{"course":{"lang":"nl","language":"Dutch","title":"Dutch Conversation-Grammar","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/nl","source":"Valette, Dutch Conversation-Grammar (1913) and its Key (1893); Defense Language Institute, Dutch Refresher Course, Books I to III (1961). Public domain. The teaching pages, the readings' English, the answers to the conversations and the narration are ours."},"unit":{"number":7,"id":"val.nl.m26-29","title":"Lessons 26 to 29","stage":"Use of the Parts of Speech, and Word-Formation","situation":"De veroveraar en de zeerover; Goede raad van Esopus; Koelbloedigheid; Peter de Grote op de werf van de Oost-Indische Compagnie","outcome":"§349. Use of the Article; §350. A. The Definite Article: used in Dutch, left out in English; §351. The Definite Article omitted in Dutch, but used in English; §352. The Definite Article sometimes used in Dutch where the Indefinite Article is used in English; §353. B. The Indefinite Article used in D","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/nl/7","lines":595},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/courses/nl/6","next":"https://1732studios.com/courses/nl/8","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/","sections":[{"title":"Lesson 26: A. The Definite Article: used in Dutch, left out in English","teaching":[{"title":"De or het before a whole class","paragraphs":["English drops the before a noun that means a whole class. Dutch keeps de or het. De mens is sterfelijk means man is mortal.","De stemmen van de dieren zijn zeer verschillend means the voices of animals are very different.","An abstract noun or a material in a general sense also takes the article. Het leven is kort. Het ijzer is een nuttig metaal."]},{"title":"Other nouns with the article","paragraphs":["Some things are unique, and their nouns are used almost as names. Dutch gives them the article: de hemel, de hel, het parlement.","Seasons, streets and mountains take it too. So do buildings and places named after a person or a place.","A name of a person, place or country takes it when an adjective comes before it. So do most fixed verbal and adverbial phrases.","The list gives each noun with its article and its English: de dood, death. Het ontbijt, breakfast."]},{"title":"A few from the list","paragraphs":[]}],"lines":[{"number":1,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.2.1","source":"De man is de beschermer van de vrouw.","translation":"man is the protector of woman.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"man","gloss":"man; husband"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"beschermer","gloss":"protector"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vrouw.","gloss":"a woman, a lady"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.2.1.m4a"},{"number":2,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.2.2","source":"de adel","translation":"nobility","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"adel","gloss":"nobility"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.2.2.m4a"},{"number":3,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.2.3","source":"de christenheid","translation":"Christendom","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"christenheid","gloss":"Christendom"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.2.3.m4a"},{"number":4,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.2.4","source":"de hemel","translation":"Heaven","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"hemel","gloss":"heaven, sky"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.2.4.m4a"},{"number":5,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.2.5","source":"het noodlot","translation":"fate","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"noodlot","gloss":"fate"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.2.5.m4a"},{"number":6,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.2.6","source":"de thee","translation":"tea","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"thee","gloss":"tea"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.2.6.m4a"},{"number":7,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.2.7","source":"de zeden","translation":"custom","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"zeden","gloss":"custom"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.2.7.m4a"},{"number":8,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.2.8","source":"de Vesuvius","translation":"Vesuvius","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Vesuvius","gloss":"Vesuvius"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.2.8.m4a"},{"number":9,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.2.9","source":"het Hyde Park","translation":"Hyde Park","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"Hyde","gloss":"Hyde Park"},{"text":"Park","gloss":"Hyde Park"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.2.9.m4a"},{"number":10,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.2.10","source":"het oude Engeland","translation":"Old England","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"oude","gloss":"Old England"},{"text":"Engeland","gloss":"Old England"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.2.10.m4a"},{"number":11,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.2.11","source":"Iets ter harte nemen.","translation":"to take a thing to heart.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Iets","gloss":"something"},{"text":"ter","gloss":"to heart"},{"text":"harte","gloss":"to heart"},{"text":"nemen.","gloss":"to take"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.2.11.m4a"},{"number":12,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.2.12","source":"In de medicijnen studeren.","translation":"to study medicine.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"In","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"medicijnen","gloss":"medicine"},{"text":"studeren.","gloss":"study"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.2.12.m4a"},{"number":13,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.2.13","source":"In de stad leven.","translation":"to live in town.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"In","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"stad","gloss":"city, town"},{"text":"leven.","gloss":"life"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.2.13.m4a"},{"number":14,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.2.14","source":"Aan het werk zijn.","translation":"to be at work.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"werk","gloss":"work"},{"text":"zijn.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.2.14.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":349,"text":"Use of the Article\n\nThe Article is often used in Dutch where it is omitted in English, before common nouns as well as before proper names. As a rule, the Article is but very seldom omitted in Dutch where it is used in English."},{"section":350,"text":"A. The Definite Article: used in Dutch, left out in English\n\nThe Definite Article is used in Dutch, but left out in English: before concrete ideas which represent a whole class, genus or species; before abstract names and names of materials, taken in a general sense; before certain nouns denoting things unique in their kind which have more or less assumed the character of proper names; before the names of seasons; before names of streets and mountains and before the words meer and berg followed by a proper name; before the names of buildings and places, named after persons or places; before names of persons, places or countries when an adjective precedes; and in most verbal and adverbial expressions.\n\nA few from the list\nDe man is de beschermer van de vrouw.             man is the protector of woman.\nDe mens is sterfelijk.                            man is mortal.\nDe stemmen van de dieren zijn zeer verschillend.  the voices of animals are very different.\nHet leven is kort.                                life is short.\nDe tijd gaat snel voorbij.                        time quickly passes away.\nHet ijzer is een nuttig metaal.                   iron is a useful metal.\nde adel                                           nobility\nhet jodendom                                      Judaism\nhet Congres                                       Congress\nhet paradijs                                      Paradise"},{"section":351,"text":"The Definite Article omitted in Dutch, but used in English\n\nThe Definite Article is omitted in Dutch, but used in English: after the words alle and beide; before certain geographical names; in some phrases. Note also: Den Bosch or 's-Hertogenbosch, Bois-le-duc.\n\nA few from the list\nAlle knapen.         all the boys.\nBeide broeders.      both the brothers.\nBeide boeken.        both the books.\nDe beide broeders.   both the brothers (article kept when beide follows).\nDe beide boeken.     both the books (article kept when beide follows).\nde Dekan             the Deccan\nde Duins             the Downs\nGrauwbunderland      the Grisons\nde Morea             the Morea\nNederland            the Netherlands"},{"section":352,"text":"The Definite Article sometimes used in Dutch where the Indefinite Article is used in English\n\nThe Definite Article is sometimes used in Dutch where the Indefinite Article is used in English; and where a Possessive Pronoun is used in English.\n\nA few from the list\nMet het doel.                with an intention.\nIemand voor de gek houden.   to make a fool of one.\nIn de gelegenheid zijn.      to have occasion to.\nDe koorts hebben.            to have a fever.\nTot de laatste man omkomen.  to be killed to a man.\nMet het oog op.              with a view to.\nMet iets de proef nemen.     to give a thing a trial.\nIn de regel.                 as a rule.\nOnder het voorwendsel van.   under a pretence of.\nDe wens uiten.               to express a wish."},{"section":353,"text":"B. The Indefinite Article used in Dutch and omitted in English\n\nThe Indefinite Article is used in Dutch and omitted in English: if ooit, nooit are followed by the subject of the sentence; before the word gedeelte in the phrase een gedeelte van; if wat in an exclamation is followed by a singular."},{"section":354,"text":"The Indefinite Article omitted in Dutch\n\nThe Indefinite Article is omitted in Dutch: when a noun forming part of a predicate denotes a title, dignity, profession, calling or sect; before titles of books; after menig followed by a singular noun. Note 1. No less a man is niemand minder dan. Note 2. In such questions as: is the book a good one?, the indef. article a and one are both omitted. Note 3. A or an before nouns denoting time, number, weight or measure is rendered in Dutch by per or by the Definite Article; also before weinige, honderden, duizenden, miljoenen; and in many verbal and adverbial phrases.\n\nA few from the list\nHij werd bevorderd tot kapitein.                  he was made a captain.\nMijn broer is boekhandelaar.                      my brother is a bookseller.\nHij werd soldaat.                                 he became a soldier.\nShakespeare werd als dichter geboren.             Sh. was born a poet.\nZijn neef is protestant.                          his cousin is a Protestant.\nIk kom tot u niet als vijand maar als vriend.     I come to you not as an enemy but as a friend.\nInleiding tot de studie van de Nederlandse taal.  an introduction to the Study of the Dutch Language.\nMaria Stuart, Treurspel in vijf bedrijven.        Mary Stuart, a Tragedy in five Acts.\nVietor, Handleiding der Phonetiek.                Vietor, a Handbook of Phonetics.\nMenig koning.                                     many a king."},{"section":355,"text":"II. Repetition and Place of the Article\n\nIn general the Article is repeated in Dutch where it is done in English. If, however, the Article has a special form for each gender it must be repeated. Note. Wij schreven aan de secretaris en de penningmeester and wij schreven aan de secretaris en penningmeester denote the same distinction as the English phrases: We wrote to the secretary and the treasurer (two different persons); we wrote to the secretary and treasurer (one person holding both offices)."},{"section":356,"text":"The Article stands before the adjective, even where English places it between the adjective and the noun\n\nIn Dutch the Article is put before the adjective, also in such cases where it is placed in English between the adjective and the noun."},{"section":357,"text":"Al precedes the Article\n\nAs in English al precedes the Article. But: half the money = het halve geld; double the sum = de dubbele som. Note. Een halve gulden (fles) denotes as well half a guilder (bottle) as a half guilder (half-bottle)."}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 26: The Definite Article omitted in Dutch, but used in English","teaching":[{"title":"No article after alle and beide","paragraphs":["After alle and beide, Dutch has no article. Alle knapen is all the boys. Beide boeken is both the books.","When beide comes after the article, the article stays. De beide boeken also means both the books.","Some geographical names have no article in Dutch. Nederland is the Netherlands. Geheel Europa is the whole of Europe."]},{"title":"Phrases without an article","paragraphs":["Some fixed phrases have no article in Dutch where English has the.","Kans hebben is to stand the chance. Piano spelen is to play the piano. Op gevaar van is at the risk of."]},{"title":"The Definite Article omitted in Dutch, but used in English","paragraphs":["The Definite Article is omitted in Dutch, but used in English: after the words alle and beide; before certain geographical names; in some phrases. Note also: Den Bosch or 's-Hertogenbosch, Bois-le-duc."]}],"lines":[{"number":15,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.3.1","source":"Alle knapen.","translation":"all the boys.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Alle","gloss":"all"},{"text":"knapen.","gloss":"boys"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.3.1.m4a"},{"number":16,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.3.2","source":"Beide broeders.","translation":"both the brothers.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Beide","gloss":"both"},{"text":"broeders.","gloss":"brothers"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.3.2.m4a"},{"number":17,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.3.3","source":"Beide boeken.","translation":"both the books.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Beide","gloss":"both"},{"text":"boeken.","gloss":"books"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.3.3.m4a"},{"number":18,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.3.4","source":"De beide broeders.","translation":"both the brothers (article kept when beide follows).","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"beide","gloss":"both"},{"text":"broeders.","gloss":"brothers"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.3.4.m4a"},{"number":19,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.3.5","source":"De beide boeken.","translation":"both the books (article kept when beide follows).","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"beide","gloss":"both"},{"text":"boeken.","gloss":"books"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.3.5.m4a"},{"number":20,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.3.6","source":"de Dekan","translation":"the Deccan","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Dekan","gloss":"Dekan"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.3.6.m4a"},{"number":21,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.3.7","source":"de Duins","translation":"the Downs","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Duins","gloss":"Duins"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.3.7.m4a"},{"number":22,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.3.8","source":"Grauwbunderland","translation":"the Grisons","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Grauwbunderland","gloss":"Grauwbunderland"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.3.8.m4a"},{"number":23,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.3.9","source":"de Morea","translation":"the Morea","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Morea","gloss":"Morea"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.3.9.m4a"},{"number":24,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.3.10","source":"Nederland","translation":"the Netherlands","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nederland","gloss":"the Netherlands"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.3.10.m4a"},{"number":25,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.3.11","source":"het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden","translation":"the kingdom of the Netherlands","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"Koninkrijk","gloss":"Koninkrijk"},{"text":"der","gloss":"of the"},{"text":"Nederlanden","gloss":"Nederlanden"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.3.11.m4a"},{"number":26,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.3.12","source":"Oost- en West-Indië","translation":"the East and West Indies","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Oost-","gloss":"East"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"West-Indië","gloss":"West Indies"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.3.12.m4a"},{"number":27,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.3.13","source":"Texel","translation":"the Texel","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Texel","gloss":"Texel"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.3.13.m4a"},{"number":28,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.3.14","source":"geheel Europa","translation":"the whole of Europe","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"geheel","gloss":"whole"},{"text":"Europa","gloss":"Europa"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.3.14.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 26: The Definite Article sometimes used in Dutch where the Indefinite Article is used in English","teaching":[{"title":"De or het where English has a or my","paragraphs":["In some phrases Dutch uses de or het where English uses a. De koorts hebben is to have a fever.","Dutch also uses de or het where English uses my, his or her. Ik bezeerde mij aan de arm means I hurt my arm.","The owner is shown by mij or zich. Hij sneed zich in de vinger means he cut his finger."]},{"title":"Set phrases with the article","paragraphs":["Many fixed phrases follow the first pattern. In de regel means as a rule. Met het doel means with an intention.","Met het oog op means with a view to."]},{"title":"The Definite Article sometimes used in Dutch where the Indefinite Article is used in English","paragraphs":["The Definite Article is sometimes used in Dutch where the Indefinite Article is used in English; and where a Possessive Pronoun is used in English."]}],"lines":[{"number":29,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.4.1","source":"Met het doel.","translation":"with an intention.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"doel.","gloss":"aim, purpose"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.4.1.m4a"},{"number":30,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.4.2","source":"Iemand voor de gek houden.","translation":"to make a fool of one.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Iemand","gloss":"someone"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"gek","gloss":"mad"},{"text":"houden.","gloss":"to keep"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.4.2.m4a"},{"number":31,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.4.3","source":"In de gelegenheid zijn.","translation":"to have occasion to.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"In","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"gelegenheid","gloss":"occasion, opportunity"},{"text":"zijn.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.4.3.m4a"},{"number":32,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.4.4","source":"De koorts hebben.","translation":"to have a fever.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"koorts","gloss":"fever"},{"text":"hebben.","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.4.4.m4a"},{"number":33,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.4.5","source":"Tot de laatste man omkomen.","translation":"to be killed to a man.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Tot","gloss":"until, to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"laatste","gloss":"last"},{"text":"man","gloss":"man; husband"},{"text":"omkomen.","gloss":"to perish"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.4.5.m4a"},{"number":34,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.4.6","source":"Met het oog op.","translation":"with a view to.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"oog","gloss":"eye"},{"text":"op.","gloss":"on, upon"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.4.6.m4a"},{"number":35,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.4.7","source":"Met iets de proef nemen.","translation":"to give a thing a trial.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"iets","gloss":"something"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"proef","gloss":"probation"},{"text":"nemen.","gloss":"to take"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.4.7.m4a"},{"number":36,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.4.8","source":"In de regel.","translation":"as a rule.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"In","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"regel.","gloss":"line"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.4.8.m4a"},{"number":37,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.4.9","source":"Onder het voorwendsel van.","translation":"under a pretence of.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Onder","gloss":"under; among"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"voorwendsel","gloss":"pretext"},{"text":"van.","gloss":"of, from"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.4.9.m4a"},{"number":38,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.4.10","source":"De wens uiten.","translation":"to express a wish.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"wens","gloss":"wish"},{"text":"uiten.","gloss":"utter"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.4.10.m4a"},{"number":39,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.4.11","source":"Van dezelfde grootte.","translation":"of a size.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"dezelfde","gloss":"the same"},{"text":"grootte.","gloss":"size"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.4.11.m4a"},{"number":40,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.4.12","source":"Van dezelfde leeftijd.","translation":"of an age.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"dezelfde","gloss":"the same"},{"text":"leeftijd.","gloss":"age"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.4.12.m4a"},{"number":41,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.4.13","source":"Terzelfdertijd.","translation":"at a time.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Terzelfdertijd.","gloss":"Terzelfdertijd"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.4.13.m4a"},{"number":42,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.4.14","source":"Hij had de gewoonte mij aan te staren.","translation":"he had a habit of staring at me.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"had","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"gewoonte","gloss":"custom"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"staren.","gloss":"gaze"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.4.14.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 26: B. The Indefinite Article used in Dutch and omitted in English","teaching":[{"title":"Een where English has no article","paragraphs":["Dutch uses een in three places where English uses no article.","The first is after ooit or nooit when the subject follows. Nooit had een meester een getrouwer bediende means never master had a more faithful servant.","The second is een gedeelte van, which means part of.","The third is wat in an exclamation, followed by a singular noun. Wat een schoonheid in deze trekken! means what beauty in these features!"]}],"lines":[{"number":43,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.5.1","source":"Had ooit een dichter zoveel vertrouwen genoten?","translation":"Was ever poet so trusted before?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Had","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"ooit","gloss":"ever"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"dichter","gloss":"poet"},{"text":"zoveel","gloss":"so much"},{"text":"vertrouwen","gloss":"confidence"},{"text":"genoten?","gloss":"to enjoy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.5.1.m4a"},{"number":44,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.5.2","source":"Nooit had een meester een getrouwer bediende.","translation":"never master had a more faithful servant.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nooit","gloss":"never"},{"text":"had","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"meester","gloss":"teacher (in everyday speech, meester/schoolmeester is often used for a primary-school teacher; a teacher at a public secondary school (H.B.S.) or a gymnasium is called leraar, a university professor is called professor or hoogleraar)"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"getrouwer","gloss":"more faithful"},{"text":"bediende.","gloss":"the servant, the servants"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.5.2.m4a"},{"number":45,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.5.3","source":"Hij bracht een gedeelte van zijn leven in Pennsylvanië door.","translation":"he spent part of his life in Pennsylvania.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"bracht","gloss":"to pass, to spend (time)"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"gedeelte","gloss":"part"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"leven","gloss":"life"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"Pennsylvanië","gloss":"Pennsylvanië"},{"text":"door.","gloss":"through"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.5.3.m4a"},{"number":46,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.5.4","source":"Wat een schoonheid in deze trekken!","translation":"What beauty in these features!","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"schoonheid","gloss":"beauty"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"deze","gloss":"the latter (the most recently mentioned)"},{"text":"trekken!","gloss":"to travel, to pull (strong)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.5.4.m4a"},{"number":47,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.5.5","source":"Wat een volharding te midden van de grootste moeilijkheden!","translation":"What perseverance under the greatest difficulties!","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"volharding","gloss":"perseverance"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"midden","gloss":"middle"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"grootste","gloss":"greatest"},{"text":"moeilijkheden!","gloss":"difficulty"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.5.5.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 26: The Indefinite Article omitted in Dutch","teaching":[{"title":"No een before a title or a job","paragraphs":["Dutch leaves out een when a noun after the verb names a title, a job, a calling or a sect. English says a.","Mijn broer is boekhandelaar. Hij werd soldaat. Zijn neef is protestant.","The title of a book has no een either. Nor does a singular noun after menig. Menig koning means many a king."]},{"title":"Per, and set phrases","paragraphs":["English says a day or a piece. Dutch uses per, or de or het. Vijf mijlen per dag. Eens per maand.","Een is also left out before weinige, honderden, duizenden and miljoenen. Slechts weinige soldaten ontkwamen zonder letsel.","Many fixed phrases have no article. Haast hebben is to be in a hurry. Het is jammer is it is a pity.","Niemand minder dan means no less a man than."]}],"lines":[{"number":48,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.6.1","source":"Hij werd bevorderd tot kapitein.","translation":"he was made a captain.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"werd","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"bevorderd","gloss":"promoted"},{"text":"tot","gloss":"until, to"},{"text":"kapitein.","gloss":"captain"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.6.1.m4a"},{"number":49,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.6.2","source":"Zijn neef is protestant.","translation":"his cousin is a Protestant.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"neef","gloss":"nephew"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"protestant.","gloss":"Protestant"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.6.2.m4a"},{"number":50,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.6.3","source":"Vietor, Handleiding der Phonetiek.","translation":"Vietor, a Handbook of Phonetics.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Vietor,","gloss":"Vietor"},{"text":"Handleiding","gloss":"guidelines"},{"text":"der","gloss":"of the"},{"text":"Phonetiek.","gloss":"Phonetiek"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.6.3.m4a"},{"number":51,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.6.4","source":"Is het boek goed?","translation":"Is the book a good one?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"boek","gloss":"book"},{"text":"goed?","gloss":"good, well"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.6.4.m4a"},{"number":52,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.6.5","source":"Zes shilling per ons.","translation":"six shillings an ounce.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zes","gloss":"six"},{"text":"shilling","gloss":"shillings"},{"text":"per","gloss":"per"},{"text":"ons.","gloss":"us"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.6.5.m4a"},{"number":53,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.6.6","source":"Aanleg hebben voor.","translation":"to have a turn for.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Aanleg","gloss":"disposition, talent"},{"text":"hebben","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"voor.","gloss":"for"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.6.6.m4a"},{"number":54,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.6.7","source":"Driftig zijn.","translation":"to be in a passion (rage).","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Driftig","gloss":"sharply"},{"text":"zijn.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.6.7.m4a"},{"number":55,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.6.8","source":"Haast hebben.","translation":"to be in a hurry.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Haast","gloss":"haste"},{"text":"hebben.","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.6.8.m4a"},{"number":56,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.6.9","source":"Ontzag voelen voor.","translation":"to feel a regard for.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ontzag","gloss":"awe"},{"text":"voelen","gloss":"feel"},{"text":"voor.","gloss":"for"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.6.9.m4a"},{"number":57,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.6.10","source":"Een toertje maken.","translation":"to take a drive.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"toertje","gloss":"little excursion"},{"text":"maken.","gloss":"to make (weak)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.6.10.m4a"},{"number":58,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.6.11","source":"Zich zelf in verlegenheid brengen.","translation":"to get oneself into a scrape.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"zelf","gloss":"self"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"verlegenheid","gloss":"an awkward position"},{"text":"brengen.","gloss":"bring"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.6.11.m4a"},{"number":59,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.6.12","source":"Iemand voor het laatst vaarwel zeggen.","translation":"to take a last farewell of one.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Iemand","gloss":"someone"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"laatst","gloss":"last time"},{"text":"vaarwel","gloss":"farewell"},{"text":"zeggen.","gloss":"to say"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.6.12.m4a"},{"number":60,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.6.13","source":"Op grote schaal.","translation":"on a large scale.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"grote","gloss":"big, great"},{"text":"schaal.","gloss":"scale"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.6.13.m4a"},{"number":61,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.6.14","source":"Met verlies.","translation":"at a discount.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"verlies.","gloss":"loss"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.6.14.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 26: II. Repetition and Place of the Article (and 1 more)","teaching":[{"title":"When the article is repeated","paragraphs":["Dutch repeats the article where English does. A list can also share one article: een lepel, vork en mes.","De and het are different forms, so each noun keeps its own. Het huis en de tuin means the house and garden.","Repeating the article can change the meaning. Aan de secretaris en de penningmeester means two persons. Aan de secretaris en penningmeester means one person with both offices."]},{"title":"The article before the adjective","paragraphs":["English can put a between the adjective and the noun: as great a general. Dutch always puts the article before the adjective.","Een generaal zo groot als Napoleon means as great a general as Napoleon.","Een te grote verantwoordelijkheid means too great a responsibility."]}],"lines":[{"number":62,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.7.1","source":"Een lepel, vork en mes.","translation":"a spoon, fork and knife.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"lepel,","gloss":"spoon"},{"text":"vork","gloss":"fork"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"mes.","gloss":"knife"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.7.1.m4a"},{"number":63,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.7.2","source":"Hij heeft het huis en de tuin verkocht.","translation":"he has sold the house and garden.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"heeft","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"huis","gloss":"house"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"tuin","gloss":"garden"},{"text":"verkocht.","gloss":"sold"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.7.2.m4a"},{"number":64,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.7.3","source":"Wij schreven aan de secretaris en de penningmeester.","translation":"we wrote to the secretary and the treasurer (two different persons).","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"schreven","gloss":"to write"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"secretaris","gloss":"secretary"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"penningmeester.","gloss":"treasurer"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.7.3.m4a"},{"number":65,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.7.4","source":"Wij schreven aan de secretaris en penningmeester.","translation":"we wrote to the secretary and treasurer (one person holding both offices).","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"schreven","gloss":"to write"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"secretaris","gloss":"secretary"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"penningmeester.","gloss":"treasurer"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.7.4.m4a"},{"number":66,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.8.1","source":"Een generaal zo groot als Napoleon.","translation":"as great a general as Napoleon.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"generaal","gloss":"general"},{"text":"zo","gloss":"so, as"},{"text":"groot","gloss":"great"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"Napoleon.","gloss":"Napoleon"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.8.1.m4a"},{"number":67,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.8.2","source":"Een te grote verantwoordelijkheid.","translation":"too great a responsibility.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"grote","gloss":"big, great"},{"text":"verantwoordelijkheid.","gloss":"responsibility"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.8.2.m4a"},{"number":68,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.8.3","source":"Hoe kundig een man hij ook is.","translation":"how clever a man he may be.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hoe","gloss":"how"},{"text":"kundig","gloss":"clever"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"man","gloss":"man; husband"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"ook","gloss":"also, likewise"},{"text":"is.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.8.3.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 26: Al precedes the Article","teaching":[{"title":"Al, half and double","paragraphs":["Al comes before the article, as English all does. Al de soldaten waren in de stad.","Half and double are different. Dutch puts the article before them. Het halve geld means half the money. De dubbele som means double the sum.","Een halve gulden has two meanings: half a guilder, or a half guilder."]}],"lines":[{"number":69,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.9.1","source":"Al de soldaten waren in de stad.","translation":"all the soldiers were in the city.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Al","gloss":"already"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"soldaten","gloss":"soldiers"},{"text":"waren","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"stad.","gloss":"city, town"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.9.1.m4a"},{"number":70,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.9.2","source":"Het halve geld.","translation":"half the money.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"halve","gloss":"half"},{"text":"geld.","gloss":"money"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.9.2.m4a"},{"number":71,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.9.3","source":"De dubbele som.","translation":"double the sum.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"dubbele","gloss":"double"},{"text":"som.","gloss":"sum"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.9.3.m4a"},{"number":72,"id":"val.nl.L26.x.9.4","source":"Een halve gulden.","translation":"half a guilder (or: a half-guilder coin).","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"halve","gloss":"half"},{"text":"gulden.","gloss":"guilders"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.x.9.4.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"De veroveraar en de zeerover","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":73,"id":"val.nl.L26.r.0","source":"De veroveraar en de zeerover","translation":"The conqueror and the pirate","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"veroveraar","gloss":"Conqueror"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"zeerover","gloss":"pirates"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.r.0.m4a"},{"number":74,"id":"val.nl.L26.r.1","source":"De beruchte zeerover Diomedes maakte zich ten tijde van Alexander de Grote door zijn zeeroverijen wijd en zijd geducht.","translation":"The notorious pirate Diomedes made himself feared far and wide in the time of Alexander the Great through his acts of piracy.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"beruchte","gloss":"notorious"},{"text":"zeerover","gloss":"pirates"},{"text":"Diomedes","gloss":"Diomedes"},{"text":"maakte","gloss":"to make (weak)"},{"text":"zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"ten","gloss":"in"},{"text":"tijde","gloss":"time"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"Alexander","gloss":"Alexander"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Grote","gloss":"Grote"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"zeeroverijen","gloss":"acts of piracy"},{"text":"wijd","gloss":"wide"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"zijd","gloss":"wide"},{"text":"geducht.","gloss":"feared"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.r.1.m4a"},{"number":75,"id":"val.nl.L26.r.2","source":"Eindelijk werd hij gevangen genomen en voor de Macedonische koning gevoerd.","translation":"At last he was taken prisoner and brought before the Macedonian king.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Eindelijk","gloss":"at last, finally"},{"text":"werd","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"gevangen","gloss":"to catch"},{"text":"genomen","gloss":"taken"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Macedonische","gloss":"Macedonian"},{"text":"koning","gloss":"king, kings"},{"text":"gevoerd.","gloss":"to navigate"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.r.2.m4a"},{"number":76,"id":"val.nl.L26.r.3","source":"“Vermetele”, voert Alexander hem tegemoet, “hoe durf je 't wagen, de hele zee en de kusten van de Middellandse zee onveilig te maken en alles te roven wat je voorkomt?”","translation":"“Insolent one,” Alexander says to his face, “how dare you risk making the whole sea and the coasts of the Mediterranean unsafe and robbing everything that comes your way?”","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"“Vermetele”,","gloss":"insolent one"},{"text":"voert","gloss":"brings"},{"text":"Alexander","gloss":"Alexander"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"tegemoet,","gloss":"to his face"},{"text":"“hoe","gloss":"how"},{"text":"durf","gloss":"dare"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"'t","gloss":"it"},{"text":"wagen,","gloss":"carriage"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"hele","gloss":"whole"},{"text":"zee","gloss":"sea"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"kusten","gloss":"coasts"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Middellandse","gloss":"Mediterranean"},{"text":"zee","gloss":"sea"},{"text":"onveilig","gloss":"unsafe"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to (before a verb); at, in (before a place); too"},{"text":"maken","gloss":"to make (weak)"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"alles","gloss":"everything"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to (before a verb); at, in (before a place); too"},{"text":"roven","gloss":"rob"},{"text":"wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"voorkomt?”","gloss":"occurs"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.r.3.m4a"},{"number":77,"id":"val.nl.L26.r.4","source":"Zonder in 't minst verlegen te zijn, zegt de zeerover: “Wel, machtige koning, ik doe het slechts om mijn voordeel.","translation":"Without being in the least embarrassed, the pirate says: “Well, mighty king, I do it only for my own profit.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zonder","gloss":"without"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"'t","gloss":"it"},{"text":"minst","gloss":"least"},{"text":"verlegen","gloss":"at a loss"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to (before a verb); at, in (before a place); too"},{"text":"zijn,","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"zegt","gloss":"says"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"zeerover:","gloss":"pirate"},{"text":"“Wel,","gloss":"but"},{"text":"machtige","gloss":"powerful"},{"text":"koning,","gloss":"king, kings"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"doe","gloss":"do"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"slechts","gloss":"only"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"voordeel.","gloss":"advantage"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.r.4.m4a"},{"number":78,"id":"val.nl.L26.r.5","source":"Daar ik echter maar één schip heb en mij dus slechts kleinigheden kan toe-eigenen, heet ik zeerover en word veracht en vervolgd.","translation":"But since I have only one ship and so can only take small things, I am called a pirate and am despised and hunted down.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Daar","gloss":"as, since, because"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"echter","gloss":"however"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"één","gloss":"one"},{"text":"schip","gloss":"ship, ships"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"dus","gloss":"so"},{"text":"slechts","gloss":"only"},{"text":"kleinigheden","gloss":"trifles"},{"text":"kan","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"toe-eigenen,","gloss":"take"},{"text":"heet","gloss":"to be called"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"zeerover","gloss":"pirates"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"word","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"veracht","gloss":"despise"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"vervolgd.","gloss":"continued"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.r.5.m4a"},{"number":79,"id":"val.nl.L26.r.6","source":"U echter, die een hele vloot tot uw beschikking hebt en hele koninkrijken vermeestert, u noemt men veroveraar en looft en roemt u.","translation":"You, however, who have a whole fleet at your disposal and conquer whole kingdoms, they call you a conqueror and praise and glorify you.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"U","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"echter,","gloss":"however"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"hele","gloss":"whole"},{"text":"vloot","gloss":"to flow"},{"text":"tot","gloss":"until, to"},{"text":"uw","gloss":"your (polite)"},{"text":"beschikking","gloss":"disposal"},{"text":"hebt","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"hele","gloss":"whole"},{"text":"koninkrijken","gloss":"Kingdom"},{"text":"vermeestert,","gloss":"vermeestert"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"noemt","gloss":"to call, to name"},{"text":"men","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":"veroveraar","gloss":"Conqueror"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"looft","gloss":"praise"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"roemt","gloss":"praises"},{"text":"u.","gloss":"you (polite)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.r.6.m4a"},{"number":80,"id":"val.nl.L26.r.7","source":"In het wezen van de zaak echter verschilt ons beider handwerk niets.”","translation":"In essence, however, our two trades differ in nothing.”","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"In","gloss":"in"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"wezen","gloss":"be"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"zaak","gloss":"matter"},{"text":"echter","gloss":"however"},{"text":"verschilt","gloss":"differs"},{"text":"ons","gloss":"us"},{"text":"beider","gloss":"of us both"},{"text":"handwerk","gloss":"trade"},{"text":"niets.”","gloss":"nothing"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.r.7.m4a"},{"number":81,"id":"val.nl.L26.r.8","source":"Dit vrijmoedige antwoord beviel de koning zodanig, dat hij Diomedes in zijn dienst nam.","translation":"This bold answer pleased the king so much that he took Diomedes into his service.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dit","gloss":"this"},{"text":"vrijmoedige","gloss":"bold"},{"text":"antwoord","gloss":"answer"},{"text":"beviel","gloss":"pleased"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"koning","gloss":"king, kings"},{"text":"zodanig,","gloss":"such"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"Diomedes","gloss":"Diomedes"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"dienst","gloss":"service"},{"text":"nam.","gloss":"to take"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.r.8.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 26: conversation","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":82,"id":"val.nl.L26.c.q1","source":"Ga je mee wandelen?","translation":"Will you come for a walk?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ga","gloss":"go"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"mee","gloss":"along, with"},{"text":"wandelen?","gloss":"to walk, stroll"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.c.q1.m4a"},{"number":83,"id":"val.nl.L26.c.q2","source":"Welke weg zullen we gaan?","translation":"Which way shall we go?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Welke","gloss":"which, what"},{"text":"weg","gloss":"away; road"},{"text":"zullen","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"we","gloss":"we"},{"text":"gaan?","gloss":"to go"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.c.q2.m4a"},{"number":84,"id":"val.nl.L26.c.q3","source":"Ik ga mee, als het niet te ver is.","translation":"I'll come along, if it's not too far.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"ga","gloss":"to go"},{"text":"mee,","gloss":"along, with"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"ver","gloss":"far"},{"text":"is.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.c.q3.m4a"},{"number":85,"id":"val.nl.L26.c.a1","source":"Graag, maar ik zal het eerst aan mama zeggen.","translation":"Gladly, but I will tell mama first.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Graag,","gloss":"gladly, with pleasure"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"eerst","gloss":"first (of all)"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"mama","gloss":"mama"},{"text":"zeggen.","gloss":"to say"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.c.a1.m4a"},{"number":86,"id":"val.nl.L26.c.a2","source":"Laten we naar N. gaan; ik zou graag Louise bezoeken, ik heb haar al lang niet meer gezien.","translation":"Let's go to N.; I would like to visit Louise, I haven't seen her in a long time.