{"course":{"lang":"nl","language":"Dutch","title":"Dutch Conversation-Grammar","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/nl","source":"Valette, Dutch Conversation-Grammar (1913) and its Key (1893); Defense Language Institute, Dutch Refresher Course, Books I to III (1961). Public domain. The teaching pages, the readings' English, the answers to the conversations and the narration are ours."},"unit":{"number":8,"id":"val.nl.m30-33","title":"Lessons 30 to 33","stage":"Use of the Parts of Speech, and Word-Formation","situation":"Peter de Grote op de werf van de Oost-Indische Compagnie. (Vervolg.); Peter de Grote op de werf van de Oost-Indische Compagnie. (Slot.); Van Amsterdam naar Batavia.; Van Amsterdam naar Batavia. (Vervolg.)","outcome":"Dit, dat as predicatives may refer to a plural; Deze, die, dat instead of a personal pronoun; Deze and die referring to two things already named; English this, these are not always dit, deze; The relative pronoun is never left out; Welke: elevated style, and two relative clauses; Die, never welke, a","url":"https://1732studios.com/courses/nl/8","lines":636},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/courses/nl/7","next":"https://1732studios.com/courses/nl/9","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/","sections":[{"title":"Lesson 30: Dit, dat as predicatives may refer to a plural (and 2 more)","teaching":[{"title":"Dit and dat before a plural","paragraphs":["Dit and dat can point to a plural noun. They keep their one form. Only the verb becomes plural.","In dat zijn mooie boeken, the subject is mooie boeken. Dat is predicative: it says what they are. The verb is zijn, not is.","English says these and those here. Dutch keeps dit and dat for any gender and any number.","Wat mooie boeken waren dat! The verb waren is plural, and dat stays dat."]},{"title":"A demonstrative in place of hij","paragraphs":["Deze, die or dat can stand in place of hij or hem. This keeps clear which person or thing is meant.","A personal pronoun is a pronoun for a person or thing, such as hij or hem. A demonstrative replaces it when a noun is already named.","Hij riep zijn vriend, maar deze hoorde hem niet. Here deze is the friend, not the man who called.","Wij schreven aan de secretaris van de vereniging, maar die antwoordde niet. Die is the secretary."]},{"title":"The one named last, the one named first","paragraphs":["A sentence can name two people and then speak of each one. Deze and die tell them apart.","Deze is the one named last. Die is the one named first. De eerste and de laatste often go with them, to make it clearer.","Caesar en Alexander waren beide grote generaals. De eerste veroverde Gallië, de laatste Azië. Caesar is de eerste. Alexander is de laatste.","Older Dutch had gene for the earlier one, paired with deze. That pair is not in the modern language."]}],"lines":[{"number":1,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.1.1","source":"Dat zijn mooie boeken.","translation":"Those are nice books.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"mooie","gloss":"beautiful"},{"text":"boeken.","gloss":"books"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.1.1.m4a"},{"number":2,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.1.2","source":"Wat mooie boeken waren dat!","translation":"What nice books those were!","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"mooie","gloss":"beautiful"},{"text":"boeken","gloss":"books"},{"text":"waren","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"dat!","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.1.2.m4a"},{"number":3,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.1.3","source":"Dit zijn mijn broers.","translation":"These are my brothers.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dit","gloss":"this"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"broers.","gloss":"brother"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.1.3.m4a"},{"number":4,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.2.1","source":"Hij riep zijn vriend, maar deze hoorde hem niet.","translation":"He called his friend, but he did not hear him.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"riep","gloss":"to cry to"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"vriend,","gloss":"friend"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"deze","gloss":"the latter (the most recently mentioned)"},{"text":"hoorde","gloss":"to hear"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"niet.","gloss":"not"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.2.1.m4a"},{"number":5,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.2.2","source":"Wij schreven aan de secretaris van de vereniging, maar die antwoordde niet.","translation":"We wrote to the secretary of the club, but he did not answer.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"schreven","gloss":"to write"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"secretaris","gloss":"secretary"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vereniging,","gloss":"association"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"antwoordde","gloss":"to answer"},{"text":"niet.","gloss":"not"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.2.2.m4a"},{"number":6,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.3.1","source":"Caesar en Alexander waren beide grote generaals.","translation":"Caesar and Alexander were both great generals.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Caesar","gloss":"Caesar"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"Alexander","gloss":"Alexander"},{"text":"waren","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"beide","gloss":"both"},{"text":"grote","gloss":"big, great"},{"text":"generaals.","gloss":"general"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.3.1.m4a"},{"number":7,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.3.2","source":"De eerste veroverde Gallië, de laatste Azië.","translation":"The former conquered Gaul, the latter Asia.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"eerste","gloss":"the former (the first-mentioned)"},{"text":"veroverde","gloss":"to conquer"},{"text":"Gallië,","gloss":"Gallië"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"laatste","gloss":"last"},{"text":"Azië.","gloss":"Azië"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.3.2.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1001,"text":"Dit, dat as predicatives may refer to a plural\n\nWhen dit or dat is used as a predicate, it may refer to a plural noun as well as a singular one, whatever the gender or number of that noun; dit and dat themselves stay unchanged, and only the verb agrees with the plural. Dat zijn mooie boeken, those are nice books. Wat mooie boeken waren dat, what nice books those were. Dit zijn mijn broers, these are my brothers."},{"section":1002,"text":"Deze, die, dat instead of a personal pronoun\n\nDeze, die or dat may stand in for a personal pronoun when a noun has already been named, so it stays clear which person or thing is meant. Hij riep zijn vriend, maar deze hoorde hem niet, he called his friend, but he did not hear him. Wij schreven aan de secretaris van de vereniging, maar die antwoordde niet, we wrote to the secretary of the club, but he did not answer."},{"section":1003,"text":"Deze and die referring to two things already named\n\nDeze and die can refer back to two things or two people already named: deze for the one named last, die for the one named first, often paired with de eerste and de laatste for extra clarity. Caesar en Alexander waren beide grote generaals: de eerste veroverde Gallië, de laatste Azië. Older Dutch also had a matching word for the earlier of the two, gene, paired with deze for the later; that pair has dropped out of the modern language, and Multatuli is the last place most readers meet it."},{"section":1004,"text":"English this, these are not always dit, deze\n\nEnglish this and these are not always dit and deze. In the phrase by this, Dutch uses nu instead: I believe they are ready by this, ik geloof dat zij nu wel klaar zijn. Before a noun naming a stretch of time just before or after the present moment, Dutch uses a negative time phrase rather than this: I have not seen him these two months, ik heb hem in geen twee maanden gezien; I shall not be ready this half hour yet, ik zal nog in geen half uur klaar zijn. When this stands for this place, Dutch needs a noun or an adverb of place: I will go away from this, ik zal deze plaats verlaten; you shall leave this tomorrow, jij zult hier morgen vandaan moeten."},{"section":1005,"text":"The relative pronoun is never left out\n\nIn Dutch the relative pronoun is never left out, as it sometimes is in English. Het geld, dat stom is, maakt recht wat krom is, it's money makes the mare go. De man die ik gezien heb, the man I have seen. Het boek dat ik verloren heb, the book I have lost."},{"section":1006,"text":"Welke: elevated style, and two relative clauses\n\nAs a rule welke belongs to formal or written style only; ordinary speech uses die or dat. It appears instead of die when the main clause opens with the demonstrative die, and it appears in one of two relative clauses when one depends on the other, so the two stay easy to tell apart. Die bewijzen die jij aanvoert, waren al bekend, such proofs as you give were known already. De jongen, die de boeken vergeten heeft welke hij moest meebrengen, is gestraft, the boy who has forgotten the books which he was to bring has been punished."},{"section":1007,"text":"Die, never welke, after a personal pronoun\n\nIf the relative pronoun refers back to a personal pronoun, die is used, never welke. Ik, die het gezien heb, I who have seen it. Jij, die het zelf gelezen hebt, you who have read it yourself."},{"section":1008,"text":"Wat or hetgeen for a whole clause\n\nWat or hetgeen is used when the relative pronoun refers back to a whole clause rather than to a single noun; wat is the everyday choice, hetgeen the literary one. Hij weet niets van onze afspraak, wat mij zeer verwondert, he knows nothing of our agreement, which astonishes me very much. De rivier was buiten haar oevers getreden, wat ons noodzaakte terug te keren, the river had overflowed its banks, which forced us to return."},{"section":1009,"text":"Waarvan, waarmee and the like for a preposition plus the relative pronoun\n\nInstead of a preposition followed by the relative pronoun, Dutch often uses a pronominal adverb, waarvan, waardoor, waarmee, waarin and so on, for things. De pen waarmee ik schrijf, is slecht, the pen I write with is a bad one. For a person the preposition stays in front of wie: Onze buurman heeft drie jongens, van wie de oudste mijn vriend is, our neighbour has three boys, the eldest of whom is my friend. De generaal over wie hij spreekt, the general of whom he speaks."},{"section":1010,"text":"Wie? and welk(e)? for who and which\n\nWie? answers to English who and to which when asking after a person. Wie komen daar, who comes there? Wie van u riep mij, which of you called me? Which? asking after a thing is rendered by welk(e)? Welk huis is verkocht, which house has been sold?"},{"section":1011,"text":"Wiens and van wie\n\nThe genitive of wie is wiens, often expressed instead with van wie. Wiens tuin is dit? or Van wie is deze tuin? whose garden is this? Van onze buurman, our neighbour's."},{"section":1012,"text":"Wat? beside welke or wat voor een?\n\nWat? answers to what? but when what is used adjectivally with a noun naming a person or thing, welke or wat voor een must be used instead. Welke moeder was ooit zo gelukkig, what mother was ever so happy? Welk boek heb jij gekocht, what book have you bought? Wie riep mij? Een knecht. Welke? Who called me? A manservant. Which? What is often used in exclamations, where Dutch needs wat voor een or wat een, which can be split apart: Wat voor een luie bengel is hij! or Wat is hij toch een luie bengel! What a lazy fellow he is! Wat een hete dag is dit! What a hot day is this!"},{"section":1013,"text":"Waarvan? and the like for a preposition plus wat\n\nInstead of a preposition followed by wat, the pronominal adverbs waarvan, waarmee, waarover and so on are often used. Waarvan spreek jij, what are you talking of? Waarmee schrijf jij, what are you writing with? Waarover lach jij, what are you laughing at?"},{"section":1014,"text":"What answering to hoe\n\nIn some set phrases English what answers to Dutch hoe. Hoe is uw naam, what is your name? Hoe noem jij dit in het Engels, what do you call this in English? Hoe laat is het, what o'clock is it? Compare: De hoeveelste is het, what day of the month is it?"},{"section":1015,"text":"Al, alle, allen, alles\n\nAl, alle, allen, alles all mean all. Alle mensen zijn sterfelijk, all men are mortal. Alle soldaten van dit regiment zijn omgekomen, all the soldiers of this regiment have perished. Het is niet alles goud wat blinkt, all is not gold that glitters. Al wat ik weet, heb ik je geschreven, I have written you all I know. All (the) is often rendered in Dutch by the adjective heel or geheel. De hele dag, all day; het hele jaar, all the year; de hele natuur, all nature; heel Engeland, all England; heel Afrika, all Africa; heel het land, all the country. Zijn boeken lagen door de hele kamer heen, his books were lying all about the room. Dit alles is waar, all this is true. Alle dagen, weken, jaren, every day, week, year. Ik zal je alles schrijven, I shall write you everything. De soldaat moet in alles gehoorzamen, the soldier must obey in everything."