"lingered"},{"text":"wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"werd","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"leeuw","gloss":"lion"},{"text":"gevangen.","gloss":"to catch"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.r.5.m4a"},{"number":272,"id":"val.nl.L21.r.6","source":"Bevend bad zij om haar leven en herinnerde hem eraan dat zij een zo zwak schepsel was en de wraak van een zo machtig heer onwaardig.","translation":"Trembling, she begged for her life and reminded him that she was such a weak creature and unworthy of the vengeance of such a mighty lord.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Bevend","gloss":"trembling"},{"text":"bad","gloss":"to pray, to beg"},{"text":"zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"haar","gloss":"her"},{"text":"leven","gloss":"life"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"herinnerde","gloss":"to remember"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"eraan","gloss":"of it"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"zo","gloss":"so, as"},{"text":"zwak","gloss":"feeble"},{"text":"schepsel","gloss":"creature"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"wraak","gloss":"revenge"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"zo","gloss":"so, as"},{"text":"machtig","gloss":"mighty"},{"text":"heer","gloss":"gentleman, lord"},{"text":"onwaardig.","gloss":"unworthy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.r.6.m4a"},{"number":273,"id":"val.nl.L21.r.7","source":"De leeuw toonde zich edelmoedig en liet de muis lopen, die meteen ontvluchtte.","translation":"The lion showed himself generous and let the mouse go, who escaped at once.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"leeuw","gloss":"lion"},{"text":"toonde","gloss":"showed"},{"text":"zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"edelmoedig","gloss":"generous"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"liet","gloss":"to let"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"muis","gloss":"mouse"},{"text":"lopen,","gloss":"to walk"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"meteen","gloss":"at once"},{"text":"ontvluchtte.","gloss":"to escape"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.r.7.m4a"},{"number":274,"id":"val.nl.L21.r.8","source":"Kort daarop liep de leeuw door een duister woud om buit te vangen; maar opeens zag hij zich in het net van een jager gevangen.","translation":"Shortly afterward the lion walked through a dark forest to catch prey; but suddenly he found himself caught in a hunter's net.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Kort","gloss":"a short time afterwards"},{"text":"daarop","gloss":"a short time afterwards"},{"text":"liep","gloss":"walked"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"leeuw","gloss":"lion"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"duister","gloss":"dark"},{"text":"woud","gloss":"wood, forest"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"buit","gloss":"booty"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"vangen;","gloss":"to catch"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"opeens","gloss":"all at once"},{"text":"zag","gloss":"to see"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"net","gloss":"net"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"jager","gloss":"hunter"},{"text":"gevangen.","gloss":"to catch"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.r.8.m4a"},{"number":275,"id":"val.nl.L21.r.9","source":"Hij begon verschrikkelijk te brullen, zodat geen dier het waagde zijn hol te verlaten.","translation":"He began to roar terribly, so that no animal dared to leave its den.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"begon","gloss":"to begin"},{"text":"verschrikkelijk","gloss":"terrible"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"brullen,","gloss":"to roar"},{"text":"zodat","gloss":"so that"},{"text":"geen","gloss":"no, not a"},{"text":"dier","gloss":"animal"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"waagde","gloss":"were to venture"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"hol","gloss":"den"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"verlaten.","gloss":"left"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.r.9.m4a"},{"number":276,"id":"val.nl.L21.r.10","source":"Daar kwam de muis; zij knaagde de knopen van het net door en vrolijk ging de leeuw verder door het woud.","translation":"Then the mouse came; she gnawed through the knots of the net, and merrily the lion went on through the forest.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Daar","gloss":"as, since, because"},{"text":"kwam","gloss":"to come"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"muis;","gloss":"mouse"},{"text":"zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"knaagde","gloss":"gnawed"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"knopen","gloss":"knots"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"net","gloss":"net"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"vrolijk","gloss":"merry, gay"},{"text":"ging","gloss":"to go"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"leeuw","gloss":"lion"},{"text":"verder","gloss":"further"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"woud.","gloss":"wood, forest"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.r.10.m4a"},{"number":277,"id":"val.nl.L21.r.11","source":"Hij had zijn leven aan zijn grootmoedigheid te danken.","translation":"He owed his life to his own magnanimity.