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Laten","gloss":"to let"},{"text":"we","gloss":"we"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"N.","gloss":"No."},{"text":"gaan;","gloss":"to go"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"graag","gloss":"gladly, with pleasure"},{"text":"Louise","gloss":"Louise"},{"text":"bezoeken,","gloss":"to visit"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"haar","gloss":"her"},{"text":"al","gloss":"already"},{"text":"lang","gloss":"long"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"meer","gloss":"more"},{"text":"gezien.","gloss":"to see"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.c.a2.m4a"},{"number":87,"id":"val.nl.L26.c.a3","source":"Het zal nauwelijks drie kwartier ver zijn.","translation":"It will hardly be a three-quarters-of-an-hour walk.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"nauwelijks","gloss":"scarcely"},{"text":"drie","gloss":"three"},{"text":"kwartier","gloss":"a quarter"},{"text":"ver","gloss":"far"},{"text":"zijn.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.c.a3.m4a"},{"number":88,"id":"val.nl.L26.c.q4","source":"Het is verrukkelijk mooi weer; beter konden we het niet verlangen.","translation":"It's delightfully beautiful weather; we couldn't have wished for better.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"verrukkelijk","gloss":"delightful"},{"text":"mooi","gloss":"nice, beautiful"},{"text":"weer;","gloss":"again"},{"text":"beter","gloss":"better"},{"text":"konden","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"we","gloss":"we"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"verlangen.","gloss":"longing"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.c.q4.m4a"},{"number":89,"id":"val.nl.L26.c.q5","source":"Ben je bang voor de bliksem?","translation":"Are you afraid of lightning?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ben","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"bang","gloss":"afraid"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"bliksem?","gloss":"lightning"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.c.q5.m4a"},{"number":90,"id":"val.nl.L26.c.a4","source":"Ja, maar de lucht betrekt; als we maar geen onweer krijgen.","translation":"Yes, but the sky is clouding over; let's hope we don't get a storm.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ja,","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"lucht","gloss":"air"},{"text":"betrekt;","gloss":"involved"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"we","gloss":"we"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"geen","gloss":"no, not a"},{"text":"onweer","gloss":"tempest"},{"text":"krijgen.","gloss":"to get; honger krijgen: to become hungry"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.c.a4.m4a"},{"number":91,"id":"val.nl.L26.c.a5","source":"Sinds de bliksem in het huis van onze buurman is ingeslagen, ben ik bang voor onweer.","translation":"Since lightning struck our neighbor's house, I've been afraid of storms.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Sinds","gloss":"since"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"bliksem","gloss":"lightning"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"huis","gloss":"house"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"onze","gloss":"our"},{"text":"buurman","gloss":"neighbor"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"ingeslagen,","gloss":"take"},{"text":"ben","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"bang","gloss":"afraid"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"onweer.","gloss":"tempest"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.c.a5.m4a"},{"number":92,"id":"val.nl.L26.c.q6","source":"De lucht zal wel weer opklaren, in geval van nood nemen we een rijtuig.","translation":"The sky will probably clear up again; if need be we'll take a carriage.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"lucht","gloss":"air"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"wel","gloss":"but"},{"text":"weer","gloss":"again"},{"text":"opklaren,","gloss":"clear up"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"geval","gloss":"case"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"nood","gloss":"want"},{"text":"nemen","gloss":"to take"},{"text":"we","gloss":"we"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"rijtuig.","gloss":"carriage, cab"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.c.q6.m4a"},{"number":93,"id":"val.nl.L26.c.q7","source":"Je schijnt goed ter been te zijn.","translation":"You seem to be a good walker.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"schijnt","gloss":"to seem"},{"text":"goed","gloss":"good, well"},{"text":"ter","gloss":"for the"},{"text":"been","gloss":"leg"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"zijn.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.c.q7.m4a"},{"number":94,"id":"val.nl.L26.c.q8","source":"Loop ik ook soms te langzaam voor je?","translation":"Am I sometimes walking too slowly for you?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Loop","gloss":"walk"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"ook","gloss":"also, likewise"},{"text":"soms","gloss":"sometimes"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"langzaam","gloss":"slowly"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"je?","gloss":"you; your"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.c.q8.m4a"},{"number":95,"id":"val.nl.L26.c.a6","source":"Nee, ik ga liever te voet: ik houd niet van rijden.","translation":"No, I'd rather walk: I don't like riding.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nee,","gloss":"no"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"ga","gloss":"to go"},{"text":"liever","gloss":"rather"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"voet:","gloss":"foot"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"houd","gloss":"to keep"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"rijden.","gloss":"to ride, to drive"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.c.a6.m4a"},{"number":96,"id":"val.nl.L26.c.a7","source":"Ja, ik ben een goede wandelaarster.","translation":"Yes, I'm a good walker.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ja,","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"ben","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"goede","gloss":"the good, what is good"},{"text":"wandelaarster.","gloss":"walker"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.c.a7.m4a"},{"number":97,"id":"val.nl.L26.c.a8","source":"Toch niet, ik voeg me graag naar u en we hebben tijd genoeg.","translation":"Not at all, I gladly go along with you and we have plenty of time.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Toch","gloss":"not... after all"},{"text":"niet,","gloss":"not... after all"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"voeg","gloss":"go along"},{"text":"me","gloss":"me"},{"text":"graag","gloss":"gladly, with pleasure"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"we","gloss":"we"},{"text":"hebben","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"tijd","gloss":"time"},{"text":"genoeg.","gloss":"enough"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.c.a8.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 26: exercise 56","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":98,"id":"val.nl.L26.e56.i1","source":"Armoede is het loon van de luiheid.","translation":"Poverty is the reward of idleness.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Armoede","gloss":"poverty"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"loon","gloss":"reward"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"luiheid.","gloss":"idleness"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.e56.i1.m4a"},{"number":99,"id":"val.nl.L26.e56.i2","source":"De graaf van Leicester was een van de gunstelingen van koningin Elizabeth.","translation":"The Earl of Leicester was one of the favourites of Queen Elizabeth.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"graaf","gloss":"a count, counts"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"Leicester","gloss":"Leicester"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"gunstelingen","gloss":"favourite"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"koningin","gloss":"queen"},{"text":"Elizabeth.","gloss":"Elizabeth"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.e56.i2.m4a"},{"number":100,"id":"val.nl.L26.e56.i3","source":"Maria Antoinette, de aartshertogin van Oostenrijk, was een dochter van keizer Frans I.","translation":"Mary Antoinette, the Archduchess of Austria, was daughter to the Emperor Francis I.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Maria","gloss":"Mary"},{"text":"Antoinette,","gloss":"Antoinette"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"aartshertogin","gloss":"archduchess"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"Oostenrijk,","gloss":"Oostenrijk"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"dochter","gloss":"daughter"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"keizer","gloss":"emperor"},{"text":"Frans","gloss":"Frans"},{"text":"I.","gloss":"I"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.e56.i3.m4a"},{"number":101,"id":"val.nl.L26.e56.i4","source":"Het leven is een droom.","translation":"Life is a dream.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"leven","gloss":"life"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"droom.","gloss":"dream"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.e56.i4.m4a"},{"number":102,"id":"val.nl.L26.e56.i5","source":"De hertog van Wellington wordt dikwijls de held van honderd veldslagen genoemd.","translation":"The Duke of Wellington is often called the hero of a hundred battles.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"hertog","gloss":"Duke"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"Wellington","gloss":"Wellington"},{"text":"wordt","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"dikwijls","gloss":"often"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"held","gloss":"hero"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"honderd","gloss":"hundred"},{"text":"veldslagen","gloss":"battles"},{"text":"genoemd.","gloss":"to call, to name"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.e56.i5.m4a"},{"number":103,"id":"val.nl.L26.e56.i6","source":"De winter is dit jaar zeer streng geweest.","translation":"The winter of this year has been very severe.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"winter","gloss":"winter"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"dit","gloss":"this"},{"text":"jaar","gloss":"the year"},{"text":"zeer","gloss":"very"},{"text":"streng","gloss":"harsh"},{"text":"geweest.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.e56.i6.m4a"},{"number":104,"id":"val.nl.L26.e56.i7","source":"De oude Britten aanbaden de zon en de maan.","translation":"The old Britons worshipped the sun and the moon.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"oude","gloss":"old"},{"text":"Britten","gloss":"Britten"},{"text":"aanbaden","gloss":"worshipped"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"zon","gloss":"sun"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"maan.","gloss":"moon"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.e56.i7.m4a"},{"number":105,"id":"val.nl.L26.e56.i8","source":"De slaap is een geschenk van de natuur.","translation":"Sleep is a gift of nature.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"slaap","gloss":"sleep"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"geschenk","gloss":"gift"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"natuur.","gloss":"nature"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.e56.i8.m4a"},{"number":106,"id":"val.nl.L26.e56.i9","source":"De molen van Potsdam, zei koning Frederik Willem IV, behoort tot de Pruisische geschiedenis.","translation":"The mill of Potsdam, said King Frederic William IV., belongs to Prussian history.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"molen","gloss":"windmill"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"Potsdam,","gloss":"Potsdam"},{"text":"zei","gloss":"to say"},{"text":"koning","gloss":"king, kings"},{"text":"Frederik","gloss":"Frederik"},{"text":"Willem","gloss":"Willem"},{"text":"IV,","gloss":"IV"},{"text":"behoort","gloss":"belongs"},{"text":"tot","gloss":"until, to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Pruisische","gloss":"Prussian"},{"text":"geschiedenis.","gloss":"story"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.e56.i9.m4a"},{"number":107,"id":"val.nl.L26.e56.i10","source":"Het Eriemeer ligt meer dan driehonderd voet hoger dan dat van Ontario.","translation":"Lake Erie is more than three hundred feet higher than lake Ontario.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"Eriemeer","gloss":"Eriemeer"},{"text":"ligt","gloss":"to lie (be situated)"},{"text":"meer","gloss":"more than"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"more than"},{"text":"driehonderd","gloss":"three hundred"},{"text":"voet","gloss":"foot"},{"text":"hoger","gloss":"high; (of age) great, old"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"Ontario.","gloss":"Ontario"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.e56.i10.m4a"},{"number":108,"id":"val.nl.L26.e56.i11","source":"Ik heb geen gelegenheid u de romans te zenden waarover wij gesproken hebben.","translation":"I have no opportunity of sending you the novels we have spoken of.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"geen","gloss":"no, not a"},{"text":"gelegenheid","gloss":"occasion, opportunity"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"romans","gloss":"novels"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"zenden","gloss":"to send"},{"text":"waarover","gloss":"about which"},{"text":"wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"gesproken","gloss":"to speak"},{"text":"hebben.","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.e56.i11.m4a"},{"number":109,"id":"val.nl.L26.e56.i12","source":"Het is jammer dat u uw broer niet heeft meegebracht.","translation":"It is a pity that you have not brought your brother with you.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"jammer","gloss":"a pity"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"uw","gloss":"your (polite)"},{"text":"broer","gloss":"brother"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"heeft","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"meegebracht.","gloss":"brought along"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.e56.i12.m4a"},{"number":110,"id":"val.nl.L26.e56.i13","source":"Ik zit nu in verlegenheid, want wij kennen de weg niet zo goed als hij.","translation":"I am at a loss now, for we do not know the way as well as he does.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"zit","gloss":"to sit"},{"text":"nu","gloss":"now, at present"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"verlegenheid,","gloss":"an awkward position"},{"text":"want","gloss":"for, because"},{"text":"wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"kennen","gloss":"know"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"weg","gloss":"away; road"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"zo","gloss":"so, as"},{"text":"goed","gloss":"good, well"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"hij.","gloss":"he"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.e56.i13.m4a"},{"number":111,"id":"val.nl.L26.e56.i14","source":"De Foe, de welbekende schrijver van Robinson Crusoe, diende zijn vaderland gedurende enige jaren als gewoon soldaat.","translation":"De Foe, the [well] known author of Robinson Crusoe, served his country for some years as a common soldier.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Foe,","gloss":"Foe"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"welbekende","gloss":"well known"},{"text":"schrijver","gloss":"writer, author; clerk"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"Robinson","gloss":"Robinson"},{"text":"Crusoe,","gloss":"Crusoe"},{"text":"diende","gloss":"to submit"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"vaderland","gloss":"fatherland"},{"text":"gedurende","gloss":"during"},{"text":"enige","gloss":"only (het enige: the only thing)"},{"text":"jaren","gloss":"years"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"gewoon","gloss":"ordinary, common"},{"text":"soldaat.","gloss":"soldier"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.e56.i14.m4a"},{"number":112,"id":"val.nl.L26.e56.i15","source":"Na het souper zal ik u komen halen om, als u wilt, een wandeling te maken.","translation":"After supper I'll come to fetch you and if you like we shall take a walk.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Na","gloss":"after"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"souper","gloss":"supper"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"komen","gloss":"to come"},{"text":"halen","gloss":"fetch"},{"text":"om,","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"wilt,","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"wandeling","gloss":"walk"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"maken.","gloss":"to make (weak)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.e56.i15.m4a"},{"number":113,"id":"val.nl.L26.e56.i16","source":"Het is schande dat er zoveel eeuwen moesten voorbijgaan eer de slavernij werd afgeschaft en de verfoeilijke handel in mensen eindigde.","translation":"It is a shame, that so many centuries had to pass before slavery was abolished, and the abominable trade in men came to an end.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"schande","gloss":"disgrace"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"zoveel","gloss":"so much"},{"text":"eeuwen","gloss":"centuries"},{"text":"moesten","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"voorbijgaan","gloss":"passing"},{"text":"eer","gloss":"honor"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"slavernij","gloss":"slavery"},{"text":"werd","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"afgeschaft","gloss":"abolish"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"verfoeilijke","gloss":"abominable"},{"text":"handel","gloss":"trade"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"mensen","gloss":"men, people"},{"text":"eindigde.","gloss":"ended"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.e56.i16.m4a"},{"number":114,"id":"val.nl.L26.e56.i17","source":"Geen vorst was ooit in zo'n hopeloze toestand als Willem de Zwijger, toen zijn eerste plannen en die van zijn broers waren mislukt.","translation":"Never prince was in such a desperate state as William the Silent, as his first plans of himself and his brothers had miscarried.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Geen","gloss":"no, not a"},{"text":"vorst","gloss":"prince"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"ooit","gloss":"ever"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"zo'n","gloss":"such a"},{"text":"hopeloze","gloss":"desperate"},{"text":"toestand","gloss":"condition"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"Willem","gloss":"Willem"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Zwijger,","gloss":"Zwijger"},{"text":"toen","gloss":"as, when"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"eerste","gloss":"the former (the first-mentioned)"},{"text":"plannen","gloss":"plan, plans"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"broers","gloss":"brother"},{"text":"waren","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"mislukt.","gloss":"failure"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.e56.i17.m4a"},{"number":115,"id":"val.nl.L26.e56.i18","source":"Mijn oom bracht een deel van zijn leven in de Hollandse kolonies door.","translation":"My uncle spent part of his life in the Dutch Colonies.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"oom","gloss":"uncle"},{"text":"bracht","gloss":"to pass, to spend (time)"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"deel","gloss":"part"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"leven","gloss":"life"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Hollandse","gloss":"Dutch"},{"text":"kolonies","gloss":"Colonies"},{"text":"door.","gloss":"through"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.e56.i18.m4a"},{"number":116,"id":"val.nl.L26.e56.i19","source":"Vroeger was zijn broer slager, maar nu is hij koopman.","translation":"Formerly his brother was a butcher, but now he is a merchant.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Vroeger","gloss":"formerly"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"broer","gloss":"brother"},{"text":"slager,","gloss":"butcher"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"nu","gloss":"now, at present"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"koopman.","gloss":"merchant"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.e56.i19.m4a"},{"number":117,"id":"val.nl.L26.e56.i20","source":"Na dapper weerstand geboden te hebben, werden zij allen tot de laatste man toe gedood.","translation":"After having resisted courageously, they were killed to a man.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Na","gloss":"after"},{"text":"dapper","gloss":"brave"},{"text":"weerstand","gloss":"resistance"},{"text":"geboden","gloss":"to offer"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"hebben,","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"werden","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"allen","gloss":"all"},{"text":"tot","gloss":"until, to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"laatste","gloss":"last"},{"text":"man","gloss":"man; 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husband"},{"text":"terug.","gloss":"back"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.e56.i21.m4a"},{"number":119,"id":"val.nl.L26.e56.i22","source":"“Heeft ooit een dichter zoveel vertrouwen genoten?” riep Johnson uit, toen bij Goldsmiths dood bleek dat zijn schulden honderden ponden sterling bedroegen.","translation":"“Was ever poet so trusted before?” Johnson exclaimed, when at Goldsmith's death it was found that his debts amounted to hundreds of pounds.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"“Heeft","gloss":"has"},{"text":"ooit","gloss":"ever"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"dichter","gloss":"poet"},{"text":"zoveel","gloss":"so much"},{"text":"vertrouwen","gloss":"confidence"},{"text":"genoten?”","gloss":"enjoyed"},{"text":"riep","gloss":"cried"},{"text":"Johnson","gloss":"Johnson"},{"text":"uit,","gloss":"out of, from"},{"text":"toen","gloss":"as, when"},{"text":"bij","gloss":"with"},{"text":"Goldsmiths","gloss":"Goldsmith's"},{"text":"dood","gloss":"death"},{"text":"bleek","gloss":"pale"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"schulden","gloss":"debts"},{"text":"honderden","gloss":"hundreds"},{"text":"ponden","gloss":"pounds"},{"text":"sterling","gloss":"sterling"},{"text":"bedroegen.","gloss":"amounted to"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.e56.i22.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 26: exercise 57","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":120,"id":"val.nl.L26.e57.i1","source":"De muziek wordt de taal van de natuur genoemd.","translation":"Music is called the language of nature.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"muziek","gloss":"music"},{"text":"wordt","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"taal","gloss":"language"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"natuur","gloss":"nature"},{"text":"genoemd.","gloss":"to call, to name"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.e57.i1.m4a"},{"number":121,"id":"val.nl.L26.e57.i2","source":"Met ingenomenheid beloofde hij dat hij het zich aangelegen zou laten liggen zijn vriend een goede betrekking als onderwijzer te bezorgen.","translation":"He gladly promised to interest himself to procure his friend a good situation as a teacher.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"ingenomenheid","gloss":"being pleased"},{"text":"beloofde","gloss":"promised"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"aangelegen","gloss":"a concern"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"laten","gloss":"to let"},{"text":"liggen","gloss":"to lie (be situated)"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"vriend","gloss":"friend"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"goede","gloss":"the good, what is good"},{"text":"betrekking","gloss":"post"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"onderwijzer","gloss":"teacher"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"bezorgen.","gloss":"to procure"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.e57.i2.m4a"},{"number":122,"id":"val.nl.L26.e57.i3","source":"Menig dichter heeft de lof van de lente bezongen.","translation":"Many a poet has sung the praise of spring.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Menig","gloss":"many a"},{"text":"dichter","gloss":"poet"},{"text":"heeft","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"lof","gloss":"praise"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"lente","gloss":"spring"},{"text":"bezongen.","gloss":"sung"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.e57.i3.m4a"},{"number":123,"id":"val.nl.L26.e57.i4","source":"Beiden, de koning en de minister, bezochten de hoofdstad van België.","translation":"Both the king and the minister visited the capital of Belgium.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Beiden,","gloss":"both"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"koning","gloss":"king, kings"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"minister,","gloss":"Minister"},{"text":"bezochten","gloss":"visited"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"hoofdstad","gloss":"capital cities"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"België.","gloss":"België"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.e57.i4.m4a"},{"number":124,"id":"val.nl.L26.e57.i5","source":"Hoe kundig een man hij ook was, hij was in verlegenheid toen men hem verzocht deze brief te vertalen.","translation":"How clever a man he may be he was at a loss when he was bidden to translate this letter.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hoe","gloss":"how"},{"text":"kundig","gloss":"clever"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"man","gloss":"man; husband"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"ook","gloss":"also, likewise"},{"text":"was,","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"verlegenheid","gloss":"an awkward position"},{"text":"toen","gloss":"as, when"},{"text":"men","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"verzocht","gloss":"to beg, to request"},{"text":"deze","gloss":"the latter (the most recently mentioned)"},{"text":"brief","gloss":"letter"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"vertalen.","gloss":"translate"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.e57.i5.m4a"},{"number":125,"id":"val.nl.L26.e57.i6","source":"Een verschrikkelijk spoorwegongeluk vond plaats bij Parijs, slechts enkele passagiers ontkwamen zonder letsel.","translation":"A horrible railway-accident took place near Paris, only a few passengers escaped without injury.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"verschrikkelijk","gloss":"terrible"},{"text":"spoorwegongeluk","gloss":"railway accident"},{"text":"vond","gloss":"found"},{"text":"plaats","gloss":"place"},{"text":"bij","gloss":"with"},{"text":"Parijs,","gloss":"Parijs"},{"text":"slechts","gloss":"only"},{"text":"enkele","gloss":"a few"},{"text":"passagiers","gloss":"passengers"},{"text":"ontkwamen","gloss":"escaped"},{"text":"zonder","gloss":"without"},{"text":"letsel.","gloss":"injury"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.e57.i6.m4a"},{"number":126,"id":"val.nl.L26.e57.i7","source":"Wat een prijs vraagt u mij voor zo'n onbeduidend ding, het is geen halve gulden waard.","translation":"What a price you ask me for such a trifling thing, it is not worth half a guilder.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"prijs","gloss":"price"},{"text":"vraagt","gloss":"to ask"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"zo'n","gloss":"such a"},{"text":"onbeduidend","gloss":"insignificant"},{"text":"ding,","gloss":"thing"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"geen","gloss":"no, not a"},{"text":"halve","gloss":"half"},{"text":"gulden","gloss":"guilders"},{"text":"waard.","gloss":"worth"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.e57.i7.m4a"},{"number":127,"id":"val.nl.L26.e57.i8","source":"Wij hadden nog duizenden dingen te doen voordat we de stad konden verlaten.","translation":"We had a thousand things to do before we could leave town.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"hadden","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"nog","gloss":"still, yet; another"},{"text":"duizenden","gloss":"thousands"},{"text":"dingen","gloss":"things"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"doen","gloss":"to do"},{"text":"voordat","gloss":"before"},{"text":"we","gloss":"we"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"stad","gloss":"city, town"},{"text":"konden","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"verlaten.","gloss":"left"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.e57.i8.m4a"},{"number":128,"id":"val.nl.L26.e57.i9","source":"Het is dikwijls gezegd dat de hele wereld een schouwtoneel is.","translation":"It has often been said that the whole world is a theatre.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"dikwijls","gloss":"often"},{"text":"gezegd","gloss":"to say"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"hele","gloss":"whole"},{"text":"wereld","gloss":"world"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"schouwtoneel","gloss":"theatre"},{"text":"is.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.e57.i9.m4a"},{"number":129,"id":"val.nl.L26.e57.i10","source":"Bijna alle huizen van die stad werden door het vuur vernield, maar de grote gebouwen zoals de kerk, het stadhuis en het museum bleven behouden.","translation":"Nearly all the houses of that town were burnt down, the large buildings as the church, the town-hall and the museum were saved however.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Bijna","gloss":"nearly"},{"text":"alle","gloss":"all"},{"text":"huizen","gloss":"houses"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"stad","gloss":"city, town"},{"text":"werden","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"vuur","gloss":"fire"},{"text":"vernield,","gloss":"destroyed"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"grote","gloss":"big, great"},{"text":"gebouwen","gloss":"buildings"},{"text":"zoals","gloss":"as"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"kerk,","gloss":"church"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"stadhuis","gloss":"town hall"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"museum","gloss":"museum"},{"text":"bleven","gloss":"to remain, stay"},{"text":"behouden.","gloss":"to keep, to preserve"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.e57.i10.m4a"},{"number":130,"id":"val.nl.L26.e57.i11","source":"Beide gevangenen werden naar Siberië gezonden, zij namen voorgoed afscheid van hun verwanten, want zij vreesden hen nooit meer terug te zien.","translation":"Both the prisoners were sent to Siberia, they took a last farewell of their parents as they feared never to see them back.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Beide","gloss":"both"},{"text":"gevangenen","gloss":"to catch"},{"text":"werden","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"Siberië","gloss":"Siberië"},{"text":"gezonden,","gloss":"to send"},{"text":"zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"namen","gloss":"to take"},{"text":"voorgoed","gloss":"for good"},{"text":"afscheid","gloss":"parting"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"hun","gloss":"them; their"},{"text":"verwanten,","gloss":"relatives"},{"text":"want","gloss":"for, because"},{"text":"zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"vreesden","gloss":"dreaded"},{"text":"hen","gloss":"them"},{"text":"nooit","gloss":"never"},{"text":"meer","gloss":"more"},{"text":"terug","gloss":"back"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"zien.","gloss":"to see"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.e57.i11.m4a"},{"number":131,"id":"val.nl.L26.e57.i12","source":"Eenmaal per jaar bezoek ik een heuvelachtig oord, het beklimmen van heuvels is vermoeiend, maar geeft eetlust.","translation":"Once a year I go into a hilly country, the ascent of hills is fatiguing but gives an appetite.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Eenmaal","gloss":"once"},{"text":"per","gloss":"per"},{"text":"jaar","gloss":"the year"},{"text":"bezoek","gloss":"visit"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"heuvelachtig","gloss":"hilly"},{"text":"oord,","gloss":"place"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"beklimmen","gloss":"climbs"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"heuvels","gloss":"hill"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"vermoeiend,","gloss":"wearisome"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"geeft","gloss":"gives"},{"text":"eetlust.","gloss":"appetite"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.e57.i12.m4a"},{"number":132,"id":"val.nl.L26.e57.i13","source":"Houd hem niet voor de gek, hij weet meer van die zaak af dan u.","translation":"Do not make a fool of him, he knows more about that affair than you.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Houd","gloss":"hold, keep"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"gek,","gloss":"mad"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"weet","gloss":"to know"},{"text":"meer","gloss":"more"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"zaak","gloss":"matter"},{"text":"af","gloss":"off"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"u.","gloss":"you (polite)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.e57.i13.m4a"},{"number":133,"id":"val.nl.L26.e57.i14","source":"Hij doorkruiste het hele land, van noord naar zuid, maar legde nooit meer af dan zes mijlen per dag.","translation":"He walked all over the country from north to south, but never more than six miles a day.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"doorkruiste","gloss":"walked all over"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"hele","gloss":"whole"},{"text":"land,","gloss":"land"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"noord","gloss":"north"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"zuid,","gloss":"zuid"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"legde","gloss":"to lay"},{"text":"nooit","gloss":"never"},{"text":"meer","gloss":"more"},{"text":"af","gloss":"off"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"zes","gloss":"six"},{"text":"mijlen","gloss":"miles"},{"text":"per","gloss":"per"},{"text":"dag.","gloss":"day"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.e57.i14.m4a"},{"number":134,"id":"val.nl.L26.e57.i15","source":"Ik zal u de dubbele som betalen als u meteen gaat.","translation":"I shall pay you double the sum if you go at once.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"dubbele","gloss":"double"},{"text":"som","gloss":"sum"},{"text":"betalen","gloss":"to pay"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"meteen","gloss":"at once"},{"text":"gaat.","gloss":"to go"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.e57.i15.m4a"},{"number":135,"id":"val.nl.L26.e57.i16","source":"Er zijn weinig grote figuren in de geschiedenis die meer blootgesteld zijn geweest aan de laster van vijanden en de vleierij van vrienden dan koningin Elizabeth.","translation":"There are few great personages in history, who have been more exposed to the calumny of enemies and the flattery of friends than Queen Elizabeth.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"weinig","gloss":"little, few"},{"text":"grote","gloss":"big, great"},{"text":"figuren","gloss":"figures"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"geschiedenis","gloss":"story"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"meer","gloss":"more"},{"text":"blootgesteld","gloss":"exposed"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"geweest","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"laster","gloss":"slander"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"vijanden","gloss":"enemy"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vleierij","gloss":"flattery"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"vrienden","gloss":"friends"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"koningin","gloss":"queen"},{"text":"Elizabeth.","gloss":"Elizabeth"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.e57.i16.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 26: exercise 58","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":136,"id":"val.nl.L26.e58.i1","source":"X., 10 januari 1912.","translation":"X., January 10th 1912.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"X.,","gloss":"X"},{"text":"10","gloss":"10th"},{"text":"januari","gloss":"January"},{"text":"1912.","gloss":"1912"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.e58.i1.m4a"},{"number":137,"id":"val.nl.L26.e58.i2","source":"Waarde vriend,","translation":"Dear Friend,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Waarde","gloss":"value"},{"text":"vriend,","gloss":"friend"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.e58.i2.m4a"},{"number":138,"id":"val.nl.L26.e58.i3","source":"Het verheugt mij zeer dat u eindelijk van plan bent ons te bezoeken, kom nu maar zo spoedig mogelijk.","translation":"I am very glad that you intend at last to visit us, please come as soon as possible.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"verheugt","gloss":"rejoice"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"zeer","gloss":"very"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"eindelijk","gloss":"at last, finally"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"plan","gloss":"plan, plans"},{"text":"bent","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"ons","gloss":"us"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"bezoeken,","gloss":"to visit"},{"text":"kom","gloss":"to come"},{"text":"nu","gloss":"now, at present"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"zo","gloss":"so, as"},{"text":"spoedig","gloss":"soon"},{"text":"mogelijk.","gloss":"possible"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.e58.i3.m4a"},{"number":139,"id":"val.nl.L26.e58.i4","source":"Deze week wordt er een groot feest gegeven ter ere van admiraal R., die van Atjeh is teruggekomen.","translation":"This week a great feast will be given in honour of Admiral R., who has come back from Atjeh.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Deze","gloss":"the latter (the most recently mentioned)"},{"text":"week","gloss":"week"},{"text":"wordt","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"groot","gloss":"great"},{"text":"feest","gloss":"feast"},{"text":"gegeven","gloss":"to give"},{"text":"ter","gloss":"for the"},{"text":"ere","gloss":"honor"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"admiraal","gloss":"admiral"},{"text":"R.,","gloss":"er"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"Atjeh","gloss":"Atjeh"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"teruggekomen.","gloss":"return"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.e58.i4.m4a"},{"number":140,"id":"val.nl.L26.e58.i5","source":"Als u vroeg genoeg komt, kunt u nog met ons eten, en dan hebben we na de thee nog tijd genoeg om de versierde straten en gebouwen te bekijken.","translation":"If you come early enough you may have dinner with us and after tea we shall have plenty of time to visit the decorated streets and buildings.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"vroeg","gloss":"to ask"},{"text":"genoeg","gloss":"enough"},{"text":"komt,","gloss":"to come"},{"text":"kunt","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"nog","gloss":"still, yet; another"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"ons","gloss":"us"},{"text":"eten,","gloss":"to eat"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"hebben","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"we","gloss":"we"},{"text":"na","gloss":"after"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"thee","gloss":"tea"},{"text":"nog","gloss":"still, yet; another"},{"text":"tijd","gloss":"time"},{"text":"genoeg","gloss":"enough"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"versierde","gloss":"decorated"},{"text":"straten","gloss":"street"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"gebouwen","gloss":"buildings"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"bekijken.","gloss":"looked over"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.e58.i5.m4a"},{"number":141,"id":"val.nl.L26.e58.i6","source":"Ik hoop in ieder geval dat woensdag u schikt, want op die dag wordt er een mooi concert gegeven in de grote zaal bij het Emmapark.","translation":"I hope Wednesday will suit you in any case, on this day a nice concert will be given in the great hall in the neighbourhood of Emma Park.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"hoop","gloss":"hope"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"ieder","gloss":"each, every"},{"text":"geval","gloss":"case"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"woensdag","gloss":"Wednesday"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"schikt,","gloss":"accommodates"},{"text":"want","gloss":"for, because"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"dag","gloss":"day"},{"text":"wordt","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"mooi","gloss":"nice, beautiful"},{"text":"concert","gloss":"concert"},{"text":"gegeven","gloss":"to give"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"grote","gloss":"big, great"},{"text":"zaal","gloss":"hall"},{"text":"bij","gloss":"with"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"Emmapark.","gloss":"Emmapark"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.e58.i6.m4a"},{"number":142,"id":"val.nl.L26.e58.i7","source":"Ik ben in de gelegenheid goede plaatsen te krijgen voor alle feestelijkheden die gegeven zullen worden.","translation":"I am in a position to get nice places for all the festivities which will be given.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"ben","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"gelegenheid","gloss":"occasion, opportunity"},{"text":"goede","gloss":"the good, what is good"},{"text":"plaatsen","gloss":"places"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"krijgen","gloss":"to get; honger krijgen: to become hungry"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"alle","gloss":"all"},{"text":"feestelijkheden","gloss":"festivities"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"gegeven","gloss":"to give"},{"text":"zullen","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"worden.","gloss":"to become, to get"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.e58.i7.m4a"},{"number":143,"id":"val.nl.L26.e58.i8","source":"Wegens de gezondheid van mijn vrouw, die nog steeds koorts heeft, kan ik alleen u uitnodigen; de volgende keer hoop ik u samen met uw vrienden te kunnen uitnodigen.","translation":"Owing to the health of my wife who still has a fever I can invite you only; next time, I hope to be able to invite you with your friends at the same time.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wegens","gloss":"on account of, because of"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"gezondheid","gloss":"health"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my wife"},{"text":"vrouw,","gloss":"my wife"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"nog","gloss":"still, yet; another"},{"text":"steeds","gloss":"always"},{"text":"koorts","gloss":"fever"},{"text":"heeft,","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"kan","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"alleen","gloss":"only"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"uitnodigen;","gloss":"invited"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"volgende","gloss":"next, following"},{"text":"keer","gloss":"time (an occasion)"},{"text":"hoop","gloss":"hope"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"samen","gloss":"together"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"uw","gloss":"your (polite)"},{"text":"vrienden","gloss":"friends"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"kunnen","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"uitnodigen.","gloss":"invited"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.e58.i8.m4a"},{"number":144,"id":"val.nl.L26.e58.i9","source":"Als u komt, vergeet dan niet de boeken mee te brengen waarover u het in uw laatste brief had, vooral de romans van Van Lennep.","translation":"If you come do not forget to bring me the books you spoke of in your last letter, especially the novels of van Lennep.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"komt,","gloss":"to come"},{"text":"vergeet","gloss":"to forget"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"boeken","gloss":"books"},{"text":"mee","gloss":"along, with"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"brengen","gloss":"bring"},{"text":"waarover","gloss":"about which"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"uw","gloss":"your (polite)"},{"text":"laatste","gloss":"last"},{"text":"brief","gloss":"letter"},{"text":"had,","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"vooral","gloss":"above all"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"romans","gloss":"novels"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"Van","gloss":"Van"},{"text":"Lennep.","gloss":"Lennep"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.e58.i9.m4a"},{"number":145,"id":"val.nl.L26.e58.i10","source":"Ik heb een voorliefde voor deze werken en zou ze graag nog eens lezen.","translation":"I have a fancy for these works and should like to read them again.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"voorliefde","gloss":"fancy"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"deze","gloss":"the latter (the most recently mentioned)"},{"text":"werken","gloss":"work"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"ze","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"graag","gloss":"gladly, with pleasure"},{"text":"nog","gloss":"still, yet; another"},{"text":"eens","gloss":"once, one day"},{"text":"lezen.","gloss":"to read"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.e58.i10.m4a"},{"number":146,"id":"val.nl.L26.e58.i11","source":"Het is jammer dat zulke goede boeken niet meer gelezen worden, iedereen zou ze moeten kennen.","translation":"It is a pity that such good books are not more read, every one should know them.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"jammer","gloss":"a pity"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"zulke","gloss":"such"},{"text":"goede","gloss":"the good, what is good"},{"text":"boeken","gloss":"books"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"meer","gloss":"more"},{"text":"gelezen","gloss":"to read"},{"text":"worden,","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"iedereen","gloss":"everyone"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"ze","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"moeten","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"kennen.","gloss":"know"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.e58.i11.m4a"},{"number":147,"id":"val.nl.L26.e58.i12","source":"Heeft u ook nog enkele moderne romans voor mij?","translation":"Have you also some modern novels for me?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Heeft","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"ook","gloss":"also, likewise"},{"text":"nog","gloss":"still, yet; another"},{"text":"enkele","gloss":"a few"},{"text":"moderne","gloss":"modern"},{"text":"romans","gloss":"novels"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"mij?","gloss":"me"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.e58.i12.m4a"},{"number":148,"id":"val.nl.L26.e58.i13","source":"In de hoop u spoedig te zien en met vele groeten aan u en uw vrienden,","translation":"Hoping to see you very soon and with many compliments to you and your friends,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"In","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"hoop","gloss":"hope"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"spoedig","gloss":"soon"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"zien","gloss":"to see"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"vele","gloss":"many"},{"text":"groeten","gloss":"greet"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"uw","gloss":"your (polite)"},{"text":"vrienden,","gloss":"friends"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.e58.i13.m4a"},{"number":149,"id":"val.nl.L26.e58.i14","source":"geheel de uwe","translation":"truly yours","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"geheel","gloss":"whole"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"uwe","gloss":"your"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.e58.i14.m4a"},{"number":150,"id":"val.nl.L26.e58.i15","source":"N. N.","translation":"N. N.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"N.","gloss":"No."},{"text":"N.","gloss":"No."}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L26.e58.i15.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 27: The Genitive denotes origin or possession","teaching":[{"title":"Van shows who owns or where from","paragraphs":["Dutch shows possession and origin with van, the way English uses of. De kinderen van mijn tante means the children of my aunt.","Van also marks a part of a whole. Twee van mijn boeken means two of my books. Het grootste deel van het leger means the greater part of the army.","The same pattern works with pronouns. Velen van ons means many of us. Velen van hen means many of them.","A name, or a title with no article, can take 's instead of van."]