},{"section":1016,"text":"Beide = both\n\nBeide means both; but een van beide means one of the two. Beide kinderen waren hier, both children were here. Beiden zeiden dat zij het gezien hadden, both said that they had seen it. Wij beiden, both of us. Voor ons beiden, for both of us."},{"section":1017,"text":"Geen van beide, geen: neither\n\nGeen van beide or geen mean neither, not either, not any. Geen van mijn beide kinderen, neither of my children. Aan geen van beide kanten, on neither side. Ik ken geen van beiden, I do not know either of them. Heb je appels? Nee, we hebben er geen gehad. Have you any apples? No, we have not had any. None is often rendered by niet, niets or niemand. Jouw stem is niet van de sterkste, your voice is none of the strongest. Een weinig geld is beter dan niets, some money is better than none. Niemand van ons heeft het gezien, none of us has seen it."},{"section":1018,"text":"Ander, andere(n): other, another\n\nAnder, andere(n) mean other, others; een ander means another. Laat anderen slim zijn, let others be wise. Geef mij een ander boek, give me another book. When another means a second, a third, a fourth thing of the same kind, Dutch uses nog een: Neem nog een stukje ham, take another piece of ham. Wil je nog een kopje koffie, will you have another cup of coffee? Also: the other day is onlangs, not another word is geen woord meer, some day or other is de een of andere dag."},{"section":1019,"text":"Nog, geen meer, anders\n\nNog (enige) means any, some, more; geen meer means no more; anders means else. Note where meer and anders stand! Heb je nog huizen, have you any houses? De koning heeft nog vijf kinderen, the king has five more children. Neem nog enige stukjes, take some more pieces! We hadden geen geld meer, we had no money left. De jongen heeft geen ouders meer, the boy has lost his parents. Wat zal ik anders geven, what else shall I give? Wat kon ik anders doen, what else could I do?"},{"section":1020,"text":"Men, like French on\n\nMen, like French on, is used much more than English one; it often stands where English uses we, you, they, people, a man or a passive construction. Men ziet de gebreken van een ander eerder dan zijn eigen, we see other men's faults sooner than our own. Als men de stad nadert, ziet men dadelijk de torens, as you approach the town, you see the towers immediately. Men zegt dat alle regimenten verslagen zijn, they say all the regiments have been beaten. Men kan rijk zijn zonder gelukkig te zijn, a man may be rich without being happy. Men stond verbaasd over dit nieuwe toneel, people were amazed at this new scene. Men lachte hem uit, he was laughed at. Men zegt dat hij geleerd is, he is said to be a learned man. Men verwachtte dat alles gereed was, everything was expected to be ready."}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 30: English this, these are not always dit, deze","teaching":[{"title":"Three places where this is not dit","paragraphs":["English this does not always become dit or deze. Dutch has three other ways.","For by this, Dutch uses nu. Ik geloof dat zij nu wel klaar zijn.","Before a stretch of time just before or after now, Dutch uses a negative phrase with geen. Ik heb hem in geen twee maanden gezien.","For this place, Dutch needs a noun or an adverb of place. Ik zal deze plaats verlaten. Jij zult hier morgen vandaan moeten."]}],"lines":[{"number":8,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.4.1","source":"Ik geloof dat zij nu wel klaar zijn.","translation":"I believe they are ready by this.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"geloof","gloss":"to believe"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"nu","gloss":"now, at present"},{"text":"wel","gloss":"but"},{"text":"klaar","gloss":"finished"},{"text":"zijn.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.4.1.m4a"},{"number":9,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.4.2","source":"Ik heb hem in geen twee maanden gezien.","translation":"I have not seen him these two months.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"geen","gloss":"no, not a"},{"text":"twee","gloss":"two"},{"text":"maanden","gloss":"months"},{"text":"gezien.","gloss":"to see"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.4.2.m4a"},{"number":10,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.4.3","source":"Ik zal nog in geen half uur klaar zijn.","translation":"I shall not be ready this half hour yet.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"nog","gloss":"still, yet; another"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"geen","gloss":"no, not a"},{"text":"half","gloss":"half"},{"text":"uur","gloss":"hour"},{"text":"klaar","gloss":"finished"},{"text":"zijn.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.4.3.m4a"},{"number":11,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.4.4","source":"Ik zal deze plaats verlaten.","translation":"I will go away from this.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"deze","gloss":"the latter (the most recently mentioned)"},{"text":"plaats","gloss":"place"},{"text":"verlaten.","gloss":"left"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.4.4.m4a"},{"number":12,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.4.5","source":"Jij zult hier morgen vandaan moeten.","translation":"You shall leave this tomorrow.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Jij","gloss":"you"},{"text":"zult","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"hier","gloss":"here"},{"text":"morgen","gloss":"morning"},{"text":"vandaan","gloss":"away"},{"text":"moeten.","gloss":"to have to, must"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.4.5.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 30: The relative pronoun is never left out (and 2 more)","teaching":[{"title":"Dutch always says that or who","paragraphs":["English can leave out the relative pronoun: the man I have seen. Dutch never leaves it out.","A relative clause is a clause that starts with a relative pronoun and describes a noun.","De man die ik gezien heb. Die starts the relative clause and links it to de man.","Het boek dat ik verloren heb. Here the relative pronoun is dat."]},{"title":"Welke is for formal writing","paragraphs":["Welke is a relative pronoun for formal or written style. Ordinary speech uses die or dat.","In writing, welke replaces die when the main clause opens with the demonstrative die. In speech die stays: Die bewijzen die jij aanvoert, waren al bekend.","Welke also separates two relative clauses when one depends on the other. The two clauses are then easy to tell apart.","De jongen, die de boeken vergeten heeft welke hij moest meebrengen, is gestraft."]},{"title":"After ik or jij, use die","paragraphs":["When the relative pronoun refers back to a personal pronoun such as ik or jij, Dutch uses die. It never uses welke.","Ik, die het gezien heb. Jij, die het zelf gelezen hebt.","The verb takes the form of the personal pronoun: heb after ik, hebt after jij."]}],"lines":[{"number":13,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.5.1","source":"Het geld, dat stom is, maakt recht wat krom is.","translation":"It's money makes the mare go.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"geld,","gloss":"money"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"stom","gloss":"mute"},{"text":"is,","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"maakt","gloss":"makes"},{"text":"recht","gloss":"justice"},{"text":"wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"krom","gloss":"crooked"},{"text":"is.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.5.1.m4a"},{"number":14,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.5.2","source":"De man die ik gezien heb.","translation":"The man I have seen.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"man","gloss":"man; husband"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"gezien","gloss":"to see"},{"text":"heb.","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.5.2.m4a"},{"number":15,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.5.3","source":"Het boek dat ik verloren heb.","translation":"The book I have lost.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"boek","gloss":"book"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"verloren","gloss":"to lose"},{"text":"heb.","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.5.3.m4a"},{"number":16,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.6.1","source":"Die bewijzen die jij aanvoert, waren al bekend.","translation":"Such proofs as you give were already known.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"bewijzen","gloss":"proofs"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"jij","gloss":"you"},{"text":"aanvoert,","gloss":"advances"},{"text":"waren","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"al","gloss":"already"},{"text":"bekend.","gloss":"known"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.6.1.m4a"},{"number":17,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.6.2","source":"De jongen, die de boeken vergeten heeft welke hij moest meebrengen, is gestraft.","translation":"The boy who has forgotten the books which he was to bring has been punished.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"jongen,","gloss":"boy"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"boeken","gloss":"books"},{"text":"vergeten","gloss":"to forget"},{"text":"heeft","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"welke","gloss":"which, what"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"moest","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"meebrengen,","gloss":"create"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"gestraft.","gloss":"punished"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.6.2.m4a"},{"number":18,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.7.1","source":"Ik, die het gezien heb.","translation":"I who have seen it.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik,","gloss":"I"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"gezien","gloss":"to see"},{"text":"heb.","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.7.1.m4a"},{"number":19,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.7.2","source":"Jij, die het zelf gelezen hebt.","translation":"You who have read it yourself.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Jij,","gloss":"you"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"zelf","gloss":"self"},{"text":"gelezen","gloss":"to read"},{"text":"hebt.","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.7.2.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 30: Wat or hetgeen for a whole clause (and 1 more)","teaching":[{"title":"A relative pronoun for a whole clause","paragraphs":["Some relative pronouns refer to a whole clause, not to one noun. In he knows nothing, which astonishes me, which means the whole fact.","Dutch uses wat or hetgeen here. Wat is the everyday choice. Hetgeen is the literary one.","Hij weet niets van onze afspraak, wat mij zeer verwondert.","De rivier was buiten haar oevers getreden, wat ons noodzaakte terug te keren."]},{"title":"Waarmee for things, wie for people","paragraphs":["For things, Dutch often uses a pronominal adverb in place of a preposition plus the relative pronoun: waarvan, waardoor, waarmee, waarin.","De pen waarmee ik schrijf, is slecht.","For a person, the preposition stays in front of wie. De generaal over wie hij spreekt.","Onze buurman heeft drie jongens, van wie de oudste mijn vriend is."]}],"lines":[{"number":20,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.8.1","source":"Hij weet niets van onze afspraak, wat mij zeer verwondert.","translation":"He knows nothing of our agreement, which astonishes me very much.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"weet","gloss":"to know"},{"text":"niets","gloss":"nothing"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"onze","gloss":"our"},{"text":"afspraak,","gloss":"arrangement"},{"text":"wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"zeer","gloss":"very"},{"text":"verwondert.","gloss":"wonder"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.8.1.m4a"},{"number":21,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.8.2","source":"De rivier was buiten haar oevers getreden, wat ons noodzaakte terug te keren.","translation":"The river had overflowed its banks, which forced us to return.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"rivier","gloss":"river"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"buiten","gloss":"outside"},{"text":"haar","gloss":"her"},{"text":"oevers","gloss":"banks"},{"text":"getreden,","gloss":"to tread"},{"text":"wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"ons","gloss":"us"},{"text":"noodzaakte","gloss":"forced"},{"text":"terug","gloss":"back"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"keren.","gloss":"returned"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.8.2.m4a"},{"number":22,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.9.1","source":"De pen waarmee ik schrijf, is slecht.","translation":"The pen I write with is a bad one.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"pen","gloss":"pen"},{"text":"waarmee","gloss":"with which"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"schrijf,","gloss":"write"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"slecht.","gloss":"bad"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.9.1.m4a"},{"number":23,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.9.2","source":"Onze buurman heeft drie jongens, van wie de oudste mijn vriend is.","translation":"Our neighbour has three boys, the eldest of whom is my friend.