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"had","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"leven","gloss":"life"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"grootmoedigheid","gloss":"magnanimity"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"danken.","gloss":"owe"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.r.11.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[{"word":"leeuw","gloss":"lion"},{"word":"jacht","gloss":"hunting"},{"word":"schaduw","gloss":"shadow"},{"word":"plataan","gloss":"plane tree"},{"word":"slaap","gloss":"sleep"},{"word":"vermoeid","gloss":"tired"},{"word":"driest","gloss":"daring"},{"word":"voorschijn","gloss":"to appear (te voorschijn komen)"},{"word":"achting","gloss":"respect, regard"},{"word":"rug","gloss":"back"},{"word":"uitgelaten","gloss":"frolicksome"},{"word":"Schuw","gloss":"shy"},{"word":"Weldra","gloss":"soon"},{"word":"leven","gloss":"life"},{"word":"schepsel","gloss":"creature"},{"word":"wraak","gloss":"revenge"},{"word":"woud","gloss":"wood, forest"},{"word":"buit","gloss":"booty"},{"word":"net","gloss":"net"},{"word":"jager","gloss":"hunter"},{"word":"Bevend","gloss":"trembling"},{"word":"zwak","gloss":"feeble"},{"word":"machtig","gloss":"mighty"},{"word":"onwaardig","gloss":"unworthy"},{"word":"edelmoedig","gloss":"generous"},{"word":"duister","gloss":"dark"},{"word":"daarop","gloss":"a short time afterwards (kort daarop)"},{"word":"zich","gloss":"to show oneself (zich tonen)"},{"word":"hol","gloss":"den"},{"word":"grootmoedigheid","gloss":"magnanimity"},{"word":"aan","gloss":"to owe to (te danken hebben aan)"},{"word":"verschrikkelijk","gloss":"terrible"},{"word":"vrolijk","gloss":"merry, gay"},{"word":"brullen","gloss":"to roar"}],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 21: conversation","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":278,"id":"val.nl.L21.c.q1","source":"Waar lag de vermoeide leeuw?","translation":"Where did the tired lion lie?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Waar","gloss":"where; true"},{"text":"lag","gloss":"to lie (be situated)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vermoeide","gloss":"worn out"},{"text":"leeuw?","gloss":"lion"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.c.q1.m4a"},{"number":279,"id":"val.nl.L21.c.q2","source":"Welke dieren kwamen op eens te voorschijn en wat deden zij?","translation":"Which animals suddenly appeared, and what did they do?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Welke","gloss":"which, what"},{"text":"dieren","gloss":"creatures"},{"text":"kwamen","gloss":"to come"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"eens","gloss":"once, one day"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"voorschijn","gloss":"view"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"deden","gloss":"to do"},{"text":"zij?","gloss":"she; they"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.c.q2.m4a"},{"number":280,"id":"val.nl.L21.c.q3","source":"Wat deden zij, toen zij al stouter en stouter werden?","translation":"What did they do when they grew bolder and bolder?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"deden","gloss":"to do"},{"text":"zij,","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"toen","gloss":"as, when"},{"text":"zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"al","gloss":"already"},{"text":"stouter","gloss":"bolder"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"stouter","gloss":"bolder"},{"text":"werden?","gloss":"to become, to get"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.c.q3.m4a"},{"number":281,"id":"val.nl.L21.c.q4","source":"Wat gebeurde er, toen de koning der dieren ontwaakte?","translation":"What happened when the king of the animals woke up?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"gebeurde","gloss":"happened"},{"text":"er,","gloss":"there"},{"text":"toen","gloss":"as, when"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"koning","gloss":"king, kings"},{"text":"der","gloss":"of the"},{"text":"dieren","gloss":"creatures"},{"text":"ontwaakte?","gloss":"woke up"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.c.q4.m4a"},{"number":282,"id":"val.nl.L21.c.a1","source":"De leeuw lag, vermoeid van de jacht, in de koele schaduw van een plataan.","translation":"The lion lay, tired from the hunt, in the cool shade of a plane tree.