}],"lines":[{"number":151,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.1.1","source":"De kinderen van mijn tante.","translation":"the children of my aunt.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"kinderen","gloss":"children"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"tante.","gloss":"aunt"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.1.1.m4a"},{"number":152,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.1.2","source":"De boeken van de leerlingen.","translation":"the books of the pupils.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"boeken","gloss":"books"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"leerlingen.","gloss":"pupils"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.1.2.m4a"},{"number":153,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.1.3","source":"Twee van mijn boeken.","translation":"two of my books.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Twee","gloss":"two"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"boeken.","gloss":"books"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.1.3.m4a"},{"number":154,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.1.4","source":"Het grootste deel van het leger.","translation":"the greater part of the army.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"grootste","gloss":"greatest"},{"text":"deel","gloss":"part"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"leger.","gloss":"the army"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.1.4.m4a"},{"number":155,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.1.5","source":"Velen van ons.","translation":"many of us.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Velen","gloss":"many"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"ons.","gloss":"us"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.1.5.m4a"},{"number":156,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.1.6","source":"Velen van hen.","translation":"many of them.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Velen","gloss":"many"},{"text":"van","gloss":"one of them"},{"text":"hen.","gloss":"one of them"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.1.6.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":358,"text":"The Genitive denotes origin or possession\n\nPossession or origin is shown with van, or with 's directly before a name or title with no article. De kinderen van mijn tante the children of my aunt. De boeken van de leerlingen the books of the pupils. A part of a whole is shown the same way. Twee van mijn boeken two of my books. Het grootste deel van het leger the greater part of the army. Velen van ons, van hen many of us, of them."},{"section":359,"text":"The Genitive -s of the neuter adjective after alles, iets, niets, veel, weinig, wat\n\nAfter alles, allerlei, iets, niets, veel, weinig, wat and wat voor, the neuter adjective takes an -s and stands after the pronoun. Alles goeds everything good. Allerlei lekkers all sorts of nice things. Iets moois, niets moois something, nothing nice. Veel moois, weinig moois many, not many beautiful things. Wat aangenaams something agreeable. Wat voor nieuws hebt u vernomen what news have you heard?"},{"section":360,"text":"Place of the adjectival Genitive\n\nA possessive with 's stands before the noun (vaders huis); a possessive with van stands after it (het huis van mijn vader). Het huis van mijn vader wordt verkocht the house of my father is sold. Vaders huis wordt verkocht my father's house is sold."},{"section":361,"text":"The 's-Genitive of names and family relations\n\nA name, or a noun for a family relation, takes 's and stands before the noun it belongs to, whatever its gender. Maria's kamer Maria's room. Moeders lieveling mother's darling."},{"section":362,"text":"The Genitive of a proper noun always precedes\n\nThe genitive of a proper noun always precedes, and is formed with 's, or with an apostrophe alone after a name ending in a sibilant. Frankrijks rijkdommen the riches of France. Jezus' leven the life of Jesus, not het leven van Jezus. Note. God and a few Bible names keep the old ending. Het rijk Gods op aarde the kingdom of God on earth. De Spreuken van Salomo the proverbs of Solomon. De Psalmen van David the psalms of David."},{"section":363,"text":"Indefinite pronouns and numerals with -s always precede\n\nAn indefinite pronoun or a numeral with an -s always precedes the noun it belongs to. Niemands vriend nobody's friend. Beider ouders the parents of both."},{"section":364,"text":"The old partitive Genitive after weight, number or measure\n\nAfter a word denoting a weight, a number or a measure, the Genitive was formerly used and may still be found in elevated style. Een bete broods a bit of bread. Een teug waters a draught of water. Such old genitives are out of use now; the noun instead stands in apposition, in its plain form. Een glas rode wijn verfrist a glass of claret refreshes. Drink een glas rode wijn have a glass of claret."},{"section":365,"text":"A Genitive followed by an apposition is rendered with van\n\nThe Genitive of a noun followed by an apposition is always rendered by means of van. De roem van de keizer, de grootste veldheer van zijn eeuw the fame of the Emperor, the greatest general of his century."},{"section":366,"text":"A Genitive without an article is rendered with van\n\nThe Genitive of a collective noun depending on a pronoun or an indefinite numeral, and a Genitive without an article depending on a noun, must always be rendered by means of van. Niemand, velen, enigen, wie van het leger nobody, many, some, who of the army, not des legers."},{"section":367,"text":"The Norman Genitive translated literally, and its exceptions\n\nThe Norman Genitive may generally be translated literally into Dutch. Een voorbeeld van geduld an example of patience. Een staaltje van onbeschaamdheid a proof of impudence. Een soort van linnen a sort of linen. Exceptions: after words denoting measure, weight, number, quantity, s. Een glas wijn a glass of wine. Een kilo boter a kilo of butter. Tien kilo vlees ten kilos of meat. Tien meter laken ten meters of cloth. Een regiment soldaten a regiment of soldiers. Een kudde schapen a flock of sheep. Note. When such nouns are qualified and defined by a pronoun, of must be translated. Een stuk brood; een stuk van dit brood. Een kilo van zulk vlees. Een glas van deze wijn. When the names of countries, towns, villages and months are connected with common nouns. De stad Londen, Amsterdam the city of London, Amsterdam. Het koninkrijk Nederland; but het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden the kingdom of the Netherlands. De maand december the month of December. Op de eerste mei on the first of May.\n\nA few from the list\nEen voorbeeld van geduld.          an example of patience.\nEen staaltje van onbeschaamdheid.  a proof of impudence.\nEen soort van linnen.              a sort of linen.\nEen glas wijn.                     a glass of wine.\nEen kilo boter.                    a kilo of butter.\nTien kilo vlees.                   ten kilos of meat.\nTien meter laken.                  ten meters of cloth.\nEen regiment soldaten.             a regiment of soldiers.\nEen kudde schapen.                 a flock of sheep.\nEen stuk van dit brood.            a piece of this bread."},{"section":368,"text":"Of rendered by a Dutch compound noun\n\nMany nouns connected with another noun by means of of are rendered in Dutch by a compound noun. Aardvrucht fruit of the soil, Bazuingeschal sound of trumpets, Bergrug ridge of a mountain, Bloembed bed of flowers, Boomstam trunk of a tree, Dagorder order of the day, Drukpersvrijheid liberty of the press, Engelengeduld patience of an angel, Familiewapen coat of arms of a family, Gerechtszaal court of justice, Haarvlecht plait of hair, Kindergek lover of children, Mensenkennis knowledge of man, Molenrad wheel of a mill, Spijkerkop head of a nail, Waarheidsliefde love of truth.\n\nA few from the list\nAardvrucht.          fruit of the soil.\nBazuingeschal.       sound of trumpets.\nBergrug.             ridge of a mountain.\nBloembed.            bed of flowers.\nBoomstam.            trunk of a tree.\nDagorder.            order of the day.\nDrukpersvrijheid.    liberty of the press.\nEngelengeduld.       patience of an angel.\nFamiliewapen.        coat of arms of a family.\nGerechtszaal.        court of justice."},{"section":369,"text":"Of after a noun formed from a verb with its own preposition\n\nOf after a noun formed from a verb that requires its own preposition is translated with that preposition. De gedachte aan God the thought of God. De vrees voor de dood the fear of death. Uit gebrek aan geld from want of money."},{"section":370,"text":"Van or an adjective for the Saxon Genitive of time or distance\n\nVan or an adjective must be used when in English the Saxon Genitive is used to denote time or distance. Een afstand van twee mijlen a two miles' distance. De tachtigjarige oorlog the Eighty-Years' war."},{"section":371,"text":"No Genitive when house, shop, church, hotel is omitted after the possessive\n\nNo Genitive is used in Dutch, when in English the words house, shop, church, hotel, office are omitted after the possessive Genitive. Ik zag hem bij mijn oom I saw him at my uncle's. Wij gaan naar St. Paul we are going to St. Paul's. Zij waren bij Krasnapolsky they were at Krasnapolsky's (hotel)."},{"section":372,"text":"Friendship, subordination and participation take the Genitive or van\n\nAfter predicative nouns expressing relations of friendship, subordination, participation and the like, the preposition to is used in English, whilst in Dutch van is used. Hij was een vriend van de armen he was a friend to the poor. Deze man is een slaaf van zijn driften this man is a slave to his passions. Hij werd een slachtoffer van ongelukkige omstandigheden he became a victim to unhappy circumstances."},{"section":373,"text":"II. The Dative before the Accusative, or with aan/voor\n\nAs a rule the Dative is put after the verb and before the Accusative; but if the D. is expressed by aan or voor, the Accusative may follow or precede the D.; the latter is more usual however. Ik geef mijn broer dit boek I give my brother this book. Ik geef aan mijn broer dit boek or ik geef dit boek aan mijn broer."},{"section":374,"text":"The Dative of a person may be expressed by aan, except a reflexive\n\nWhen the indirect object is a person the Dative may be expressed by aan, except if the D. is a reflexive pronoun. Hij geeft zich de moeite naar alles te kijken he gives himself the trouble of looking at all."},{"section":375,"text":"The Dative of benefit may be expressed by voor\n\nIf the Dative is a person in whose behalf something is done, it may be expressed by voor. Ik haal hem de krant or ik haal de krant voor hem I go to fetch him the newspaper."},{"section":376,"text":"Place and stress of the Dutch Dative\n\nIn English the Dative is put last when emphasis is intended, or when a qualifying word is added to the D. In Dutch the D. stands before the A. and if necessary emphasis is expressed by the stress of the voice. Hij gaf de arme blinde bedelaar een stuiver he gave a penny to the poor blind beggar. Cf.: zend haar dit boek send this book to her, and zend haar dit boek send her this book."},{"section":377,"text":"The Dutch Dative sometimes rendered by the Genitive or a preposition in English\n\nThe Dutch Dative must sometimes be expressed by the Gen. or by prepositions in English: by the possessive case (Saxon Genitive): Hij redde een soldaat het leven he saved a soldier's life. Alles viel de overwinnaar in handen all fell into the hands of the victor. By various prepositions: Hij verklaarde Frankrijk de oorlog he declared war against France. De gezant viel de koning te voet the ambassador fell on his knees before the king. Bismarck werd de titel van prins verleend B. had the title of Prince conferred on him. Hij boezemde ons nieuwe moed in he inspired us with fresh courage. By of or from with another construction: De dief ontstal mij een grote som the thief robbed me of a large sum. Hij ontvluchtte mij he fled from me. Hij ontnam het hem he took it from him. Zij verheelde mij de zaak niet she did not conceal the matter from me."}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 27: The Genitive -s of the neuter adjective after alles, iets, niets, veel, weinig, wat","teaching":[{"title":"An adjective with s after iets and niets","paragraphs":["After certain words of amount, an adjective takes an s and stands after the word. Iets moois means something nice. Alles goeds means everything good.","The words are alles, allerlei, iets, niets, veel, weinig, wat and wat voor. Only a neuter adjective does this.","Allerlei lekkers means all sorts of nice things. Wat voor nieuws hebt u vernomen? means what news have you heard?"]}],"lines":[{"number":157,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.2.1","source":"Alles goeds.","translation":"everything good.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Alles","gloss":"everything"},{"text":"goeds.","gloss":"good"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.2.1.m4a"},{"number":158,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.2.2","source":"Allerlei lekkers.","translation":"all sorts of nice things.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Allerlei","gloss":"all manner of"},{"text":"lekkers.","gloss":"something tasty"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.2.2.m4a"},{"number":159,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.2.3","source":"Iets moois, niets moois.","translation":"something, nothing nice.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Iets","gloss":"something pretty"},{"text":"moois,","gloss":"something pretty"},{"text":"niets","gloss":"nothing"},{"text":"moois.","gloss":"nice, beautiful"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.2.3.m4a"},{"number":160,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.2.4","source":"Veel moois.","translation":"many beautiful things.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Veel","gloss":"much"},{"text":"moois.","gloss":"nice, beautiful"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.2.4.m4a"},{"number":161,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.2.5","source":"Weinig moois.","translation":"not many beautiful things.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Weinig","gloss":"little, few"},{"text":"moois.","gloss":"nice, beautiful"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.2.5.m4a"},{"number":162,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.2.6","source":"Wat aangenaams.","translation":"something agreeable.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"aangenaams.","gloss":"pleasant"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.2.6.m4a"},{"number":163,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.2.7","source":"Wat voor nieuws hebt u vernomen?","translation":"what news have you heard?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"nieuws","gloss":"new"},{"text":"hebt","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"vernomen?","gloss":"learned"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.2.7.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 27: Place of the adjectival Genitive (and 1 more)","teaching":[{"title":"Two places for the owner","paragraphs":["A possessive with 's stands before the noun. Vaders huis wordt verkocht means my father's house is sold.","A possessive with van stands after the noun. Het huis van mijn vader wordt verkocht means the house of my father is sold.","Both sentences say the same thing. Only the place of the owner changes."]},{"title":"Names and family words take 's","paragraphs":["A name takes 's and stands before the noun it owns. Maria's kamer means Maria's room.","A word for a family member does the same. Moeders lieveling means mother's darling.","Gender makes no difference. The form with 's always goes first."]}],"lines":[{"number":164,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.3.1","source":"Het huis van mijn vader wordt verkocht.","translation":"the house of my father is sold.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"huis","gloss":"house"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"vader","gloss":"the father"},{"text":"wordt","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"verkocht.","gloss":"sold"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.3.1.m4a"},{"number":165,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.3.2","source":"Vaders huis wordt verkocht.","translation":"my father's house is sold.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Vaders","gloss":"father's"},{"text":"huis","gloss":"house"},{"text":"wordt","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"verkocht.","gloss":"sold"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.3.2.m4a"},{"number":166,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.4.1","source":"Maria's kamer.","translation":"Maria's room.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Maria's","gloss":"Maria's"},{"text":"kamer.","gloss":"room"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.4.1.m4a"},{"number":167,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.4.2","source":"Moeders lieveling.","translation":"mother's darling.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Moeders","gloss":"Mothers"},{"text":"lieveling.","gloss":"darling"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.4.2.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 27: The Genitive of a proper noun always precedes","teaching":[{"title":"A proper name goes first","paragraphs":["A proper noun with 's always comes before the noun it owns. Frankrijks rijkdommen means the riches of France.","A name that ends in an s sound takes only an apostrophe. Jezus' leven means the life of Jesus. Het leven van Jezus is not used.","God and a few Bible names keep an older ending. Het rijk Gods op aarde means the kingdom of God on earth.","Some Bible titles use van instead. De Spreuken van Salomo means the proverbs of Solomon. De Psalmen van David means the psalms of David."]}],"lines":[{"number":168,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.5.1","source":"Frankrijks rijkdommen.","translation":"the riches of France.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Frankrijks","gloss":"France"},{"text":"rijkdommen.","gloss":"riches, wealth"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.5.1.m4a"},{"number":169,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.5.2","source":"Jezus' leven.","translation":"the life of Jesus.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Jezus'","gloss":"Jesus"},{"text":"leven.","gloss":"life"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.5.2.m4a"},{"number":170,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.5.3","source":"Het rijk Gods op aarde.","translation":"the kingdom of God on earth.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"rijk","gloss":"rich, richer"},{"text":"Gods","gloss":"Gods"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"aarde.","gloss":"earth"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.5.3.m4a"},{"number":171,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.5.4","source":"De Spreuken van Salomo.","translation":"the proverbs of Solomon.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Spreuken","gloss":"Proverbs"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"Salomo.","gloss":"Salomo"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.5.4.m4a"},{"number":172,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.5.5","source":"De Psalmen van David.","translation":"the psalms of David.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Psalmen","gloss":"Psalms"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"David.","gloss":"David"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.5.5.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 27: Indefinite pronouns and numerals with -s always precede (and 1 more)","teaching":[{"title":"Pronouns and number words with s go first","paragraphs":["An indefinite pronoun or a number word can take an s to show possession. It then always stands before its noun.","Niemands vriend means nobody's friend. Beider ouders means the parents of both.","With jullie, Dutch uses van. Het huis van jullie means your house, said to several people."]},{"title":"Old forms and the plain form","paragraphs":["After a word for weight, number or measure, Dutch once used the genitive. Een bete broods means a bit of bread. Een teug waters means a draught of water.","These forms may still be found in elevated style, but they are out of use now.","Today the noun stands in apposition. Apposition means that the second noun follows the first and keeps its plain form.","Een glas rode wijn verfrist means a glass of claret refreshes. Drink een glas rode wijn means have a glass of claret."]}],"lines":[{"number":173,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.6.1","source":"Niemands vriend.","translation":"nobody's friend.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Niemands","gloss":"Niemands"},{"text":"vriend.","gloss":"friend"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.6.1.m4a"},{"number":174,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.6.2","source":"Beider ouders.","translation":"the parents of both.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Beider","gloss":"of both"},{"text":"ouders.","gloss":"parents"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.6.2.m4a"},{"number":175,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.6.3","source":"Het huis van jullie.","translation":"your house (plural).","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"huis","gloss":"house"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"jullie.","gloss":"you (plural)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.6.3.m4a"},{"number":176,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.7.1","source":"Een bete broods.","translation":"a bit of bread.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"bete","gloss":"bit"},{"text":"broods.","gloss":"of bread"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.7.1.m4a"},{"number":177,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.7.2","source":"Een teug waters.","translation":"a draught of water.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"teug","gloss":"draught"},{"text":"waters.","gloss":"water"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.7.2.m4a"},{"number":178,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.7.3","source":"Een glas rode wijn verfrist.","translation":"a glass of claret refreshes.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"glas","gloss":"glass"},{"text":"rode","gloss":"red"},{"text":"wijn","gloss":"wine"},{"text":"verfrist.","gloss":"refreshes"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.7.3.m4a"},{"number":179,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.7.4","source":"Drink een glas rode wijn.","translation":"have a glass of claret.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Drink","gloss":"drink"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"glas","gloss":"glass"},{"text":"rode","gloss":"red"},{"text":"wijn.","gloss":"wine"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.7.4.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 27: A Genitive followed by an apposition is rendered with van (and 1 more)","teaching":[{"title":"Apposition after the owner needs van","paragraphs":["When the owner is followed by a noun in apposition, the owner is always shown with van, never with an old ending.","De roem van de keizer, de grootste veldheer van zijn eeuw means the fame of the Emperor, the greatest general of his century."]},{"title":"Van after pronouns and words of amount","paragraphs":["A word for a group, after a pronoun or a word of amount such as velen, is always shown with van.","Niemand van het leger means nobody of the army. Velen van het leger means many of the army. Wie van het leger means who of the army.","The old form des legers is not used. A genitive with no article after a noun also takes van."]}],"lines":[{"number":180,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.8.1","source":"De roem van de keizer, de grootste veldheer van zijn eeuw.","translation":"the fame of the Emperor, the greatest general of his century.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"roem","gloss":"fame"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"keizer,","gloss":"emperor"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"grootste","gloss":"greatest"},{"text":"veldheer","gloss":"general"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"eeuw.","gloss":"century"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.8.1.m4a"},{"number":181,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.9.1","source":"Niemand van het leger.","translation":"nobody of the army.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Niemand","gloss":"nobody"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"leger.","gloss":"the army"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.9.1.m4a"},{"number":182,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.9.2","source":"Velen van het leger.","translation":"many of the army.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Velen","gloss":"many"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"leger.","gloss":"the army"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.9.2.m4a"},{"number":183,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.9.3","source":"Wie van het leger.","translation":"who of the army.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wie","gloss":"who"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"leger.","gloss":"the army"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.9.3.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 27: The Norman Genitive translated literally, and its exceptions","teaching":[{"title":"Of in English, van or nothing in Dutch","paragraphs":["English often joins two nouns with of. Dutch usually translates it with van. Een voorbeeld van geduld means an example of patience. Een soort van linnen means a sort of linen.","After a word for measure, weight, number or quantity, Dutch leaves of out. Een glas wijn means a glass of wine. Een kilo boter means a kilo of butter.","Tien kilo vlees means ten kilos of meat. Een kudde schapen means a flock of sheep."]},{"title":"When van comes back, and place names","paragraphs":["When dit, deze or zulk stands before the second noun, van returns. Een stuk van dit brood means a piece of this bread. Een glas van deze wijn means a glass of this wine.","A country, town or month is joined to a common noun with no van. De stad Londen means the city of London. De maand december means the month of December.","Het koninkrijk Nederland follows this pattern. Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden keeps der. Both mean the kingdom of the Netherlands."]},{"title":"The Norman Genitive translated literally, and its exceptions","paragraphs":["When the names of countries, towns, villages and months are connected with common nouns. De stad Londen, Amsterdam the city of London, Amsterdam. Het koninkrijk Nederland; but het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden the kingdom of the Netherlands. De maand december the month of December. Op de eerste mei on the first of May."]}],"lines":[{"number":184,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.10.1","source":"Een voorbeeld van geduld.","translation":"an example of patience.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"voorbeeld","gloss":"example"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"geduld.","gloss":"patience"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.10.1.m4a"},{"number":185,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.10.2","source":"Een staaltje van onbeschaamdheid.","translation":"a proof of impudence.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"staaltje","gloss":"proof"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"onbeschaamdheid.","gloss":"impudence, insolence"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.10.2.m4a"},{"number":186,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.10.3","source":"Een soort van linnen.","translation":"a sort of linen.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"soort","gloss":"kind"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"linnen.","gloss":"linen"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.10.3.m4a"},{"number":187,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.10.4","source":"Een glas wijn.","translation":"a glass of wine.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"glas","gloss":"glass"},{"text":"wijn.","gloss":"wine"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.10.4.m4a"},{"number":188,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.10.5","source":"Een kilo boter.","translation":"a kilo of butter.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"kilo","gloss":"kilo"},{"text":"boter.","gloss":"butter"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.10.5.m4a"},{"number":189,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.10.6","source":"Tien kilo vlees.","translation":"ten kilos of meat.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Tien","gloss":"ten"},{"text":"kilo","gloss":"kilo"},{"text":"vlees.","gloss":"meat"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.10.6.m4a"},{"number":190,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.10.7","source":"Tien meter laken.","translation":"ten meters of cloth.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Tien","gloss":"ten"},{"text":"meter","gloss":"metre"},{"text":"laken.","gloss":"upholstery"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.10.7.m4a"},{"number":191,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.10.8","source":"Een regiment soldaten.","translation":"a regiment of soldiers.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"regiment","gloss":"regiment"},{"text":"soldaten.","gloss":"soldiers"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.10.8.m4a"},{"number":192,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.10.9","source":"Een kudde schapen.","translation":"a flock of sheep.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"kudde","gloss":"herds"},{"text":"schapen.","gloss":"sheep"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.10.9.m4a"},{"number":193,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.10.10","source":"Een stuk van dit brood.","translation":"a piece of this bread.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"stuk","gloss":"piece"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"dit","gloss":"this"},{"text":"brood.","gloss":"bread"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.10.10.m4a"},{"number":194,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.10.11","source":"Een kilo van zulk vlees.","translation":"a kilo of such meat.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"kilo","gloss":"kilo"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"zulk","gloss":"such"},{"text":"vlees.","gloss":"meat"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.10.11.m4a"},{"number":195,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.10.12","source":"Een glas van deze wijn.","translation":"a glass of this wine.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"glas","gloss":"glass"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"deze","gloss":"the latter (the most recently mentioned)"},{"text":"wijn.","gloss":"wine"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.10.12.m4a"},{"number":196,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.10.13","source":"De stad Londen.","translation":"the city of London.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"stad","gloss":"city, town"},{"text":"Londen.","gloss":"Londen"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.10.13.m4a"},{"number":197,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.10.14","source":"Het koninkrijk Nederland.","translation":"the kingdom of the Netherlands.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"koninkrijk","gloss":"Kingdom"},{"text":"Nederland.","gloss":"Nederland"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.10.14.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 27: Of rendered by a Dutch compound noun","teaching":[{"title":"One word instead of two","paragraphs":["Many English phrases with of are one compound noun in Dutch. This list gives such words.","Each entry gives the Dutch compound noun, then the English phrase with of.","Aardvrucht means fruit of the soil. Boomstam means trunk of a tree. Waarheidsliefde means love of truth."]}],"lines":[{"number":198,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.11.1","source":"Aardvrucht.","translation":"fruit of the soil.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Aardvrucht.","gloss":"Aardvrucht"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.11.1.m4a"},{"number":199,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.11.2","source":"Bazuingeschal.","translation":"sound of trumpets.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Bazuingeschal.","gloss":"Bazuingeschal"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.11.2.m4a"},{"number":200,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.11.3","source":"Bergrug.","translation":"ridge of a mountain.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Bergrug.","gloss":"mountain ridges"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.11.3.m4a"},{"number":201,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.11.4","source":"Bloembed.","translation":"bed of flowers.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Bloembed.","gloss":"Bloembed"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.11.4.m4a"},{"number":202,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.11.5","source":"Boomstam.","translation":"trunk of a tree.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Boomstam.","gloss":"tree-trunk"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.11.5.m4a"},{"number":203,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.11.6","source":"Dagorder.","translation":"order of the day.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dagorder.","gloss":"Dagorder"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.11.6.m4a"},{"number":204,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.11.7","source":"Drukpersvrijheid.","translation":"liberty of the press.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Drukpersvrijheid.","gloss":"Drukpersvrijheid"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.11.7.m4a"},{"number":205,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.11.8","source":"Engelengeduld.","translation":"patience of an angel.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Engelengeduld.","gloss":"angel's patience"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.11.8.m4a"},{"number":206,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.11.9","source":"Familiewapen.","translation":"coat of arms of a family.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Familiewapen.","gloss":"Familiewapen"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.11.9.m4a"},{"number":207,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.11.10","source":"Gerechtszaal.","translation":"court of justice.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Gerechtszaal.","gloss":"Gerechtszaal"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.11.10.m4a"},{"number":208,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.11.11","source":"Haarvlecht.","translation":"plait of hair.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Haarvlecht.","gloss":"Haarvlecht"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.11.11.m4a"},{"number":209,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.11.12","source":"Kindergek.","translation":"lover of children.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Kindergek.","gloss":"Kindergek"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.11.12.m4a"},{"number":210,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.11.13","source":"Mensenkennis.","translation":"knowledge of man.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mensenkennis.","gloss":"Mensenkennis"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.11.13.m4a"},{"number":211,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.11.14","source":"Molenrad.","translation":"wheel of a mill.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Molenrad.","gloss":"Molenrad"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.11.14.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 27: Of after a noun formed from a verb with its own preposition (and 1 more)","teaching":[{"title":"A noun that keeps its verb's preposition","paragraphs":["Some nouns come from verbs that need their own preposition. The noun keeps that preposition where English uses of.","De gedachte aan God means the thought of God. De vrees voor de dood means the fear of death. Uit gebrek aan geld means from want of money."]},{"title":"Time and distance","paragraphs":["English can show time or distance with 's, as in a two miles' distance. Dutch does not.","Dutch uses van, or an adjective. Een afstand van twee mijlen means a two miles' distance. De tachtigjarige oorlog means the Eighty-Years' war."]}],"lines":[{"number":212,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.12.1","source":"De gedachte aan God.","translation":"the thought of God.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"gedachte","gloss":"thought"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"God.","gloss":"God"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.12.1.m4a"},{"number":213,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.12.2","source":"De vrees voor de dood.","translation":"the fear of death.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vrees","gloss":"fear"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"dood.","gloss":"death"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.12.2.m4a"},{"number":214,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.12.3","source":"Uit gebrek aan geld.","translation":"from want of money.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Uit","gloss":"out of, from"},{"text":"gebrek","gloss":"lack"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"geld.","gloss":"money"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.12.3.m4a"},{"number":215,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.13.1","source":"Een afstand van twee mijlen.","translation":"a two miles' distance.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"afstand","gloss":"distance"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"twee","gloss":"two"},{"text":"mijlen.","gloss":"miles"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.13.1.m4a"},{"number":216,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.13.2","source":"De tachtigjarige oorlog.","translation":"the Eighty-Years' war.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"tachtigjarige","gloss":"eighty-year"},{"text":"oorlog.","gloss":"war"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.13.2.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 27: No Genitive when house, shop, church, hotel is omitted after the possessive (and 1 more)","teaching":[{"title":"Whose house is understood","paragraphs":["English can leave out a word such as house, shop, church, hotel or office after a possessive. I saw him at my uncle's.","Dutch gives no ending to the owner here. Ik zag hem bij mijn oom means I saw him at my uncle's.","Wij gaan naar St. Paul means we are going to St. Paul's. Zij waren bij Krasnapolsky means they were at Krasnapolsky's."]},{"title":"Van after a friend, a slave or a victim","paragraphs":["After a noun for friendship, service or a share in something, English uses to. Dutch uses van.","Hij was een vriend van de armen means he was a friend to the poor. Deze man is een slaaf van zijn driften means this man is a slave to his passions.","Hij werd een slachtoffer van ongelukkige omstandigheden means he became a victim to unhappy circumstances."]}],"lines":[{"number":217,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.14.1","source":"Ik zag hem bij mijn oom.","translation":"I saw him at my uncle's.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"zag","gloss":"to see"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"bij","gloss":"with"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"oom.","gloss":"uncle"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.14.1.m4a"},{"number":218,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.14.2","source":"Wij gaan naar St. Paul.","translation":"we are going to St. Paul's.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"gaan","gloss":"to go"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"St.","gloss":"St"},{"text":"Paul.","gloss":"Paul"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.14.2.m4a"},{"number":219,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.14.3","source":"Zij waren bij Krasnapolsky.","translation":"they were at Krasnapolsky's (hotel).","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"waren","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"bij","gloss":"with"},{"text":"Krasnapolsky.","gloss":"Krasnapolsky"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.14.3.m4a"},{"number":220,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.15.1","source":"Hij was een vriend van de armen.","translation":"he was a friend to the poor.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"vriend","gloss":"friend"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"armen.","gloss":"poor"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.15.1.m4a"},{"number":221,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.15.2","source":"Deze man is een slaaf van zijn driften.","translation":"this man is a slave to his passions.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Deze","gloss":"the latter (the most recently mentioned)"},{"text":"man","gloss":"man; husband"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"slaaf","gloss":"a slave"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"driften.","gloss":"passions"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.15.2.m4a"},{"number":222,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.15.3","source":"Hij werd een slachtoffer van ongelukkige omstandigheden.","translation":"he became a victim to unhappy circumstances.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"werd","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"slachtoffer","gloss":"victim"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"ongelukkige","gloss":"unhappy"},{"text":"omstandigheden.","gloss":"circumstances"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.15.3.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 27: II. The Dative before the Accusative, or with aan/voor (and 2 more)","teaching":[{"title":"Who receives comes first","paragraphs":["Dutch puts the dative after the verb and before the accusative. In Ik geef mijn broer dit boek, mijn broer is the dative. It means I give my brother this book.","With aan or voor, the dative can move. Ik geef aan mijn broer dit boek and ik geef dit boek aan mijn broer both mean I give this book to my brother.","The second order is the more usual one."]},{"title":"Aan for a person, but not with zich","paragraphs":["When the indirect object is a person, it can be shown with aan.","A reflexive pronoun cannot take aan. Hij geeft zich de moeite naar alles te kijken means he gives himself the trouble of looking at all."]},{"title":"Voor for benefit","paragraphs":["When something is done for a person, Dutch can use voor.","Ik haal hem de krant means I go to fetch him the newspaper. Ik haal de krant voor hem means the same thing.","The first sentence has no preposition. The second puts the person last, after voor."]}],"lines":[{"number":223,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.16.1","source":"Ik geef mijn broer dit boek.","translation":"I give my brother this book.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"geef","gloss":"to give"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"broer","gloss":"brother"},{"text":"dit","gloss":"this"},{"text":"boek.","gloss":"book"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.16.1.m4a"},{"number":224,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.16.2","source":"Ik geef aan mijn broer dit boek.","translation":"I give this book to my brother.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"geef","gloss":"to give"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"broer","gloss":"brother"},{"text":"dit","gloss":"this"},{"text":"boek.","gloss":"book"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.16.2.m4a"},{"number":225,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.16.3","source":"Ik geef dit boek aan mijn broer.","translation":"I give this book to my brother.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"geef","gloss":"to give"},{"text":"dit","gloss":"this"},{"text":"boek","gloss":"book"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"broer.","gloss":"brother"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.16.3.m4a"},{"number":226,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.17.1","source":"Hij geeft zich de moeite naar alles te kijken.","translation":"he gives himself the trouble of looking at all.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"geeft","gloss":"to give"},{"text":"zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"moeite","gloss":"trouble"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"alles","gloss":"everything"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"kijken.","gloss":"to look"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.17.1.m4a"},{"number":227,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.18.1","source":"Ik haal hem de krant.","translation":"I go to fetch him the newspaper.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"haal","gloss":"fetch"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"krant.","gloss":"newspaper"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.18.1.m4a"},{"number":228,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.18.2","source":"Ik haal de krant voor hem.","translation":"I go to fetch him the newspaper.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"haal","gloss":"fetch"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"krant","gloss":"newspaper"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"hem.","gloss":"him"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.18.2.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 27: Place and stress of the Dutch Dative","teaching":[{"title":"Stress carries the emphasis","paragraphs":["English moves the receiver to the end to give it emphasis. Dutch does not move it.","The dative stays before the accusative. If emphasis is needed, the voice stresses the word. Hij gaf de arme blinde bedelaar een stuiver means he gave a penny to the poor blind beggar.","Zend haar dit boek can mean send this book to her, or send her this book. Stress shows the difference."]}],"lines":[{"number":229,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.19.1","source":"Hij gaf de arme blinde bedelaar een stuiver.","translation":"he gave a penny to the poor blind beggar.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"gaf","gloss":"to give"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"arme","gloss":"poor"},{"text":"blinde","gloss":"the blind man or woman"},{"text":"bedelaar","gloss":"beggar"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"stuiver.","gloss":"stivers"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.19.1.m4a"},{"number":230,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.19.2","source":"Zend haar dit boek.","translation":"send this book to her.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zend","gloss":"to send"},{"text":"haar","gloss":"her"},{"text":"dit","gloss":"this"},{"text":"boek.","gloss":"book"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.19.2.m4a"},{"number":231,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.19.3","source":"Zend haar dit boek.","translation":"send her this book.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zend","gloss":"to send"},{"text":"haar","gloss":"her"},{"text":"dit","gloss":"this"},{"text":"boek.","gloss":"book"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.19.3.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 27: The Dutch Dative sometimes rendered by the Genitive or a preposition in English","teaching":[{"title":"English words that differ","paragraphs":["Sometimes English translates a Dutch dative with a possessive or a preposition.","Hij redde een soldaat het leven means he saved a soldier's life. Alles viel de overwinnaar in handen means all fell into the hands of the victor.","Hij verklaarde Frankrijk de oorlog means he declared war against France. Hij boezemde ons nieuwe moed in means he inspired us with fresh courage."]},{"title":"Of and from","paragraphs":["Some Dutch verbs take a dative where English uses of or from.","De dief ontstal mij een grote som means the thief robbed me of a large sum. Hij ontvluchtte mij means he fled from me. Hij ontnam het hem means he took it from him.","Zij verheelde mij de zaak niet means she did not conceal the matter from me. In each sentence, mij or hem is the dative."]}],"lines":[{"number":232,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.20.1","source":"Hij redde een soldaat het leven.","translation":"he saved a soldier's life.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"redde","gloss":"rescued"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"soldaat","gloss":"soldier"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"leven.","gloss":"life"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.20.1.m4a"},{"number":233,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.20.2","source":"Alles viel de overwinnaar in handen.","translation":"all fell into the hands of the victor.