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Onze","gloss":"our"},{"text":"buurman","gloss":"neighbor"},{"text":"heeft","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"drie","gloss":"three"},{"text":"jongens,","gloss":"boys"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"wie","gloss":"who"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"oudste","gloss":"oldest"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"vriend","gloss":"friend"},{"text":"is.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.9.2.m4a"},{"number":24,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.9.3","source":"De generaal over wie hij spreekt.","translation":"The general of whom he speaks.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"generaal","gloss":"general"},{"text":"over","gloss":"across, over"},{"text":"wie","gloss":"who"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"spreekt.","gloss":"to speak"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.9.3.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 30: Wie? and welk(e)? for who and which (and 1 more)","teaching":[{"title":"Wie asks about people, welk about things","paragraphs":["Wie asks who. It also asks which, when the question is about a person. Wie komen daar? Wie van u riep mij?","Welk or welke asks which, when the question is about a thing. Welk huis is verkocht?"]},{"title":"Two ways to ask whose","paragraphs":["Wiens is the genitive of wie. It means whose. Wiens tuin is dit?","Dutch often says van wie instead. Van wie is deze tuin?","The answer can use van too. Van onze buurman."]}],"lines":[{"number":25,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.10.1","source":"Wie komen daar?","translation":"Who comes there?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wie","gloss":"who"},{"text":"komen","gloss":"to come"},{"text":"daar?","gloss":"as, since, because"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.10.1.m4a"},{"number":26,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.10.2","source":"Wie van u riep mij?","translation":"Which of you called me?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wie","gloss":"who"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"riep","gloss":"to cry to"},{"text":"mij?","gloss":"me"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.10.2.m4a"},{"number":27,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.10.3","source":"Welk huis is verkocht?","translation":"Which house has been sold?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Welk","gloss":"which, what"},{"text":"huis","gloss":"house"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"verkocht?","gloss":"sold"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.10.3.m4a"},{"number":28,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.11.1","source":"Wiens tuin is dit?","translation":"Whose garden is this?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wiens","gloss":"whose"},{"text":"tuin","gloss":"garden"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"dit?","gloss":"this"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.11.1.m4a"},{"number":29,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.11.2","source":"Van wie is deze tuin?","translation":"Whose garden is this?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"wie","gloss":"who"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"deze","gloss":"the latter (the most recently mentioned)"},{"text":"tuin?","gloss":"garden"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.11.2.m4a"},{"number":30,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.11.3","source":"Van onze buurman.","translation":"Our neighbour's.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"onze","gloss":"our"},{"text":"buurman.","gloss":"neighbor"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.11.3.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 30: Wat? beside welke or wat voor een? (and 1 more)","teaching":[{"title":"Welke instead of wat before a noun","paragraphs":["Wat? means what. Before a noun for a person or thing, Dutch uses welke or wat voor een instead.","Welke moeder was ooit zo gelukkig? Welk boek heb jij gekocht?","Welke can also stand alone as a question. Wie riep mij? Een knecht. Welke?"]},{"title":"What a, in an exclamation","paragraphs":["In an exclamation, English what a is wat voor een or wat een in Dutch. Wat and een can be split apart.","Wat voor een luie bengel is hij! Wat is hij toch een luie bengel!","Wat een hete dag is dit!"]},{"title":"Waar plus a preposition asks what","paragraphs":["In a question about a thing, Dutch often uses a pronominal adverb in place of a preposition plus wat: waarvan, waarmee, waarover.","Waarvan spreek jij? Waarmee schrijf jij? Waarover lach jij?","The English questions end in a preposition: talking of, writing with, laughing at. In Dutch the preposition is part of the first word."]}],"lines":[{"number":31,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.12.1","source":"Welke moeder was ooit zo gelukkig?","translation":"What mother was ever so happy?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Welke","gloss":"which, what"},{"text":"moeder","gloss":"the mother"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"ooit","gloss":"ever"},{"text":"zo","gloss":"so, as"},{"text":"gelukkig?","gloss":"happy, unhappy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.12.1.m4a"},{"number":32,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.12.2","source":"Welk boek heb jij gekocht?","translation":"What book have you bought?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Welk","gloss":"which, what"},{"text":"boek","gloss":"book"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"jij","gloss":"you"},{"text":"gekocht?","gloss":"to buy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.12.2.m4a"},{"number":33,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.12.3","source":"Wat voor een luie bengel is hij!","translation":"What a lazy fellow he is!","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"luie","gloss":"lazy"},{"text":"bengel","gloss":"fellow"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"hij!","gloss":"he"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.12.3.m4a"},{"number":34,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.12.4","source":"Wat een hete dag is dit!","translation":"What a hot day is this!","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"hete","gloss":"hot"},{"text":"dag","gloss":"day"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"dit!","gloss":"this"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.12.4.m4a"},{"number":35,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.13.1","source":"Waarvan spreek jij?","translation":"What are you talking of?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Waarvan","gloss":"of which"},{"text":"spreek","gloss":"speak"},{"text":"jij?","gloss":"you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.13.1.m4a"},{"number":36,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.13.2","source":"Waarmee schrijf jij?","translation":"What are you writing with?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Waarmee","gloss":"with which"},{"text":"schrijf","gloss":"write"},{"text":"jij?","gloss":"you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.13.2.m4a"},{"number":37,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.13.3","source":"Waarover lach jij?","translation":"What are you laughing at?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Waarover","gloss":"about which"},{"text":"lach","gloss":"to laugh at"},{"text":"jij?","gloss":"you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.13.3.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 30: What answering to hoe","teaching":[{"title":"Hoe where English says what","paragraphs":["In a few fixed phrases, English what is hoe in Dutch.","Hoe is uw naam? Hoe noem jij dit in het Engels? Hoe laat is het?","Compare De hoeveelste is het? It asks what day of the month it is."]}],"lines":[{"number":38,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.14.1","source":"Hoe is uw naam?","translation":"What is your name?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hoe","gloss":"how"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"uw","gloss":"your (polite)"},{"text":"naam?","gloss":"name"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.14.1.m4a"},{"number":39,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.14.2","source":"Hoe noem jij dit in het Engels?","translation":"What do you call this in English?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hoe","gloss":"how"},{"text":"noem","gloss":"to call, to name"},{"text":"jij","gloss":"you"},{"text":"dit","gloss":"this"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"Engels?","gloss":"Engels"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.14.2.m4a"},{"number":40,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.14.3","source":"Hoe laat is het?","translation":"What o'clock is it?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hoe","gloss":"how"},{"text":"laat","gloss":"let; late"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"het?","gloss":"it; the"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.14.3.m4a"},{"number":41,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.14.4","source":"De hoeveelste is het?","translation":"What day of the month is it?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"hoeveelste","gloss":"what date"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"het?","gloss":"it; the"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.14.4.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 30: Al, alle, allen, alles","teaching":[{"title":"Four words for all","paragraphs":["Al, alle, allen and alles all mean all.","Alle stands before a plural noun. Alle mensen zijn sterfelijk.","Alles can mean everything. Ik zal je alles schrijven. Het is niet alles goud wat blinkt.","Al wat ik weet, heb ik je geschreven."]},{"title":"Heel for the whole of one thing","paragraphs":["For all the, Dutch often uses the adjective heel or geheel. De hele dag. Heel Engeland.","Dit alles is waar. Here alles follows the demonstrative dit."]}],"lines":[{"number":42,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.15.1","source":"Alle mensen zijn sterfelijk.","translation":"All men are mortal.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Alle","gloss":"all"},{"text":"mensen","gloss":"men, people"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"sterfelijk.","gloss":"mortal"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.15.1.m4a"},{"number":43,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.15.2","source":"Het is niet alles goud wat blinkt.","translation":"All is not gold that glitters.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"alles","gloss":"everything"},{"text":"goud","gloss":"gold"},{"text":"wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"blinkt.","gloss":"to shine, to glitter"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.15.2.m4a"},{"number":44,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.15.3","source":"Al wat ik weet, heb ik je geschreven.","translation":"I have written you all I know.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Al","gloss":"already"},{"text":"wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"weet,","gloss":"to know"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"geschreven.","gloss":"to write"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.15.3.m4a"},{"number":45,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.15.4","source":"De hele dag.","translation":"All day.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"hele","gloss":"whole"},{"text":"dag.","gloss":"day"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.15.4.m4a"},{"number":46,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.15.5","source":"Heel Engeland.","translation":"All England.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Heel","gloss":"whole"},{"text":"Engeland.","gloss":"Engeland"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.15.5.m4a"},{"number":47,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.15.6","source":"Dit alles is waar.","translation":"All this is true.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dit","gloss":"this"},{"text":"alles","gloss":"everything"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"waar.","gloss":"where; true"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.15.6.m4a"},{"number":48,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.15.7","source":"Ik zal je alles schrijven.","translation":"I shall write you everything.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"alles","gloss":"everything"},{"text":"schrijven.","gloss":"to write"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.15.7.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 30: Beide = both","teaching":[{"title":"Beide and beiden","paragraphs":["Beide means both. It stands before a noun. Beide kinderen waren hier.","Beiden stands without a noun. Beiden zeiden dat zij het gezien hadden.","It also follows wij and ons. Wij beiden. Voor ons beiden.","Een van beide means one of the two."]}],"lines":[{"number":49,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.16.1","source":"Beide kinderen waren hier.","translation":"Both children were here.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Beide","gloss":"both"},{"text":"kinderen","gloss":"children"},{"text":"waren","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"hier.","gloss":"here"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.16.1.m4a"},{"number":50,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.16.2","source":"Beiden zeiden dat zij het gezien hadden.","translation":"Both said that they had seen it.