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"leeuw","gloss":"lion"},{"text":"lag,","gloss":"to lie (be situated)"},{"text":"vermoeid","gloss":"tired"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"jacht,","gloss":"hunting"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"koele","gloss":"cooler"},{"text":"schaduw","gloss":"shadow"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"plataan.","gloss":"plane tree"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.c.a1.m4a"},{"number":283,"id":"val.nl.L21.c.a2","source":"Er kwamen enige muizen te voorschijn en zij speelden driest om de leeuw heen.","translation":"A few mice appeared, and they played boldly around the lion.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"kwamen","gloss":"to come"},{"text":"enige","gloss":"only (het enige: the only thing)"},{"text":"muizen","gloss":"mice"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"voorschijn","gloss":"view"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"speelden","gloss":"to play"},{"text":"driest","gloss":"daring"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"leeuw","gloss":"lion"},{"text":"heen.","gloss":"away"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.c.a2.m4a"},{"number":284,"id":"val.nl.L21.c.a3","source":"Zij klauterden op zijn rug en zetten hun uitgelaten spel ook daar voort.","translation":"They clambered onto his back and carried on their unruly game there too.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"klauterden","gloss":"clambered"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"rug","gloss":"back"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"zetten","gloss":"to put, to set"},{"text":"hun","gloss":"them; their"},{"text":"uitgelaten","gloss":"frolicksome"},{"text":"spel","gloss":"stake"},{"text":"ook","gloss":"also, likewise"},{"text":"daar","gloss":"as, since, because"},{"text":"voort.","gloss":"on"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.c.a3.m4a"},{"number":285,"id":"val.nl.L21.c.a4","source":"De muizen vluchtten naar alle kanten, maar één werd door de leeuw gevangen.","translation":"The mice fled in all directions, but one was caught by the lion.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"muizen","gloss":"mice"},{"text":"vluchtten","gloss":"flee"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"alle","gloss":"all"},{"text":"kanten,","gloss":"sides"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"één","gloss":"one"},{"text":"werd","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"leeuw","gloss":"lion"},{"text":"gevangen.","gloss":"to catch"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.c.a4.m4a"},{"number":286,"id":"val.nl.L21.c.q5","source":"Waarvoor bad de gevangen muis?","translation":"What did the captured mouse beg for?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Waarvoor","gloss":"for which"},{"text":"bad","gloss":"to pray, to beg"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"gevangen","gloss":"to catch"},{"text":"muis?","gloss":"mouse"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.c.q5.m4a"},{"number":287,"id":"val.nl.L21.c.q6","source":"Waaraan herinnerde zij de leeuw?","translation":"What did she remind the lion of?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Waaraan","gloss":"from which"},{"text":"herinnerde","gloss":"to remember"},{"text":"zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"leeuw?","gloss":"lion"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.c.q6.m4a"},{"number":288,"id":"val.nl.L21.c.q7","source":"Voldeed deze aan haar verzoek?","translation":"Did he grant her request?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Voldeed","gloss":"granted"},{"text":"deze","gloss":"the latter (the most recently mentioned)"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"haar","gloss":"her"},{"text":"verzoek?","gloss":"request"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.c.q7.m4a"},{"number":289,"id":"val.nl.L21.c.q8","source":"Wat overkwam de leeuw kort daarop?","translation":"What happened to the lion shortly afterward?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"overkwam","gloss":"happened to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"leeuw","gloss":"lion"},{"text":"kort","gloss":"a short time afterwards"},{"text":"daarop?","gloss":"a short time afterwards"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.c.q8.m4a"},{"number":290,"id":"val.nl.L21.c.a5","source":"Zij bad om haar leven.","translation":"She begged for her life.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"bad","gloss":"to pray, to beg"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"haar","gloss":"her"},{"text":"leven.","gloss":"life"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.c.a5.m4a"},{"number":291,"id":"val.nl.L21.c.a6","source":"Zij herinnerde hem eraan dat zij zo'n zwak schepsel was en de wraak van zo'n machtige heer onwaardig.","translation":"She reminded him that she was such a weak creature and unworthy of the vengeance of such a mighty lord.