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Alles","gloss":"everything"},{"text":"viel","gloss":"to fall"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"overwinnaar","gloss":"victor"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"handen.","gloss":"a hand, hands"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.20.2.m4a"},{"number":234,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.20.3","source":"Hij verklaarde Frankrijk de oorlog.","translation":"he declared war against France.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"verklaarde","gloss":"to explain"},{"text":"Frankrijk","gloss":"Frankrijk"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"oorlog.","gloss":"war"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.20.3.m4a"},{"number":235,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.20.4","source":"De gezant viel de koning te voet.","translation":"the ambassador fell on his knees before the king.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"gezant","gloss":"his ambassador, the ambassador"},{"text":"viel","gloss":"to fall"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"koning","gloss":"king, kings"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"voet.","gloss":"foot"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.20.4.m4a"},{"number":236,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.20.5","source":"Bismarck werd de titel van prins verleend.","translation":"B. had the title of Prince conferred on him.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Bismarck","gloss":"Bismarck"},{"text":"werd","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"titel","gloss":"title"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"prins","gloss":"prince"},{"text":"verleend.","gloss":"granted"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.20.5.m4a"},{"number":237,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.20.6","source":"Hij boezemde ons nieuwe moed in.","translation":"he inspired us with fresh courage.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"boezemde","gloss":"inspired"},{"text":"ons","gloss":"us"},{"text":"nieuwe","gloss":"new"},{"text":"moed","gloss":"courage"},{"text":"in.","gloss":"in"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.20.6.m4a"},{"number":238,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.20.7","source":"De dief ontstal mij een grote som.","translation":"the thief robbed me of a large sum.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"dief","gloss":"thief"},{"text":"ontstal","gloss":"robbed"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"grote","gloss":"big, great"},{"text":"som.","gloss":"sum"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.20.7.m4a"},{"number":239,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.20.8","source":"Hij ontvluchtte mij.","translation":"he fled from me.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"ontvluchtte","gloss":"to escape"},{"text":"mij.","gloss":"me"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.20.8.m4a"},{"number":240,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.20.9","source":"Hij ontnam het hem.","translation":"he took it from him.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"ontnam","gloss":"took away"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"hem.","gloss":"him"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.20.9.m4a"},{"number":241,"id":"val.nl.L27.x.20.10","source":"Zij verheelde mij de zaak niet.","translation":"she did not conceal the matter from me.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"verheelde","gloss":"concealed"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"zaak","gloss":"matter"},{"text":"niet.","gloss":"not"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.x.20.10.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Goede raad van Esopus","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":242,"id":"val.nl.L27.r.0","source":"Goede raad van Esopus","translation":"Good advice from Aesop","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Goede","gloss":"the good, what is good"},{"text":"raad","gloss":"counsel"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"Esopus","gloss":"Esopus"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.r.0.m4a"},{"number":243,"id":"val.nl.L27.r.1","source":"Esopus, de beroemde Griekse fabeldichter, ging eens te voet naar een klein stadje.","translation":"Aesop, the famous Greek writer of fables, once went on foot to a small town.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Esopus,","gloss":"Esopus"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"beroemde","gloss":"celebrated"},{"text":"Griekse","gloss":"Greek"},{"text":"fabeldichter,","gloss":"writer of fables"},{"text":"ging","gloss":"to go"},{"text":"eens","gloss":"once, one day"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"voet","gloss":"foot"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"klein","gloss":"small"},{"text":"stadje.","gloss":"city, town"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.r.1.m4a"},{"number":244,"id":"val.nl.L27.r.2","source":"Een wandelaar komt hem tegemoet, groet hem en vraagt: “Vriend, hoe lang moet ik nog lopen, voordat ik het stadje, dat daar ginds ligt, bereikt heb?”","translation":"A traveler comes toward him, greets him, and asks: “Friend, how much longer must I walk before I have reached the little town lying over there?”","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"wandelaar","gloss":"traveler"},{"text":"komt","gloss":"comes"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"tegemoet,","gloss":"toward him"},{"text":"groet","gloss":"greet"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"vraagt:","gloss":"asks"},{"text":"“Vriend,","gloss":"friend"},{"text":"hoe","gloss":"how long"},{"text":"lang","gloss":"how long"},{"text":"moet","gloss":"must"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"nog","gloss":"still, yet; another"},{"text":"lopen,","gloss":"walk"},{"text":"voordat","gloss":"before"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"stadje,","gloss":"little town"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"daar","gloss":"as, since, because"},{"text":"ginds","gloss":"yonder"},{"text":"ligt,","gloss":"lies"},{"text":"bereikt","gloss":"attained"},{"text":"heb?”","gloss":"have"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.r.2.m4a"},{"number":245,"id":"val.nl.L27.r.3","source":"“Loop”, zegt Esopus.","translation":"“Walk,” says Aesop.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"“Loop”,","gloss":"walk"},{"text":"zegt","gloss":"says"},{"text":"Esopus.","gloss":"Aesop"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.r.3.m4a"},{"number":246,"id":"val.nl.L27.r.4","source":"“Ja, ik weet wel”, antwoordde de ander, “dat ik lopen moet, wanneer ik verder komen wil, maar ik wens van u te weten hoe lang ik lopen moet.”","translation":"“Yes, I well know,” the other answered, “that I must walk if I want to get further, but I wish to know from you how long I must walk.”","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"“Ja,","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"weet","gloss":"know"},{"text":"wel”,","gloss":"but"},{"text":"antwoordde","gloss":"answered"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"ander,","gloss":"another (person)"},{"text":"“dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"lopen","gloss":"walk"},{"text":"moet,","gloss":"must"},{"text":"wanneer","gloss":"if"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"verder","gloss":"further"},{"text":"komen","gloss":"come"},{"text":"wil,","gloss":"want"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"wens","gloss":"to wish"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to (before a verb); at, in (before a place); too"},{"text":"weten","gloss":"know"},{"text":"hoe","gloss":"how long"},{"text":"lang","gloss":"how long"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"lopen","gloss":"walk"},{"text":"moet.”","gloss":"must"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.r.4.m4a"},{"number":247,"id":"val.nl.L27.r.5","source":"“Loop”, is wederom 't antwoord van Esopus.","translation":"“Walk,” is again Aesop's answer.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"“Loop”,","gloss":"walk"},{"text":"is","gloss":"is"},{"text":"wederom","gloss":"again"},{"text":"'t","gloss":"it"},{"text":"antwoord","gloss":"answer"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"Esopus.","gloss":"Aesop"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.r.5.m4a"},{"number":248,"id":"val.nl.L27.r.6","source":"“Die kerel is zeker gek”, zegt de ander en gaat brommend heen.","translation":"“That fellow is surely mad,” says the other and walks off grumbling.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"“Die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"kerel","gloss":"fellow"},{"text":"is","gloss":"is"},{"text":"zeker","gloss":"surely, certainly"},{"text":"gek”,","gloss":"mad"},{"text":"zegt","gloss":"says"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"ander","gloss":"another (person)"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"gaat","gloss":"goes"},{"text":"brommend","gloss":"grumbling"},{"text":"heen.","gloss":"away"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.r.6.m4a"},{"number":249,"id":"val.nl.L27.r.7","source":"Pas is hij enige schreden gegaan of Esopus roept hem na: “Hé vriend, een woordje; in twee uren kunt u in het stadje zijn.”","translation":"Hardly has he gone a few paces when Aesop calls after him: “Hey friend, a word; in two hours you can be in the town.”","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Pas","gloss":"only just"},{"text":"is","gloss":"is"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"enige","gloss":"only (het enige: the only thing)"},{"text":"schreden","gloss":"steps"},{"text":"gegaan","gloss":"gone"},{"text":"of","gloss":"or; whether"},{"text":"Esopus","gloss":"Aesop"},{"text":"roept","gloss":"calls"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"na:","gloss":"after"},{"text":"“Hé","gloss":"Hey"},{"text":"vriend,","gloss":"friend"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"woordje;","gloss":"little word"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"twee","gloss":"two"},{"text":"uren","gloss":"hours"},{"text":"kunt","gloss":"can"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"stadje","gloss":"town"},{"text":"zijn.”","gloss":"his; to be"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.r.7.m4a"},{"number":250,"id":"val.nl.L27.r.8","source":"Verrast blijft de wandelaar staan.","translation":"Surprised, the traveler stops in his tracks.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Verrast","gloss":"surprises"},{"text":"blijft","gloss":"to remain, stay"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"wandelaar","gloss":"traveler"},{"text":"staan.","gloss":"to stand"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.r.8.m4a"},{"number":251,"id":"val.nl.L27.r.9","source":"“Ei”, roept deze, “waarom zegt u mij dat nu en niet zo-even, toen ik het u vroeg?”","translation":"“Oh,” cries this one, “why do you tell me that now and not just now, when I asked you?”","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"“Ei”,","gloss":"egg, eggs"},{"text":"roept","gloss":"calls"},{"text":"deze,","gloss":"the latter (the most recently mentioned)"},{"text":"“waarom","gloss":"why"},{"text":"zegt","gloss":"says"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"nu","gloss":"now, at present"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"zo-even,","gloss":"just now"},{"text":"toen","gloss":"as, when"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"vroeg?”","gloss":"asked"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.r.9.m4a"},{"number":252,"id":"val.nl.L27.r.10","source":"“Wel man”, antwoordde Esopus, “hoe kon ik dat zeggen, daar ik uw gang nog niet had zien lopen en dus niet weten kon, of uw gang snel of langzaam was.”","translation":"“Well, man,” answered Aesop, “how could I say that, since I had not yet seen your pace and so could not know whether your pace was fast or slow.”","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"“Wel","gloss":"but"},{"text":"man”,","gloss":"man; husband"},{"text":"antwoordde","gloss":"answered"},{"text":"Esopus,","gloss":"Aesop"},{"text":"“hoe","gloss":"how"},{"text":"kon","gloss":"could"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"zeggen,","gloss":"say"},{"text":"daar","gloss":"as, since, because"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"uw","gloss":"your (polite)"},{"text":"gang","gloss":"passage"},{"text":"nog","gloss":"still, yet; another"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"had","gloss":"had"},{"text":"zien","gloss":"see"},{"text":"lopen","gloss":"walk"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"dus","gloss":"so"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"weten","gloss":"know"},{"text":"kon,","gloss":"could"},{"text":"of","gloss":"or; whether"},{"text":"uw","gloss":"your (polite)"},{"text":"gang","gloss":"passage"},{"text":"snel","gloss":"quickly"},{"text":"of","gloss":"or; whether"},{"text":"langzaam","gloss":"slowly"},{"text":"was.”","gloss":"was"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.r.10.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 27: conversation","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":253,"id":"val.nl.L27.c.q1","source":"Gaat u deze zomer nog op reis?","translation":"Are you still going on a trip this summer?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Gaat","gloss":"to go"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"deze","gloss":"the latter (the most recently mentioned)"},{"text":"zomer","gloss":"summer"},{"text":"nog","gloss":"still, yet; another"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"reis?","gloss":"journey"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.c.q1.m4a"},{"number":254,"id":"val.nl.L27.c.q2","source":"Ik blijf dit jaar thuis; waarheen denkt u te gaan?","translation":"I'm staying home this year; where are you thinking of going?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"blijf","gloss":"to remain, stay"},{"text":"dit","gloss":"this"},{"text":"jaar","gloss":"the year"},{"text":"thuis;","gloss":"at home"},{"text":"waarheen","gloss":"where to"},{"text":"denkt","gloss":"thinks"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"gaan?","gloss":"to go"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.c.q2.m4a"},{"number":255,"id":"val.nl.L27.c.q3","source":"Kent u de taal van het land? Hebt u Italiaans geleerd?","translation":"Do you know the language of the country? Have you learned Italian?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Kent","gloss":"knows"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"taal","gloss":"language"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"land?","gloss":"land"},{"text":"Hebt","gloss":"have"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"Italiaans","gloss":"Italiaans"},{"text":"geleerd?","gloss":"learned"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.c.q3.m4a"},{"number":256,"id":"val.nl.L27.c.a1","source":"Dat weet ik nu nog niet, waarschijnlijk wel. En u dan?","translation":"I don't know yet, probably. And you?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"weet","gloss":"to know"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"nu","gloss":"now, at present"},{"text":"nog","gloss":"still, yet; another"},{"text":"niet,","gloss":"not"},{"text":"waarschijnlijk","gloss":"probably"},{"text":"wel.","gloss":"but"},{"text":"En","gloss":"and"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"dan?","gloss":"then"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.c.a1.m4a"},{"number":257,"id":"val.nl.L27.c.a2","source":"Als ik op reis ga, zal ik deze keer Italië bezoeken.","translation":"If I go on a trip, I'll visit Italy this time.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"reis","gloss":"journey"},{"text":"ga,","gloss":"to go"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"deze","gloss":"the latter (the most recently mentioned)"},{"text":"keer","gloss":"time (an occasion)"},{"text":"Italië","gloss":"Italië"},{"text":"bezoeken.","gloss":"to visit"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.c.a2.m4a"},{"number":258,"id":"val.nl.L27.c.a3","source":"Ik ken geen enkel woord Italiaans; maar ik hoop me met Duits en Frans te kunnen redden.","translation":"I don't know a single word of Italian; but I hope to get by with German and French.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"ken","gloss":"know"},{"text":"geen","gloss":"no, not a"},{"text":"enkel","gloss":"single"},{"text":"woord","gloss":"word"},{"text":"Italiaans;","gloss":"Italiaans"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"hoop","gloss":"hope"},{"text":"me","gloss":"me"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"Duits","gloss":"Duits"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"Frans","gloss":"Frans"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"kunnen","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"redden.","gloss":"save"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.c.a3.m4a"},{"number":259,"id":"val.nl.L27.c.q4","source":"In de hotels kan dat zeker wel. Hoe lang denkt u weg te blijven?","translation":"In the hotels that will surely be possible. How long are you thinking of staying away?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"In","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"hotels","gloss":"hotels"},{"text":"kan","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"zeker","gloss":"surely, certainly"},{"text":"wel.","gloss":"but"},{"text":"Hoe","gloss":"how long"},{"text":"lang","gloss":"how long"},{"text":"denkt","gloss":"thinks"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"weg","gloss":"away; road"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"blijven?","gloss":"to remain, stay"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.c.q4.m4a"},{"number":260,"id":"val.nl.L27.c.q5","source":"Bezoekt u dan ook enkele steden in Zwitserland?","translation":"Will you also visit some cities in Switzerland, then?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Bezoekt","gloss":"to visit"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"ook","gloss":"also, likewise"},{"text":"enkele","gloss":"a few"},{"text":"steden","gloss":"cities"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"Zwitserland?","gloss":"Zwitserland"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.c.q5.m4a"},{"number":261,"id":"val.nl.L27.c.a4","source":"Als mijn bezigheden het veroorloven, blijf ik vier weken op reis.","translation":"If my business allows it, I'll stay away four weeks.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"bezigheden","gloss":"business"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"veroorloven,","gloss":"to allow"},{"text":"blijf","gloss":"to remain, stay"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"vier","gloss":"four"},{"text":"weken","gloss":"weeks"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"reis.","gloss":"journey"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.c.a4.m4a"},{"number":262,"id":"val.nl.L27.c.a5","source":"Nee, ik ga direct door naar Italië.","translation":"No, I'm going straight through to Italy.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nee,","gloss":"no"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"ga","gloss":"to go"},{"text":"direct","gloss":"direct"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"Italië.","gloss":"Italië"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.c.a5.m4a"},{"number":263,"id":"val.nl.L27.c.q6","source":"Wanneer u soms een reisgids wilt hebben, dan zal ik u die van mij lenen.","translation":"If you should want a guidebook sometime, I'll lend you mine.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wanneer","gloss":"if"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"soms","gloss":"sometimes"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"reisgids","gloss":"guidebook"},{"text":"wilt","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"hebben,","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"lenen.","gloss":"to borrow"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.c.q6.m4a"},{"number":264,"id":"val.nl.L27.c.q7","source":"Ik zal hem u onmiddellijk toesturen.","translation":"I'll send it to you right away.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"onmiddellijk","gloss":"immediate"},{"text":"toesturen.","gloss":"send"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.c.q7.m4a"},{"number":265,"id":"val.nl.L27.c.a6","source":"Heel graag. Wilt u hem mij toesturen of zal ik hem laten ophalen?","translation":"Very gladly. Will you send it to me or shall I have it picked up?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Heel","gloss":"whole"},{"text":"graag.","gloss":"gladly, with pleasure"},{"text":"Wilt","gloss":"want"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"toesturen","gloss":"send"},{"text":"of","gloss":"or; whether"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"laten","gloss":"to let"},{"text":"ophalen?","gloss":"pick up"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.c.a6.m4a"},{"number":266,"id":"val.nl.L27.c.a7","source":"Ik dank u, u bent zoals altijd zeer vriendelijk.","translation":"Thank you, you are as always very kind.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"dank","gloss":"thanks"},{"text":"u,","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"bent","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"zoals","gloss":"as"},{"text":"altijd","gloss":"always"},{"text":"zeer","gloss":"very"},{"text":"vriendelijk.","gloss":"friendly, kind"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.c.a7.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 27: exercise 59","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":267,"id":"val.nl.L27.e59.i1","source":"Ik zal u de beste Hollandse romans zenden die ik heb, enkele ervan zijn in het Engels vertaald.","translation":"I shall send you the best Dutch novels I possess, some of these works are translated into English.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"beste","gloss":"best"},{"text":"Hollandse","gloss":"Dutch"},{"text":"romans","gloss":"novels"},{"text":"zenden","gloss":"to send"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"heb,","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"enkele","gloss":"a few"},{"text":"ervan","gloss":"of it"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"Engels","gloss":"Engels"},{"text":"vertaald.","gloss":"translated"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.e59.i1.m4a"},{"number":268,"id":"val.nl.L27.e59.i2","source":"De kinderen van mijn vriend kwamen van buiten terug met allerlei aardige dingen.","translation":"The children of my friend came back from the country with all sorts of nice things.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"kinderen","gloss":"children"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"vriend","gloss":"friend"},{"text":"kwamen","gloss":"to come"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"buiten","gloss":"outside"},{"text":"terug","gloss":"back"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"allerlei","gloss":"all manner of"},{"text":"aardige","gloss":"charming"},{"text":"dingen.","gloss":"things"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.e59.i2.m4a"},{"number":269,"id":"val.nl.L27.e59.i3","source":"Ik heb met veel genoegen de schetsen van de wijsgeer Bacon gelezen.","translation":"I have read with much pleasure the essays of Bacon the philosopher.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"veel","gloss":"much"},{"text":"genoegen","gloss":"pleasure"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"schetsen","gloss":"sketch"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"wijsgeer","gloss":"philosopher"},{"text":"Bacon","gloss":"Bacon"},{"text":"gelezen.","gloss":"to read"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.e59.i3.m4a"},{"number":270,"id":"val.nl.L27.e59.i4","source":"Het beste portret van Rembrandt is dat wat door de kunstenaar zelf geschilderd is.","translation":"The best portrait of Rembrandt is that painted by the artist himself.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"beste","gloss":"best"},{"text":"portret","gloss":"portraits"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"Rembrandt","gloss":"Rembrandt"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"kunstenaar","gloss":"artist"},{"text":"zelf","gloss":"self"},{"text":"geschilderd","gloss":"painted"},{"text":"is.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.e59.i4.m4a"},{"number":271,"id":"val.nl.L27.e59.i5","source":"Wij lieten alles aan de zorg van de knecht over.","translation":"We left all to the care of the waiter.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"lieten","gloss":"let (past)"},{"text":"alles","gloss":"everything"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"zorg","gloss":"care"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"knecht","gloss":"waiter"},{"text":"over.","gloss":"across, over"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.e59.i5.m4a"},{"number":272,"id":"val.nl.L27.e59.i6","source":"Alhoewel hij heel Europa doorreisde, kende hij geen woord Frans of Duits.","translation":"Although he travelled all over Europe he did not know a word of French or German.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Alhoewel","gloss":"although"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"heel","gloss":"whole"},{"text":"Europa","gloss":"Europa"},{"text":"doorreisde,","gloss":"travelled all over"},{"text":"kende","gloss":"knew"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"geen","gloss":"no, not a"},{"text":"woord","gloss":"word"},{"text":"Frans","gloss":"Frans"},{"text":"of","gloss":"or; whether"},{"text":"Duits.","gloss":"Duits"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.e59.i6.m4a"},{"number":273,"id":"val.nl.L27.e59.i7","source":"Toen wij in de stad Amsterdam waren, ontmoetten wij dagelijks de ouders van onze beide vrienden.","translation":"When we were in the city of Amsterdam we daily met [with] the parents of both our friends.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Toen","gloss":"as, when"},{"text":"wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"stad","gloss":"city, town"},{"text":"Amsterdam","gloss":"Amsterdam"},{"text":"waren,","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"ontmoetten","gloss":"to meet"},{"text":"wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"dagelijks","gloss":"daily"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"ouders","gloss":"parents"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"onze","gloss":"our"},{"text":"beide","gloss":"both"},{"text":"vrienden.","gloss":"friends"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.e59.i7.m4a"},{"number":274,"id":"val.nl.L27.e59.i8","source":"Hoewel zij wisten dat wij hun handelingen nagegaan hadden, trachtten zij de zaak voor ons te verbergen.","translation":"Though they knew that we had watched their proceedings, they tried to conceal the matter from us.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hoewel","gloss":"although"},{"text":"zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"wisten","gloss":"to know"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"hun","gloss":"them; their"},{"text":"handelingen","gloss":"actions"},{"text":"nagegaan","gloss":"traced"},{"text":"hadden,","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"trachtten","gloss":"strove"},{"text":"zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"zaak","gloss":"matter"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"ons","gloss":"us"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"verbergen.","gloss":"hide"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.e59.i8.m4a"},{"number":275,"id":"val.nl.L27.e59.i9","source":"Dit mooie boek werd mij als aandenken gegeven.","translation":"This nice book was given to me as a keepsake.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dit","gloss":"this"},{"text":"mooie","gloss":"beautiful"},{"text":"boek","gloss":"book"},{"text":"werd","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"aandenken","gloss":"keepsake"},{"text":"gegeven.","gloss":"to give"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.e59.i9.m4a"},{"number":276,"id":"val.nl.L27.e59.i10","source":"De maatregelen van de Hollandse troepen om de vijand te verhinderen de rivier over te steken, mislukten geheel.","translation":"The measures of the Dutch troops to hinder the enemy from crossing the river failed entirely.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"maatregelen","gloss":"measures"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Hollandse","gloss":"Dutch"},{"text":"troepen","gloss":"troops"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vijand","gloss":"enemy"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"verhinderen","gloss":"prevented"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"rivier","gloss":"river"},{"text":"over","gloss":"across, over"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"steken,","gloss":"to sting, to put"},{"text":"mislukten","gloss":"failed"},{"text":"geheel.","gloss":"whole"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.e59.i10.m4a"},{"number":277,"id":"val.nl.L27.e59.i11","source":"Het komt mij voor dat de raad die de minister aan de koning gaf, niet de juiste was.","translation":"It appears to me that the advice which the minister gave to the king was not the right one.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"komt","gloss":"it seems to me"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"it seems to me"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"it seems to me"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"raad","gloss":"counsel"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"minister","gloss":"Minister"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"koning","gloss":"king, kings"},{"text":"gaf,","gloss":"to give"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"juiste","gloss":"exactly"},{"text":"was.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.e59.i11.m4a"},{"number":278,"id":"val.nl.L27.e59.i12","source":"Hij wist heel goed dat roken op zulke plaatsen verboden is.","translation":"He knew very well that smoking is forbidden in such places.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"wist","gloss":"to know"},{"text":"heel","gloss":"very well"},{"text":"goed","gloss":"very well"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"roken","gloss":"to smell"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"zulke","gloss":"such"},{"text":"plaatsen","gloss":"places"},{"text":"verboden","gloss":"forbidden"},{"text":"is.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.e59.i12.m4a"},{"number":279,"id":"val.nl.L27.e59.i13","source":"Het kwam door de mist dat alle stoomboten te laat aankwamen.","translation":"It was owing to the fog that all steamers were late.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"kwam","gloss":"to come"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"mist","gloss":"misses"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"alle","gloss":"all"},{"text":"stoomboten","gloss":"steamers"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"laat","gloss":"let; late"},{"text":"aankwamen.","gloss":"came up"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.e59.i13.m4a"},{"number":280,"id":"val.nl.L27.e59.i14","source":"Dit is een zeer moeilijke kwestie, als u mij had gevraagd, had ik u ook geen antwoord kunnen geven.","translation":"This is a very difficult question, if you had asked me, I could not have given you an answer either.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dit","gloss":"this"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"zeer","gloss":"very"},{"text":"moeilijke","gloss":"difficult"},{"text":"kwestie,","gloss":"question"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"had","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"gevraagd,","gloss":"to ask"},{"text":"had","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"ook","gloss":"also, likewise"},{"text":"geen","gloss":"no, not a"},{"text":"antwoord","gloss":"answer"},{"text":"kunnen","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"geven.","gloss":"to give"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.e59.i14.m4a"},{"number":281,"id":"val.nl.L27.e59.i15","source":"Karel, de zoon van Karel de Eerste, vluchtte om zijn leven te redden en ontkwam met de grootste moeite aan het treurige lot van zijn vader.","translation":"Charles, the son of Charles the First, fled for his life and with the utmost trouble escaped the sad fate of his father.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Karel,","gloss":"Karel"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"zoon","gloss":"son"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"Karel","gloss":"Karel"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Eerste,","gloss":"Eerste"},{"text":"vluchtte","gloss":"to flee"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"leven","gloss":"life"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"redden","gloss":"save"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ontkwam","gloss":"escaped (ontkomen)"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"grootste","gloss":"greatest"},{"text":"moeite","gloss":"trouble"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"treurige","gloss":"sorrowful"},{"text":"lot","gloss":"fate"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"vader.","gloss":"the father"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.e59.i15.m4a"},{"number":282,"id":"val.nl.L27.e59.i16","source":"Koning Richard II reed stoutmoedig de rebellen tegemoet.","translation":"King Richard the Second rode boldly to meet the rebels.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Koning","gloss":"king, kings"},{"text":"Richard","gloss":"Richard"},{"text":"II","gloss":"II"},{"text":"reed","gloss":"to ride, to drive"},{"text":"stoutmoedig","gloss":"boldly"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"rebellen","gloss":"rebels"},{"text":"tegemoet.","gloss":"toward"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.e59.i16.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 27: exercise 60","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":283,"id":"val.nl.L27.e60.i1","source":"Wij zullen vanavond buiten thee drinken.","translation":"We will drink tea out of doors this evening.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"zullen","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"vanavond","gloss":"this evening"},{"text":"buiten","gloss":"outside"},{"text":"thee","gloss":"tea"},{"text":"drinken.","gloss":"to drink"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.e60.i1.m4a"},{"number":284,"id":"val.nl.L27.e60.i2","source":"Kom, haast u wat, haal uw hoed en pak uw spullen bij elkaar.","translation":"Come, look sharp, fetch your hat and put your things together.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Kom,","gloss":"to come"},{"text":"haast","gloss":"haste"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"wat,","gloss":"what"},{"text":"haal","gloss":"fetch"},{"text":"uw","gloss":"your (polite)"},{"text":"hoed","gloss":"hat"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"pak","gloss":"parcel"},{"text":"uw","gloss":"your (polite)"},{"text":"spullen","gloss":"things"},{"text":"bij","gloss":"with"},{"text":"elkaar.","gloss":"each other"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.e60.i2.m4a"},{"number":285,"id":"val.nl.L27.e60.i3","source":"Het is heel prettig.","translation":"It is very pleasant.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"heel","gloss":"whole"},{"text":"prettig.","gloss":"merry, pleasant"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.e60.i3.m4a"},{"number":286,"id":"val.nl.L27.e60.i4","source":"Maar hier is geen tafel.","translation":"But here is no table.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"hier","gloss":"here"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"geen","gloss":"no, not a"},{"text":"tafel.","gloss":"table"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.e60.i4.m4a"},{"number":287,"id":"val.nl.L27.e60.i5","source":"Wat moeten we doen?","translation":"What must we do?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"moeten","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"we","gloss":"we"},{"text":"doen?","gloss":"to do"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.e60.i5.m4a"},{"number":288,"id":"val.nl.L27.e60.i6","source":"O, hier is een brede ronde boomstronk, die kan uitstekend als tafel dienen.","translation":"O, here is a large round stump of a tree, it will do very well for a table.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"O,","gloss":"oh"},{"text":"hier","gloss":"here"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"brede","gloss":"broad"},{"text":"ronde","gloss":"around"},{"text":"boomstronk,","gloss":"tree stump"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"kan","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"uitstekend","gloss":"eminent"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"tafel","gloss":"table"},{"text":"dienen.","gloss":"to serve"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.e60.i6.m4a"},{"number":289,"id":"val.nl.L27.e60.i7","source":"Maar er zijn ook geen stoelen?","translation":"But there are no chairs either?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"ook","gloss":"also, likewise"},{"text":"geen","gloss":"no, not a"},{"text":"stoelen?","gloss":"chairs"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.e60.i7.m4a"},{"number":290,"id":"val.nl.L27.e60.i8","source":"Hier is een zitplaats van graszoden, en een bank die bijna helemaal met viooltjes is bedekt; wij gaan hier zitten en u en Willem mogen op het tapijt gaan liggen.","translation":"Here is a seat of turf, and a bank almost covered with violets; we shall sit here and you and William may lie on the carpet.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hier","gloss":"here"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"zitplaats","gloss":"seat"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"graszoden,","gloss":"turf"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"bank","gloss":"Bank"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"bijna","gloss":"nearly"},{"text":"helemaal","gloss":"entirely"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"viooltjes","gloss":"violets"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"bedekt;","gloss":"covered"},{"text":"wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"gaan","gloss":"to go"},{"text":"hier","gloss":"here"},{"text":"zitten","gloss":"to sit"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"Willem","gloss":"Willem"},{"text":"mogen","gloss":"may"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"tapijt","gloss":"carpet"},{"text":"gaan","gloss":"to go"},{"text":"liggen.","gloss":"to lie (be situated)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.e60.i8.m4a"},{"number":291,"id":"val.nl.L27.e60.i9","source":"Ik zie hier geen tapijt.","translation":"I see no carpet here.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"zie","gloss":"to see"},{"text":"hier","gloss":"here"},{"text":"geen","gloss":"no, not a"},{"text":"tapijt.","gloss":"carpet"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.e60.i9.m4a"},{"number":292,"id":"val.nl.L27.e60.i10","source":"Wel heb je ooit! Weet u niet dat in onze pleziertuin het gras ons tapijt is?","translation":"Well I never! Don't you know that in our pleasure-garden the grass is our carpet?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wel","gloss":"but"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"ooit!","gloss":"ever"},{"text":"Weet","gloss":"know"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"onze","gloss":"our"},{"text":"pleziertuin","gloss":"pleasure garden"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"gras","gloss":"grass"},{"text":"ons","gloss":"us"},{"text":"tapijt","gloss":"carpet"},{"text":"is?","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.e60.i10.m4a"},{"number":293,"id":"val.nl.L27.e60.i11","source":"Heerlijk groen zacht tapijt! En het is heel groot, want het breidt zich ver uit, over alle velden, zo ver als mijn ogen reiken.","translation":"Pretty green soft carpet! and it is very large, for it spreads very far, over all the fields as far as my eye can reach.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Heerlijk","gloss":"glorious"},{"text":"groen","gloss":"green"},{"text":"zacht","gloss":"gentle"},{"text":"tapijt!","gloss":"carpet"},{"text":"En","gloss":"and"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"heel","gloss":"whole"},{"text":"groot,","gloss":"great"},{"text":"want","gloss":"for, because"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"breidt","gloss":"spread"},{"text":"zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"ver","gloss":"far"},{"text":"uit,","gloss":"out of, from"},{"text":"over","gloss":"across, over"},{"text":"alle","gloss":"all"},{"text":"velden,","gloss":"fields"},{"text":"zo","gloss":"so, as"},{"text":"ver","gloss":"far"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"ogen","gloss":"eye"},{"text":"reiken.","gloss":"reach"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.e60.i11.m4a"},{"number":294,"id":"val.nl.L27.e60.i12","source":"Het wordt langzamerhand laat, de lucht is vrij koel, we kunnen beter nu naar huis gaan.","translation":"It is getting late now, the air is rather chilly, so we had better go home now.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"wordt","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"langzamerhand","gloss":"gradually"},{"text":"laat,","gloss":"let; late"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"lucht","gloss":"air"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"vrij","gloss":"rather, quite; free"},{"text":"koel,","gloss":"cool"},{"text":"we","gloss":"we"},{"text":"kunnen","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"beter","gloss":"better"},{"text":"nu","gloss":"now, at present"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"huis","gloss":"house"},{"text":"gaan.","gloss":"to go"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.e60.i12.m4a"},{"number":295,"id":"val.nl.L27.e60.i13","source":"U hebt gelijk, de zon staat al laag aan de hemel, het is bijna zonsondergang.","translation":"You are right, the sun is already very low in the sky, it is near sunset.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"U","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"hebt","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"gelijk,","gloss":"as"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"zon","gloss":"sun"},{"text":"staat","gloss":"stands; state"},{"text":"al","gloss":"already"},{"text":"laag","gloss":"low"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"hemel,","gloss":"heaven, sky"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"bijna","gloss":"nearly"},{"text":"zonsondergang.","gloss":"sunset"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.e60.i13.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 27: exercise 61","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":296,"id":"val.nl.L27.e61.i1","source":"Een grote hond was op zee in een schip; een storm stak op en hoewel het schip niet ver van het land verwijderd was, was de zee zo ruw en waren de golven zo hoog dat geen boot veilig de kust kon bereiken, of veilig van de kust naar het schip kon worden gezonden; men kwam op de gedachte dat, als men maar een lijn van het schip naar de kust kon brengen, men met behulp van de lijn veilig een boot door de grote golven naar land zou kunnen leiden.","translation":"A large dog was at sea in a ship: a storm came on and though the ship was not far from land, the sea was so rough and the waves so high that no boat could get safe to shore, or be sent from the shore to the ship; it was thought, if they could but get a rope from the ship to the shore they could then guide a boat, by the help of this rope, safe through the great waves to the land.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"grote","gloss":"big, great"},{"text":"hond","gloss":"the dog, dogs"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"zee","gloss":"sea"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"schip;","gloss":"ship, ships"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"storm","gloss":"storm"},{"text":"stak","gloss":"to sting, to put"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"hoewel","gloss":"although"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"schip","gloss":"ship, ships"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"ver","gloss":"far"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"land","gloss":"land"},{"text":"verwijderd","gloss":"distant, far off"},{"text":"was,","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"zee","gloss":"sea"},{"text":"zo","gloss":"so, as"},{"text":"ruw","gloss":"rough"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"waren","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"golven","gloss":"waves"},{"text":"zo","gloss":"so, as"},{"text":"hoog","gloss":"high; (of age) great, old"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"geen","gloss":"no, not a"},{"text":"boot","gloss":"boat"},{"text":"veilig","gloss":"safe"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"kust","gloss":"coast"},{"text":"kon","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"bereiken,","gloss":"to reach"},{"text":"of","gloss":"or; whether"},{"text":"veilig","gloss":"safe"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"kust","gloss":"coast"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"schip","gloss":"ship, ships"},{"text":"kon","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"worden","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"gezonden;","gloss":"to send"},{"text":"men","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":"kwam","gloss":"to come"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"gedachte","gloss":"thought"},{"text":"dat,","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"men","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"lijn","gloss":"line"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"schip","gloss":"ship, ships"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"kust","gloss":"coast"},{"text":"kon","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"brengen,","gloss":"bring"},{"text":"men","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with the aid of"},{"text":"behulp","gloss":"with the aid of"},{"text":"van","gloss":"with the aid of"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"lijn","gloss":"line"},{"text":"veilig","gloss":"safe"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"boot","gloss":"boat"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"grote","gloss":"big, great"},{"text":"golven","gloss":"waves"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"land","gloss":"land"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"kunnen","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"leiden.","gloss":"lead"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.e61.i1.m4a"},{"number":297,"id":"val.nl.L27.e61.i2","source":"Men gaf de hond een lijn; de hond nam haar in zijn bek, zwom van het schip door de ruwe golven naar het strand, gaf de lijn aan enkele mensen die zich op de kust bevonden, om de bemanning van het schip zoveel mogelijk te hulp te komen; en zo werd de boot veilig aan land getrokken met de bemanning erin, die zonder deze dappere hond reddeloos verloren zou zijn geweest.","translation":"They gave a rope to the dog, who took it in his mouth, swam from the ship through the rough waves to the beach, gave the rope to some men who were on shore, to lend what aid they could to the crew of the ship; and thus the boat was drawn safe to the land with the crew in it, whose lives would have been lost but for this brave dog.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Men","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":"gaf","gloss":"to give"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"hond","gloss":"the dog, dogs"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"lijn;","gloss":"line"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"hond","gloss":"the dog, dogs"},{"text":"nam","gloss":"to take"},{"text":"haar","gloss":"her"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"bek,","gloss":"mouth (of an animal)"},{"text":"zwom","gloss":"to swim"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"schip","gloss":"ship, ships"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"ruwe","gloss":"crude"},{"text":"golven","gloss":"waves"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"strand,","gloss":"strand"},{"text":"gaf","gloss":"to give"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"lijn","gloss":"line"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"enkele","gloss":"a few"},{"text":"mensen","gloss":"men, people"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"kust","gloss":"coast"},{"text":"bevonden,","gloss":"found"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"bemanning","gloss":"crew"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"schip","gloss":"ship, ships"},{"text":"zoveel","gloss":"so much"},{"text":"mogelijk","gloss":"possible"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"hulp","gloss":"help"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"komen;","gloss":"to come"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"zo","gloss":"so, as"},{"text":"werd","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"boot","gloss":"boat"},{"text":"veilig","gloss":"safe"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"land","gloss":"land"},{"text":"getrokken","gloss":"to travel"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"bemanning","gloss":"crew"},{"text":"erin,","gloss":"in it"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"zonder","gloss":"without"},{"text":"deze","gloss":"the latter (the most recently mentioned)"},{"text":"dappere","gloss":"brave"},{"text":"hond","gloss":"the dog, dogs"},{"text":"reddeloos","gloss":"hopelessly"},{"text":"verloren","gloss":"to lose"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"geweest.