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Beiden","gloss":"both"},{"text":"zeiden","gloss":"said"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"gezien","gloss":"to see"},{"text":"hadden.","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.16.2.m4a"},{"number":51,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.16.3","source":"Wij beiden.","translation":"Both of us.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"beiden.","gloss":"both"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.16.3.m4a"},{"number":52,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.16.4","source":"Voor ons beiden.","translation":"For both of us.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"ons","gloss":"us"},{"text":"beiden.","gloss":"both"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.16.4.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 30: Geen van beide, geen: neither","teaching":[{"title":"Neither","paragraphs":["Geen van beide and geen mean neither, not either, not any. Geen van mijn beide kinderen.","Ik ken geen van beiden.","Heb je appels? Nee, we hebben er geen gehad."]},{"title":"None, in other words","paragraphs":["Where English says none, Dutch often uses niet, niets or niemand.","Een weinig geld is beter dan niets.","Niemand van ons heeft het gezien."]}],"lines":[{"number":53,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.17.1","source":"Geen van mijn beide kinderen.","translation":"Neither of my children.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Geen","gloss":"no, not a"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"beide","gloss":"both"},{"text":"kinderen.","gloss":"children"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.17.1.m4a"},{"number":54,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.17.2","source":"Ik ken geen van beiden.","translation":"I do not know either of them.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"ken","gloss":"know"},{"text":"geen","gloss":"no, not a"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"beiden.","gloss":"both"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.17.2.m4a"},{"number":55,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.17.3","source":"Heb je appels? Nee, we hebben er geen gehad.","translation":"Have you any apples? No, we have not had any.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Heb","gloss":"have"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"appels?","gloss":"apples"},{"text":"Nee,","gloss":"no"},{"text":"we","gloss":"we"},{"text":"hebben","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"geen","gloss":"no, not a"},{"text":"gehad.","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.17.3.m4a"},{"number":56,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.17.4","source":"Een weinig geld is beter dan niets.","translation":"Some money is better than none.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"weinig","gloss":"little, few"},{"text":"geld","gloss":"money"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"beter","gloss":"better"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"niets.","gloss":"nothing"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.17.4.m4a"},{"number":57,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.17.5","source":"Niemand van ons heeft het gezien.","translation":"None of us has seen it.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Niemand","gloss":"nobody"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"ons","gloss":"us"},{"text":"heeft","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"gezien.","gloss":"to see"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.17.5.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 30: Ander, andere(n): other, another","teaching":[{"title":"Other and another","paragraphs":["Ander and andere mean other. Anderen means others. Laat anderen slim zijn.","Een ander means another. Geef mij een ander boek."]},{"title":"Another of the same kind","paragraphs":["When another means one more thing of the same kind, Dutch uses nog een. Neem nog een stukje ham.","Wil je nog een kopje koffie?"]}],"lines":[{"number":58,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.18.1","source":"Laat anderen slim zijn.","translation":"Let others be wise.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Laat","gloss":"to let"},{"text":"anderen","gloss":"others"},{"text":"slim","gloss":"sly"},{"text":"zijn.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.18.1.m4a"},{"number":59,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.18.2","source":"Geef mij een ander boek.","translation":"Give me another book.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Geef","gloss":"to give"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"ander","gloss":"another (person)"},{"text":"boek.","gloss":"book"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.18.2.m4a"},{"number":60,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.18.3","source":"Neem nog een stukje ham.","translation":"Take another piece of ham.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Neem","gloss":"to take"},{"text":"nog","gloss":"still, yet; another"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"stukje","gloss":"little piece"},{"text":"ham.","gloss":"hams"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.18.3.m4a"},{"number":61,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.18.4","source":"Wil je nog een kopje koffie?","translation":"Will you have another cup of coffee?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wil","gloss":"want"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"nog","gloss":"still, yet; another"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"kopje","gloss":"cup"},{"text":"koffie?","gloss":"coffee"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.18.4.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 30: Nog, geen meer, anders","teaching":[{"title":"Nog means more, anders means else","paragraphs":["Nog means any, some or more. Heb je nog huizen? De koning heeft nog vijf kinderen.","Geen meer means no more. Anders means else."]},{"title":"Where meer and anders stand","paragraphs":["Meer and anders do not stand where English puts more and else.","Meer comes after the noun. We hadden geen geld meer.","Anders comes after the subject. Wat zal ik anders geven? Wat kon ik anders doen?"]}],"lines":[{"number":62,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.19.1","source":"Heb je nog huizen?","translation":"Have you any houses?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Heb","gloss":"have"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"nog","gloss":"still, yet; another"},{"text":"huizen?","gloss":"houses"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.19.1.m4a"},{"number":63,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.19.2","source":"De koning heeft nog vijf kinderen.","translation":"The king has five more children.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"koning","gloss":"king, kings"},{"text":"heeft","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"nog","gloss":"still, yet; another"},{"text":"vijf","gloss":"five"},{"text":"kinderen.","gloss":"children"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.19.2.m4a"},{"number":64,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.19.3","source":"Neem nog enige stukjes!","translation":"Take some more pieces!","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Neem","gloss":"to take"},{"text":"nog","gloss":"still, yet; another"},{"text":"enige","gloss":"only (het enige: the only thing)"},{"text":"stukjes!","gloss":"piece"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.19.3.m4a"},{"number":65,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.19.4","source":"We hadden geen geld meer.","translation":"We had no money left.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"We","gloss":"we"},{"text":"hadden","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"geen","gloss":"no, not a"},{"text":"geld","gloss":"money"},{"text":"meer.","gloss":"more"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.19.4.m4a"},{"number":66,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.19.5","source":"Wat zal ik anders geven?","translation":"What else shall I give?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"anders","gloss":"otherwise"},{"text":"geven?","gloss":"to give"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.19.5.m4a"},{"number":67,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.19.6","source":"Wat kon ik anders doen?","translation":"What else could I do?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"kon","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"anders","gloss":"otherwise"},{"text":"doen?","gloss":"to do"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.19.6.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 30: Men, like French on","teaching":[{"title":"Men, a word for anyone","paragraphs":["Dutch uses men much more than English uses one.","Where English says we, you, they, people or a man, Dutch often says men. Men zegt dat alle regimenten verslagen zijn.","Men also stands where English uses the passive. Men lachte hem uit means he was laughed at.","Men ziet de gebreken van een ander eerder dan zijn eigen."]}],"lines":[{"number":68,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.20.1","source":"Men ziet de gebreken van een ander eerder dan zijn eigen.","translation":"We see other men's faults sooner than our own.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Men","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":"ziet","gloss":"to see"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"gebreken","gloss":"shortcomings"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"ander","gloss":"another (person)"},{"text":"eerder","gloss":"more"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"eigen.","gloss":"own"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.20.1.m4a"},{"number":69,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.20.2","source":"Als men de stad nadert, ziet men dadelijk de torens.","translation":"As you approach the town, you see the towers immediately.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"men","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"stad","gloss":"city, town"},{"text":"nadert,","gloss":"approaches"},{"text":"ziet","gloss":"to see"},{"text":"men","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":"dadelijk","gloss":"immediately"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"torens.","gloss":"towers"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.20.2.m4a"},{"number":70,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.20.3","source":"Men zegt dat alle regimenten verslagen zijn.","translation":"They say all the regiments have been beaten.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Men","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":"zegt","gloss":"to say"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"alle","gloss":"all"},{"text":"regimenten","gloss":"regiments"},{"text":"verslagen","gloss":"defeats"},{"text":"zijn.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.20.3.m4a"},{"number":71,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.20.4","source":"Men kan rijk zijn zonder gelukkig te zijn.","translation":"A man may be rich without being happy.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Men","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":"kan","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"rijk","gloss":"rich, richer"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"zonder","gloss":"without"},{"text":"gelukkig","gloss":"happy, unhappy"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"zijn.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.20.4.m4a"},{"number":72,"id":"val.nl.L30.x.20.5","source":"Men lachte hem uit.","translation":"He was laughed at.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Men","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":"lachte","gloss":"to laugh"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"uit.","gloss":"out of, from"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.x.20.5.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Peter de Grote op de werf van de Oost-Indische Compagnie. (Vervolg.)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":73,"id":"val.nl.L30.r.0","source":"Peter de Grote op de werf van de Oost-Indische Compagnie. (Vervolg.)","translation":"Peter the Great at the yard of the East India Company. (Continued.)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Peter","gloss":"Peter"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Grote","gloss":"Grote"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"werf","gloss":"yard"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Oost-Indische","gloss":"East Indian"},{"text":"Compagnie.","gloss":"Compagnie"},{"text":"(Vervolg.)","gloss":"future"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.r.0.m4a"},{"number":74,"id":"val.nl.L30.r.1","source":"Peter vond de woning op de werf zeer naar zijn zin en betrok haar met een klein gevolg, waaronder een zekere prins Bagration was, en vermoedelijk ook graaf Peter Apraxin, later opperadmiraal van Rusland.","translation":"Peter found the dwelling at the yard very much to his liking and moved into it with a small retinue, among whom was a certain Prince Bagration, and probably also Count Peter Apraxin, later Lord High Admiral of Russia.