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"herinnerde","gloss":"to remember"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"eraan","gloss":"of it"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"zo'n","gloss":"such a"},{"text":"zwak","gloss":"feeble"},{"text":"schepsel","gloss":"creature"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"wraak","gloss":"revenge"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"zo'n","gloss":"such a"},{"text":"machtige","gloss":"powerful"},{"text":"heer","gloss":"gentleman, lord"},{"text":"onwaardig.","gloss":"unworthy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.c.a6.m4a"},{"number":292,"id":"val.nl.L21.c.a7","source":"Ja, de leeuw liet de muis lopen.","translation":"Yes, the lion let the mouse go.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ja,","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"leeuw","gloss":"lion"},{"text":"liet","gloss":"to let"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"muis","gloss":"mouse"},{"text":"lopen.","gloss":"to walk"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.c.a7.m4a"},{"number":293,"id":"val.nl.L21.c.a8","source":"Hij raakte gevangen in het net van een jager.","translation":"He got caught in a hunter's net.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"raakte","gloss":"to get into, to begin to"},{"text":"gevangen","gloss":"to catch"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"net","gloss":"net"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"jager.","gloss":"hunter"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.c.a8.m4a"},{"number":294,"id":"val.nl.L21.c.q9","source":"Waarom durfde geen dier zijn hol verlaten?","translation":"Why did no animal dare to leave its den?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Waarom","gloss":"why"},{"text":"durfde","gloss":"to dare"},{"text":"geen","gloss":"no, not a"},{"text":"dier","gloss":"animal"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"hol","gloss":"den"},{"text":"verlaten?","gloss":"left"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.c.q9.m4a"},{"number":295,"id":"val.nl.L21.c.q10","source":"Bleef de leeuw in het net?","translation":"Did the lion stay in the net?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Bleef","gloss":"stayed"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"leeuw","gloss":"lion"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"net?","gloss":"net"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.c.q10.m4a"},{"number":296,"id":"val.nl.L21.c.q11","source":"Waaraan had hij zijn leven te danken?","translation":"What did he owe his life to?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Waaraan","gloss":"from which"},{"text":"had","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"leven","gloss":"life"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"danken?","gloss":"owe"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.c.q11.m4a"},{"number":297,"id":"val.nl.L21.c.a9","source":"Omdat de leeuw verschrikkelijk brulde.","translation":"Because the lion roared terribly.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Omdat","gloss":"because"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"leeuw","gloss":"lion"},{"text":"verschrikkelijk","gloss":"terrible"},{"text":"brulde.","gloss":"to roar"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.c.a9.m4a"},{"number":298,"id":"val.nl.L21.c.a10","source":"Nee, de muis knaagde de knopen van het net door en de leeuw ging verder.","translation":"No, the mouse gnawed through the knots of the net and the lion went on.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nee,","gloss":"no"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"muis","gloss":"mouse"},{"text":"knaagde","gloss":"gnawed"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"knopen","gloss":"knots"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"net","gloss":"net"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"leeuw","gloss":"lion"},{"text":"ging","gloss":"to go"},{"text":"verder.","gloss":"further"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.c.a10.m4a"},{"number":299,"id":"val.nl.L21.c.a11","source":"Hij had zijn leven aan zijn grootmoedigheid te danken.","translation":"He owed his life to his own magnanimity.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"had","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"leven","gloss":"life"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"grootmoedigheid","gloss":"magnanimity"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"danken.","gloss":"owe"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.c.a11.