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L27.e61.i2.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 28: I. Use of the Adjective: attributive and predicative","teaching":[{"title":"Two places for an adjective","paragraphs":["An adjective can stand in two places. An attributive adjective stands before a noun: het goede boek. A predicative adjective stands after a verb such as is: het boek is goed.","Most adjectives can do both jobs. Some can only stand before a noun.","Adjectives that name a material are of this kind, such as een houten hut and een lakense jas. So are adjectives formed from adverbs ending in -lings, -lijks or -waarts, such as jaarlijks and voorwaarts.","A few others stand only before a noun: linker, rechter, naburig, verleden and voormalig."]},{"title":"Adjectives made from a noun","paragraphs":["Some adjectives mean of the noun they come from. De vaderlandse geschiedenis means de geschiedenis van het vaderland.","These adjectives also stand only before the noun. They do not stand after is."]}],"lines":[{"number":298,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.1.1","source":"Het goede boek.","translation":"the good book.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"goede","gloss":"the good book"},{"text":"boek.","gloss":"the good book"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.1.1.m4a"},{"number":299,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.1.2","source":"Het boek is goed.","translation":"the book is good.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"boek","gloss":"book"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"goed.","gloss":"good, well"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.1.2.m4a"},{"number":300,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.1.3","source":"De vaderlandse geschiedenis.","translation":"the national history.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vaderlandse","gloss":"of the fatherland, native"},{"text":"geschiedenis.","gloss":"story"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.1.3.m4a"},{"number":301,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.1.4","source":"Een houten hut.","translation":"a wooden hut.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"houten","gloss":"wooden"},{"text":"hut.","gloss":"hut, cottage"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.1.4.m4a"},{"number":302,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.1.5","source":"Een lakense jas.","translation":"a cloth coat.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"lakense","gloss":"cloth"},{"text":"jas.","gloss":"coat (dated in this sense; rok now means 'skirt')"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.1.5.m4a"},{"number":303,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.1.6","source":"Ruggelings.","translation":"backward.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ruggelings.","gloss":"Ruggelings"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.1.6.m4a"},{"number":304,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.1.7","source":"Jaarlijks.","translation":"yearly.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Jaarlijks.","gloss":"annually"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.1.7.m4a"},{"number":305,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.1.8","source":"Voorwaarts.","translation":"forward.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Voorwaarts.","gloss":"forward"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.1.8.m4a"},{"number":306,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.1.9","source":"De linkerhand.","translation":"the left hand.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"linkerhand.","gloss":"the left hand"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.1.9.m4a"},{"number":307,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.1.10","source":"De rechterhand.","translation":"the right hand.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"rechterhand.","gloss":"right hand"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.1.10.m4a"},{"number":308,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.1.11","source":"Het naburige dorp.","translation":"the neighbouring village.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"naburige","gloss":"neighbouring"},{"text":"dorp.","gloss":"village"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.1.11.m4a"},{"number":309,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.1.12","source":"Verleden jaar.","translation":"last year.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Verleden","gloss":"past"},{"text":"jaar.","gloss":"the year"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.1.12.m4a"},{"number":310,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.1.13","source":"De voormalige koning.","translation":"the former king.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"voormalige","gloss":"former"},{"text":"koning.","gloss":"king, kings"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.1.13.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":378,"text":"I. Use of the Adjective: attributive and predicative\n\nMost adjectives may be used attributively and predicatively. Het goede (slechte) boek; het boek is goed (slecht). Some adjectives, however, are used attributively only: those that could be described by a genitive of the noun they are derived from: de vaderlandse geschiedenis = de geschiedenis van het vaderland. Those formed with en or s to denote a material: een houten hut (or een hut van hout), een lakense jas a cloth coat. Those formed from adverbs ending in -lings, -lijks, -waarts: ruggelings backward, jaarlijks yearly, voorwaarts forward. A few other adjectives, such as: linker (to the) left, rechter (to the) right, naburig neighbouring, verleden past, voormalig former, etc."},{"section":379,"text":"Adverbs sometimes used as adjectives\n\nSometimes adverbs are used as adjectives. Zij is goedsmoeds = welgemoed she is in good spirits. De deur is toe = gesloten the door is closed."},{"section":380,"text":"Adjectives used as nouns may denote an individual\n\nDutch adjectives used as nouns do not denote a whole class of persons only, but also individuals or a number of persons. De armen, de rijken, de blinden the poor, the rich, the blind. Een arme, rijke, blinde a poor, rich, blind man or woman. Deze armen, rijken, blinden hebben veel geleden these poor, rich, blind people have suffered."},{"section":381,"text":"English adds a noun where a Dutch adjective stands alone\n\nWhereas in Dutch adjectives may be used as nouns, a substantive must be added in English. Al het oude everything old. Het eerste wat ik zag the first thing I saw. Het gekste van de zaak is, dat wij niet weten hoe te beginnen the most curious thing about the matter is, that we do not know how to begin. Het gebeurde heeft volstrekt geen indruk gemaakt the incident has produced no impression at all."},{"section":382,"text":"Such nominalised adjectives may take a further pronoun or adjective"},{"section":383,"text":"Adjectives of language generally take the article\n\nAdjectives denoting languages generally take the article. Hij spreekt Duits en Frans he speaks German and French. In het Duits, Frans in German, French. Het Duits is moeilijker dan het Nederlands German is more difficult than Dutch."},{"section":384,"text":"An English noun used as an adjective is rendered by a Dutch adjective\n\nIn English nouns are often used as adjectives; in Dutch they must be rendered by the corresponding adjective, except geographical names in er, which remain unchanged. Een zijden kleed a silk dress. Een ijzeren ring an iron ring. Delfts aardewerk Delft pottery. Sheffieldse messen Sheffield knives. De Utrechtse hogeschool the Utrecht University. De Deventer stoomboot the Deventer steamer."},{"section":385,"text":"English one, ones is omitted in Dutch\n\nThe word one (ones), which is often used in English to avoid repeating a noun, must be omitted in Dutch. Een groot huis en een klein a large house and a small one. Grote huizen en kleine large houses and small ones. De groten van deze aarde the great ones of the earth. De leeuwerik en haar jongen the lark and her young ones. De Heilige The Holy one. De Boze The Evil one. Note also: Ons contract was oud our contract was an old one; mijn verhaal is zeer kort my story is a very short one."},{"section":386,"text":"II. Place of the Adjective: before the noun, with a few fixed exceptions\n\nAttributive adjectives as a rule stand before the noun. In a few fixed expressions they stand behind it: vaderlief dear father, moederlief dear mother, jongenlief dear boy, God almachtig God Almighty, de gouverneur-generaal the governor-general."},{"section":387,"text":"An adjective with an adjunct never follows the noun\n\nThe adjective must not be placed after the noun: when it is accompanied by an adjunct. Een drie voet dikke muur a wall three feet thick. Een in het oog lopende onverschilligheid an indifference sure to raise comment. Een naar verandering hakend volk a nation eager for change. Note the following translations: Alle mogelijke middelen all means possible. De aanwezige personen the persons present. In lang vervlogen tijden in times long past. Alle denkbare samenvoegingen all the combinations imaginable. De drie volgende dagen the three days following. De volgende zondag Sunday next. Sinds onheugelijke tijden from time immemorial. De koninklijke prins the prince royal. Het koninklijke bloed the blood royal. De regerende koningin the queen regnant. De vermoedelijke troonopvolger the heir apparent or presumptive. De gekroonde dichter the Poet Laureate.\n\nA few from the list\nEen drie voet dikke muur.                  a wall three feet thick.\nEen in het oog lopende onverschilligheid.  an indifference sure to raise comment.\nEen naar verandering hakend volk.          a nation eager for change.\nAlle mogelijke middelen.                   all means possible.\nDe aanwezige personen.                     the persons present.\nIn lang vervlogen tijden.                  in times long past.\nAlle denkbare samenvoegingen.              all the combinations imaginable.\nDe drie volgende dagen.                    the three days following.\nDe volgende zondag.                        Sunday next.\nSinds onheugelijke tijden.                 from time immemorial."},{"section":388,"text":"Attributive participles precede the noun in Dutch\n\nAttributive participles are often placed after the noun in English, where they precede it in Dutch. Een lijst van gedrukte boeken a list of books printed. Het getal van de geschreven brieven the number of letters written. De afzonderlijk vermelde voorwerpen the objects specified. De genoemde personen the persons named. Nog levende personen persons still living. De aan hem toevertrouwde post the post entrusted to him. De door ons besproken zaak the affair discussed by us."},{"section":389,"text":"An adjective or adverb connected with a verb precedes it\n\nWhen an adjective (or an adverb) is connected with a verb it precedes it. Oud worden to grow old. Boos worden to get angry. Ziek worden to become (get, fall) ill. Er aardig uitzien to look pretty. Boos kijken to look angry. Geduldig voortgaan (met iets) to continue patiently. Gelukkig leven to live happy. Goed blijven to keep good."},{"section":390,"text":"III. A. Adjectives governing the Genitive\n\nFormerly many Dutch adjectives governed the Genitive; the Genitive now occurs in poetry and elevated style only. Verkwik u aan zijn zangen, vol gloeds (Potgieter) refresh yourself with his songs full of fervour (glow). Zijn nieuwe jachtgezellen waren van de streek onkundig (Van Lennep) his new hunting-companions were unacquainted with the country. Was hij nog niet overtuigd, of deze zijner wel indachtig zoude zijn? (Van Lennep) was he not yet convinced that the latter would remember him? Hij alleen is u waard, u bent hem waard he alone is worthy of you, you are worthy of him. Note also: desbevoegd entitled thereto, desbewust having knowledge thereof, deskundig, een deskundige an expert."},{"section":391,"text":"Moe and schuldig with the Genitive in a special sense\n\nMoe and schuldig take a plain object like other adjectives. Moe van het wandelen tired with walking. Een aanzienlijke som schuldig zijn to owe a large sum. Aan een misdaad schuldig zijn to be guilty of a crime."},{"section":392,"text":"B. Adjectives governing the Dative\n\nThe adjectives that govern the Dative are almost the same as the German adjectives that still govern the Genitive (see: Otto, German Conversation-Grammar, 29th ed., p.308,4). Aangenaam agreeable, onaangenaam disagreeable, dienstig serviceable, eigen peculiar, eigenaardig peculiar, strange, gelijk like, equal, ongelijk unequal, genegen inclined, hatelijk malicious, lief dear, nadelig prejudicial, hurtful, nuttig useful, trouw (getrouw) faithful, vijandig hostile, voordelig advantageous, vreemd strange, welgevallig pleasing, welkom welcome.\n\nA few from the list\nAangenaam.           agreeable.\nOnaangenaam.         disagreeable.\nDienstig.            serviceable.\nEigen.               peculiar.\nEigenaardig.         peculiar, strange.\nGelijk.              like, equal.\nOngelijk.            unequal.\nGenegen.             inclined.\nHatelijk.            malicious.\nLief.                dear."},{"section":393,"text":"The Dative of these Adjectives may be expressed by a preposition\n\nThe Dative of some of these adjectives may be expressed by a preposition: eigen, (on)gelijk, welgevallig take aan; dienstig, nadelig, nuttig, voordelig take voor."}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 28: Adverbs sometimes used as adjectives (and 1 more)","teaching":[{"title":"Adverbs that act as adjectives","paragraphs":["An adverb can sometimes do the work of an adjective after is.","Zij is goedsmoeds means she is in good spirits. De deur is toe means the door is closed."]},{"title":"An adjective can name a person","paragraphs":["An adjective can work as a noun. De armen means the poor, and de rijken means the rich.","English uses the poor only for a whole group. Dutch also uses the form for one person. Een arme is one poor man or woman.","The plural can name a number of people. Deze armen, rijken, blinden hebben veel geleden."]}],"lines":[{"number":311,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.2.1","source":"Zij is goedsmoeds.","translation":"she is in good spirits.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"goedsmoeds.","gloss":"in good spirits"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.2.1.m4a"},{"number":312,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.2.2","source":"De deur is toe.","translation":"the door is closed.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"deur","gloss":"door"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"toe.","gloss":"to"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.2.2.m4a"},{"number":313,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.3.1","source":"De armen, de rijken, de blinden.","translation":"the poor, the rich, the blind.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"armen,","gloss":"poor"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"rijken,","gloss":"rich, richer"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"blinden.","gloss":"the blind (people)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.3.1.m4a"},{"number":314,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.3.2","source":"Een arme.","translation":"a poor man or woman.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"arme.","gloss":"poor"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.3.2.m4a"},{"number":315,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.3.3","source":"Deze armen, rijken, blinden hebben veel geleden.","translation":"these poor, rich, blind people have suffered.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Deze","gloss":"the latter (the most recently mentioned)"},{"text":"armen,","gloss":"poor"},{"text":"rijken,","gloss":"rich"},{"text":"blinden","gloss":"the blind (people)"},{"text":"hebben","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"veel","gloss":"much"},{"text":"geleden.","gloss":"suffered"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.3.3.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 28: English adds a noun where a Dutch adjective stands alone (and 2 more)","teaching":[{"title":"English needs a noun here","paragraphs":["A Dutch adjective can stand alone where English must add a noun. Al het oude means everything old.","Het eerste wat ik zag means the first thing I saw. Het gekste van de zaak means the most curious thing about the matter.","The English words thing and everything fill the place the noun would take. Dutch leaves that place empty."]},{"title":"More words before the adjective","paragraphs":["An adjective used as a noun can name a quality in general.","It can then follow a demonstrative, indefinite or possessive pronoun, or another adjective. English does the same."]},{"title":"Languages take het","paragraphs":["The name of a language is an adjective used as a noun. Dutch usually puts het before it.","Het Duits is moeilijker dan het Nederlands means German is more difficult than Dutch. In het Duits, Frans means in German, French.","The article can also be missing: hij spreekt Duits en Frans."]}],"lines":[{"number":316,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.4.1","source":"Al het oude.","translation":"everything old.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Al","gloss":"already"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"oude.","gloss":"old"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.4.1.m4a"},{"number":317,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.4.2","source":"Het eerste wat ik zag.","translation":"the first thing I saw.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"eerste","gloss":"the former (the first-mentioned)"},{"text":"wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"zag.","gloss":"to see"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.4.2.m4a"},{"number":318,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.4.3","source":"Het gekste van de zaak is dat wij niet weten hoe te beginnen.","translation":"the most curious thing about the matter is that we do not know how to begin.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"gekste","gloss":"mad"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"zaak","gloss":"matter"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"weten","gloss":"to know"},{"text":"hoe","gloss":"how"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"beginnen.","gloss":"to begin"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.4.3.m4a"},{"number":319,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.4.4","source":"Het gebeurde heeft volstrekt geen indruk gemaakt.","translation":"the incident has produced no impression at all.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"gebeurde","gloss":"happened"},{"text":"heeft","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"volstrekt","gloss":"absolutely"},{"text":"geen","gloss":"no, not a"},{"text":"indruk","gloss":"impression"},{"text":"gemaakt.","gloss":"to make (weak)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.4.4.m4a"},{"number":320,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.6.1","source":"Hij spreekt Duits en Frans.","translation":"he speaks German and French.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"spreekt","gloss":"to speak"},{"text":"Duits","gloss":"Duits"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"Frans.","gloss":"Frans"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.6.1.m4a"},{"number":321,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.6.2","source":"In het Duits, Frans.","translation":"in German, French.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"In","gloss":"in"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"Duits,","gloss":"Duits"},{"text":"Frans.","gloss":"Frans"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.6.2.m4a"},{"number":322,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.6.3","source":"Het Duits is moeilijker dan het Nederlands.","translation":"German is more difficult than Dutch.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"Duits","gloss":"Duits"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"moeilijker","gloss":"difficult"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"Nederlands.","gloss":"Nederlands"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.6.3.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 28: An English noun used as an adjective is rendered by a Dutch adjective","teaching":[{"title":"English noun, Dutch adjective","paragraphs":["English often puts a noun before a noun, as in silk dress. Dutch uses an adjective made from the first word: een zijden kleed, een ijzeren ring.","A place name works the same way. Delfts aardewerk is Delft pottery. De Utrechtse hogeschool is the Utrecht University.","One kind of place name stays as it is. A name ending in er does not change: de Deventer stoomboot."]}],"lines":[{"number":323,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.7.1","source":"Een zijden kleed.","translation":"a silk dress.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"zijden","gloss":"silk"},{"text":"kleed.","gloss":"cloth"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.7.1.m4a"},{"number":324,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.7.2","source":"Een ijzeren ring.","translation":"an iron ring.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"ijzeren","gloss":"iron"},{"text":"ring.","gloss":"ring"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.7.2.m4a"},{"number":325,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.7.3","source":"Delfts aardewerk.","translation":"Delft pottery.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Delfts","gloss":"Delft (Delfts blauw: Delft blue pottery)"},{"text":"aardewerk.","gloss":"pottery"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.7.3.m4a"},{"number":326,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.7.4","source":"Sheffieldse messen.","translation":"Sheffield knives.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Sheffieldse","gloss":"Sheffield"},{"text":"messen.","gloss":"knives"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.7.4.m4a"},{"number":327,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.7.5","source":"De Utrechtse hogeschool.","translation":"the Utrecht University.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Utrechtse","gloss":"Utrecht"},{"text":"hogeschool.","gloss":"college, institute of technology"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.7.5.m4a"},{"number":328,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.7.6","source":"De Deventer stoomboot.","translation":"the Deventer steamer.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Deventer","gloss":"Deventer"},{"text":"stoomboot.","gloss":"steamboat"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.7.6.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 28: English one, ones is omitted in Dutch","teaching":[{"title":"The word one is left out","paragraphs":["English uses one or ones so that a noun need not be said twice. Dutch leaves the word out.","Een groot huis en een klein means a large house and a small one. Grote huizen en kleine means large houses and small ones.","De Heilige is the Holy one, and De Boze is the Evil one. Ons contract was oud means our contract was an old one."]}],"lines":[{"number":329,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.8.1","source":"Een groot huis en een klein.","translation":"a large house and a small one.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"groot","gloss":"great"},{"text":"huis","gloss":"house"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"klein.","gloss":"small"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.8.1.m4a"},{"number":330,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.8.2","source":"Grote huizen en kleine.","translation":"large houses and small ones.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Grote","gloss":"big, great"},{"text":"huizen","gloss":"houses"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"kleine.","gloss":"small"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.8.2.m4a"},{"number":331,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.8.3","source":"De groten van deze aarde.","translation":"the great ones of the earth.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"groten","gloss":"great"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"deze","gloss":"the latter (the most recently mentioned)"},{"text":"aarde.","gloss":"earth"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.8.3.m4a"},{"number":332,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.8.4","source":"De leeuwerik en haar jongen.","translation":"the lark and her young ones.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"leeuwerik","gloss":"lark"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"haar","gloss":"her"},{"text":"jongen.","gloss":"boy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.8.4.m4a"},{"number":333,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.8.5","source":"De Heilige.","translation":"the Holy one.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Heilige.","gloss":"holy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.8.5.m4a"},{"number":334,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.8.6","source":"De Boze.","translation":"the Evil one.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Boze.","gloss":"Boze"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.8.6.m4a"},{"number":335,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.8.7","source":"Ons contract was oud.","translation":"our contract was an old one.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ons","gloss":"us"},{"text":"contract","gloss":"contract"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"oud.","gloss":"old"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.8.7.m4a"},{"number":336,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.8.8","source":"Mijn verhaal is zeer kort.","translation":"my story is a very short one.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"verhaal","gloss":"tale"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"zeer","gloss":"very"},{"text":"kort.","gloss":"short"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.8.8.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 28: II. Place of the Adjective: before the noun, with a few fixed exceptions","teaching":[{"title":"The adjective comes first","paragraphs":["An attributive adjective stands before its noun, as in het goede boek.","A few fixed expressions put it after the noun: vaderlief, moederlief, jongenlief, God almachtig and de gouverneur-generaal.","These are fixed expressions. Learn each one as a whole."]}],"lines":[{"number":337,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.9.1","source":"Vaderlief.","translation":"dear father.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Vaderlief.","gloss":"Vaderlief"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.9.1.m4a"},{"number":338,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.9.2","source":"Moederlief.","translation":"dear mother.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Moederlief.","gloss":"Moederlief"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.9.2.m4a"},{"number":339,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.9.3","source":"Jongenlief.","translation":"dear boy.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Jongenlief.","gloss":"dear boy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.9.3.m4a"},{"number":340,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.9.4","source":"God almachtig.","translation":"God Almighty.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"God","gloss":"God"},{"text":"almachtig.","gloss":"Almighty"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.9.4.m4a"},{"number":341,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.9.5","source":"De gouverneur-generaal.","translation":"the governor-general.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"gouverneur-generaal.","gloss":"Governor-General"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.9.5.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 28: An adjective with an adjunct never follows the noun","teaching":[{"title":"An adjective with extra words","paragraphs":["An adjunct is a word or group of words that adds to an adjective. In een drie voet dikke muur, drie voet adds to dikke.","An adjective with an adjunct never stands after the noun. It stands before the noun, with the adjunct in front of it.","English often puts these after the noun, as in a wall three feet thick. Dutch puts them before: een naar verandering hakend volk.","Many other English phrases put the adjective after the noun where Dutch puts it before. De aanwezige personen means the persons present."]},{"title":"An adjective with an adjunct never follows the noun","paragraphs":["De regerende koningin the queen regnant. De vermoedelijke troonopvolger the heir apparent or presumptive. De gekroonde dichter the Poet Laureate."]}],"lines":[{"number":342,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.10.1","source":"Een drie voet dikke muur.","translation":"a wall three feet thick.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"drie","gloss":"three"},{"text":"voet","gloss":"foot"},{"text":"dikke","gloss":"thick"},{"text":"muur.","gloss":"wall"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.10.1.m4a"},{"number":343,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.10.2","source":"Een in het oog lopende onverschilligheid.","translation":"an indifference sure to raise comment.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"oog","gloss":"eye"},{"text":"lopende","gloss":"to walk"},{"text":"onverschilligheid.","gloss":"indifference"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.10.2.m4a"},{"number":344,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.10.3","source":"Een naar verandering hakend volk.","translation":"a nation eager for change.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"verandering","gloss":"change"},{"text":"hakend","gloss":"eager"},{"text":"volk.","gloss":"people"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.10.3.m4a"},{"number":345,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.10.4","source":"Alle mogelijke middelen.","translation":"all means possible.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Alle","gloss":"all"},{"text":"mogelijke","gloss":"possible"},{"text":"middelen.","gloss":"means"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.10.4.m4a"},{"number":346,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.10.5","source":"De aanwezige personen.","translation":"the persons present.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"aanwezige","gloss":"present"},{"text":"personen.","gloss":"persons"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.10.5.m4a"},{"number":347,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.10.6","source":"In lang vervlogen tijden.","translation":"in times long past.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"In","gloss":"in"},{"text":"lang","gloss":"long"},{"text":"vervlogen","gloss":"past"},{"text":"tijden.","gloss":"time"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.10.6.m4a"},{"number":348,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.10.7","source":"Alle denkbare samenvoegingen.","translation":"all the combinations imaginable.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Alle","gloss":"all"},{"text":"denkbare","gloss":"imaginable"},{"text":"samenvoegingen.","gloss":"combinations"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.10.7.m4a"},{"number":349,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.10.8","source":"De drie volgende dagen.","translation":"the three days following.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"drie","gloss":"three"},{"text":"volgende","gloss":"next, following"},{"text":"dagen.","gloss":"days"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.10.8.m4a"},{"number":350,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.10.9","source":"De volgende zondag.","translation":"Sunday next.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"volgende","gloss":"next, following"},{"text":"zondag.","gloss":"Sunday"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.10.9.m4a"},{"number":351,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.10.10","source":"Sinds onheugelijke tijden.","translation":"from time immemorial.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Sinds","gloss":"since"},{"text":"onheugelijke","gloss":"immemorial"},{"text":"tijden.","gloss":"time"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.10.10.m4a"},{"number":352,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.10.11","source":"De koninklijke prins.","translation":"the prince royal.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"koninklijke","gloss":"royal"},{"text":"prins.","gloss":"prince"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.10.11.m4a"},{"number":353,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.10.12","source":"Het koninklijke bloed.","translation":"the blood royal.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"koninklijke","gloss":"royal"},{"text":"bloed.","gloss":"blood"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.10.12.m4a"},{"number":354,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.10.13","source":"De regerende koningin.","translation":"the queen regnant.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"regerende","gloss":"governed"},{"text":"koningin.","gloss":"queen"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.10.13.m4a"},{"number":355,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.10.14","source":"De vermoedelijke troonopvolger.","translation":"the heir apparent or presumptive.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vermoedelijke","gloss":"presumably"},{"text":"troonopvolger.","gloss":"heir to the throne"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.10.14.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 28: Attributive participles precede the noun in Dutch","teaching":[{"title":"Participles stand before the noun","paragraphs":["English often puts a participle after its noun: the letters written. Dutch puts it before the noun.","Het getal van de geschreven brieven means the number of letters written. De genoemde personen means the persons named.","The participle can bring its own words with it. De aan hem toevertrouwde post means the post entrusted to him."]}],"lines":[{"number":356,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.11.1","source":"Een lijst van gedrukte boeken.","translation":"a list of books printed.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"lijst","gloss":"list"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"gedrukte","gloss":"oppressed"},{"text":"boeken.","gloss":"books"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.11.1.m4a"},{"number":357,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.11.2","source":"Het getal van de geschreven brieven.","translation":"the number of letters written.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"getal","gloss":"number"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"geschreven","gloss":"to write"},{"text":"brieven.","gloss":"letters"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.11.2.m4a"},{"number":358,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.11.3","source":"De afzonderlijk vermelde voorwerpen.","translation":"the objects specified.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"afzonderlijk","gloss":"separate"},{"text":"vermelde","gloss":"specified"},{"text":"voorwerpen.","gloss":"object"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.11.3.m4a"},{"number":359,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.11.4","source":"De genoemde personen.","translation":"the persons named.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"genoemde","gloss":"to call, to name"},{"text":"personen.","gloss":"persons"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.11.4.m4a"},{"number":360,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.11.5","source":"Nog levende personen.","translation":"persons still living.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nog","gloss":"still, yet; another"},{"text":"levende","gloss":"life"},{"text":"personen.","gloss":"persons"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.11.5.m4a"},{"number":361,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.11.6","source":"De aan hem toevertrouwde post.","translation":"the post entrusted to him.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"toevertrouwde","gloss":"to entrust"},{"text":"post.","gloss":"post"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.11.6.m4a"},{"number":362,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.11.7","source":"De door ons besproken zaak.","translation":"the affair discussed by us.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"ons","gloss":"us"},{"text":"besproken","gloss":"discussed"},{"text":"zaak.","gloss":"matter"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.11.7.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 28: An adjective or adverb connected with a verb precedes it","teaching":[{"title":"Adjective before verb","paragraphs":["When an adjective belongs closely to a verb, it stands before the verb. Oud worden is to grow old. Boos worden is to get angry.","The same order holds for an adverb: geduldig voortgaan is to continue patiently.","English puts the word after the verb in these cases, as in look angry. Dutch says boos kijken."]}],"lines":[{"number":363,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.12.1","source":"Oud worden.","translation":"to grow old.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Oud","gloss":"old"},{"text":"worden.","gloss":"to become, to get"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.12.1.m4a"},{"number":364,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.12.2","source":"Boos worden.","translation":"to get angry.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Boos","gloss":"angry"},{"text":"worden.","gloss":"to become, to get"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.12.2.m4a"},{"number":365,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.12.3","source":"Ziek worden.","translation":"to become ill.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ziek","gloss":"ill"},{"text":"worden.","gloss":"to become, to get"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.12.3.m4a"},{"number":366,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.12.4","source":"Er aardig uitzien.","translation":"to look pretty.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"aardig","gloss":"charming"},{"text":"uitzien.","gloss":"look"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.12.4.m4a"},{"number":367,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.12.5","source":"Boos kijken.","translation":"to look angry.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Boos","gloss":"angry"},{"text":"kijken.","gloss":"to look"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.12.5.m4a"},{"number":368,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.12.6","source":"Geduldig voortgaan.","translation":"to continue patiently.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Geduldig","gloss":"patiently"},{"text":"voortgaan.","gloss":"continue"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.12.6.m4a"},{"number":369,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.12.7","source":"Gelukkig leven.","translation":"to live happy.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Gelukkig","gloss":"happy, unhappy"},{"text":"leven.","gloss":"life"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.12.7.m4a"},{"number":370,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.12.8","source":"Goed blijven.","translation":"to keep good.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Goed","gloss":"good, well"},{"text":"blijven.","gloss":"to remain, stay"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.12.8.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 28: III. A. Adjectives governing the Genitive","teaching":[{"title":"The genitive after an adjective","paragraphs":["Many Dutch adjectives once took the genitive. Today it appears only in poetry and elevated style.","Hij alleen is u waard means he alone is worthy of you. U bent hem waard means you are worthy of him.","Desbevoegd means entitled thereto, and desbewust means having knowledge thereof. Een deskundige is an expert."]}],"lines":[{"number":371,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.13.1","source":"Verkwik u aan zijn zangen, vol gloeds.","translation":"refresh yourself with his songs full of fervour.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Verkwik","gloss":"refresh"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"zangen,","gloss":"song"},{"text":"vol","gloss":"full (of)"},{"text":"gloeds.","gloss":"fervour"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.13.1.m4a"},{"number":372,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.13.2","source":"Zijn nieuwe jachtgezellen waren van de streek onkundig.","translation":"his new hunting-companions were unacquainted with the country.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"nieuwe","gloss":"new"},{"text":"jachtgezellen","gloss":"hunting companions"},{"text":"waren","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"streek","gloss":"region"},{"text":"onkundig.","gloss":"ignorant"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.13.2.m4a"},{"number":373,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.13.3","source":"Hij alleen is u waard.","translation":"he alone is worthy of you.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"alleen","gloss":"only"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"waard.","gloss":"worth"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.13.3.m4a"},{"number":374,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.13.4","source":"U bent hem waard.","translation":"you are worthy of him.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"U","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"bent","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"waard.","gloss":"worth"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.13.4.m4a"},{"number":375,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.13.5","source":"Desbevoegd.","translation":"entitled thereto.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Desbevoegd.","gloss":"Desbevoegd"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.13.5.m4a"},{"number":376,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.13.6","source":"Desbewust.","translation":"having knowledge thereof.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Desbewust.","gloss":"Desbewust"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.13.6.m4a"},{"number":377,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.13.7","source":"Deskundig.","translation":"expert (adj.).","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Deskundig.","gloss":"expert"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.13.7.m4a"},{"number":378,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.13.8","source":"Een deskundige.","translation":"an expert.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"deskundige.","gloss":"expert"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.13.8.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 28: Moe and schuldig with the Genitive in a special sense","teaching":[{"title":"Moe and schuldig","paragraphs":["Moe and schuldig take an ordinary object, as other adjectives do.","Moe van het wandelen means tired with walking. Een aanzienlijke som schuldig zijn means to owe a large sum.","Aan een misdaad schuldig zijn means to be guilty of a crime. Here the preposition aan comes before the object."]}],"lines":[{"number":379,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.14.1","source":"Moe van het wandelen.","translation":"tired with walking.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Moe","gloss":"tired"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"wandelen.","gloss":"to walk, stroll"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.14.1.m4a"},{"number":380,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.14.2","source":"Een aanzienlijke som schuldig zijn.","translation":"to owe a large sum.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"aanzienlijke","gloss":"distinguished"},{"text":"som","gloss":"sum"},{"text":"schuldig","gloss":"guilty"},{"text":"zijn.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.14.2.m4a"},{"number":381,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.14.3","source":"Aan een misdaad schuldig zijn.","translation":"to be guilty of a crime.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"misdaad","gloss":"crime"},{"text":"schuldig","gloss":"guilty"},{"text":"zijn.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.14.3.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 28: B. Adjectives governing the Dative","teaching":[{"title":"Adjectives with a dative","paragraphs":["These adjectives take the dative.","This is a reference list. Each line gives one Dutch adjective and its English meaning. Aangenaam means agreeable, and nuttig means useful.","Some lines give two meanings, such as eigenaardig, peculiar or strange."]}],"lines":[{"number":382,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.15.1","source":"Aangenaam.","translation":"agreeable.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Aangenaam.","gloss":"agreeable, pleasant"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.15.1.m4a"},{"number":383,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.15.2","source":"Onaangenaam.","translation":"disagreeable.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Onaangenaam.","gloss":"disagreeable"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.15.2.m4a"},{"number":384,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.15.3","source":"Dienstig.","translation":"serviceable.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dienstig.","gloss":"Dienstig"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.15.3.m4a"},{"number":385,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.15.4","source":"Eigen.","translation":"peculiar.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Eigen.","gloss":"own"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.15.4.m4a"},{"number":386,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.15.5","source":"Eigenaardig.","translation":"peculiar, strange.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Eigenaardig.","gloss":"peculiar"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.15.5.m4a"},{"number":387,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.15.6","source":"Gelijk.","translation":"like, equal.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Gelijk.","gloss":"as"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.15.6.m4a"},{"number":388,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.15.7","source":"Ongelijk.","translation":"unequal.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ongelijk.","gloss":"wrong"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.15.7.m4a"},{"number":389,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.15.8","source":"Genegen.","translation":"inclined.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Genegen.","gloss":"to courtesy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.15.8.m4a"},{"number":390,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.15.9","source":"Hatelijk.","translation":"malicious.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hatelijk.","gloss":"Hatelijk"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.15.9.m4a"},{"number":391,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.15.10","source":"Lief.","translation":"dear.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Lief.","gloss":"dear"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.15.10.m4a"},{"number":392,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.15.11","source":"Nadelig.","translation":"prejudicial, hurtful.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nadelig.","gloss":"harmful"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.15.11.m4a"},{"number":393,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.15.12","source":"Nuttig.","translation":"useful.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nuttig.","gloss":"useful"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.15.12.m4a"},{"number":394,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.15.13","source":"Trouw.","translation":"faithful.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Trouw.","gloss":"fidelity"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.15.13.m4a"},{"number":395,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.15.14","source":"Vijandig.","translation":"hostile.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Vijandig.","gloss":"hostile"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.15.14.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 28: The Dative of these Adjectives may be expressed by a preposition","teaching":[{"title":"A preposition in place of the dative","paragraphs":["Some of these adjectives can use a preposition in place of the dative. Eigen, gelijk, ongelijk and welgevallig take aan. Dienstig, nadelig, nuttig and voordelig take voor.","Eigen aan means peculiar to. Nuttig voor means useful to.","Learn each adjective with its preposition."]}],"lines":[{"number":396,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.16.1","source":"Eigen aan.","translation":"peculiar to.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Eigen","gloss":"own"},{"text":"aan.","gloss":"on, at, to"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.16.1.m4a"},{"number":397,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.16.2","source":"Gelijk aan.","translation":"like, equal to.