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Peter","gloss":"Peter"},{"text":"vond","gloss":"to find"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"woning","gloss":"dwelling"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"werf","gloss":"yard"},{"text":"zeer","gloss":"very"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"zin","gloss":"sense"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"betrok","gloss":"involved"},{"text":"haar","gloss":"her"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"klein","gloss":"small"},{"text":"gevolg,","gloss":"consequence"},{"text":"waaronder","gloss":"under which"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"zekere","gloss":"certain"},{"text":"prins","gloss":"prince"},{"text":"Bagration","gloss":"Bagration"},{"text":"was,","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"vermoedelijk","gloss":"presumably"},{"text":"ook","gloss":"also, likewise"},{"text":"graaf","gloss":"a count, counts"},{"text":"Peter","gloss":"Peter"},{"text":"Apraxin,","gloss":"Apraxin"},{"text":"later","gloss":"later"},{"text":"opperadmiraal","gloss":"Lord High Admiral"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"Rusland.","gloss":"Rusland"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.r.1.m4a"},{"number":75,"id":"val.nl.L30.r.2","source":"De eerste maakte zich bijzonder bemind door zich in alle delen naar de wens van de tsaar te schikken.","translation":"The former made himself especially well liked by conforming in every respect to the wishes of the tsar.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"eerste","gloss":"the former (the first-mentioned)"},{"text":"maakte","gloss":"to make (weak)"},{"text":"zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"bijzonder","gloss":"particular"},{"text":"bemind","gloss":"loved"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"alle","gloss":"all"},{"text":"delen","gloss":"part"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"wens","gloss":"wish"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"tsaar","gloss":"tsar"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"schikken.","gloss":"manage"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.r.2.m4a"},{"number":76,"id":"val.nl.L30.r.3","source":"Hij was zeer nauwlettend op alles wat hij zag of hoorde, zodat hij al de vaktermen van scheepsbouw en zeevaart weldra van buiten kende.","translation":"He paid very close attention to everything he saw or heard, so that he soon knew all the technical terms of shipbuilding and seafaring by heart.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"zeer","gloss":"very"},{"text":"nauwlettend","gloss":"closely attentive"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"alles","gloss":"everything"},{"text":"wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"zag","gloss":"to see"},{"text":"of","gloss":"or; whether"},{"text":"hoorde,","gloss":"to hear"},{"text":"zodat","gloss":"so that"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"al","gloss":"already"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vaktermen","gloss":"technical terms"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"scheepsbouw","gloss":"shipbuilding"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"zeevaart","gloss":"seafaring"},{"text":"weldra","gloss":"soon"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"buiten","gloss":"outside"},{"text":"kende.","gloss":"knew"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.r.3.m4a"},{"number":77,"id":"val.nl.L30.r.4","source":"Ook aan boord van de boeier was hij weldra een kundig en handig schipper.","translation":"Aboard the boeier, too, he soon became a skilled and capable skipper.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ook","gloss":"also, likewise"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"boord","gloss":"board (of a ship)"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"boeier","gloss":"sailing boat"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"weldra","gloss":"soon"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"kundig","gloss":"skilled"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"handig","gloss":"deftly"},{"text":"schipper.","gloss":"skipper"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.r.4.m4a"},{"number":78,"id":"val.nl.L30.r.5","source":"In het begin werd de tafel van de tsaar door de kastelein van het Herenlogement bediend, maar dat verveelde Peter al snel, en hij voerde zijn eigen huishouding.","translation":"At first the tsar's table was served by the innkeeper of the Heren-logement, but Peter soon grew tired of that, and he kept house for himself.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"In","gloss":"in"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"begin","gloss":"beginning"},{"text":"werd","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"tafel","gloss":"table"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"tsaar","gloss":"tsar"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"kastelein","gloss":"innkeeper"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"Herenlogement","gloss":"Herenlogement"},{"text":"bediend,","gloss":"served"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"verveelde","gloss":"bored"},{"text":"Peter","gloss":"Peter"},{"text":"al","gloss":"already"},{"text":"snel,","gloss":"quickly"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"voerde","gloss":"to navigate"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"eigen","gloss":"own"},{"text":"huishouding.","gloss":"household"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.r.5.m4a"},{"number":79,"id":"val.nl.L30.r.6","source":"Gewend om vroeg op te staan, had hij voor het middagmaal geen vaste tijd, maar at wanneer hij honger had; hij stookte dan zelf zijn vuurtje en kookte zelf de pot.","translation":"Accustomed to rising early, he had no fixed time for the midday meal, but ate whenever he was hungry; he then lit his own little fire and cooked the pot himself.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Gewend","gloss":"turned"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"vroeg","gloss":"asked"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"staan,","gloss":"to stand"},{"text":"had","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"middagmaal","gloss":"dinner"},{"text":"geen","gloss":"no, not a"},{"text":"vaste","gloss":"fixed"},{"text":"tijd,","gloss":"time"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"at","gloss":"ate"},{"text":"wanneer","gloss":"if"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"honger","gloss":"hunger"},{"text":"had;","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"stookte","gloss":"lit"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"zelf","gloss":"self"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"vuurtje","gloss":"fire"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"kookte","gloss":"seethes"},{"text":"zelf","gloss":"self"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"pot.","gloss":"pot"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.r.6.m4a"},{"number":80,"id":"val.nl.L30.r.7","source":"In alles leefde hij daar als scheepstimmerman en verkoos hij Pieter Timmerman van Zaandam genoemd te worden.","translation":"In every way he lived there as a ship's carpenter, and chose to be called Pieter Timmerman van Zaandam.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"In","gloss":"in"},{"text":"alles","gloss":"everything"},{"text":"leefde","gloss":"lived"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"daar","gloss":"as, since, because"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"scheepstimmerman","gloss":"ship's carpenter"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"verkoos","gloss":"to prefer"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"Pieter","gloss":"Pieter"},{"text":"Timmerman","gloss":"Timmerman"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"Zaandam","gloss":"Zaandam"},{"text":"genoemd","gloss":"to call, to name"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"worden.","gloss":"to become, to get"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.r.7.m4a"},{"number":81,"id":"val.nl.L30.r.8","source":"In het jaar 1754 leefde er nog een geloofwaardige commandeur, die verhaalde dat hij de tsaar meermalen, als werkman gekleed, aan het werk gezien had.","translation":"In the year 1754 there still lived a trustworthy commodore, who related that he had many times seen the tsar, dressed as a workman, at his work.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"In","gloss":"in"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"jaar","gloss":"the year"},{"text":"1754","gloss":"1754"},{"text":"leefde","gloss":"lived"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"nog","gloss":"still, yet; another"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"geloofwaardige","gloss":"trustworthy"},{"text":"commandeur,","gloss":"commander"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"verhaalde","gloss":"told"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"tsaar","gloss":"tsar"},{"text":"meermalen,","gloss":"more than once"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"werkman","gloss":"workman"},{"text":"gekleed,","gloss":"dressed"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"werk","gloss":"work"},{"text":"gezien","gloss":"to see"},{"text":"had.","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.r.8.m4a"},{"number":82,"id":"val.nl.L30.r.9","source":"Kwam er iemand om hem te spreken, dan ging hij wel, met de bijl tussen de benen, op de kromhouten zitten.","translation":"If anyone came to speak with him, he would sit down on the crooked timbers with the axe between his legs.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Kwam","gloss":"came"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"iemand","gloss":"someone"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"spreken,","gloss":"to speak"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"ging","gloss":"to go"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"wel,","gloss":"but"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"bijl","gloss":"axe"},{"text":"tussen","gloss":"between"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"benen,","gloss":"leg"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"kromhouten","gloss":"kromhouten"},{"text":"zitten.","gloss":"to sit"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.r.9.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 30: conversation","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":83,"id":"val.nl.L30.c.q1","source":"Wie was zekere Prins Bagration voor Peter?","translation":"Who was a certain Prince Bagration to Peter?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wie","gloss":"who"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"zekere","gloss":"certain"},{"text":"Prins","gloss":"prince"},{"text":"Bagration","gloss":"Bagration"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"Peter?","gloss":"Peter"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.c.q1.m4a"},{"number":84,"id":"val.nl.L30.c.q2","source":"Waardoor maakte de eerste zich bijzonder bemind?","translation":"By what did the former make himself especially well liked?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Waardoor","gloss":"by which"},{"text":"maakte","gloss":"to make (weak)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"eerste","gloss":"the former (the first-mentioned)"},{"text":"zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"bijzonder","gloss":"particular"},{"text":"bemind?","gloss":"loved"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.c.q2.m4a"},{"number":85,"id":"val.nl.L30.c.q3","source":"Wie bediende eerst de tafel van de tsaar?","translation":"Who first served the tsar's table?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wie","gloss":"who"},{"text":"bediende","gloss":"the servant, the servants"},{"text":"eerst","gloss":"first (of all)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"tafel","gloss":"table"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"tsaar?","gloss":"tsar"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.c.q3.m4a"},{"number":86,"id":"val.nl.L30.c.q4","source":"Wat deed Peter toen hij dit spoedig beu was?","translation":"What did Peter do once he soon grew tired of that?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"deed","gloss":"to do"},{"text":"Peter","gloss":"Peter"},{"text":"toen","gloss":"as, when"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"dit","gloss":"this"},{"text":"spoedig","gloss":"soon"},{"text":"beu","gloss":"tired"},{"text":"was?","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.c.q4.m4a"},{"number":87,"id":"val.nl.L30.c.a1","source":"Hij behoorde tot Peters kleine gevolg op de werf.","translation":"He belonged to Peter's small retinue at the yard.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"behoorde","gloss":"belonged"},{"text":"tot","gloss":"until, to"},{"text":"Peters","gloss":"Peters"},{"text":"kleine","gloss":"small"},{"text":"gevolg","gloss":"consequence"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"werf.","gloss":"yard"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.c.a1.m4a"},{"number":88,"id":"val.nl.L30.c.a2","source":"Hij maakte zich bemind door zich in alle delen naar de wens van de tsaar te schikken.","translation":"He made himself well liked by conforming in every respect to the wishes of the tsar.