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 21: exercise 45","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":300,"id":"val.nl.L21.e45.i1","source":"ging","translation":"(gaan)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.e45.i1.m4a"},{"number":301,"id":"val.nl.L21.e45.i2","source":"zei","translation":"(zeggen)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.e45.i2.m4a"},{"number":302,"id":"val.nl.L21.e45.i3","source":"ligt","translation":"(liggen)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.e45.i3.m4a"},{"number":303,"id":"val.nl.L21.e45.i4","source":"steek","translation":"(steken)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.e45.i4.m4a"},{"number":304,"id":"val.nl.L21.e45.i5","source":"antwoordde","translation":"(antwoorden)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.e45.i5.m4a"},{"number":305,"id":"val.nl.L21.e45.i6","source":"bukt","translation":"(bukken)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.e45.i6.m4a"},{"number":306,"id":"val.nl.L21.e45.i7","source":"antwoordde","translation":"(antwoorden)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.e45.i7.m4a"},{"number":307,"id":"val.nl.L21.e45.i8","source":"nam","translation":"(nemen)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.e45.i8.m4a"},{"number":308,"id":"val.nl.L21.e45.i9","source":"stak","translation":"(steken)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.e45.i9.m4a"},{"number":309,"id":"val.nl.L21.e45.i10","source":"verkocht","translation":"(verkoopen)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.e45.i10.m4a"},{"number":310,"id":"val.nl.L21.e45.i11","source":"kocht","translation":"(koopen)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.e45.i11.m4a"},{"number":311,"id":"val.nl.L21.e45.i12","source":"vervolgden","translation":"(vervolgen)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.e45.i12.m4a"},{"number":312,"id":"val.nl.L21.e45.i13","source":"zag","translation":"(zien)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.e45.i13.m4a"},{"number":313,"id":"val.nl.L21.e45.i14","source":"stierf","translation":"(sterven)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.e45.i14.m4a"},{"number":314,"id":"val.nl.L21.e45.i15","source":"kon","translation":"(kunnen)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.e45.i15.m4a"},{"number":315,"id":"val.nl.L21.e45.i16","source":"liet","translation":"(laten)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.e45.i16.m4a"},{"number":316,"id":"val.nl.L21.e45.i17","source":"stak","translation":"(steken)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.e45.i17.m4a"},{"number":317,"id":"val.nl.L21.e45.i18","source":"liet","translation":"(laten)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.e45.i18.m4a"},{"number":318,"id":"val.nl.L21.e45.i19","source":"opraapte","translation":"(oprapen)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.e45.i19.m4a"},{"number":319,"id":"val.nl.L21.e45.i20","source":"duurde","translation":"(duren)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.e45.i20.m4a"},{"number":320,"id":"val.nl.L21.e45.i21","source":"opgegeten","translation":"(opeten)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.e45.i21.m4a"},{"number":321,"id":"val.nl.L21.e45.i22","source":"wendde","translation":"(wenden)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.e45.i22.m4a"},{"number":322,"id":"val.nl.L21.e45.i23","source":"zei","translation":"(zeggen)","reading":null,"words":null,"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.e45.i23.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 21: exercise 46","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":323,"id":"val.nl.L21.e46.i1","source":"Het volgende gesprek vond plaats, zoals Lord Byron ons zelf vertelt, tussen hem en een buitengewoon ijdele Italiaanse arts, terwijl zij langs de Rijn reisden.","translation":"The following conversation, as Lord Byron himself tells us, took place between him and a very vain Italian physician, while they were travelling on the Rhine.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"volgende","gloss":"next, following"},{"text":"gesprek","gloss":"conversation"},{"text":"vond","gloss":"found"},{"text":"plaats,","gloss":"place"},{"text":"zoals","gloss":"as"},{"text":"Lord","gloss":"Lord"},{"text":"Byron","gloss":"Byron"},{"text":"ons","gloss":"us"},{"text":"zelf","gloss":"self"},{"text":"vertelt,","gloss":"tell"},{"text":"tussen","gloss":"between"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"buitengewoon","gloss":"uncommonly"},{"text":"ijdele","gloss":"vain"},{"text":"Italiaanse","gloss":"Italian"},{"text":"arts,","gloss":"physician, doctor"},{"text":"terwijl","gloss":"while"},{"text":"zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"langs","gloss":"along"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Rijn","gloss":"Rijn"},{"text":"reisden.","gloss":"were travelling"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.e46.i1.m4a"},{"number":324,"id":"val.nl.L21.e46.i2","source":"“Ik zou wel eens willen weten wat u kunt doen dat ik niet kan?” zei de arts.","translation":"“What can you do, I should like to know, which I cannot?” said the physician.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"“Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"wel","gloss":"but"},{"text":"eens","gloss":"once, one day"},{"text":"willen","gloss":"want"},{"text":"weten","gloss":"know"},{"text":"wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"kunt","gloss":"can"},{"text":"doen","gloss":"do"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"kan?”","gloss":"can"},{"text":"zei","gloss":"said"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"arts.","gloss":"physician, doctor"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.e46.i2.m4a"},{"number":325,"id":"val.nl.L21.e46.i3","source":"“Daar u mij dwingt”, antwoordde de dichter, “zal ik het u eens vertellen.","translation":"“Since you press me,” answered the poet, “I will just tell you.