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Gelijk","gloss":"as"},{"text":"aan.","gloss":"on, at, to"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.16.2.m4a"},{"number":398,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.16.3","source":"Ongelijk aan.","translation":"unequal to.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ongelijk","gloss":"wrong"},{"text":"aan.","gloss":"on, at, to"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.16.3.m4a"},{"number":399,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.16.4","source":"Welgevallig aan.","translation":"pleasing to.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Welgevallig","gloss":"pleasing"},{"text":"aan.","gloss":"on, at, to"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.16.4.m4a"},{"number":400,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.16.5","source":"Dienstig voor.","translation":"serviceable to.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dienstig","gloss":"Dienstig"},{"text":"voor.","gloss":"for"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.16.5.m4a"},{"number":401,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.16.6","source":"Nadelig voor.","translation":"prejudicial to.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nadelig","gloss":"harmful"},{"text":"voor.","gloss":"for"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.16.6.m4a"},{"number":402,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.16.7","source":"Nuttig voor.","translation":"useful to.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nuttig","gloss":"useful"},{"text":"voor.","gloss":"for"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.16.7.m4a"},{"number":403,"id":"val.nl.L28.x.16.8","source":"Voordelig voor.","translation":"advantageous to.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Voordelig","gloss":"lucrative"},{"text":"voor.","gloss":"for"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.x.16.8.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Koelbloedigheid","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":404,"id":"val.nl.L28.r.0","source":"Koelbloedigheid","translation":"Cool-headedness","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Koelbloedigheid","gloss":"cool blood"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.r.0.m4a"},{"number":405,"id":"val.nl.L28.r.1","source":"Toen Karel XII, koning van Zweden, eens een stad belegerde, liet hij op zekere dag zijn geheimschrijver een brief schrijven.","translation":"When Charles XII, king of Sweden, was once besieging a town, he had his private secretary write a letter one day.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Toen","gloss":"as, when"},{"text":"Karel","gloss":"Karel"},{"text":"XII,","gloss":"XII"},{"text":"koning","gloss":"king, kings"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"Zweden,","gloss":"Zweden"},{"text":"eens","gloss":"once, one day"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"stad","gloss":"city, town"},{"text":"belegerde,","gloss":"besieged"},{"text":"liet","gloss":"to let"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"zekere","gloss":"certain"},{"text":"dag","gloss":"day"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"geheimschrijver","gloss":"private secretary"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"brief","gloss":"letter"},{"text":"schrijven.","gloss":"to write"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.r.1.m4a"},{"number":406,"id":"val.nl.L28.r.2","source":"De schrijver zat aan een lessenaar, en de koning wandelde met de handen op de rug op en neer, terwijl hij de ambtenaar de brief dicteerde.","translation":"The secretary sat at a writing desk, and the king walked back and forth with his hands behind his back, while he dictated the letter to the official.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"schrijver","gloss":"writer, author; clerk"},{"text":"zat","gloss":"to sit"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"lessenaar,","gloss":"desk"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"koning","gloss":"king, kings"},{"text":"wandelde","gloss":"walked"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"handen","gloss":"a hand, hands"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"rug","gloss":"back"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"neer,","gloss":"down"},{"text":"terwijl","gloss":"while"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"ambtenaar","gloss":"official, officer"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"brief","gloss":"letter"},{"text":"dicteerde.","gloss":"dictated"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.r.2.m4a"},{"number":407,"id":"val.nl.L28.r.3","source":"Plotseling viel er een bom door het dak en kwam in de kamer naast het vertrek, waarin de koning werkte, terecht.","translation":"Suddenly a bomb fell through the roof and landed in the room next to the chamber in which the king was working.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Plotseling","gloss":"suddenly"},{"text":"viel","gloss":"to fall"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"bom","gloss":"bomb"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"dak","gloss":"roof"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"kwam","gloss":"to come"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"kamer","gloss":"room"},{"text":"naast","gloss":"next to"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"vertrek,","gloss":"departure"},{"text":"waarin","gloss":"in which"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"koning","gloss":"king, kings"},{"text":"werkte,","gloss":"to cooperate"},{"text":"terecht.","gloss":"make do"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.r.3.m4a"},{"number":408,"id":"val.nl.L28.r.4","source":"De deur van die kamer stond open.","translation":"The door of that room stood open.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"deur","gloss":"door"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"kamer","gloss":"room"},{"text":"stond","gloss":"to stand"},{"text":"open.","gloss":"open"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.r.4.m4a"},{"number":409,"id":"val.nl.L28.r.5","source":"Met een hevige knal sprong de bom uiteen.","translation":"With a violent bang the bomb burst apart.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"hevige","gloss":"violent"},{"text":"knal","gloss":"bang"},{"text":"sprong","gloss":"to spring"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"bom","gloss":"bomb"},{"text":"uiteen.","gloss":"apart"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.r.5.m4a"},{"number":410,"id":"val.nl.L28.r.6","source":"Vreselijk was de uitwerking: de ruiten werden verbrijzeld en alle meubelen lagen aan splinters.","translation":"The effect was terrible: the windowpanes were shattered and all the furniture lay in splinters.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Vreselijk","gloss":"dreadfully"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"uitwerking:","gloss":"effect"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"ruiten","gloss":"windowpanes"},{"text":"werden","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"verbrijzeld","gloss":"shattered"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"alle","gloss":"all"},{"text":"meubelen","gloss":"furniture"},{"text":"lagen","gloss":"to lie (be situated)"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"splinters.","gloss":"splinters"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.r.6.m4a"},{"number":411,"id":"val.nl.L28.r.7","source":"Gelukkig voor de koning was zijn vertrek van stevige muren voorzien, en maakte het deel uit van een toren.","translation":"Fortunately for the king, his chamber was provided with sturdy walls and was part of a tower.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Gelukkig","gloss":"happy, unhappy"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"koning","gloss":"king, kings"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"vertrek","gloss":"departure"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"stevige","gloss":"strong, solid"},{"text":"muren","gloss":"wall"},{"text":"voorzien,","gloss":"provide"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"maakte","gloss":"made"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"deel","gloss":"part"},{"text":"uit","gloss":"out of, from"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"toren.","gloss":"tower"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.r.7.m4a"},{"number":412,"id":"val.nl.L28.r.8","source":"De geheimschrijver begon over al zijn leden te trillen; zijn gelaat werd doodsbleek, en de pen ontviel aan zijn handen.","translation":"The private secretary began to tremble in all his limbs; his face turned deathly pale, and the pen fell from his hands.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"geheimschrijver","gloss":"private secretary"},{"text":"begon","gloss":"to begin"},{"text":"over","gloss":"across, over"},{"text":"al","gloss":"already"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"leden","gloss":"members"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"trillen;","gloss":"tremble"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"gelaat","gloss":"face"},{"text":"werd","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"doodsbleek,","gloss":"deathly pale"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"pen","gloss":"pen"},{"text":"ontviel","gloss":"fell from"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"handen.","gloss":"a hand, hands"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.r.8.m4a"},{"number":413,"id":"val.nl.L28.r.9","source":"“Hoe is het?” vroeg de koning, die zijn wandeling geen ogenblik gestaakt had, “waarom gaat u niet voort met schrijven?”","translation":"“What is it?” asked the king, who had not paused his pacing for a moment, “why don't you go on writing?”","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"“Hoe","gloss":"how"},{"text":"is","gloss":"is"},{"text":"het?”","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"vroeg","gloss":"asked"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"koning,","gloss":"king, kings"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"wandeling","gloss":"walk"},{"text":"geen","gloss":"no, not a"},{"text":"ogenblik","gloss":"moment"},{"text":"gestaakt","gloss":"paused"},{"text":"had,","gloss":"had"},{"text":"“waarom","gloss":"why"},{"text":"gaat","gloss":"goes"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"voort","gloss":"on"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"schrijven?”","gloss":"write"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.r.9.m4a"},{"number":414,"id":"val.nl.L28.r.10","source":"“Ach, Sire!” was 't antwoord, “die bom!” ...","translation":"“Oh, Sire!” was the answer, “that bomb!” ...","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"“Ach,","gloss":"ah"},{"text":"Sire!”","gloss":"Sire"},{"text":"was","gloss":"was"},{"text":"'t","gloss":"it"},{"text":"antwoord,","gloss":"answer"},{"text":"“die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"bom!”","gloss":"bomb"},{"text":"...","gloss":""}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.r.10.m4a"},{"number":415,"id":"val.nl.L28.r.11","source":"en verder kon de arme man geen woord uitbrengen.","translation":"and the poor man could not utter another word.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"verder","gloss":"further"},{"text":"kon","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"arme","gloss":"poor"},{"text":"man","gloss":"man; husband"},{"text":"geen","gloss":"no, not a"},{"text":"woord","gloss":"word"},{"text":"uitbrengen.","gloss":"brought in"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.r.11.m4a"},{"number":416,"id":"val.nl.L28.r.12","source":"“Welnu!” hervatte de koning, “wat heeft de bom met de brief te maken, die ik u dicteerde?”","translation":"“Well now!” resumed the king, “what does the bomb have to do with the letter I was dictating to you?”","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"“Welnu!”","gloss":"Well then"},{"text":"hervatte","gloss":"resumed"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"koning,","gloss":"king, kings"},{"text":"“wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"heeft","gloss":"has"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"bom","gloss":"bomb"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"brief","gloss":"letter"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to (before a verb); at, in (before a place); too"},{"text":"maken,","gloss":"to make (weak)"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"dicteerde?”","gloss":"dictating"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.r.12.m4a"},{"number":417,"id":"val.nl.L28.r.13","source":"Schrijf maar rustig door, en laat u door zo'n kleinigheid niet bang maken.","translation":"Just keep writing calmly, and don't let such a trifle frighten you.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Schrijf","gloss":"write"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"rustig","gloss":"quiet"},{"text":"door,","gloss":"through"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"laat","gloss":"to let"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"zo'n","gloss":"such a"},{"text":"kleinigheid","gloss":"trifle"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"bang","gloss":"afraid"},{"text":"maken.","gloss":"to make (weak)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.r.13.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 28: conversation","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":418,"id":"val.nl.L28.c.q1","source":"Waarom bent u gisteren niet op het concert geweest?","translation":"Why weren't you at the concert yesterday?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Waarom","gloss":"why"},{"text":"bent","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"gisteren","gloss":"yesterday"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"concert","gloss":"concert"},{"text":"geweest?","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.c.q1.m4a"},{"number":419,"id":"val.nl.L28.c.q2","source":"Moest u daarvoor thuis blijven?","translation":"Did you have to stay home because of that?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Moest","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"daarvoor","gloss":"for it"},{"text":"thuis","gloss":"at home"},{"text":"blijven?","gloss":"to remain, stay"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.c.q2.m4a"},{"number":420,"id":"val.nl.L28.c.q3","source":"Waren zij al eerder in Nederland geweest?","translation":"Had they been to the Netherlands before?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Waren","gloss":"were"},{"text":"zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"al","gloss":"already"},{"text":"eerder","gloss":"more"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"Nederland","gloss":"Nederland"},{"text":"geweest?","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.c.q3.m4a"},{"number":421,"id":"val.nl.L28.c.a1","source":"Twee oude bekenden van mijn vader kwamen ons bezoeken.","translation":"Two old acquaintances of my father came to visit us.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Twee","gloss":"two"},{"text":"oude","gloss":"old"},{"text":"bekenden","gloss":"acquaintances"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"vader","gloss":"the father"},{"text":"kwamen","gloss":"came"},{"text":"ons","gloss":"us"},{"text":"bezoeken.","gloss":"to visit"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.c.a1.m4a"},{"number":422,"id":"val.nl.L28.c.a2","source":"Ja, de oude vrienden van mijn vader zijn ook mijn vrienden.","translation":"Yes, my father's old friends are also my friends.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ja,","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"oude","gloss":"old"},{"text":"vrienden","gloss":"friends"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"vader","gloss":"the father"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"ook","gloss":"also, likewise"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"vrienden.","gloss":"friends"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.c.a2.m4a"},{"number":423,"id":"val.nl.L28.c.a3","source":"Nee, zij kenden alleen het oostelijke deel van ons land.","translation":"No, they only knew the eastern part of our country.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nee,","gloss":"no"},{"text":"zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"kenden","gloss":"knew"},{"text":"alleen","gloss":"only"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"oostelijke","gloss":"eastern"},{"text":"deel","gloss":"part"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"ons","gloss":"us"},{"text":"land.","gloss":"land"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.c.a3.m4a"},{"number":424,"id":"val.nl.L28.c.q4","source":"Dan hadden ze zeker heel wat te kijken en te bezien!","translation":"Then they surely had a lot to see and look at!","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"hadden","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"ze","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"zeker","gloss":"surely, certainly"},{"text":"heel","gloss":"whole"},{"text":"wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"kijken","gloss":"to look"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"bezien!","gloss":"looked at"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.c.q4.m4a"},{"number":425,"id":"val.nl.L28.c.q5","source":"Hebt u hen niet aan het IJ gebracht om het fraaie uitzicht te genieten?","translation":"Didn't you take them to the IJ to enjoy the fine view?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hebt","gloss":"have"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"hen","gloss":"them"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"IJ","gloss":"IJ"},{"text":"gebracht","gloss":"brought"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"fraaie","gloss":"fine"},{"text":"uitzicht","gloss":"prospect"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"genieten?","gloss":"to enjoy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.c.q5.m4a"},{"number":426,"id":"val.nl.L28.c.a4","source":"Dat kunt u wel denken, onze grote waterwerken wekken altijd de bewondering van vreemden op.","translation":"You can well imagine, our great waterworks always arouse the admiration of foreigners.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"kunt","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"wel","gloss":"but"},{"text":"denken,","gloss":"think"},{"text":"onze","gloss":"our"},{"text":"grote","gloss":"big, great"},{"text":"waterwerken","gloss":"waterworks"},{"text":"wekken","gloss":"awakened"},{"text":"altijd","gloss":"always"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"bewondering","gloss":"admiration"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"vreemden","gloss":"strangers"},{"text":"op.","gloss":"on, upon"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.c.a4.m4a"},{"number":427,"id":"val.nl.L28.c.a5","source":"Ja, we zijn zelfs met een klein bootje tot aan IJmuiden geweest om Amsterdam bij de terugkomst ook vanaf de waterkant te bekijken.","translation":"Yes, we even went by small boat as far as IJmuiden, to also view Amsterdam from the waterside on the way back.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ja,","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"we","gloss":"we"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"zelfs","gloss":"even"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"klein","gloss":"small"},{"text":"bootje","gloss":"small boat"},{"text":"tot","gloss":"until, to"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"IJmuiden","gloss":"IJmuiden"},{"text":"geweest","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"Amsterdam","gloss":"Amsterdam"},{"text":"bij","gloss":"with"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"terugkomst","gloss":"return"},{"text":"ook","gloss":"also, likewise"},{"text":"vanaf","gloss":"from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"waterkant","gloss":"waterside"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"bekijken.","gloss":"looked over"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.c.a5.m4a"},{"number":428,"id":"val.nl.L28.c.q6","source":"Blijven zij nog lang hier?","translation":"Are they staying here much longer?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Blijven","gloss":"to remain, stay"},{"text":"zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"nog","gloss":"still, yet; another"},{"text":"lang","gloss":"long"},{"text":"hier?","gloss":"here"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.c.q6.m4a"},{"number":429,"id":"val.nl.L28.c.q7","source":"Mocht u morgen soms geen tijd hebben, dan zal ik graag met hen naar het Rijksmuseum gaan.","translation":"If you should happen to have no time tomorrow, I'll gladly go to the Rijksmuseum with them.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mocht","gloss":"might, was allowed"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"morgen","gloss":"morning"},{"text":"soms","gloss":"sometimes"},{"text":"geen","gloss":"no, not a"},{"text":"tijd","gloss":"time"},{"text":"hebben,","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"graag","gloss":"gladly, with pleasure"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"hen","gloss":"them"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"Rijksmuseum","gloss":"Rijksmuseum"},{"text":"gaan.","gloss":"to go"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.c.q7.m4a"},{"number":430,"id":"val.nl.L28.c.a6","source":"Ik geloof tot het einde van deze week.","translation":"I believe until the end of this week.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"geloof","gloss":"to believe"},{"text":"tot","gloss":"until, to"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"einde","gloss":"end"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"deze","gloss":"the latter (the most recently mentioned)"},{"text":"week.","gloss":"week"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.c.a6.m4a"},{"number":431,"id":"val.nl.L28.c.a7","source":"Zeer vriendelijk! Ik zal graag van uw aanbod gebruikmaken, want ik heb in de voormiddag geen tijd.","translation":"Very kind! I'll gladly make use of your offer, for I have no time in the morning.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zeer","gloss":"very"},{"text":"vriendelijk!","gloss":"friendly, kind"},{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"graag","gloss":"gladly, with pleasure"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"uw","gloss":"your (polite)"},{"text":"aanbod","gloss":"the offer"},{"text":"gebruikmaken,","gloss":"make use"},{"text":"want","gloss":"for, because"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"voormiddag","gloss":"voormiddag"},{"text":"geen","gloss":"no, not a"},{"text":"tijd.","gloss":"time"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.c.a7.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 28: exercise 62","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":432,"id":"val.nl.L28.e62.i1","source":"Burke heeft een essay geschreven over het verhevene en het schone.","translation":"Burke has written an essay about the sublime and the beautiful.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Burke","gloss":"Burke"},{"text":"heeft","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"essay","gloss":"essay"},{"text":"geschreven","gloss":"to write"},{"text":"over","gloss":"across, over"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"verhevene","gloss":"sublime, elevated"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"schone.","gloss":"beautiful"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.e62.i1.m4a"},{"number":433,"id":"val.nl.L28.e62.i2","source":"De Zwitsers zijn in de regel rijzig, welgevormd, sterk en werkzaam.","translation":"The Swiss are as a rule tall, well formed, strong and industrious.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Zwitsers","gloss":"Zwitsers"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"regel","gloss":"line"},{"text":"rijzig,","gloss":"tall"},{"text":"welgevormd,","gloss":"well formed"},{"text":"sterk","gloss":"strong"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"werkzaam.","gloss":"industrious"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.e62.i2.m4a"},{"number":434,"id":"val.nl.L28.e62.i3","source":"De blinden zeggen dat zwart ruw voelt en wit zacht.","translation":"The blind say that black feels rough and white smooth.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"blinden","gloss":"the blind (people)"},{"text":"zeggen","gloss":"to say"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"zwart","gloss":"black"},{"text":"ruw","gloss":"rough"},{"text":"voelt","gloss":"feels"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"wit","gloss":"white"},{"text":"zacht.","gloss":"gentle"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.e62.i3.m4a"},{"number":435,"id":"val.nl.L28.e62.i4","source":"Er zijn mensen die schijnen te geloven dat zij niet slecht zijn, omdat er anderen zijn die nog slechter zijn dan zij.","translation":"There are some men who seem to believe that they are not bad, as there are others who are worse than they.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"mensen","gloss":"men, people"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"schijnen","gloss":"to seem"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"geloven","gloss":"to believe"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"slecht","gloss":"bad"},{"text":"zijn,","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"omdat","gloss":"because"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"anderen","gloss":"others"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"nog","gloss":"still, yet; another"},{"text":"slechter","gloss":"bad"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"zij.","gloss":"she; they"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.e62.i4.m4a"},{"number":436,"id":"val.nl.L28.e62.i5","source":"De oudste letterkunde in enkele van de oorspronkelijke talen van de Britse eilanden, waarvan nog enkele overblijfselen tot ons zijn gekomen, schijnt de Ierse te zijn.","translation":"The earliest literature in some of the original languages of the British Islands, of which some remains are still extant, seems to be the Irish.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"oudste","gloss":"oldest"},{"text":"letterkunde","gloss":"literature"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"enkele","gloss":"a few"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"oorspronkelijke","gloss":"original"},{"text":"talen","gloss":"languages"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Britse","gloss":"British"},{"text":"eilanden,","gloss":"islands"},{"text":"waarvan","gloss":"of which"},{"text":"nog","gloss":"still, yet; another"},{"text":"enkele","gloss":"a few"},{"text":"overblijfselen","gloss":"remains"},{"text":"tot","gloss":"until, to"},{"text":"ons","gloss":"us"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"gekomen,","gloss":"to come"},{"text":"schijnt","gloss":"to seem"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Ierse","gloss":"Irish"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"zijn.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.e62.i5.m4a"},{"number":437,"id":"val.nl.L28.e62.i6","source":"Als we de volksoverlevering en de oudste nog bestaande kronieken mogen geloven, bezaten de Ieren een onafgebroken reeks van barden sinds hun eerste vestiging in hun land; en de namen van enkelen van hen, die naar men zegt al in de eerste eeuw van onze jaartelling gebloeid hebben, leven nog steeds in de herinnering voort.","translation":"If we may believe popular tradition and the oldest chronicles extant, the Irish possessed an uninterrupted succession of Bards since their first settlement in the country; and the names of some among them, who are said to have flourished already as soon as the first century of our era, are still remembered.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"we","gloss":"we"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"volksoverlevering","gloss":"popular tradition"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"oudste","gloss":"oldest"},{"text":"nog","gloss":"still, yet; another"},{"text":"bestaande","gloss":"existing ones"},{"text":"kronieken","gloss":"chronicles"},{"text":"mogen","gloss":"may"},{"text":"geloven,","gloss":"to believe"},{"text":"bezaten","gloss":"possessed"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Ieren","gloss":"Ieren"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"onafgebroken","gloss":"uninterrupted"},{"text":"reeks","gloss":"series"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"barden","gloss":"bards"},{"text":"sinds","gloss":"since"},{"text":"hun","gloss":"them; their"},{"text":"eerste","gloss":"the former (the first-mentioned)"},{"text":"vestiging","gloss":"settlement"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"hun","gloss":"them; their"},{"text":"land;","gloss":"land"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"namen","gloss":"took; names"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"enkelen","gloss":"Some"},{"text":"van","gloss":"one of them"},{"text":"hen,","gloss":"one of them"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"men","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":"zegt","gloss":"to say"},{"text":"al","gloss":"already"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"eerste","gloss":"the former (the first-mentioned)"},{"text":"eeuw","gloss":"century"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"onze","gloss":"our"},{"text":"jaartelling","gloss":"era"},{"text":"gebloeid","gloss":"flourished"},{"text":"hebben,","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"leven","gloss":"life"},{"text":"nog","gloss":"still, yet; another"},{"text":"steeds","gloss":"always"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"herinnering","gloss":"recollection"},{"text":"voort.","gloss":"on"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.e62.i6.m4a"},{"number":438,"id":"val.nl.L28.e62.i7","source":"Maar de oudste van de nog bestaande voortbrengselen van de dichtkunst van de barden dateren uit de vijfde eeuw.","translation":"But the oldest bardic compositions that have been preserved are of the fifth century.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"oudste","gloss":"oldest"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"nog","gloss":"still, yet; another"},{"text":"bestaande","gloss":"existing ones"},{"text":"voortbrengselen","gloss":"compositions"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"dichtkunst","gloss":"poetry"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"barden","gloss":"bards"},{"text":"dateren","gloss":"dates"},{"text":"uit","gloss":"out of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vijfde","gloss":"five"},{"text":"eeuw.","gloss":"century"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.e62.i7.m4a"},{"number":439,"id":"val.nl.L28.e62.i8","source":"Worden vloeistoffen, wanneer ze verhit worden, lichter of zwaarder?","translation":"Do liquids when heated become lighter or heavier?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Worden","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"vloeistoffen,","gloss":"liquids"},{"text":"wanneer","gloss":"if"},{"text":"ze","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"verhit","gloss":"verhit"},{"text":"worden,","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"lichter","gloss":"lighter"},{"text":"of","gloss":"or; whether"},{"text":"zwaarder?","gloss":"graver"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.e62.i8.m4a"},{"number":440,"id":"val.nl.L28.e62.i9","source":"Ze worden na verhitting specifiek lichter, omdat vloeistoffen uitzetten en meer plaats innemen, hoewel ze niet meer wegen.","translation":"They become when heated specifically lighter because liquids expand themselves and take up more room, though they do not weigh any more.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ze","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"worden","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"na","gloss":"after"},{"text":"verhitting","gloss":"heating"},{"text":"specifiek","gloss":"specifically"},{"text":"lichter,","gloss":"lighter"},{"text":"omdat","gloss":"because"},{"text":"vloeistoffen","gloss":"liquids"},{"text":"uitzetten","gloss":"expand"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"meer","gloss":"more"},{"text":"plaats","gloss":"place"},{"text":"innemen,","gloss":"to fill"},{"text":"hoewel","gloss":"although"},{"text":"ze","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"meer","gloss":"more"},{"text":"wegen.","gloss":"roads"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.e62.i9.m4a"},{"number":441,"id":"val.nl.L28.e62.i10","source":"St. Domingo bestond vroeger uit twee kolonies, een Franse die het westelijke deel van het eiland besloeg, en een Spaanse, gelegen in het oostelijke deel ervan.","translation":"St. Domingo formerly consisted of two colonies, a French one which occupied the western part of the isle, and a Spanish one which was situated in the eastern part of it.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"St.","gloss":"St"},{"text":"Domingo","gloss":"Domingo"},{"text":"bestond","gloss":"existed"},{"text":"vroeger","gloss":"formerly"},{"text":"uit","gloss":"out of, from"},{"text":"twee","gloss":"two"},{"text":"kolonies,","gloss":"Colonies"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"Franse","gloss":"French"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"westelijke","gloss":"western"},{"text":"deel","gloss":"part"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"eiland","gloss":"island"},{"text":"besloeg,","gloss":"occupied"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"Spaanse,","gloss":"Spanish"},{"text":"gelegen","gloss":"to lie (be situated)"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"oostelijke","gloss":"eastern"},{"text":"deel","gloss":"part"},{"text":"ervan.","gloss":"of it"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.e62.i10.m4a"},{"number":442,"id":"val.nl.L28.e62.i11","source":"Het klimaat van het eiland is niet gezond; veel Fransen, Engelsen en Hollanders hebben er het leven gelaten.","translation":"The climate of the isle is not a healthy one; many Frenchmen, Englishmen and Dutchmen have perished in it.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"klimaat","gloss":"climate"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"eiland","gloss":"island"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"gezond;","gloss":"common"},{"text":"veel","gloss":"much"},{"text":"Fransen,","gloss":"Fransen"},{"text":"Engelsen","gloss":"Engelsen"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"Hollanders","gloss":"Hollanders"},{"text":"hebben","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"leven","gloss":"life"},{"text":"gelaten.","gloss":"to let"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.e62.i11.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 28: exercise 63","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":443,"id":"val.nl.L28.e63.i1","source":"Hebt u ooit Wagenaars Historie van ons vaderland gelezen?","translation":"Have you ever read Wagenaar's History of our country?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hebt","gloss":"have"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"ooit","gloss":"ever"},{"text":"Wagenaars","gloss":"Wagenaar's"},{"text":"Historie","gloss":"story"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"ons","gloss":"us"},{"text":"vaderland","gloss":"fatherland"},{"text":"gelezen?","gloss":"to read"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.e63.i1.m4a"},{"number":444,"id":"val.nl.L28.e63.i2","source":"Nee, meneer, ik heb een beknopter boek gelezen.","translation":"No, Sir, I have read a smaller book.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nee,","gloss":"no"},{"text":"meneer,","gloss":"sir, Mr"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"beknopter","gloss":"smaller"},{"text":"boek","gloss":"book"},{"text":"gelezen.","gloss":"to read"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.e63.i2.m4a"},{"number":445,"id":"val.nl.L28.e63.i3","source":"Op de kermis heb ik enkele Sheffieldse messen en wat Delfts aardewerk gekocht.","translation":"At the fair I have bought some Sheffield knives and some Delft pottery.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"kermis","gloss":"fair"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"enkele","gloss":"a few"},{"text":"Sheffieldse","gloss":"Sheffield"},{"text":"messen","gloss":"knives"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"Delfts","gloss":"Delfts"},{"text":"aardewerk","gloss":"pottery"},{"text":"gekocht.","gloss":"to buy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.e63.i3.m4a"},{"number":446,"id":"val.nl.L28.e63.i4","source":"De eerste kolonie, door de blanken gesticht in dat deel van Noord-Amerika dat tegenwoordig de Verenigde Staten wordt genoemd, was Virginia in 1607; de volgende in New York door de Hollanders in 1613; de volgende door de puriteinen in Plymouth in Massachusetts in 1620.","translation":"The first colony established by the whites in that part of North-America which is called at present the United States, was Virginia 1607; the next in New-York by the Dutch 1613; the next by the Puritans at Plymouth in Massachusetts 1620.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"eerste","gloss":"the former (the first-mentioned)"},{"text":"kolonie,","gloss":"Colonies"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"blanken","gloss":"white"},{"text":"gesticht","gloss":"to cause"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"deel","gloss":"part"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"Noord-Amerika","gloss":"North America"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"tegenwoordig","gloss":"nowadays, at present"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Verenigde","gloss":"Verenigde"},{"text":"Staten","gloss":"Staten"},{"text":"wordt","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"genoemd,","gloss":"to call, to name"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"Virginia","gloss":"Virginia"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"1607;","gloss":"1607"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"volgende","gloss":"next, following"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"New","gloss":"New"},{"text":"York","gloss":"York"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Hollanders","gloss":"Hollanders"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"1613;","gloss":"1613"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"volgende","gloss":"next, following"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"puriteinen","gloss":"Puritans"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"Plymouth","gloss":"Plymouth"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"Massachusetts","gloss":"Massachusetts"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"1620.","gloss":"1620"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.e63.i4.m4a"},{"number":447,"id":"val.nl.L28.e63.i5","source":"In andere delen van het land werden kort daarna kolonies gesticht, vooral door emigranten uit Engeland; terwijl er ook kolonies werden gesticht door Zweden, Duitsers en Fransen.","translation":"In other parts of the country colonies were established shortly afterwards, especially by the emigrants from England; whilst colonies were established also by Swedes, Germans and Frenchmen.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"In","gloss":"in"},{"text":"andere","gloss":"other"},{"text":"delen","gloss":"part"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"land","gloss":"land"},{"text":"werden","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"kort","gloss":"short"},{"text":"daarna","gloss":"afterwards"},{"text":"kolonies","gloss":"Colonies"},{"text":"gesticht,","gloss":"to cause"},{"text":"vooral","gloss":"above all"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"emigranten","gloss":"emigrants"},{"text":"uit","gloss":"out of, from"},{"text":"Engeland;","gloss":"Engeland"},{"text":"terwijl","gloss":"while"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"ook","gloss":"also, likewise"},{"text":"kolonies","gloss":"Colonies"},{"text":"werden","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"gesticht","gloss":"to cause"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"Zweden,","gloss":"Zweden"},{"text":"Duitsers","gloss":"Duitsers"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"Fransen.","gloss":"Fransen"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.e63.i5.m4a"},{"number":448,"id":"val.nl.L28.e63.i6","source":"Het hele land langs de gehele Atlantische kust werd op die manier bevolkt.","translation":"The whole country all along the Atlantic coast was peopled in this way.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"hele","gloss":"whole"},{"text":"land","gloss":"land"},{"text":"langs","gloss":"along"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"gehele","gloss":"whole"},{"text":"Atlantische","gloss":"Atlantic"},{"text":"kust","gloss":"coast"},{"text":"werd","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"manier","gloss":"manner"},{"text":"bevolkt.","gloss":"populated"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.e63.i6.m4a"},{"number":449,"id":"val.nl.L28.e63.i7","source":"Geleidelijk drongen de kolonisten meer en meer de wildernis in, totdat er kleine en grote steden verrezen in het hele binnenland.","translation":"By degrees the colonists advanced more and more into the wilderness, till small and large towns rose up throughout the interior of the country.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Geleidelijk","gloss":"gradually"},{"text":"drongen","gloss":"to urge"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"kolonisten","gloss":"colonists"},{"text":"meer","gloss":"more"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"meer","gloss":"more"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"wildernis","gloss":"wilderness"},{"text":"in,","gloss":"in"},{"text":"totdat","gloss":"until"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"kleine","gloss":"small"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"grote","gloss":"big, great"},{"text":"steden","gloss":"cities"},{"text":"verrezen","gloss":"rose up"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"hele","gloss":"whole"},{"text":"binnenland.","gloss":"interior"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.e63.i7.m4a"},{"number":450,"id":"val.nl.L28.e63.i8","source":"Goedemorgen, meneer B.","translation":"Good morning, Mr. B.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Goedemorgen,","gloss":"Goedemorgen"},{"text":"meneer","gloss":"sir, Mr"},{"text":"B.","gloss":"B"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.e63.i8.m4a"},{"number":451,"id":"val.nl.L28.e63.i9","source":"Is uw vriend nog niet uit New York teruggekomen?","translation":"Has your friend not yet come back from New-York?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"uw","gloss":"your (polite)"},{"text":"vriend","gloss":"friend"},{"text":"nog","gloss":"still, yet; another"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"uit","gloss":"out of, from"},{"text":"New","gloss":"New"},{"text":"York","gloss":"York"},{"text":"teruggekomen?","gloss":"return"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.e63.i9.m4a"},{"number":452,"id":"val.nl.L28.e63.i10","source":"Nee, meneer, enkele weken geleden schreef hij mij dat hij van plan was enkele mooie streken van de Verenigde Staten te bezoeken voordat hij Amerika zou verlaten.","translation":"No, Sir, several weeks ago he wrote to me that he intented to visit some beautiful countries of the United States before leaving America.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nee,","gloss":"no"},{"text":"meneer,","gloss":"sir, Mr"},{"text":"enkele","gloss":"a few"},{"text":"weken","gloss":"weeks"},{"text":"geleden","gloss":"suffered"},{"text":"schreef","gloss":"to write"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"plan","gloss":"plan, plans"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"enkele","gloss":"a few"},{"text":"mooie","gloss":"beautiful"},{"text":"streken","gloss":"regions"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Verenigde","gloss":"Verenigde"},{"text":"Staten","gloss":"Staten"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"bezoeken","gloss":"to visit"},{"text":"voordat","gloss":"before"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"Amerika","gloss":"Amerika"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"verlaten.","gloss":"left"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.e63.i10.m4a"},{"number":453,"id":"val.nl.L28.e63.i11","source":"Toen hij voor het laatst schreef, was hij in Washington; van daar zou hij naar Carlisle gaan, een mooi stadje met veel natuurschoon, enigszins in de trant van Heidelberg, de bekende oude stad aan de Neckar.","translation":"When he wrote last he was at Washington, from there he will go to Carlisle, a beautiful little town with nice scenery somewhat like that of Heidelberg, the well known old town on the river Neckar.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Toen","gloss":"as, when"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"laatst","gloss":"last time"},{"text":"schreef,","gloss":"to write"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"Washington;","gloss":"Washington"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"daar","gloss":"as, since, because"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"Carlisle","gloss":"Carlisle"},{"text":"gaan,","gloss":"to go"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"mooi","gloss":"nice, beautiful"},{"text":"stadje","gloss":"city, town"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"veel","gloss":"much"},{"text":"natuurschoon,","gloss":"scenery"},{"text":"enigszins","gloss":"somewhat"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"trant","gloss":"manner"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"Heidelberg,","gloss":"Heidelberg"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"bekende","gloss":"known"},{"text":"oude","gloss":"old"},{"text":"stad","gloss":"city, town"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Neckar.","gloss":"Neckar"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.e63.i11.m4a"},{"number":454,"id":"val.nl.L28.e63.i12","source":"Van de oude ruïne is nog maar een drie voet dikke muur overgebleven.","translation":"Of the old ruin only a wall three feet thick remained.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"oude","gloss":"old"},{"text":"ruïne","gloss":"ruin"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"nog","gloss":"still, yet; another"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"drie","gloss":"three"},{"text":"voet","gloss":"foot"},{"text":"dikke","gloss":"thick"},{"text":"muur","gloss":"wall"},{"text":"overgebleven.","gloss":"to remain"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.e63.i12.m4a"},{"number":455,"id":"val.nl.L28.e63.i13","source":"In lang vervlogen tijden leefden hier op dezelfde plek, waar u deze stenen kunt zien, rijke en vermogende mensen.","translation":"In times long past rich and wealthy men lived on the same spot where these stones are to be seen.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"In","gloss":"in"},{"text":"lang","gloss":"long"},{"text":"vervlogen","gloss":"past"},{"text":"tijden","gloss":"time"},{"text":"leefden","gloss":"life"},{"text":"hier","gloss":"here"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"dezelfde","gloss":"the same"},{"text":"plek,","gloss":"spot"},{"text":"waar","gloss":"where; true"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"deze","gloss":"the latter (the most recently mentioned)"},{"text":"stenen","gloss":"stone"},{"text":"kunt","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"zien,","gloss":"to see"},{"text":"rijke","gloss":"rich"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"vermogende","gloss":"wealthy"},{"text":"mensen.","gloss":"men, people"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.e63.i13.m4a"},{"number":456,"id":"val.nl.L28.e63.i14","source":"Het was voor hen niet alleen onaangenaam, maar ook zeer nadelig, dat hun broer in Italië failliet ging.","translation":"It was not only disagreeable but also very hurtful to them that their brother in Italy became a bankrupt.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"hen","gloss":"them"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"alleen","gloss":"only"},{"text":"onaangenaam,","gloss":"disagreeable"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"ook","gloss":"also, likewise"},{"text":"zeer","gloss":"very"},{"text":"nadelig,","gloss":"harmful"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"hun","gloss":"them; their"},{"text":"broer","gloss":"brother"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"Italië","gloss":"Italië"},{"text":"failliet","gloss":"bankrupt"},{"text":"ging.","gloss":"to go"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.e63.i14.m4a"},{"number":457,"id":"val.nl.L28.e63.i15","source":"Waarom bezoekt u uw vrienden in A. niet?","translation":"Why do you not visit your friends in A. there?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Waarom","gloss":"why"},{"text":"bezoekt","gloss":"to visit"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"uw","gloss":"your (polite)"},{"text":"vrienden","gloss":"friends"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"A.","gloss":"A"},{"text":"niet?","gloss":"not"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.e63.i15.m4a"},{"number":458,"id":"val.nl.L28.e63.i16","source":"U weet dat u altijd welkom bent bij hen.","translation":"You know that you are always welcome to them.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"U","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"weet","gloss":"to know"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"altijd","gloss":"always"},{"text":"welkom","gloss":"welcome"},{"text":"bent","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"bij","gloss":"with"},{"text":"hen.","gloss":"them"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.e63.i16.