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"maakte","gloss":"to make (weak)"},{"text":"zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"bemind","gloss":"loved"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"alle","gloss":"all"},{"text":"delen","gloss":"part"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"wens","gloss":"wish"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"tsaar","gloss":"tsar"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"schikken.","gloss":"manage"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.c.a2.m4a"},{"number":89,"id":"val.nl.L30.c.a3","source":"Eerst bediende de kastelein van het Herenlogement de tafel van de tsaar.","translation":"At first the innkeeper of the Herenlogement served the tsar's table.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Eerst","gloss":"first (of all)"},{"text":"bediende","gloss":"the servant, the servants"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"kastelein","gloss":"kastelein"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"Herenlogement","gloss":"Herenlogement"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"tafel","gloss":"table"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"tsaar.","gloss":"tsar"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.c.a3.m4a"},{"number":90,"id":"val.nl.L30.c.a4","source":"Hij voerde zijn eigen huishouding en kookte zelf de pot.","translation":"He kept his own household and cooked the pot himself.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"voerde","gloss":"to navigate"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"eigen","gloss":"own"},{"text":"huishouding","gloss":"household"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"kookte","gloss":"seethes"},{"text":"zelf","gloss":"self"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"pot.","gloss":"pot"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.c.a4.m4a"},{"number":91,"id":"val.nl.L30.c.q5","source":"Hoe noemde Peter zich als scheepstimmerman?","translation":"What did Peter call himself as a ship's carpenter?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hoe","gloss":"how"},{"text":"noemde","gloss":"to call, to name"},{"text":"Peter","gloss":"Peter"},{"text":"zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"scheepstimmerman?","gloss":"ship's carpenter"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.c.q5.m4a"},{"number":92,"id":"val.nl.L30.c.q6","source":"Wat deed Peter als iemand hem kwam spreken?","translation":"What did Peter do if someone came to speak with him?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"deed","gloss":"to do"},{"text":"Peter","gloss":"Peter"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"iemand","gloss":"someone"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"kwam","gloss":"to come"},{"text":"spreken?","gloss":"to speak"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.c.q6.m4a"},{"number":93,"id":"val.nl.L30.c.a5","source":"Hij noemde zich Pieter Timmerman van Zaandam.","translation":"He called himself Pieter Timmerman van Zaandam.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"noemde","gloss":"to call, to name"},{"text":"zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"Pieter","gloss":"Pieter"},{"text":"Timmerman","gloss":"Timmerman"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"Zaandam.","gloss":"Zaandam"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.c.a5.m4a"},{"number":94,"id":"val.nl.L30.c.a6","source":"Hij ging met de bijl tussen de benen op de kromhouten zitten.","translation":"He would sit down on the crooked timbers with the axe between his legs.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"ging","gloss":"to go"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"bijl","gloss":"axe"},{"text":"tussen","gloss":"between"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"benen","gloss":"leg"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"kromhouten","gloss":"kromhouten"},{"text":"zitten.","gloss":"to sit"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.c.a6.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 30: exercise 67","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":95,"id":"val.nl.L30.e67.i1","source":"Wie zijn deze heren?","translation":"Who are these gentlemen?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wie","gloss":"who"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"deze","gloss":"the latter (the most recently mentioned)"},{"text":"heren?","gloss":"gentleman, lord"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e67.i1.m4a"},{"number":96,"id":"val.nl.L30.e67.i2","source":"Dat zijn mijn neven, zal ik u aan hen voorstellen?","translation":"Those are my cousins, shall I introduce you?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"neven,","gloss":"cousins"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"hen","gloss":"them"},{"text":"voorstellen?","gloss":"proposals"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e67.i2.m4a"},{"number":97,"id":"val.nl.L30.e67.i3","source":"Ik geloof dat zij reeds klaar zijn.","translation":"I believe they are ready by this.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"geloof","gloss":"to believe"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"reeds","gloss":"already"},{"text":"klaar","gloss":"finished"},{"text":"zijn.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e67.i3.m4a"},{"number":98,"id":"val.nl.L30.e67.i4","source":"Hij was iemand van wie wij allen wisten dat hij zo'n beloning waard was of verdiende.","translation":"He was a man whom we all knew to be worthy of such a reward.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"iemand","gloss":"someone"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"wie","gloss":"who"},{"text":"wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"allen","gloss":"all"},{"text":"wisten","gloss":"to know"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"zo'n","gloss":"such a"},{"text":"beloning","gloss":"reward"},{"text":"waard","gloss":"worth"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"of","gloss":"or; whether"},{"text":"verdiende.","gloss":"earned"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e67.i4.m4a"},{"number":99,"id":"val.nl.L30.e67.i5","source":"Hij werd evenmin opgeblazen door voorspoed als te zeer terneergedrukt door tegenspoed, wat het kenmerk is van een grote ziel.","translation":"He was neither overexalted by prosperity, nor too much depressed by misfortune; which marks a great mind.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"werd","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"evenmin","gloss":"just as little"},{"text":"opgeblazen","gloss":"puffed up"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"voorspoed","gloss":"prosperity"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"zeer","gloss":"very"},{"text":"terneergedrukt","gloss":"depressed"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"tegenspoed,","gloss":"misfortune"},{"text":"wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"kenmerk","gloss":"marks"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"grote","gloss":"big, great"},{"text":"ziel.","gloss":"soul"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e67.i5.m4a"},{"number":100,"id":"val.nl.L30.e67.i6","source":"Het is niet alles goud wat blinkt.","translation":"It is not all gold that glitters.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"alles","gloss":"everything"},{"text":"goud","gloss":"gold"},{"text":"wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"blinkt.","gloss":"to shine, to glitter"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e67.i6.m4a"},{"number":101,"id":"val.nl.L30.e67.i7","source":"Niets is grootser dan een uitgestrekte keten van hoge bergen, waarvan de toppen, met eeuwigdurende sneeuw bedekt, tot de wolken reiken.","translation":"Nothing is grander than a large range of lofty mountains, the summits of which, covered with eternal snows, rise up to the clouds.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Niets","gloss":"nothing"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"grootser","gloss":"grander"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"uitgestrekte","gloss":"far-flung"},{"text":"keten","gloss":"range"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"hoge","gloss":"high"},{"text":"bergen,","gloss":"mountains"},{"text":"waarvan","gloss":"of which"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"toppen,","gloss":"summits"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"eeuwigdurende","gloss":"eternal"},{"text":"sneeuw","gloss":"snow"},{"text":"bedekt,","gloss":"covered"},{"text":"tot","gloss":"until, to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"wolken","gloss":"clouds"},{"text":"reiken.","gloss":"reach"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e67.i7.m4a"},{"number":102,"id":"val.nl.L30.e67.i8","source":"Een groot stuk koraalrots, opgehaald van de bodem van de zee met een vishaak, was opmerkelijk door de grote verscheidenheid en hoeveelheid dieren die erop leefden.","translation":"A large piece of coral-rock, which was brought up with a fish-hook from the bottom of the sea, was remarkable for the great variety and abundance of the animals that lived on it.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"groot","gloss":"great"},{"text":"stuk","gloss":"piece"},{"text":"koraalrots,","gloss":"koraalrots"},{"text":"opgehaald","gloss":"brought up"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"bodem","gloss":"soil"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"zee","gloss":"sea"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"vishaak,","gloss":"fish-hook"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"opmerkelijk","gloss":"remarkable"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"grote","gloss":"big, great"},{"text":"verscheidenheid","gloss":"variety"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"hoeveelheid","gloss":"quantity"},{"text":"dieren","gloss":"creatures"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"erop","gloss":"on it"},{"text":"leefden.","gloss":"life"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e67.i8.m4a"},{"number":103,"id":"val.nl.L30.e67.i9","source":"Dat zijn mijn oude vrienden, op wie ik bouwen kan.","translation":"These are my old friends, on whom I can rely.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"oude","gloss":"old"},{"text":"vrienden,","gloss":"friends"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"wie","gloss":"who"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"bouwen","gloss":"built"},{"text":"kan.","gloss":"to be able (can)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e67.i9.m4a"},{"number":104,"id":"val.nl.L30.e67.i10","source":"Ik heb van verschillende gevallen gehoord waarin de betaling van deze belasting kortweg geweigerd werd.","translation":"I have heard of several cases, in which payment of this tax was flatly refused.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"verschillende","gloss":"different"},{"text":"gevallen","gloss":"fallen"},{"text":"gehoord","gloss":"to hear"},{"text":"waarin","gloss":"in which"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"betaling","gloss":"payment"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"deze","gloss":"the latter (the most recently mentioned)"},{"text":"belasting","gloss":"taxes"},{"text":"kortweg","gloss":"flatly"},{"text":"geweigerd","gloss":"refused"},{"text":"werd.","gloss":"to become, to get"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e67.i10.m4a"},{"number":105,"id":"val.nl.L30.e67.i11","source":"Er zijn in uw onmiddellijke omgeving genoeg mensen die dat werk graag op zich zullen nemen; waarom zou u dan ergens anders zoeken?","translation":"There are in your immediate neighbourhood men enough who would willingly undertake that task; why should you therefore look anywhere else?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"uw","gloss":"your (polite)"},{"text":"onmiddellijke","gloss":"immediate"},{"text":"omgeving","gloss":"circle"},{"text":"genoeg","gloss":"enough"},{"text":"mensen","gloss":"men, people"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"werk","gloss":"work"},{"text":"graag","gloss":"gladly, with pleasure"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"zullen","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"nemen;","gloss":"to take"},{"text":"waarom","gloss":"why"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"ergens","gloss":"somewhere"},{"text":"anders","gloss":"otherwise"},{"text":"zoeken?","gloss":"to try, to seek"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e67.i11.m4a"},{"number":106,"id":"val.nl.L30.e67.i12","source":"Niets natuurlijker dan dat wij een gevoel van eerbied en liefde blijven koesteren voor grote dichters, als een Shakespeare en een Goethe, wier werken voor de mensheid rijk aan lering en genot zullen blijven tot in de verste toekomst, en met wier geest wij dagelijks verbondenheid kunnen voelen.","translation":"Nothing more natural than that we entertain a sentiment of respect and love towards those great poets, such as Shakespeare and Goethe whose works will remain instructive and delightful to mankind until the most distant periods, and with whose spirit we can daily hold communion.