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"“Daar","gloss":"as, since, because"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"dwingt”,","gloss":"compels"},{"text":"antwoordde","gloss":"answered"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"dichter,","gloss":"poet"},{"text":"“zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"eens","gloss":"once, one day"},{"text":"vertellen.","gloss":"tell"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.e46.i3.m4a"},{"number":326,"id":"val.nl.L21.e46.i4","source":"Het zijn drie dingen: ik heb de Hellespont overgezwommen, ik heb op twintig el afstand een kaars met een pistoolschot uitgeschoten, en ik heb een gedicht geschreven waarvan op één dag 14.000 exemplaren werden verkocht.”","translation":"There are three things: I have swum across the Hellespont; I have blown out a candle at twenty yards with a pistol-shot; and I have written a poem, of which 14000 copies were sold in one day.”","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"drie","gloss":"three"},{"text":"dingen:","gloss":"things"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"have"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Hellespont","gloss":"Hellespont"},{"text":"overgezwommen,","gloss":"swum across"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"have"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"twintig","gloss":"twenty"},{"text":"el","gloss":"yards"},{"text":"afstand","gloss":"distance"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"kaars","gloss":"candle"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"pistoolschot","gloss":"pistol-shot"},{"text":"uitgeschoten,","gloss":"shot out"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"have"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"gedicht","gloss":"poem"},{"text":"geschreven","gloss":"written"},{"text":"waarvan","gloss":"of which"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"één","gloss":"one"},{"text":"dag","gloss":"day"},{"text":"14.000","gloss":"14000"},{"text":"exemplaren","gloss":"copies"},{"text":"werden","gloss":"became, were (passive)"},{"text":"verkocht.”","gloss":"sold"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.e46.i4.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 21: exercise 47","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":327,"id":"val.nl.L21.e47.i1","source":"Op een zekere dag ging een man in de stad wandelen en zag een arme hond die zijn poot had bezeerd en lam was.","translation":"A man one day took a walk in the town, and saw a poor dog who had hurt his leg and was lame.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"zekere","gloss":"certain"},{"text":"dag","gloss":"day"},{"text":"ging","gloss":"to go"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"man","gloss":"man; husband"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"stad","gloss":"city, town"},{"text":"wandelen","gloss":"to walk, stroll"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"zag","gloss":"to see"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"arme","gloss":"poor"},{"text":"hond","gloss":"the dog, dogs"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"poot","gloss":"leg"},{"text":"had","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"bezeerd","gloss":"hurt"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"lam","gloss":"lame"},{"text":"was.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.e47.i1.m4a"},{"number":328,"id":"val.nl.L21.e47.i2","source":"De man nam de hond in zijn armen mee naar huis, verbond zijn poot en hield hem twee dagen bij zich in huis.","translation":"The man took the dog home with him in his arms, and tied up his leg, and kept him in his house for two days.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"man","gloss":"man; husband"},{"text":"nam","gloss":"to take"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"hond","gloss":"the dog, dogs"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"armen","gloss":"poor"},{"text":"mee","gloss":"along, with"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"huis,","gloss":"house"},{"text":"verbond","gloss":"links"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"poot","gloss":"leg"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"hield","gloss":"held"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"twee","gloss":"two"},{"text":"dagen","gloss":"days"},{"text":"bij","gloss":"with"},{"text":"zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"huis.","gloss":"house"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.e47.i2.m4a"},{"number":329,"id":"val.nl.L21.e47.i3","source":"Daarop zond hij de hond zijn huis uit om zijn eigen huis op te zoeken; want daar het zijn eigen hond niet was, had hij geen recht hem te houden; maar iedere dag kwam de hond naar de goede man terug om zijn poot te laten verbinden; en dat bleef hij doen, tot zijn poot geheel hersteld was.","translation":"He then sent the dog out of his house to find his old home; for as it was not his own dog, he had no right to keep him; but each day the dog came back for this kind man to dress his leg; and this he did till it was quite well.