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 28: exercise 64","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":459,"id":"val.nl.L28.e64.i1","source":"De strengste koude die wij hebben, is zacht vergeleken met die welke de inwoners van de Russische hoofdstad iedere winter te verduren hebben.","translation":"The most severe cold we have is mild compared with that which the inhabitants of the Russian capital have to bear every winter.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"strengste","gloss":"harsh"},{"text":"koude","gloss":"cold"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"hebben,","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"zacht","gloss":"gentle"},{"text":"vergeleken","gloss":"compares"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"welke","gloss":"which, what"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"inwoners","gloss":"inhabitants"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Russische","gloss":"Russian"},{"text":"hoofdstad","gloss":"capital cities"},{"text":"iedere","gloss":"each, every"},{"text":"winter","gloss":"winter"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"verduren","gloss":"bear"},{"text":"hebben.","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.e64.i1.m4a"},{"number":460,"id":"val.nl.L28.e64.i2","source":"Het koude jaargetijde duurt langer dan zeven maanden; gedurende het grootste deel van die tijd is alles met ijs en sneeuw bedekt.","translation":"The cold season lasts more than seven months; during most of that time all is covered with ice and snow.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"koude","gloss":"cold"},{"text":"jaargetijde","gloss":"season"},{"text":"duurt","gloss":"lasts"},{"text":"langer","gloss":"longer"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"zeven","gloss":"seven"},{"text":"maanden;","gloss":"months"},{"text":"gedurende","gloss":"during"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"grootste","gloss":"greatest"},{"text":"deel","gloss":"part"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"tijd","gloss":"time"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"alles","gloss":"everything"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"ijs","gloss":"ice"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"sneeuw","gloss":"snow"},{"text":"bedekt.","gloss":"covered"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.e64.i2.m4a"},{"number":461,"id":"val.nl.L28.e64.i3","source":"De brede, heldere rivier de Neva, zo mooi in de zomer, bedekt met de schepen van alle naties en als bezaaid met zwierige pleizierboten, is dan een ijsvlakte en wordt de populairste wandelplaats, het drukst bezochte deel van de hele stad.","translation":"The broad, clear river Neva so beautiful in summer, covered with the shipping of all nations, and dotted with gay pleasure-boats, is then a sheet of ice and becomes the fashionable drive, the most crowded part of the whole city.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"brede,","gloss":"broad"},{"text":"heldere","gloss":"brightly"},{"text":"rivier","gloss":"river"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Neva,","gloss":"Neva"},{"text":"zo","gloss":"so, as"},{"text":"mooi","gloss":"nice, beautiful"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"zomer,","gloss":"summer"},{"text":"bedekt","gloss":"covered"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"schepen","gloss":"ship, ships"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"alle","gloss":"all"},{"text":"naties","gloss":"nation"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"bezaaid","gloss":"dotted"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"zwierige","gloss":"gay"},{"text":"pleizierboten,","gloss":"pleasure-boats"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"ijsvlakte","gloss":"sheet of ice"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"wordt","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"populairste","gloss":"fashionable"},{"text":"wandelplaats,","gloss":"drive"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"drukst","gloss":"busy"},{"text":"bezochte","gloss":"to visit"},{"text":"deel","gloss":"part"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"hele","gloss":"whole"},{"text":"stad.","gloss":"city, town"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.e64.i3.m4a"},{"number":462,"id":"val.nl.L28.e64.i4","source":"Meestal zijn de dagen onbewolkt tijdens het strenge jaargetijde.","translation":"For the greater part the days are cloudless during the severe season.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Meestal","gloss":"usually"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"dagen","gloss":"days"},{"text":"onbewolkt","gloss":"cloudless"},{"text":"tijdens","gloss":"during"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"strenge","gloss":"stern"},{"text":"jaargetijde.","gloss":"season"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.e64.i4.m4a"},{"number":463,"id":"val.nl.L28.e64.i5","source":"In het midden van de winter schijnt de zon slechts een korte tijd op de gouden koepels van de kerken en verguldt de bovenste verdiepingen van de huizen.","translation":"The sun, in midwinter, shines for only a short time on the golden domes of the churches, and gilds the upper stories of the houses.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"In","gloss":"in"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"midden","gloss":"middle"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"winter","gloss":"winter"},{"text":"schijnt","gloss":"to seem"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"zon","gloss":"sun"},{"text":"slechts","gloss":"only"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"korte","gloss":"short"},{"text":"tijd","gloss":"time"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"gouden","gloss":"golden"},{"text":"koepels","gloss":"domes"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"kerken","gloss":"church"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"verguldt","gloss":"gilds"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"bovenste","gloss":"upper"},{"text":"verdiepingen","gloss":"floor"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"huizen.","gloss":"houses"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.e64.i5.m4a"},{"number":464,"id":"val.nl.L28.e64.i6","source":"Alle paarden zijn grauw, want men kan hun echte kleur niet zien vanwege de dikke laag rijp die ze bedekt.","translation":"Every horse is grey; for one does not see their real colour for the thick coating of hoar-frost which covers them.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Alle","gloss":"all"},{"text":"paarden","gloss":"horses"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"grauw,","gloss":"grey"},{"text":"want","gloss":"for, because"},{"text":"men","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":"kan","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"hun","gloss":"them; their"},{"text":"echte","gloss":"real"},{"text":"kleur","gloss":"colour"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"zien","gloss":"to see"},{"text":"vanwege","gloss":"because of"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"dikke","gloss":"thick"},{"text":"laag","gloss":"low"},{"text":"rijp","gloss":"mature"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"ze","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"bedekt.","gloss":"covered"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.e64.i6.m4a"},{"number":465,"id":"val.nl.L28.e64.i7","source":"en elke koetsier ziet eruit als een eerwaardige oude man, met zijn met rijp bedekte baard, waaraan vaak ijspegels hangen.","translation":"and every cabman looks like a venerable old man, with his frost-covered beard, from which icicles frequently hang.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"elke","gloss":"each, every"},{"text":"koetsier","gloss":"cabman, driver"},{"text":"ziet","gloss":"sees"},{"text":"eruit","gloss":"out of it"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"eerwaardige","gloss":"venerable"},{"text":"oude","gloss":"old"},{"text":"man,","gloss":"man; husband"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"rijp","gloss":"mature"},{"text":"bedekte","gloss":"hid"},{"text":"baard,","gloss":"beard"},{"text":"waaraan","gloss":"from which"},{"text":"vaak","gloss":"often"},{"text":"ijspegels","gloss":"icicles"},{"text":"hangen.","gloss":"to hang"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L28.e64.i7.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 29: I. Het answers to English it (and 1 more)","teaching":[{"title":"Het for it","paragraphs":["English says it when nothing in particular does the action: it rains, it snows. Dutch does the same with het.","Het regent. Het sneeuwt.","Het also stands for a thing that was already named. Waar is uw potlood? Hier is het."]},{"title":"Het for he, she or they","paragraphs":["Het can point to a person or a thing. English then says he, she or they.","Kent u die man? Het is een van onze eerste kunstenaars. English says he is one of our first artists.","Het is een jong meisje tussen de vijftien en achttien jaar. English says she.","For more than one, the verb is plural. Kent u die mensen? Het zijn toneelspelers. English says they."]}],"lines":[{"number":466,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.1.1","source":"Het regent.","translation":"it is raining.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"regent.","gloss":"to be rained on"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.1.1.m4a"},{"number":467,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.1.2","source":"Het sneeuwt.","translation":"it is snowing.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"sneeuwt.","gloss":"to be snowed under"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.1.2.m4a"},{"number":468,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.1.3","source":"Waar is uw potlood? Hier is het.","translation":"Where is your lead-pencil? Here it is.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Waar","gloss":"where; true"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"uw","gloss":"your (polite)"},{"text":"potlood?","gloss":"pencil"},{"text":"Hier","gloss":"here"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"het.","gloss":"it; the"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.1.3.m4a"},{"number":469,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.2.1","source":"Kent u die man? Het is een van onze eerste kunstenaars.","translation":"Do you know that man? He is one of our first artists.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Kent","gloss":"knows"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"man?","gloss":"man; husband"},{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"onze","gloss":"our"},{"text":"eerste","gloss":"the former (the first-mentioned)"},{"text":"kunstenaars.","gloss":"artist"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.2.1.m4a"},{"number":470,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.2.2","source":"Het is een jong meisje tussen de vijftien en achttien jaar.","translation":"She is a young lady between fifteen and eighteen years.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"jong","gloss":"young"},{"text":"meisje","gloss":"girl"},{"text":"tussen","gloss":"between"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vijftien","gloss":"fifteen"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"achttien","gloss":"eighteen"},{"text":"jaar.","gloss":"the year"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.2.2.m4a"},{"number":471,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.2.3","source":"Kent u die mensen? Het zijn toneelspelers.","translation":"Do you know those men? They are actors.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Kent","gloss":"knows"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"mensen?","gloss":"men, people"},{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"toneelspelers.","gloss":"actors"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.2.3.m4a"},{"number":472,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.2.4","source":"Kent u die boeken? Het zijn romans.","translation":"Do you know those books? They are novels.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Kent","gloss":"knows"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"boeken?","gloss":"books"},{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"romans.","gloss":"novels"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.2.4.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":394,"text":"I. Het answers to English it\n\nHet answers to the English it. Het regent, sneeuwt it is raining, snowing. Waar is uw potlood? Hier is het. Where is your lead-pencil? Here it is."},{"section":395,"text":"Het used instead of he, she, they\n\nIf het is used in reference to a person or a thing, it may stand for he, she or they. Kent u die man? Het is een van onze eerste kunstenaars. Do you know that man? He is one of our first artists. Het is een jong meisje tussen de vijftien en achttien jaar. She is a young lady between fifteen and eighteen years. Kent u die mensen (boeken)? Het zijn toneelspelers (romans). Do you know those men (books)? They are actors (novels)."},{"section":396,"text":"Het (dat) after to be, to do, to think, to tell, to say, to suppose, to believe, to hope\n\nHet (dat) is often used where English so stands after the verbs to be, to do, to think, to tell, to say, to suppose, to believe, to hope. Mijn broer is gelukkig en verdient het (dat) te zijn. My brother is happy, and deserves to be so. Hij beloofde ons te bezoeken en ik hoop dat hij het (dat) zal doen. He promised to visit us, and I hope he will do so."},{"section":397,"text":"English it for a thing agrees in gender with the Dutch noun\n\nIt used in reference to a thing, is translated by a pronoun agreeing in gender with the noun to which it refers. Waar is uw lepel? Hij is gevallen. Where is your spoon? It has fallen. Ik kan met deze pen niet schrijven, hij is slecht. I cannot write with this pen, it is a bad one."},{"section":398,"text":"Het as grammatical subject takes a plural verb for a plural real subject\n\nHet, as the grammatical subject of a sentence, takes a plural verb if the real subject is plural. Het waren sommige rumoerige jongens op straat. It was some noisy boys in the street. Het zijn de veelvuldige regens die alles bederven. It is the frequent rains that spoil everything. Observe the order in: Ik ben het it is I, hij is het it is he, zij is het it is she, wij zijn het it is we, jullie zijn het (or u bent het) it is you, zij zijn het it is they."},{"section":399,"text":"Het replaces a verb after kunnen, mogen, moeten etc\n\nHet is used in Dutch instead of a verb after the auxiliaries kunnen, mogen, moeten etc. Ik kan niet schrijven met deze pen, probeer eens of u het kunt. I cannot write with this pen, just try if you can. Mag ik dit lezen? Ja, u mag het. Do you allow me to read this? Yes, you may."},{"section":400,"text":"Het used with certain verbs without referring to anything in particular\n\nHet is often used in Dutch with certain verbs, without reference to anything in particular. Zij schaterden het uit van het lachen they roared with laughter. Ik ben het eens met u I agree with you. Hij heeft het druk he is very busy. Hij won het van mij he beat me. Hij zal het wel lappen leave him alone to do it. Hij heeft het lang uitgehouden he has held out long."},{"section":401,"text":"Er, the weakened form of daar, answers to there before zijn\n\nEr, the weakened form of the adverb daar, answers to the English there when it is followed by zijn or an equivalent verb. If er is followed by another verb, it is mostly omitted in English. Er waren dieven in de tuin there were thieves in the garden. Er leefde eens een koning once upon a time there lived a king. Er schijnt geen reden voor te zijn there seems to be no reason for it. Er gebeurde een ongeluk an accident happened. Er brak een brand uit a fire broke out."},{"section":402,"text":"Er = daarvan (French en), not used in English\n\nEr = daarvan (French en), referring to a preceding noun, is not used in English. Hoeveel woordenboeken hebt u? Ik heb er maar drie. How many dictionaries have you? I have only three. Er zijn er velen die dat niet weten. There are many who do not know that (cf. the French: il y en a beaucoup etc.). Deze kersen zien er goed uit, geef mij er enige. These cherries look nice, give me some."},{"section":403,"text":"Er for the grammatical subject of a passive verb answers to English it\n\nIf er stands for the grammatical subject of a passive verb, the logical subject being a following infinitive or dependent clause, this er answers to the English it. Er werd besloten de zaak uit te stellen it was resolved to postpone the matter. Er werd voorgesteld hem ook uit te nodigen it was proposed to invite him too. Er werd opgemerkt dat sommige boeken ontbraken it was observed that some books were missing. Er werd gepraat somebody was talking."},{"section":404,"text":"Personal pronouns often omitted after mee\n\nPersonal pronouns are often omitted after mee, where English requires one. Ga je mee? Will you come with us? Wij gaan naar C., ga je mee? We are going to C.; will you make one? Hij nam alles mee he took everything with him. Note: meebrengen, to bring along: Wat hebt u ons meegebracht van de kermis? What have you brought us from the fair? Breng uw Duitse spraakkunst mee bring your German Grammar."},{"section":405,"text":"Wij waren met ons tienen for there were ten of us\n\nThe expressions wij waren met ons tienen, twaalven, zij waren met hun vijven, zessen etc. run in English: there were ten or twelve of us, they were five, six etc."},{"section":406,"text":"Self as a noun (one's own person) is ik\n\nSelf, when used as a noun for one's own person, is translated by ik. Scrooge fancied he saw his former self S. dacht zijn vroeger ik te zien. A true friend is another self een trouwe vriend is een tweede ik. The love of self de liefde voor zijn ik. Note. If self is used in the sense of selfishness, or instead of itself, herself, it is translated by zelf, zelve. Zelf is een welsprekend advocaat self is an eloquent advocate. Niet bewust van haar schoonheid, was zij de schoonheid zelve thoughtless of beauty, she was beauty's self."},{"section":407,"text":"Third-person pronouns after a preposition are used in English but not in Dutch\n\nAfter a preposition the third-person personal pronoun is used in English but not in Dutch. Hij sloot de deur achter zich toe he locked the door behind him. Zij kijken altijd voor zich they always look before them. Note. When self (selves) is added to the pronoun, the same reflexives are used in Dutch. Hij is buiten zichzelf he is beside himself. Die arme mensen zijn zichzelf tot last those poor men are a burden to themselves."},{"section":408,"text":"Self is not added to the reflexive with reflexive verbs\n\nAs a rule the word zelf is not added to the Dutch reflexive pronoun with a reflexive verb. Ik heb mij bezeerd I have hurt myself. Zij leggen zich toe op het Duits they apply themselves to German."},{"section":409,"text":"II. The Possessive Pronoun where Dutch uses the article\n\nHij stak de beurs in de zak he put the purse in his pocket. De oude vrouw schudde het hoofd the old woman shook her head. Ik heb mij de voet (or mijn voet) bezeerd I have hurt my foot."},{"section":410,"text":"A predicate Possessive Pronoun is preceded by the article\n\nWhen a possessive pronoun stands as a predicate it is always preceded by the article: de mijne, de jouwe, de uwe, de zijne, de hare, de onze, de jullie, de hunne, or het mijne and so on before a het-word. The same thing can also be said with van: van mij, van jou, van u. Deze pen is de mijne, or deze pen is van mij, this pen is mine. Dat boek is het uwe, or dat boek is van u, that book is yours."},{"section":411,"text":"A Personal Pronoun for mine, ours, yours after of\n\nIf mine, ours, yours etc. are preceded by of, a personal pronoun must be used in Dutch. Een vriend van mij, ons, u a friend of mine, ours, yours. Een huis van hen a house of theirs."},{"section":412,"text":"Uw en mijn tuin, one garden or two\n\nThe Dutch phrase uw en mijn tuin may indicate one garden but also two gardens; it answers as well to your and my garden as to your garden and mine."},{"section":413,"text":"The Possessive Pronoun with no noun or pronoun of its own\n\nIn some fixed expressions the possessive pronoun is used without referring to any noun or pronoun: de mijnen, de zijnen etc., my family, his family; al het mijne, my whole property; kom ten mijnent, come to my house; wij waren ten uwent, we were at your house. Ten mijnent and ten uwent are fossil datives of the old declined pronoun, rare and literary; the everyday equivalent is bij mij, bij u thuis."}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 29: Het (dat) after to be, to do, to think, to tell, to say, to suppose, to believe, to hope (and 1 more)","teaching":[{"title":"Het for so","paragraphs":["After some verbs, English uses so for an idea already said. Dutch uses het or dat.","The verbs are to be, to do, to think, to tell, to say, to suppose, to believe and to hope.","Mijn broer is gelukkig en verdient het te zijn. English says deserves to be so.","Hij beloofde ons te bezoeken en ik hoop dat hij het zal doen. English says I hope he will do so."]},{"title":"It for a thing","paragraphs":["English uses it for every thing. Dutch uses the pronoun that has the gender of the noun.","Lepel and pen take hij.","Waar is uw lepel? Hij is gevallen. English says it has fallen.","Ik kan met deze pen niet schrijven, hij is slecht. English says it is a bad one."]}],"lines":[{"number":473,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.3.1","source":"Mijn broer is gelukkig en verdient het te zijn.","translation":"My brother is happy, and deserves to be so.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"broer","gloss":"brother"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"gelukkig","gloss":"happy, unhappy"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"verdient","gloss":"deserves"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"zijn.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.3.1.m4a"},{"number":474,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.3.2","source":"Hij beloofde ons te bezoeken en ik hoop dat hij het zal doen.","translation":"He promised to visit us, and I hope he will do so.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"beloofde","gloss":"promised"},{"text":"ons","gloss":"us"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"bezoeken","gloss":"to visit"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"hoop","gloss":"hope"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"doen.","gloss":"to do"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.3.2.m4a"},{"number":475,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.4.1","source":"Waar is uw lepel? Hij is gevallen.","translation":"Where is your spoon? It has fallen.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Waar","gloss":"where; true"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"uw","gloss":"your (polite)"},{"text":"lepel?","gloss":"spoon"},{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he has fallen"},{"text":"is","gloss":"he has fallen"},{"text":"gevallen.","gloss":"he has fallen"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.4.1.m4a"},{"number":476,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.4.2","source":"Ik kan met deze pen niet schrijven, hij is slecht.","translation":"I cannot write with this pen, it is a bad one.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"kan","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"deze","gloss":"the latter (the most recently mentioned)"},{"text":"pen","gloss":"pen"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"schrijven,","gloss":"to write"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"slecht.","gloss":"bad"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.4.2.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 29: Het as grammatical subject takes a plural verb for a plural real subject","teaching":[{"title":"A plural verb after het","paragraphs":["A verb normally agrees with its subject. After het, the verb agrees with the people or things named later in the sentence.","Het waren sommige rumoerige jongens op straat. The boys are plural, so the verb is plural.","Het zijn de veelvuldige regens die alles bederven. English says it is the frequent rains."]},{"title":"It is I","paragraphs":["English says it is I. Dutch puts the person first, then the verb, then het.","Ik ben het. Hij is het. Zij is het. Wij zijn het. Zij zijn het.","For you, Dutch says jullie zijn het, or u bent het.","The verb goes with the person, not with het."]}],"lines":[{"number":477,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.5.1","source":"Het waren sommige rumoerige jongens op straat.","translation":"It was some noisy boys in the street.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"waren","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"sommige","gloss":"some"},{"text":"rumoerige","gloss":"noisy"},{"text":"jongens","gloss":"boys"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"straat.","gloss":"street"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.5.1.m4a"},{"number":478,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.5.2","source":"Het zijn de veelvuldige regens die alles bederven.","translation":"It is the frequent rains that spoil everything.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"veelvuldige","gloss":"frequent"},{"text":"regens","gloss":"rain"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"alles","gloss":"everything"},{"text":"bederven.","gloss":"to spoil"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.5.2.m4a"},{"number":479,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.5.3","source":"Ik ben het.","translation":"it is I.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"ben","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"het.","gloss":"it; the"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.5.3.m4a"},{"number":480,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.5.4","source":"Hij is het.","translation":"it is he.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"het.","gloss":"it; the"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.5.4.m4a"},{"number":481,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.5.5","source":"Zij is het.","translation":"it is she.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"het.","gloss":"it; the"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.5.5.m4a"},{"number":482,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.5.6","source":"Wij zijn het.","translation":"it is we.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"het.","gloss":"it; the"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.5.6.m4a"},{"number":483,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.5.7","source":"Jullie zijn het.","translation":"it is you.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Jullie","gloss":"you (plural)"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"het.","gloss":"it; the"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.5.7.m4a"},{"number":484,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.5.8","source":"Zij zijn het.","translation":"it is they.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"het.","gloss":"it; the"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.5.8.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 29: Het replaces a verb after kunnen, mogen, moeten etc","teaching":[{"title":"Het after an auxiliary verb","paragraphs":["After the auxiliary verbs kunnen, mogen and moeten, English can leave out the main verb. Dutch puts het in its place.","Probeer eens of u het kunt. English says try if you can.","Mag ik dit lezen? Ja, u mag het. English says yes, you may."]}],"lines":[{"number":485,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.6.1","source":"Probeer eens of u het kunt.","translation":"just try if you can.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Probeer","gloss":"Try"},{"text":"eens","gloss":"once, one day"},{"text":"of","gloss":"or; whether"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"kunt.","gloss":"to be able (can)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.6.1.m4a"},{"number":486,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.6.2","source":"Mag ik dit lezen? Ja, u mag het.","translation":"Do you allow me to read this? Yes, you may.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mag","gloss":"may"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"dit","gloss":"this"},{"text":"lezen?","gloss":"to read"},{"text":"Ja,","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"mag","gloss":"may"},{"text":"het.","gloss":"it; the"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.6.2.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 29: Het used with certain verbs without referring to anything in particular","teaching":[{"title":"Het with no meaning of its own","paragraphs":["Some Dutch phrases contain het, and het points to nothing. Learn each phrase whole.","Ik ben het eens met u means I agree with you. Hij heeft het druk means he is very busy.","Hij won het van mij means he defeated me. Hij heeft het lang uitgehouden means he has held out long.","Zij schaterden het uit van het lachen means they roared with laughter."]}],"lines":[{"number":487,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.7.1","source":"Zij schaterden het uit van het lachen.","translation":"they roared with laughter.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"schaterden","gloss":"roared"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"uit","gloss":"out of, from"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"lachen.","gloss":"to laugh"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.7.1.m4a"},{"number":488,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.7.2","source":"Ik ben het eens met u.","translation":"I agree with you.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"ben","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"eens","gloss":"once, one day"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"u.","gloss":"you (polite)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.7.2.m4a"},{"number":489,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.7.3","source":"Hij heeft het druk.","translation":"he is very busy.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"heeft","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"druk.","gloss":"busy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.7.3.m4a"},{"number":490,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.7.4","source":"Hij won het van mij.","translation":"he beat me.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"won","gloss":"to win"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"mij.","gloss":"me"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.7.4.m4a"},{"number":491,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.7.5","source":"Hij zal het wel lappen.","translation":"leave him alone to do it.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"wel","gloss":"but"},{"text":"lappen.","gloss":"manage"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.7.5.m4a"},{"number":492,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.7.6","source":"Hij heeft het lang uitgehouden.","translation":"he has held out long.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"heeft","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"lang","gloss":"long"},{"text":"uitgehouden.","gloss":"kept out"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.7.6.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 29: Er, the weakened form of daar, answers to there before zijn","teaching":[{"title":"Er for there","paragraphs":["Er is the short, weak form of daar.","Before zijn, er means there. Er waren dieven in de tuin. English says there were thieves in the garden.","Before another verb, English mostly leaves out there. Er brak een brand uit. English says a fire broke out.","Er leefde eens een koning. English says once upon a time there lived a king."]}],"lines":[{"number":493,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.8.1","source":"Er waren dieven in de tuin.","translation":"there were thieves in the garden.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"waren","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"dieven","gloss":"thieves"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"tuin.","gloss":"garden"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.8.1.m4a"},{"number":494,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.8.2","source":"Er leefde eens een koning.","translation":"once upon a time there lived a king.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"leefde","gloss":"lived"},{"text":"eens","gloss":"once, one day"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"koning.","gloss":"king, kings"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.8.2.m4a"},{"number":495,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.8.3","source":"Er schijnt geen reden voor te zijn.","translation":"there seems to be no reason for it.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"schijnt","gloss":"to seem"},{"text":"geen","gloss":"no, not a"},{"text":"reden","gloss":"reason"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"zijn.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.8.3.m4a"},{"number":496,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.8.4","source":"Er gebeurde een ongeluk.","translation":"an accident happened.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"gebeurde","gloss":"happened"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"ongeluk.","gloss":"misfortune"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.8.4.m4a"},{"number":497,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.8.5","source":"Er brak een brand uit.","translation":"a fire broke out.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"brak","gloss":"to break"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"brand","gloss":"fire"},{"text":"uit.","gloss":"out of, from"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.8.5.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 29: Er = daarvan (French en), not used in English (and 1 more)","teaching":[{"title":"Er for of them","paragraphs":["Er can stand for daarvan, and point back to a noun already named. English has no word for it here.","Hoeveel woordenboeken hebt u? Ik heb er maar drie. English says I have only three.","Deze kersen zien er goed uit, geef mij er enige. English says give me some."]},{"title":"Er in a passive sentence","paragraphs":["In some passive sentences, er stands first in the place of the subject. English uses it there.","The real subject follows later, as an infinitive or a dependent clause.","Er werd besloten de zaak uit te stellen. English says it was resolved to postpone the matter.","Er werd gepraat. English says somebody was talking."]}],"lines":[{"number":498,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.9.1","source":"Hoeveel woordenboeken hebt u? Ik heb er maar drie.","translation":"How many dictionaries have you? I have only three.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hoeveel","gloss":"how much, how many"},{"text":"woordenboeken","gloss":"dictionaries"},{"text":"hebt","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"u?","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"drie.","gloss":"three"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.9.1.m4a"},{"number":499,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.9.2","source":"Er zijn er velen die dat niet weten.","translation":"There are many who do not know that.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"velen","gloss":"many"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"not so (I beg your pardon)"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not so (I beg your pardon)"},{"text":"weten.","gloss":"to know"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.9.2.m4a"},{"number":500,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.9.3","source":"Deze kersen zien er goed uit, geef mij er enige.","translation":"These cherries look nice, give me some.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Deze","gloss":"the latter (the most recently mentioned)"},{"text":"kersen","gloss":"cherries"},{"text":"zien","gloss":"to see"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"goed","gloss":"good, well"},{"text":"uit,","gloss":"out of, from"},{"text":"geef","gloss":"to give"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"enige.","gloss":"only (het enige: the only thing)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.9.3.m4a"},{"number":501,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.10.1","source":"Er werd besloten de zaak uit te stellen.","translation":"it was resolved to postpone the matter.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"werd","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"besloten","gloss":"resolved"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"zaak","gloss":"matter"},{"text":"uit","gloss":"out of, from"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"stellen.","gloss":"put"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.10.1.m4a"},{"number":502,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.10.2","source":"Er werd voorgesteld hem ook uit te nodigen.","translation":"it was proposed to invite him too.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"werd","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"voorgesteld","gloss":"represented"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"ook","gloss":"also, likewise"},{"text":"uit","gloss":"out of, from"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"nodigen.","gloss":"invited"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.10.2.m4a"},{"number":503,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.10.3","source":"Er werd opgemerkt dat sommige boeken ontbraken.","translation":"it was observed that some books were missing.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"werd","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"opgemerkt","gloss":"noticed"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"sommige","gloss":"some"},{"text":"boeken","gloss":"books"},{"text":"ontbraken.","gloss":"were missing"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.10.3.m4a"},{"number":504,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.10.4","source":"Er werd gepraat.","translation":"somebody was talking.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"werd","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"gepraat.","gloss":"talks"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.10.4.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 29: Personal pronouns often omitted after mee (and 1 more)","teaching":[{"title":"Mee without a pronoun","paragraphs":["The word mee means with. English needs a pronoun beside it, such as us or him. Dutch often leaves the pronoun out.","Ga je mee? English says will you come with us?","Hij nam alles mee. English says he took everything with him.","Meebrengen means to bring along. Breng uw Duitse spraakkunst mee."]},{"title":"Met ons tienen","paragraphs":["To say how many people were together, Dutch uses met, then ons or hun, then the number with an ending.","Wij waren met ons tienen. English says there were ten of us.","Zij waren met hun vijven. English says there were five of them.","Twaalven and zessen follow the same pattern."]}],"lines":[{"number":505,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.11.1","source":"Ga je mee?","translation":"Will you come with us?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ga","gloss":"go"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"mee?","gloss":"along, with"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.11.1.m4a"},{"number":506,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.11.2","source":"Hij nam alles mee.","translation":"he took everything with him.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"nam","gloss":"to take"},{"text":"alles","gloss":"everything"},{"text":"mee.","gloss":"along, with"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.11.2.m4a"},{"number":507,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.11.3","source":"Wat hebt u ons meegebracht van de kermis?","translation":"What have you brought us from the fair?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"hebt","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"ons","gloss":"us"},{"text":"meegebracht","gloss":"brought along"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"kermis?","gloss":"fair"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.11.3.m4a"},{"number":508,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.11.4","source":"Breng uw Duitse spraakkunst mee.","translation":"bring your German Grammar.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Breng","gloss":"to pass, to spend (time)"},{"text":"uw","gloss":"your (polite)"},{"text":"Duitse","gloss":"German"},{"text":"spraakkunst","gloss":"grammar"},{"text":"mee.","gloss":"along, with"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.11.4.m4a"},{"number":509,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.12.1","source":"Wij waren met ons tienen.","translation":"there were ten of us.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"waren","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"ons","gloss":"us"},{"text":"tienen.","gloss":"ten"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.12.1.m4a"},{"number":510,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.12.2","source":"Zij waren met hun vijven.","translation":"there were five of them.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"waren","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"hun","gloss":"them; their"},{"text":"vijven.","gloss":"five"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.12.2.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 29: Self as a noun (one's own person) is ik","teaching":[{"title":"Self as a noun","paragraphs":["In English, self can be a noun. It names the person you are, as in a former self. Dutch uses ik.","Een trouwe vriend is een tweede ik. English says a true friend is another self.","De liefde voor zijn ik. English says the love of self."]},{"title":"Zelf","paragraphs":["When self means selfishness, or the words itself and herself, Dutch uses zelf or zelve instead.","Zelf is een welsprekend advocaat. English says self is an eloquent advocate.","Niet bewust van haar schoonheid, was zij de schoonheid zelve."]}],"lines":[{"number":511,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.13.1","source":"Scrooge dacht zijn vroeger ik te zien.","translation":"Scrooge fancied he saw his former self.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Scrooge","gloss":"Scrooge"},{"text":"dacht","gloss":"thought"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"vroeger","gloss":"formerly"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"zien.","gloss":"to see"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.13.1.m4a"},{"number":512,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.13.2","source":"Een trouwe vriend is een tweede ik.","translation":"A true friend is another self.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"trouwe","gloss":"faithful"},{"text":"vriend","gloss":"friend"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"tweede","gloss":"the Second"},{"text":"ik.","gloss":"I"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.13.2.m4a"},{"number":513,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.13.3","source":"De liefde voor zijn ik.","translation":"The love of self.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"liefde","gloss":"love"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"ik.","gloss":"I"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.13.3.m4a"},{"number":514,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.13.4","source":"Zelf is een welsprekend advocaat.","translation":"self is an eloquent advocate.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zelf","gloss":"self"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"welsprekend","gloss":"eloquent"},{"text":"advocaat.","gloss":"advocate"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.13.4.m4a"},{"number":515,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.13.5","source":"Niet bewust van haar schoonheid, was zij de schoonheid zelve.","translation":"Thoughtless of beauty, she was beauty's self.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"bewust","gloss":"known"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"haar","gloss":"her"},{"text":"schoonheid,","gloss":"beauty"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"schoonheid","gloss":"beauty"},{"text":"zelve.","gloss":"self"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.13.5.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 29: Third-person pronouns after a preposition are used in English but not in Dutch (and 1 more)","teaching":[{"title":"Zich after a preposition","paragraphs":["After a preposition, English uses him, her or them. Dutch uses the reflexive pronoun zich.","Hij sloot de deur achter zich toe. English says he locked the door behind him.","Zij kijken altijd voor zich. English says they always look before them.","When English adds self, Dutch uses zichzelf. Hij is buiten zichzelf. English says he is beside himself."]},{"title":"No zelf with a reflexive verb","paragraphs":["With a reflexive verb, Dutch uses the reflexive pronoun alone. As a rule, it does not add zelf.","Ik heb mij bezeerd. English says I have hurt myself.","Zij leggen zich toe op het Duits. English says they apply themselves to German."]}],"lines":[{"number":516,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.14.1","source":"Hij sloot de deur achter zich toe.","translation":"he locked the door behind him.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"sloot","gloss":"to shut"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"deur","gloss":"door"},{"text":"achter","gloss":"behind"},{"text":"zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"toe.","gloss":"to"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.14.1.m4a"},{"number":517,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.14.2","source":"Zij kijken altijd voor zich.","translation":"they always look before them.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"kijken","gloss":"to look"},{"text":"altijd","gloss":"always"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"zich.","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.14.2.m4a"},{"number":518,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.14.3","source":"Hij is buiten zichzelf.","translation":"he is beside himself.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"buiten","gloss":"outside"},{"text":"zichzelf.","gloss":"himself"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.14.3.m4a"},{"number":519,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.14.4","source":"Die arme mensen zijn zichzelf tot last.","translation":"those poor men are a burden to themselves.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"arme","gloss":"poor"},{"text":"mensen","gloss":"men, people"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"zichzelf","gloss":"himself"},{"text":"tot","gloss":"until, to"},{"text":"last.","gloss":"Last"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.14.4.m4a"},{"number":520,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.15.1","source":"Ik heb mij bezeerd.","translation":"I have hurt myself.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"bezeerd.","gloss":"hurt"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.15.1.m4a"},{"number":521,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.15.2","source":"Zij leggen zich toe op het Duits.","translation":"they apply themselves to German.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"leggen","gloss":"to lay"},{"text":"zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"toe","gloss":"to"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"Duits.","gloss":"Duits"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.15.2.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 29: II. The Possessive Pronoun where Dutch uses the article (and 1 more)","teaching":[{"title":"The article instead of my or his","paragraphs":["English says my, his or her foot. Dutch often says the foot, with the article de or het.","Hij stak de beurs in de zak. English says he put the purse in his pocket.","De oude vrouw schudde het hoofd. English says the old woman shook her head.","Ik heb mij de voet bezeerd. Mijn voet is also possible."]},{"title":"Mine, yours, his","paragraphs":["When the possessive stands alone after the verb, it takes an article. The article agrees with the thing owned.","The forms are de mijne, de jouwe, de uwe, de zijne, de hare, de onze, de jullie and de hunne. Before a het-word, they begin with het, as in het mijne.","Dat boek is het uwe means that book is yours."]},{"title":"Van instead","paragraphs":["Dutch can say the same thing with van: van mij, van jou, van u.","Deze pen is van mij means this pen is mine.","Dat boek is van u means that book is yours."]}],"lines":[{"number":522,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.16.1","source":"Hij stak de beurs in de zak.","translation":"he put the purse in his pocket.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"stak","gloss":"to sting, to put"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"beurs","gloss":"the (Stock) Exchange"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"zak.","gloss":"pocket"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.16.1.m4a"},{"number":523,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.16.2","source":"De oude vrouw schudde het hoofd.","translation":"the old woman shook her head.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"oude","gloss":"old"},{"text":"vrouw","gloss":"a woman, a lady"},{"text":"schudde","gloss":"shook"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"hoofd.","gloss":"head"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.16.2.m4a"},{"number":524,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.16.3","source":"Ik heb mij de voet bezeerd.","translation":"I have hurt my foot.