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Niets","gloss":"nothing"},{"text":"natuurlijker","gloss":"of course"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"gevoel","gloss":"feeling"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"eerbied","gloss":"respect"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"liefde","gloss":"love"},{"text":"blijven","gloss":"to remain, stay"},{"text":"koesteren","gloss":"cherished"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"grote","gloss":"big, great"},{"text":"dichters,","gloss":"poet"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"Shakespeare","gloss":"Shakespeare"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"Goethe,","gloss":"Goethe"},{"text":"wier","gloss":"whose"},{"text":"werken","gloss":"work"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"mensheid","gloss":"mankind"},{"text":"rijk","gloss":"rich, richer"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"lering","gloss":"instruction"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"genot","gloss":"delight"},{"text":"zullen","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"blijven","gloss":"to remain, stay"},{"text":"tot","gloss":"until, to"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"verste","gloss":"far"},{"text":"toekomst,","gloss":"future"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"wier","gloss":"whose"},{"text":"geest","gloss":"mind"},{"text":"wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"dagelijks","gloss":"daily"},{"text":"verbondenheid","gloss":"communion"},{"text":"kunnen","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"voelen.","gloss":"feel"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e67.i12.m4a"},{"number":107,"id":"val.nl.L30.e67.i13","source":"Hoe werd de partij van koning Karel de Eerste van Engeland genoemd, en hoe die van de aanhangers van het parlement?","translation":"What was the party of King Charles the First of England called, and what were the supporters of Parliament called?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hoe","gloss":"how"},{"text":"werd","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"partij","gloss":"party"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"koning","gloss":"king, kings"},{"text":"Karel","gloss":"Karel"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Eerste","gloss":"the former (the first-mentioned)"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"Engeland","gloss":"Engeland"},{"text":"genoemd,","gloss":"to call, to name"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"hoe","gloss":"how"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"aanhangers","gloss":"supporters"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"parlement?","gloss":"Parliament"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e67.i13.m4a"},{"number":108,"id":"val.nl.L30.e67.i14","source":"Zulke edele, belangeloze karakters zijn zeer zeldzaam, tenminste in de werkelijke wereld; op de planken van het toneel, dat de wereld voorstelt, zijn ze een onmisbaar bestanddeel.","translation":"Such noble, disinterested minds are very rare, that is to say in real life; behind the foot-lights they form a very necessary element on the boards which represent the world.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zulke","gloss":"such"},{"text":"edele,","gloss":"precious"},{"text":"belangeloze","gloss":"disinterested"},{"text":"karakters","gloss":"characters"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"zeer","gloss":"very"},{"text":"zeldzaam,","gloss":"rare"},{"text":"tenminste","gloss":"at least"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"werkelijke","gloss":"actual"},{"text":"wereld;","gloss":"world"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"planken","gloss":"boards"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"toneel,","gloss":"stage"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"wereld","gloss":"world"},{"text":"voorstelt,","gloss":"propose"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"ze","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"onmisbaar","gloss":"inevitably"},{"text":"bestanddeel.","gloss":"components"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e67.i14.m4a"},{"number":109,"id":"val.nl.L30.e67.i15","source":"Men veronderstelde dat hij de oorzaak was van al haar ellende.","translation":"He was supposed to be the cause of all her misery.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Men","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":"veronderstelde","gloss":"supposed"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"oorzaak","gloss":"cause"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"al","gloss":"already"},{"text":"haar","gloss":"her"},{"text":"ellende.","gloss":"misery"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e67.i15.m4a"},{"number":110,"id":"val.nl.L30.e67.i16","source":"Neurenberg, door Gustaaf Adolf zijn oogappel genoemd en door hem met zoveel inspanning tegen het dreigende zwaard van Wallenstein verdedigd, besloot een standbeeld voor zijn weldoener op te richten.","translation":"Neurenberg which Gustave Adolph called the apple of his eye, and which he defended with so much exertion against Wallenstein's threatening sword, resolved to erect a statue to his benefactor.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Neurenberg,","gloss":"Neurenberg"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"Gustaaf","gloss":"Gustaaf"},{"text":"Adolf","gloss":"Adolf"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"oogappel","gloss":"apple of his eye"},{"text":"genoemd","gloss":"to call, to name"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"zoveel","gloss":"so much"},{"text":"inspanning","gloss":"effort"},{"text":"tegen","gloss":"against; to"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"dreigende","gloss":"threatened"},{"text":"zwaard","gloss":"sword"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"Wallenstein","gloss":"Wallenstein"},{"text":"verdedigd,","gloss":"defended"},{"text":"besloot","gloss":"resolved"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"standbeeld","gloss":"statue"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"weldoener","gloss":"benefactor"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"richten.","gloss":"address"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e67.i16.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 30: exercise 68","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":111,"id":"val.nl.L30.e68.i1","source":"Hebt u onlangs onze vriend N. ontmoet?","translation":"Have you lately met our friend N.?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hebt","gloss":"have"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"onlangs","gloss":"lately"},{"text":"onze","gloss":"our"},{"text":"vriend","gloss":"friend"},{"text":"N.","gloss":"No."},{"text":"ontmoet?","gloss":"to meet"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e68.i1.m4a"},{"number":112,"id":"val.nl.L30.e68.i2","source":"Nee, meneer, ik heb hem in geen drie maanden gezien.","translation":"No, Sir, I have not seen him these three months.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nee,","gloss":"no"},{"text":"meneer,","gloss":"sir, Mr"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"geen","gloss":"no, not a"},{"text":"drie","gloss":"three"},{"text":"maanden","gloss":"months"},{"text":"gezien.","gloss":"to see"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e68.i2.m4a"},{"number":113,"id":"val.nl.L30.e68.i3","source":"Men vertelt dat hij deze plaats wil verlaten.","translation":"I am told, he will leave this place.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Men","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":"vertelt","gloss":"tell"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"deze","gloss":"the latter (the most recently mentioned)"},{"text":"plaats","gloss":"place"},{"text":"wil","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"verlaten.","gloss":"left"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e68.i3.m4a"},{"number":114,"id":"val.nl.L30.e68.i4","source":"Dat geloof ik niet, ik denk eerder dat hij ziek is geweest.","translation":"I do not believe so, I rather think he has been ill.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"geloof","gloss":"to believe"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"niet,","gloss":"not"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"denk","gloss":"think"},{"text":"eerder","gloss":"more"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"ziek","gloss":"ill"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"geweest.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e68.i4.m4a"},{"number":115,"id":"val.nl.L30.e68.i5","source":"Ik ga naar hem toe om hem te vragen of hij met ons mee wil naar België om de Ardennen te gaan zien.","translation":"I am going to ask him whether he will go with us to Belgium to visit the Ardennes.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"ga","gloss":"to go"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to him, towards him"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"to him, towards him"},{"text":"toe","gloss":"to him, towards him"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"vragen","gloss":"to ask"},{"text":"of","gloss":"or; whether"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"ons","gloss":"us"},{"text":"mee","gloss":"along, with"},{"text":"wil","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"België","gloss":"België"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Ardennen","gloss":"Ardennen"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"gaan","gloss":"to go"},{"text":"zien.","gloss":"to see"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e68.i5.m4a"},{"number":116,"id":"val.nl.L30.e68.i6","source":"Of geeft u de voorkeur aan een uitstapje naar de Semoisvallei?","translation":"Or do you prefer a trip to the Semois-valley?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Of","gloss":"or; whether"},{"text":"geeft","gloss":"to give"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"voorkeur","gloss":"preference"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"uitstapje","gloss":"excursion"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Semoisvallei?","gloss":"Semoisvallei"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e68.i6.m4a"},{"number":117,"id":"val.nl.L30.e68.i7","source":"Beide delen van België zijn erg mooi.","translation":"Both parts of Belgium are beautiful.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Beide","gloss":"both"},{"text":"delen","gloss":"part"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"België","gloss":"België"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"erg","gloss":"very; bad"},{"text":"mooi.","gloss":"nice, beautiful"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e68.i7.m4a"},{"number":118,"id":"val.nl.L30.e68.i8","source":"Ik ken geen van beide.","translation":"I do not know either of them.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"ken","gloss":"know"},{"text":"geen","gloss":"no, not a"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"beide.","gloss":"both"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e68.i8.m4a"},{"number":119,"id":"val.nl.L30.e68.i9","source":"Laten we onze vriend gaan bezoeken en hem vragen waaraan hij de voorkeur geeft.","translation":"Then let us go to our friend and ask him which he prefers.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Laten","gloss":"to let"},{"text":"we","gloss":"we"},{"text":"onze","gloss":"our"},{"text":"vriend","gloss":"friend"},{"text":"gaan","gloss":"to go"},{"text":"bezoeken","gloss":"to visit"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"vragen","gloss":"to ask"},{"text":"waaraan","gloss":"from which"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"voorkeur","gloss":"preference"},{"text":"geeft.","gloss":"to give"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e68.i9.m4a"},{"number":120,"id":"val.nl.L30.e68.i10","source":"Hoe laat is het?","translation":"What o'clock is it?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hoe","gloss":"how"},{"text":"laat","gloss":"let; late"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"het?","gloss":"it; the"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e68.i10.m4a"},{"number":121,"id":"val.nl.L30.e68.i11","source":"Het is net half drie.","translation":"It is just half past two.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"net","gloss":"net"},{"text":"half","gloss":"half"},{"text":"drie.","gloss":"three"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e68.i11.m4a"},{"number":122,"id":"val.nl.L30.e68.i12","source":"Doe me een plezier en ga alleen, ik heb het op dit moment erg druk.","translation":"Please go by yourself, I am very busy just now.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Doe","gloss":"do"},{"text":"me","gloss":"me"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"plezier","gloss":"pleasure"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ga","gloss":"go"},{"text":"alleen,","gloss":"only"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"dit","gloss":"this"},{"text":"moment","gloss":"moment"},{"text":"erg","gloss":"very; bad"},{"text":"druk.","gloss":"busy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e68.i12.m4a"},{"number":123,"id":"val.nl.L30.e68.i13","source":"U zult, hoop ik, wel zo vriendelijk zijn mij zo spoedig mogelijk te vertellen alles wat u met onze vriend hebt afgesproken.","translation":"I hope you will be kind enough to tell me as soon as possible all you have agreed with our friend.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"U","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"zult,","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"hoop","gloss":"hope"},{"text":"ik,","gloss":"I"},{"text":"wel","gloss":"but"},{"text":"zo","gloss":"so, as"},{"text":"vriendelijk","gloss":"friendly, kind"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"zo","gloss":"so, as"},{"text":"spoedig","gloss":"soon"},{"text":"mogelijk","gloss":"possible"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"vertellen","gloss":"tell"},{"text":"alles","gloss":"everything"},{"text":"wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"onze","gloss":"our"},{"text":"vriend","gloss":"friend"},{"text":"hebt","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"afgesproken.","gloss":"agreed"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e68.i13.m4a"},{"number":124,"id":"val.nl.L30.e68.i14","source":"Hebt u een of andere reisgids voor België?","translation":"Have you any guides to Belgium?