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Daarop","gloss":"upon it"},{"text":"zond","gloss":"to send"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"hond","gloss":"the dog, dogs"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"huis","gloss":"house"},{"text":"uit","gloss":"out of, from"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"eigen","gloss":"own"},{"text":"huis","gloss":"house"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"zoeken;","gloss":"seek"},{"text":"want","gloss":"for, because"},{"text":"daar","gloss":"as, since, because"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"eigen","gloss":"own"},{"text":"hond","gloss":"the dog, dogs"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"was,","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"had","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"geen","gloss":"no, not a"},{"text":"recht","gloss":"justice"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"houden;","gloss":"to keep"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"iedere","gloss":"each, every"},{"text":"dag","gloss":"day"},{"text":"kwam","gloss":"to come"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"hond","gloss":"the dog, dogs"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"goede","gloss":"the good, what is good"},{"text":"man","gloss":"man; husband"},{"text":"terug","gloss":"back"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"poot","gloss":"leg"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"laten","gloss":"to let"},{"text":"verbinden;","gloss":"links"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"bleef","gloss":"to remain, stay"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"doen,","gloss":"to do"},{"text":"tot","gloss":"until, to"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"poot","gloss":"leg"},{"text":"geheel","gloss":"whole"},{"text":"hersteld","gloss":"restored"},{"text":"was.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.e47.i3.m4a"},{"number":330,"id":"val.nl.L21.e47.i4","source":"Na weinige weken kwam de hond weer terug, maar nu met een andere lamme hond.","translation":"In a few weeks the dog came back once more and with him came another dog who was lame.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Na","gloss":"after"},{"text":"weinige","gloss":"a few"},{"text":"weken","gloss":"weeks"},{"text":"kwam","gloss":"to come"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"hond","gloss":"the dog, dogs"},{"text":"weer","gloss":"again"},{"text":"terug,","gloss":"back"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"nu","gloss":"now, at present"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"andere","gloss":"other"},{"text":"lamme","gloss":"lame"},{"text":"hond.","gloss":"the dog, dogs"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.e47.i4.m4a"},{"number":331,"id":"val.nl.L21.e47.i5","source":"De hond, die lam geweest en nu beter was, keek de man eerst aan alsof hij wilde zeggen: “Jij hebt mijn poot in orde gebracht, doe nu alsjeblieft hetzelfde voor deze arme hond, die ik hier bij mij heb.”","translation":"The dog who had been lame, and was now cured, first gave the man a look, as much as to say: “You made my leg well, now, pray, do the same for this poor dog who is come with me.”","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"hond,","gloss":"the dog, dogs"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"lam","gloss":"lame"},{"text":"geweest","gloss":"been"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"nu","gloss":"now, at present"},{"text":"beter","gloss":"better"},{"text":"was,","gloss":"was"},{"text":"keek","gloss":"looked"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"man","gloss":"man; husband"},{"text":"eerst","gloss":"first (of all)"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"alsof","gloss":"as though"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"wilde","gloss":"wanted"},{"text":"zeggen:","gloss":"say"},{"text":"“Jij","gloss":"you"},{"text":"hebt","gloss":"have"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"poot","gloss":"leg"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"orde","gloss":"order"},{"text":"gebracht,","gloss":"brought"},{"text":"doe","gloss":"do"},{"text":"nu","gloss":"now, at present"},{"text":"alsjeblieft","gloss":"please"},{"text":"hetzelfde","gloss":"the same"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"deze","gloss":"the latter (the most recently mentioned)"},{"text":"arme","gloss":"poor"},{"text":"hond,","gloss":"the dog, dogs"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"hier","gloss":"here"},{"text":"bij","gloss":"with"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"heb.”","gloss":"have"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L21.e47.i5.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]}]}