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"voet","gloss":"foot"},{"text":"bezeerd.","gloss":"hurt"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.16.3.m4a"},{"number":525,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.17.1","source":"Deze pen is van mij.","translation":"this pen is mine.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Deze","gloss":"the latter (the most recently mentioned)"},{"text":"pen","gloss":"pen"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"mij.","gloss":"me"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.17.1.m4a"},{"number":526,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.17.2","source":"Dat boek is van u.","translation":"that book is yours.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"boek","gloss":"book"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"u.","gloss":"you (polite)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.17.2.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 29: A Personal Pronoun for mine, ours, yours after of (and 2 more)","teaching":[{"title":"A friend of mine","paragraphs":["English says of mine, of ours, of yours. Dutch uses van with mij, ons, u or hen.","Een vriend van mij. Een vriend van ons. Een vriend van u.","Een huis van hen means a house of theirs."]},{"title":"One garden or two","paragraphs":["Uw en mijn tuin can mean one garden. It can also mean two gardens, yours and mine.","English says your and my garden for one, and your garden and mine for two."]},{"title":"Possessives with no noun","paragraphs":["A few fixed phrases use a possessive with no noun after it.","De mijnen means my family. De zijnen means his family. Al het mijne means my whole property.","Kom ten mijnent means come to my house. Wij waren ten uwent means we were at your house.","These forms are rare and literary. The everyday way is bij mij and bij u thuis."]}],"lines":[{"number":527,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.18.1","source":"Een vriend van mij.","translation":"a friend of mine.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"vriend","gloss":"friend"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"mij.","gloss":"me"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.18.1.m4a"},{"number":528,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.18.2","source":"Een vriend van ons.","translation":"a friend of ours.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"vriend","gloss":"friend"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"ons.","gloss":"us"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.18.2.m4a"},{"number":529,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.18.3","source":"Een vriend van u.","translation":"a friend of yours.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"vriend","gloss":"friend"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"u.","gloss":"you (polite)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.18.3.m4a"},{"number":530,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.18.4","source":"Een huis van hen.","translation":"a house of theirs.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"huis","gloss":"house"},{"text":"van","gloss":"one of them"},{"text":"hen.","gloss":"one of them"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.18.4.m4a"},{"number":531,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.19.1","source":"Uw en mijn tuin.","translation":"your and my garden (one garden, or two).","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Uw","gloss":"your (polite)"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"tuin.","gloss":"garden"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.19.1.m4a"},{"number":532,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.20.1","source":"Kom bij mij langs.","translation":"come to my house.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Kom","gloss":"to come"},{"text":"bij","gloss":"with"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"langs.","gloss":"along"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.20.1.m4a"},{"number":533,"id":"val.nl.L29.x.20.2","source":"Wij waren bij u thuis.","translation":"we were at your house.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"waren","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"bij","gloss":"with"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"thuis.","gloss":"at home"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.x.20.2.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Peter de Grote op de werf van de Oost-Indische Compagnie","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":534,"id":"val.nl.L29.r.0","source":"Peter de Grote op de werf van de Oost-Indische Compagnie","translation":"Peter the Great at the shipyard of the East India Company","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Peter","gloss":"Peter"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Grote","gloss":"Grote"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"werf","gloss":"shipyard"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Oost-Indische","gloss":"East Indian"},{"text":"Compagnie","gloss":"Compagnie"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.r.0.m4a"},{"number":535,"id":"val.nl.L29.r.1","source":"Peter kon de spijt niet verbergen dat hij zijn oogmerk, in Zaandam onbekend en in stilte op een werf te leven en te werken, had zien mislukken.","translation":"Peter could not hide his regret that he had seen his aim, to live and work unknown and quietly at a shipyard in Zaandam, fail.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Peter","gloss":"Peter"},{"text":"kon","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"spijt","gloss":"regret"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"verbergen","gloss":"hide"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"oogmerk,","gloss":"aim"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"Zaandam","gloss":"Zaandam"},{"text":"onbekend","gloss":"unknown"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"stilte","gloss":"silence"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"werf","gloss":"shipyard"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"leven","gloss":"life"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"werken,","gloss":"work"},{"text":"had","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"zien","gloss":"to see"},{"text":"mislukken.","gloss":"failure"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.r.1.m4a"},{"number":536,"id":"val.nl.L29.r.2","source":"Hij wilde zijn voornemen, zelf de scheepsbouw als timmerman praktisch te leren, niet opgeven.","translation":"He did not want to give up his plan to learn shipbuilding himself, practically, as a carpenter.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"wilde","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"voornemen,","gloss":"intention"},{"text":"zelf","gloss":"self"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"scheepsbouw","gloss":"shipbuilding"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"timmerman","gloss":"carpenter (also a surname)"},{"text":"praktisch","gloss":"practically"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"leren,","gloss":"a) to learn, b) = to teach"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"opgeven.","gloss":"to declare"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.r.2.m4a"},{"number":537,"id":"val.nl.L29.r.3","source":"Daar Witsen destijds Bewindhebber van de Oost-Indische Compagnie was, is de reden niet ver te zoeken waarom hij te rade werd heren Bewindhebberen te verzoeken dat men hem een woning op hun werf toestond, en door het beginnen en aftimmeren van een nieuw galjoot of fregat hem gelegenheid zou geven om alles, wat tot het bouwen van een schip vereist wordt, te kunnen gadeslaan.","translation":"Since Witsen was at that time a Director of the East India Company, the reason is not far to seek why he resolved to ask the gentlemen Directors to grant him lodging at their shipyard, and, by starting and fitting out a new galiot or frigate, to give him the opportunity to observe everything required for building a ship.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Daar","gloss":"as, since, because"},{"text":"Witsen","gloss":"Witsen"},{"text":"destijds","gloss":"at that time"},{"text":"Bewindhebber","gloss":"Bewindhebber"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Oost-Indische","gloss":"East Indian"},{"text":"Compagnie","gloss":"Compagnie"},{"text":"was,","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"reden","gloss":"reason"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"ver","gloss":"far"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"zoeken","gloss":"to try, to seek"},{"text":"waarom","gloss":"why"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"rade","gloss":"resolved"},{"text":"werd","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"heren","gloss":"gentleman, lord"},{"text":"Bewindhebberen","gloss":"Bewindhebberen"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"verzoeken","gloss":"to beg"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"men","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"woning","gloss":"dwelling"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"hun","gloss":"them; their"},{"text":"werf","gloss":"shipyard"},{"text":"toestond,","gloss":"to grant, to allow"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"beginnen","gloss":"to begin"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"aftimmeren","gloss":"fitting out"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"nieuw","gloss":"new"},{"text":"galjoot","gloss":"galiot"},{"text":"of","gloss":"or; whether"},{"text":"fregat","gloss":"frigate"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"gelegenheid","gloss":"occasion, opportunity"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"geven","gloss":"to give"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"alles,","gloss":"everything"},{"text":"wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"tot","gloss":"until, to"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"bouwen","gloss":"built"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"schip","gloss":"ship, ships"},{"text":"vereist","gloss":"required"},{"text":"wordt,","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"kunnen","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"gadeslaan.","gloss":"follow"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.r.3.m4a"},{"number":538,"id":"val.nl.L29.r.4","source":"Reeds op de negenentwintigste van de maand augustus werd dit voorstel door de tolk van de tsaar, de luitenant Van der Hulst, uit naam van het grote Gezantschap, in een buitengewone vergadering van Bewindhebberen gedaan en met de meeste hoffelijkheid ingewilligd.","translation":"Already on the twenty-ninth of the month of August this proposal was made by the interpreter of the Tsar, Lieutenant Van der Hulst, in the name of the great Embassy, at an extraordinary meeting of the Directors, and granted with the greatest courtesy.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Reeds","gloss":"already"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"negenentwintigste","gloss":"twenty-nine"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"maand","gloss":"month"},{"text":"augustus","gloss":"augustus"},{"text":"werd","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"dit","gloss":"this"},{"text":"voorstel","gloss":"proposal"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"tolk","gloss":"interpreter"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"tsaar,","gloss":"Tsar"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"luitenant","gloss":"lieutenant"},{"text":"Van","gloss":"Van"},{"text":"der","gloss":"of the"},{"text":"Hulst,","gloss":"Hulst"},{"text":"uit","gloss":"out of, from"},{"text":"naam","gloss":"name"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"grote","gloss":"big, great"},{"text":"Gezantschap,","gloss":"Gezantschap"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"buitengewone","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"text":"vergadering","gloss":"meeting"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"Bewindhebberen","gloss":"Bewindhebberen"},{"text":"gedaan","gloss":"to do"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"meeste","gloss":"most"},{"text":"hoffelijkheid","gloss":"courtesy"},{"text":"ingewilligd.","gloss":"granted"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.r.4.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 29: conversation","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":539,"id":"val.nl.L29.c.q1","source":"Wat denkt u, zal het concert vanavond doorgaan?","translation":"What do you think, will the concert go ahead tonight?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"denkt","gloss":"thinks"},{"text":"u,","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"concert","gloss":"concert"},{"text":"vanavond","gloss":"tonight"},{"text":"doorgaan?","gloss":"pass"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.c.q1.m4a"},{"number":540,"id":"val.nl.L29.c.q2","source":"Bent u van plan erheen te gaan?","translation":"Are you planning to go there?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Bent","gloss":"are"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"plan","gloss":"plan, plans"},{"text":"erheen","gloss":"there"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"gaan?","gloss":"to go"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.c.q2.m4a"},{"number":541,"id":"val.nl.L29.c.q3","source":"Als u gaat, mag ik u dan vergezellen? Ik ga niet graag alleen.","translation":"If you go, may I accompany you? I don't like to go alone.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"gaat,","gloss":"to go"},{"text":"mag","gloss":"may"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"vergezellen?","gloss":"to accompany"},{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"ga","gloss":"to go"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"graag","gloss":"gladly, with pleasure"},{"text":"alleen.","gloss":"only"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.c.q3.m4a"},{"number":542,"id":"val.nl.L29.c.q4","source":"We zullen wel op tijd moeten gaan, want het zal verbazend vol zijn.","translation":"We'll have to go in good time, for it will be extraordinarily crowded.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"We","gloss":"we"},{"text":"zullen","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"wel","gloss":"but"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"tijd","gloss":"time"},{"text":"moeten","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"gaan,","gloss":"to go"},{"text":"want","gloss":"for, because"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"verbazend","gloss":"enormous"},{"text":"vol","gloss":"full (of)"},{"text":"zijn.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.c.q4.m4a"},{"number":543,"id":"val.nl.L29.c.a1","source":"Ik denk het wel, het weer is immers uitstekend.","translation":"I think so, the weather is excellent after all.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"denk","gloss":"think"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"wel,","gloss":"but"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"weer","gloss":"again"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"immers","gloss":"after all"},{"text":"uitstekend.","gloss":"eminent"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.c.a1.m4a"},{"number":544,"id":"val.nl.L29.c.a2","source":"Ik zou wel graag willen, maar ik weet nog niet of mijn bezigheden het toelaten.","translation":"I would very much like to, but I don't yet know if my business allows it.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"wel","gloss":"but"},{"text":"graag","gloss":"gladly, with pleasure"},{"text":"willen,","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"weet","gloss":"to know"},{"text":"nog","gloss":"still, yet; another"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"of","gloss":"or; whether"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"bezigheden","gloss":"business"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"toelaten.","gloss":"to admit, to permit"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.c.a2.m4a"},{"number":545,"id":"val.nl.L29.c.a3","source":"Het zal mij zeer aangenaam zijn; wilt u mij komen ophalen?","translation":"That will be very pleasant for me; will you come and pick me up?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"zeer","gloss":"very"},{"text":"aangenaam","gloss":"agreeable, pleasant"},{"text":"zijn;","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"wilt","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"komen","gloss":"to come"},{"text":"ophalen?","gloss":"pick up"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.c.a3.m4a"},{"number":546,"id":"val.nl.L29.c.a4","source":"Dat denk ik ook. Zouden we ook een overjas of paraplu mee moeten nemen?","translation":"I think so too. Should we also take an overcoat or umbrella?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"denk","gloss":"think"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"ook.","gloss":"also, likewise"},{"text":"Zouden","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"we","gloss":"we"},{"text":"ook","gloss":"also, likewise"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"overjas","gloss":"overcoat"},{"text":"of","gloss":"or; whether"},{"text":"paraplu","gloss":"umbrella"},{"text":"mee","gloss":"along, with"},{"text":"moeten","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"nemen?","gloss":"to take"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.c.a4.m4a"},{"number":547,"id":"val.nl.L29.c.q5","source":"Welnee, de lucht is weer heel helder, het zal vandaag niet meer regenen.","translation":"Oh no, the sky is very clear again, it won't rain any more today.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Welnee,","gloss":"oh no"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"lucht","gloss":"air"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"weer","gloss":"again"},{"text":"heel","gloss":"whole"},{"text":"helder,","gloss":"brightly"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"vandaag","gloss":"today"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"meer","gloss":"more"},{"text":"regenen.","gloss":"rained"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.c.q5.m4a"},{"number":548,"id":"val.nl.L29.c.q6","source":"Nu tot vanavond dan. Ik zal vroeg genoeg bij u zijn.","translation":"Until tonight then. I'll be at your place early enough.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nu","gloss":"now, at present"},{"text":"tot","gloss":"until, to"},{"text":"vanavond","gloss":"tonight"},{"text":"dan.","gloss":"then"},{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"vroeg","gloss":"to ask"},{"text":"genoeg","gloss":"enough"},{"text":"bij","gloss":"with"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"zijn.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.c.q6.m4a"},{"number":549,"id":"val.nl.L29.c.q7","source":"Volstrekt niet, al zou het mij ook erg spijten.","translation":"Not at all, though I would be very sorry indeed.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Volstrekt","gloss":"absolutely"},{"text":"niet,","gloss":"not"},{"text":"al","gloss":"already"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"ook","gloss":"also, likewise"},{"text":"erg","gloss":"very; bad"},{"text":"spijten.","gloss":"to regret"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.c.q7.m4a"},{"number":550,"id":"val.nl.L29.c.a5","source":"Nou, dat vind ik prima; het zou niet prettig zijn om door een regenbui overvallen te worden.","translation":"Well, that suits me fine; it would not be pleasant to be caught by a rain shower.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nou,","gloss":"well"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"vind","gloss":"to find"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"prima;","gloss":"fine"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"prettig","gloss":"merry, pleasant"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"regenbui","gloss":"rain shower"},{"text":"overvallen","gloss":"came over"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"worden.","gloss":"to become, to get"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.c.a5.m4a"},{"number":551,"id":"val.nl.L29.c.a6","source":"Mocht ik soms verhinderd zijn, dan moet u mij dat niet kwalijk nemen.","translation":"Should I happen to be prevented, you must not hold that against me.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mocht","gloss":"might, was allowed"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"soms","gloss":"sometimes"},{"text":"verhinderd","gloss":"prevented"},{"text":"zijn,","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"moet","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"not so (I beg your pardon)"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not so (I beg your pardon)"},{"text":"kwalijk","gloss":"to take amiss; neem(t u) mij niet kwalijk = I am so sorry, excuse me"},{"text":"nemen.","gloss":"to take amiss; neem(t u) mij niet kwalijk = I am so sorry, excuse me"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.c.a6.m4a"},{"number":552,"id":"val.nl.L29.c.a7","source":"Tot ziens! Ik hoop tot vanavond!","translation":"See you! I hope until tonight!","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Tot","gloss":"until, to"},{"text":"ziens!","gloss":"see you"},{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"hoop","gloss":"hope"},{"text":"tot","gloss":"until, to"},{"text":"vanavond!","gloss":"tonight"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.c.a7.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 29: exercise 65","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":553,"id":"val.nl.L29.e65.i1","source":"Ik kan deze brief niet lezen, kom, probeer eens of u het kunt.","translation":"I cannot read this letter, just try if you can.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"kan","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"deze","gloss":"the latter (the most recently mentioned)"},{"text":"brief","gloss":"letter"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"lezen,","gloss":"to read"},{"text":"kom,","gloss":"to come"},{"text":"probeer","gloss":"to try"},{"text":"eens","gloss":"once, one day"},{"text":"of","gloss":"or; whether"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"kunt.","gloss":"to be able (can)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.e65.i1.m4a"},{"number":554,"id":"val.nl.L29.e65.i2","source":"Staat u mij toe hem te lezen?","translation":"Do you allow me to read it?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Staat","gloss":"stands; state"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"toe","gloss":"to"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"lezen?","gloss":"to read"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.e65.i2.m4a"},{"number":555,"id":"val.nl.L29.e65.i3","source":"Zeker, u mag; het is een brief van onze vriend Willem.","translation":"Yes, you may; it is a letter from our friend William.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zeker,","gloss":"surely, certainly"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"mag;","gloss":"may"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"brief","gloss":"letter"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"onze","gloss":"our"},{"text":"vriend","gloss":"friend"},{"text":"Willem.","gloss":"Willem"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.e65.i3.m4a"},{"number":556,"id":"val.nl.L29.e65.i4","source":"Ik ben het niet die u zulke lelijke dingen verteld heb.","translation":"It is not I who have told you such nasty things.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"ben","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"zulke","gloss":"such"},{"text":"lelijke","gloss":"ugly"},{"text":"dingen","gloss":"things"},{"text":"verteld","gloss":"told"},{"text":"heb.","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.e65.i4.m4a"},{"number":557,"id":"val.nl.L29.e65.i5","source":"Gelooft u alles wat hij ons verteld heeft?","translation":"Do you believe all he has told us?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Gelooft","gloss":"to believe"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"alles","gloss":"everything"},{"text":"wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"ons","gloss":"us"},{"text":"verteld","gloss":"told"},{"text":"heeft?","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.e65.i5.m4a"},{"number":558,"id":"val.nl.L29.e65.i6","source":"Nee, meneer, dat doe ik niet.","translation":"No, Sir, I do not.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nee,","gloss":"no"},{"text":"meneer,","gloss":"sir, Mr"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"doe","gloss":"to do"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"niet.","gloss":"not"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.e65.i6.m4a"},{"number":559,"id":"val.nl.L29.e65.i7","source":"Ik ben het met u eens, hij had ons veel eerder moeten bezoeken, maar u weet heel goed dat hij het erg druk heeft.","translation":"I agree with you, he ought to have visited us long before, but you know very well that he is very busy.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"ben","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"eens,","gloss":"once, one day"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"had","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"ons","gloss":"us"},{"text":"veel","gloss":"much"},{"text":"eerder","gloss":"more"},{"text":"moeten","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"bezoeken,","gloss":"to visit"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"weet","gloss":"to know"},{"text":"heel","gloss":"very well"},{"text":"goed","gloss":"very well"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"erg","gloss":"very; bad"},{"text":"druk","gloss":"busy"},{"text":"heeft.","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.e65.i7.m4a"},{"number":560,"id":"val.nl.L29.e65.i8","source":"Kent u die lange man?","translation":"Do you know that tall man?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Kent","gloss":"knows"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"lange","gloss":"long"},{"text":"man?","gloss":"man; husband"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.e65.i8.m4a"},{"number":561,"id":"val.nl.L29.e65.i9","source":"Ja, meneer, het is een van onze grootste acteurs.","translation":"Yes, Sir, he is one of our first actors.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ja,","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"meneer,","gloss":"sir, Mr"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"onze","gloss":"our"},{"text":"grootste","gloss":"greatest"},{"text":"acteurs.","gloss":"actors"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.e65.i9.m4a"},{"number":562,"id":"val.nl.L29.e65.i10","source":"Waarom speelt hij niet meer in onze schouwburg?","translation":"Why does he not play any more at our theatre?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Waarom","gloss":"why"},{"text":"speelt","gloss":"to play"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"meer","gloss":"more"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"onze","gloss":"our"},{"text":"schouwburg?","gloss":"theater"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.e65.i10.m4a"},{"number":563,"id":"val.nl.L29.e65.i11","source":"Dat weet ik niet, er schijnt geen reden voor te zijn.","translation":"I cannot tell you, there seems to be no reason for it.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"weet","gloss":"to know"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"niet,","gloss":"not"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"schijnt","gloss":"to seem"},{"text":"geen","gloss":"no, not a"},{"text":"reden","gloss":"reason"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"zijn.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.e65.i11.m4a"},{"number":564,"id":"val.nl.L29.e65.i12","source":"Het waren de veelvuldige regens die afgelopen zomer alles bedierven.","translation":"It was the frequent rains that spoiled every thing last summer.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"waren","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"veelvuldige","gloss":"frequent"},{"text":"regens","gloss":"rain"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"afgelopen","gloss":"finished"},{"text":"zomer","gloss":"summer"},{"text":"alles","gloss":"everything"},{"text":"bedierven.","gloss":"to spoil"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.e65.i12.m4a"},{"number":565,"id":"val.nl.L29.e65.i13","source":"Waar is uw pen?","translation":"Where is your pen?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Waar","gloss":"where; true"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"uw","gloss":"your (polite)"},{"text":"pen?","gloss":"pen"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.e65.i13.m4a"},{"number":566,"id":"val.nl.L29.e65.i14","source":"Hier is hij.","translation":"Here it is.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hier","gloss":"here"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"hij.","gloss":"he"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.e65.i14.m4a"},{"number":567,"id":"val.nl.L29.e65.i15","source":"Is het een goede?","translation":"Is it a good one?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"goede?","gloss":"the good, what is good"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.e65.i15.m4a"},{"number":568,"id":"val.nl.L29.e65.i16","source":"Nee, het is een zeer slechte.","translation":"No, it is a very bad one.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nee,","gloss":"no"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"zeer","gloss":"very"},{"text":"slechte.","gloss":"bad"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.e65.i16.m4a"},{"number":569,"id":"val.nl.L29.e65.i17","source":"Is hij van u?","translation":"Is it yours?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"u?","gloss":"you (polite)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.e65.i17.m4a"},{"number":570,"id":"val.nl.L29.e65.i18","source":"Nee, hij is niet van mij, mijn pennen zijn veel beter.","translation":"No, it is not mine, my pens are much better.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nee,","gloss":"no"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"mij,","gloss":"me"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"pennen","gloss":"pens"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"veel","gloss":"much"},{"text":"beter.","gloss":"better"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.e65.i18.m4a"},{"number":571,"id":"val.nl.L29.e65.i19","source":"Wij waren bij u thuis, toen de brand op de markt uitbrak.","translation":"We were at your house, when the fire broke out at the market.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"waren","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"bij","gloss":"with"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"thuis,","gloss":"at home"},{"text":"toen","gloss":"as, when"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"brand","gloss":"fire"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"markt","gloss":"markets"},{"text":"uitbrak.","gloss":"broke out"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.e65.i19.m4a"},{"number":572,"id":"val.nl.L29.e65.i20","source":"Zij schaterden van het lachen, toen zij al die onzinnige verhalen over hun familie hoorden.","translation":"They roared with laughter, when they heard all these nonsensical tales about their family.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"schaterden","gloss":"roared"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"lachen,","gloss":"to laugh"},{"text":"toen","gloss":"as, when"},{"text":"zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"al","gloss":"already"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"onzinnige","gloss":"nonsensical"},{"text":"verhalen","gloss":"relate"},{"text":"over","gloss":"across, over"},{"text":"hun","gloss":"them; their"},{"text":"familie","gloss":"family"},{"text":"hoorden.","gloss":"to hear"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.e65.i20.m4a"},{"number":573,"id":"val.nl.L29.e65.i21","source":"U hebt ons al twee keer beloofd ons op onze villa te komen bezoeken, ik hoop dat u dat nu zult doen.","translation":"You have promised us already twice to visit us at our villa, I hope you will do so now.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"U","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"hebt","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"ons","gloss":"us"},{"text":"al","gloss":"already"},{"text":"twee","gloss":"two"},{"text":"keer","gloss":"time (an occasion)"},{"text":"beloofd","gloss":"promised"},{"text":"ons","gloss":"us"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"onze","gloss":"our"},{"text":"villa","gloss":"villa"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"komen","gloss":"to come"},{"text":"bezoeken,","gloss":"to visit"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"hoop","gloss":"hope"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"nu","gloss":"now, at present"},{"text":"zult","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"doen.","gloss":"to do"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.e65.i21.m4a"},{"number":574,"id":"val.nl.L29.e65.i22","source":"De oude man schudde het hoofd toen hij deze gevaarlijke theorieën hoorde.","translation":"The old man shook his head when he heard these dangerous theories.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"oude","gloss":"old"},{"text":"man","gloss":"man; husband"},{"text":"schudde","gloss":"shook"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"hoofd","gloss":"head"},{"text":"toen","gloss":"as, when"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"deze","gloss":"the latter (the most recently mentioned)"},{"text":"gevaarlijke","gloss":"dangerous"},{"text":"theorieën","gloss":"theory"},{"text":"hoorde.","gloss":"to hear"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.e65.i22.m4a"},{"number":575,"id":"val.nl.L29.e65.i23","source":"Een huis en tuin van hen werden vorige week verkocht.","translation":"A house and garden of theirs was sold last week.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"huis","gloss":"house"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"tuin","gloss":"garden"},{"text":"van","gloss":"one of them"},{"text":"hen","gloss":"one of them"},{"text":"werden","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"vorige","gloss":"previous"},{"text":"week","gloss":"week"},{"text":"verkocht.","gloss":"sold"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.e65.i23.m4a"},{"number":576,"id":"val.nl.L29.e65.i24","source":"Hoeveel Nederlandse spraakkunsten hebt u nu?","translation":"How many Dutch grammars have you now?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hoeveel","gloss":"how much, how many"},{"text":"Nederlandse","gloss":"Dutch"},{"text":"spraakkunsten","gloss":"grammars"},{"text":"hebt","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"nu?","gloss":"now, at present"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.e65.i24.m4a"},{"number":577,"id":"val.nl.L29.e65.i25","source":"Ik heb er maar een, dat is genoeg, denk ik.","translation":"I have only one, I should think one will do.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"een,","gloss":"a"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"genoeg,","gloss":"enough"},{"text":"denk","gloss":"think"},{"text":"ik.","gloss":"I"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.e65.i25.m4a"},{"number":578,"id":"val.nl.L29.e65.i26","source":"Ik ben het helemaal met u eens, vooral als het een goede is.","translation":"I quite agree with you, especially if it is a good one.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"ben","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"helemaal","gloss":"entirely"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"eens,","gloss":"once, one day"},{"text":"vooral","gloss":"above all"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"goede","gloss":"the good, what is good"},{"text":"is.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.e65.i26.m4a"},{"number":579,"id":"val.nl.L29.e65.i27","source":"Een vriend van mij zal u het boek laten zien dat wij met veel succes gebruikt hebben.","translation":"A friend of mine will show you the book we have used with much success.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"vriend","gloss":"friend"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"boek","gloss":"book"},{"text":"laten","gloss":"to let"},{"text":"zien","gloss":"to see"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"veel","gloss":"much"},{"text":"succes","gloss":"success"},{"text":"gebruikt","gloss":"to eat, to have"},{"text":"hebben.","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.e65.i27.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 29: exercise 66","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":580,"id":"val.nl.L29.e66.i1","source":"De weg was zo dat hij ternauwernood in de schemer te onderscheiden was.","translation":"The way was such that it was scarcely possible to be distinguished in [the] twilight.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"weg","gloss":"away; road"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"zo","gloss":"so, as"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"ternauwernood","gloss":"scarcely"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"schemer","gloss":"twilight"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"onderscheiden","gloss":"to distinguish oneself"},{"text":"was.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.e66.i1.m4a"},{"number":581,"id":"val.nl.L29.e66.i2","source":"Zelfs als ik het erg druk heb, kan ik altijd nog wel enige tijd vinden om een wandeling te maken.","translation":"Even if I am very busy, I can always find some time for taking a walk.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zelfs","gloss":"even"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"erg","gloss":"very; bad"},{"text":"druk","gloss":"busy"},{"text":"heb,","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"kan","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"altijd","gloss":"always"},{"text":"nog","gloss":"still, yet; another"},{"text":"wel","gloss":"but"},{"text":"enige","gloss":"only (het enige: the only thing)"},{"text":"tijd","gloss":"time"},{"text":"vinden","gloss":"to find"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"wandeling","gloss":"walk"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"maken.","gloss":"to make (weak)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.e66.i2.m4a"},{"number":582,"id":"val.nl.L29.e66.i3","source":"Neem uw toneelkijker mee, want u zit daar vrij ver van het toneel.","translation":"Take your operaglass with you, for you are rather far from the stage there.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Neem","gloss":"to take"},{"text":"uw","gloss":"your (polite)"},{"text":"toneelkijker","gloss":"opera glass"},{"text":"mee,","gloss":"along, with"},{"text":"want","gloss":"for, because"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"zit","gloss":"to sit"},{"text":"daar","gloss":"as, since, because"},{"text":"vrij","gloss":"rather, quite; free"},{"text":"ver","gloss":"far"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"toneel.","gloss":"stage"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.e66.i3.m4a"},{"number":583,"id":"val.nl.L29.e66.i4","source":"Zelden waagde hij het om onbegeleid uit te gaan.","translation":"He seldom ventured to go out unattended.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zelden","gloss":"seldom"},{"text":"waagde","gloss":"were to venture"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"onbegeleid","gloss":"unattended"},{"text":"uit","gloss":"out of, from"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"gaan.","gloss":"to go"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.e66.i4.m4a"},{"number":584,"id":"val.nl.L29.e66.i5","source":"Hij leefde lang genoeg om het grootste deel van zijn geboorteland in handen van de vijand te zien vallen.","translation":"He still lived to see the greater part of his native country fall into the hands of the enemy.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"leefde","gloss":"lived"},{"text":"lang","gloss":"long"},{"text":"genoeg","gloss":"enough"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"grootste","gloss":"greatest"},{"text":"deel","gloss":"part"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"geboorteland","gloss":"native country"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"handen","gloss":"a hand, hands"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vijand","gloss":"enemy"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"zien","gloss":"to see"},{"text":"vallen.","gloss":"to fall"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.e66.i5.m4a"},{"number":585,"id":"val.nl.L29.e66.i6","source":"Ik heb u iets uit Amsterdam meegebracht, dat u zeker zeer welkom zal zijn.","translation":"I have brought you something from Amsterdam, which will doubtlessly be very welcome to you.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"iets","gloss":"something"},{"text":"uit","gloss":"out of, from"},{"text":"Amsterdam","gloss":"Amsterdam"},{"text":"meegebracht,","gloss":"brought along"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"zeker","gloss":"surely, certainly"},{"text":"zeer","gloss":"very"},{"text":"welkom","gloss":"welcome"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"zijn.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.e66.i6.m4a"},{"number":586,"id":"val.nl.L29.e66.i7","source":"Er werd een gerucht verspreid dat het ongeluk aan kwade opzet moest worden toegeschreven.","translation":"It was rumoured that the accident was to be ascribed to malice prepense.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"werd","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"gerucht","gloss":"rumour"},{"text":"verspreid","gloss":"spread"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"ongeluk","gloss":"misfortune"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"kwade","gloss":"bad"},{"text":"opzet","gloss":"design"},{"text":"moest","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"worden","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"toegeschreven.","gloss":"ascribed"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.e66.i7.m4a"},{"number":587,"id":"val.nl.L29.e66.i8","source":"Hij hield er niet van iemand alleen op zijn uiterlijk te beoordelen.","translation":"He did not like to judge a man from his outward appearance only.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"hield","gloss":"to keep"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"iemand","gloss":"someone"},{"text":"alleen","gloss":"only"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"uiterlijk","gloss":"outward"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"beoordelen.","gloss":"judge"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.e66.i8.m4a"},{"number":588,"id":"val.nl.L29.e66.i9","source":"Hij drong erop aan dat de zaak grondig zou worden onderzocht.","translation":"He insisted upon the affair being sifted thoroughly.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"drong","gloss":"to insist"},{"text":"erop","gloss":"on it"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"zaak","gloss":"matter"},{"text":"grondig","gloss":"thorough"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"worden","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"onderzocht.","gloss":"investigated"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.e66.i9.m4a"},{"number":589,"id":"val.nl.L29.e66.i10","source":"Naar men zei, had hij een grote flater begaan.","translation":"He had made, as they said, a great blunder.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"men","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":"zei,","gloss":"to say"},{"text":"had","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"grote","gloss":"big, great"},{"text":"flater","gloss":"blunder"},{"text":"begaan.","gloss":"committed"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.e66.i10.m4a"},{"number":590,"id":"val.nl.L29.e66.i11","source":"Als hij op dat ogenblik zijn toekomstige ik had kunnen zien, zou hij, daar ben ik zeker van, met afschuw van dat terugstotende beeld zijn teruggedeinsd.","translation":"If he could have seen at that time his future self, I am sure he would have shrunk back with horror from that repulsive image.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"ogenblik","gloss":"moment"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"toekomstige","gloss":"future"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"had","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"kunnen","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"zien,","gloss":"to see"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"hij,","gloss":"he"},{"text":"daar","gloss":"as, since, because"},{"text":"ben","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"zeker","gloss":"surely, certainly"},{"text":"van,","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"afschuw","gloss":"horror"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"terugstotende","gloss":"repulsive"},{"text":"beeld","gloss":"image"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"teruggedeinsd.","gloss":"teruggedeinsd"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.e66.i11.m4a"},{"number":591,"id":"val.nl.L29.e66.i12","source":"Uw belang, evenals dat van mij, zou ernstig geschaad worden door een gedwongen verkoop van de voorradige goederen.","translation":"Your interest as well as mine would be seriously injured by a forced sale of the stock on hand.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Uw","gloss":"your (polite)"},{"text":"belang,","gloss":"interest"},{"text":"evenals","gloss":"together with, just like"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"mij,","gloss":"me"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"ernstig","gloss":"serious"},{"text":"geschaad","gloss":"injured"},{"text":"worden","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"gedwongen","gloss":"to force"},{"text":"verkoop","gloss":"sale"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"voorradige","gloss":"in stock"},{"text":"goederen.","gloss":"good, well"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.e66.i12.m4a"},{"number":592,"id":"val.nl.L29.e66.i13","source":"Waar niets is, verliest de keizer zijn recht.","translation":"Where there is nothing, the emperor loses his right.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Waar","gloss":"where; true"},{"text":"niets","gloss":"nothing"},{"text":"is,","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"verliest","gloss":"to lose"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"keizer","gloss":"emperor"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"recht.","gloss":"justice"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.e66.i13.m4a"},{"number":593,"id":"val.nl.L29.e66.i14","source":"Er werd bepaald dat ieder lid zich moest verbinden om binnen een termijn van drie maanden een bedrag van vijftig pond aan de penningmeester te overhandigen.","translation":"It was determined that every one of the members should engage himself to hand over a sum of fifty pounds to the treasurer within the term of three months.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"werd","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"bepaald","gloss":"fixed"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"ieder","gloss":"each, every"},{"text":"lid","gloss":"member"},{"text":"zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"moest","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"verbinden","gloss":"links"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"binnen","gloss":"within"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"termijn","gloss":"term"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"drie","gloss":"three"},{"text":"maanden","gloss":"months"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"bedrag","gloss":"sum"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"vijftig","gloss":"fifty"},{"text":"pond","gloss":"pound"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"penningmeester","gloss":"treasurer"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"overhandigen.","gloss":"hand over"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.e66.i14.m4a"},{"number":594,"id":"val.nl.L29.e66.i15","source":"Er zijn tal van dingen die het dwaas zou zijn te willen begrijpen.","translation":"There are many things which it would be foolish to try to understand.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"tal","gloss":"number"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"dingen","gloss":"things"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"dwaas","gloss":"fool"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"willen","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"begrijpen.","gloss":"to understand"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.e66.i15.m4a"},{"number":595,"id":"val.nl.L29.e66.i16","source":"Dit werk hield hen, zoals u zich kunt voorstellen, verscheidene maanden bezig.","translation":"This work, as may be imagined, took them several months.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dit","gloss":"this"},{"text":"werk","gloss":"work"},{"text":"hield","gloss":"to keep"},{"text":"hen,","gloss":"them"},{"text":"zoals","gloss":"as"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"kunt","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"voorstellen,","gloss":"proposals"},{"text":"verscheidene","gloss":"several"},{"text":"maanden","gloss":"months"},{"text":"bezig.","gloss":"busy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L29.e66.i16.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]}]}