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hebt","gloss":"have"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"of","gloss":"or; whether"},{"text":"andere","gloss":"other"},{"text":"reisgids","gloss":"guidebook"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"België?","gloss":"België"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e68.i14.m4a"},{"number":125,"id":"val.nl.L30.e68.i15","source":"Nee, ik heb er geen.","translation":"No, I have none.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nee,","gloss":"no"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"geen.","gloss":"no, not a"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e68.i15.m4a"},{"number":126,"id":"val.nl.L30.e68.i16","source":"Ik schreef aan de boekverkoper in A., maar hij heeft me nog niet geantwoord.","translation":"I wrote to the bookseller in A., but he has not yet answered.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"schreef","gloss":"to write"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"boekverkoper","gloss":"bookseller"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"A.,","gloss":"A"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"heeft","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"me","gloss":"me"},{"text":"nog","gloss":"still, yet; another"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"geantwoord.","gloss":"to answer"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e68.i16.m4a"},{"number":127,"id":"val.nl.L30.e68.i17","source":"Men zegt dat uw boekverkoper een luie vent is, schrijf aan de heer B., onlangs zond hij mij de boeken die ik besteld had binnen drie dagen.","translation":"They say that your bookseller is a very lazy man, write to Mr. B., the other day he sent me the books I ordered within three days.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Men","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":"zegt","gloss":"to say"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"uw","gloss":"your (polite)"},{"text":"boekverkoper","gloss":"bookseller"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"luie","gloss":"lazy"},{"text":"vent","gloss":"little fellow"},{"text":"is,","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"schrijf","gloss":"write"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"heer","gloss":"gentleman, lord"},{"text":"B.,","gloss":"B"},{"text":"onlangs","gloss":"lately"},{"text":"zond","gloss":"to send"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"boeken","gloss":"books"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"besteld","gloss":"ordered"},{"text":"had","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"binnen","gloss":"within"},{"text":"drie","gloss":"three"},{"text":"dagen.","gloss":"days"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e68.i17.m4a"},{"number":128,"id":"val.nl.L30.e68.i18","source":"Wilt u nog een glas bier voordat u weggaat?","translation":"Will you have another glass of beer before you leave me?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wilt","gloss":"want"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"nog","gloss":"still, yet; another"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"glas","gloss":"glass"},{"text":"bier","gloss":"beer"},{"text":"voordat","gloss":"before"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"weggaat?","gloss":"to go away"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e68.i18.m4a"},{"number":129,"id":"val.nl.L30.e68.i19","source":"Nee, dank u, ik moet naar huis, misschien wacht men al op mij op het kantoor.","translation":"No, thank you, I must go home, perhaps they are waiting for me in the office.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nee,","gloss":"no"},{"text":"dank","gloss":"thanks"},{"text":"u,","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"moet","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"huis,","gloss":"house"},{"text":"misschien","gloss":"perhaps"},{"text":"wacht","gloss":"is waiting"},{"text":"men","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":"al","gloss":"already"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"kantoor.","gloss":"office"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e68.i19.m4a"},{"number":130,"id":"val.nl.L30.e68.i20","source":"Neem dan een andere sigaar.","translation":"Have another cigar then.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Neem","gloss":"to take"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"andere","gloss":"other"},{"text":"sigaar.","gloss":"cigar"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e68.i20.m4a"},{"number":131,"id":"val.nl.L30.e68.i21","source":"Met genoegen.","translation":"Thank you.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"genoegen.","gloss":"pleasure"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e68.i21.m4a"},{"number":132,"id":"val.nl.L30.e68.i22","source":"Wat is het warm vandaag!","translation":"What a hot day this is!","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"warm","gloss":"warm"},{"text":"vandaag!","gloss":"today"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e68.i22.m4a"},{"number":133,"id":"val.nl.L30.e68.i23","source":"Ja, het is bijna een zomerse dag.","translation":"Yes, it is almost a summer day.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ja,","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"bijna","gloss":"nearly"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"zomerse","gloss":"summer"},{"text":"dag.","gloss":"day"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e68.i23.m4a"},{"number":134,"id":"val.nl.L30.e68.i24","source":"Ik hoop dat we volgende maand ook zulk mooi weer zullen hebben.","translation":"I hope we shall have such fine weather next month.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"hoop","gloss":"hope"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"we","gloss":"we"},{"text":"volgende","gloss":"next, following"},{"text":"maand","gloss":"month"},{"text":"ook","gloss":"also, likewise"},{"text":"zulk","gloss":"such"},{"text":"mooi","gloss":"nice, beautiful"},{"text":"weer","gloss":"again"},{"text":"zullen","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"hebben.","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e68.i24.m4a"},{"number":135,"id":"val.nl.L30.e68.i25","source":"Ik hoop het ook, maar men zegt dat we een natte zomer zullen krijgen.","translation":"I hope so too, but they say we are going to have a wet summer.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"hoop","gloss":"hope"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"ook,","gloss":"also, likewise"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"men","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":"zegt","gloss":"to say"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"we","gloss":"we"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"natte","gloss":"wet"},{"text":"zomer","gloss":"summer"},{"text":"zullen","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"krijgen.","gloss":"to get; honger krijgen: to become hungry"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e68.i25.m4a"},{"number":136,"id":"val.nl.L30.e68.i26","source":"Tot ziens, beste vriend, ik moet nu gaan.","translation":"Goodbye, [my] dear friend, I must go now.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Tot","gloss":"until, to"},{"text":"ziens,","gloss":"see you"},{"text":"beste","gloss":"best"},{"text":"vriend,","gloss":"friend"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"moet","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"nu","gloss":"now, at present"},{"text":"gaan.","gloss":"to go"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e68.i26.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 30: exercise 69","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":137,"id":"val.nl.L30.e69.i1","source":"Hoe laat is het, Hendrik?","translation":"What o'clock is it, Henry?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hoe","gloss":"how"},{"text":"laat","gloss":"let; late"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"het,","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"Hendrik?","gloss":"Hendrik"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e69.i1.m4a"},{"number":138,"id":"val.nl.L30.e69.i2","source":"Het is twaalf uur.","translation":"It is twelve o'clock.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"twaalf","gloss":"twelve"},{"text":"uur.","gloss":"hour"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e69.i2.m4a"},{"number":139,"id":"val.nl.L30.e69.i3","source":"Het is middag.","translation":"It is noon.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"middag.","gloss":"midday"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e69.i3.m4a"},{"number":140,"id":"val.nl.L30.e69.i4","source":"Ga dan mee naar de tuin.","translation":"Come to the garden then.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ga","gloss":"go"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"mee","gloss":"along, with"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"tuin.","gloss":"garden"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e69.i4.m4a"},{"number":141,"id":"val.nl.L30.e69.i5","source":"Nu, waar is de zon?","translation":"Now, where is the sun?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nu,","gloss":"now, at present"},{"text":"waar","gloss":"where; true"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"zon?","gloss":"sun"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e69.i5.m4a"},{"number":142,"id":"val.nl.L30.e69.i6","source":"Keer je gezicht naar de zon toe.","translation":"Turn your face towards it.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Keer","gloss":"time (an occasion)"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"gezicht","gloss":"sight"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"zon","gloss":"sun"},{"text":"toe.","gloss":"to"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e69.i6.m4a"},{"number":143,"id":"val.nl.L30.e69.i7","source":"Kijk naar de zon.","translation":"Look at the sun.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Kijk","gloss":"to look"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"zon.","gloss":"sun"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e69.i7.m4a"},{"number":144,"id":"val.nl.L30.e69.i8","source":"Dat is het zuiden.","translation":"That is South.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"zuiden.","gloss":"south"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e69.i8.m4a"},{"number":145,"id":"val.nl.L30.e69.i9","source":"Altijd wanneer het twaalf uur is en je naar de zon kijkt, is je gezicht naar het zuiden gekeerd.","translation":"Always when it is twelve o'clock, and you look at the sun, your face is towards the South.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Altijd","gloss":"always"},{"text":"wanneer","gloss":"if"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"twaalf","gloss":"twelve"},{"text":"uur","gloss":"hour"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"zon","gloss":"sun"},{"text":"kijkt,","gloss":"to look"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"gezicht","gloss":"sight"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"zuiden","gloss":"south"},{"text":"gekeerd.","gloss":"turned"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e69.i9.m4a"},{"number":146,"id":"val.nl.L30.e69.i10","source":"Draai je nu naar links.","translation":"Now turn to your left.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Draai","gloss":"turn"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"nu","gloss":"now, at present"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"links.","gloss":"left"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e69.i10.m4a"},{"number":147,"id":"val.nl.L30.e69.i11","source":"Kijk recht voor je uit.","translation":"Look forward.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Kijk","gloss":"to look"},{"text":"recht","gloss":"justice"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"uit.","gloss":"out of, from"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e69.i11.m4a"},{"number":148,"id":"val.nl.L30.e69.i12","source":"Dat is het oosten.","translation":"That is East.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"oosten.","gloss":"East"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e69.i12.m4a"},{"number":149,"id":"val.nl.L30.e69.i13","source":"'s Morgens, wanneer het licht begint te worden, moet je in die richting kijken en dan zie je de zon opkomen.","translation":"In the morning, when it is going to be light, you must look just there, and you will see the sun rise.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"'s","gloss":"in the morning"},{"text":"Morgens,","gloss":"in the morning"},{"text":"wanneer","gloss":"if"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"licht","gloss":"light"},{"text":"begint","gloss":"to begin"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"worden,","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"moet","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"richting","gloss":"direction"},{"text":"kijken","gloss":"to look"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"zie","gloss":"to see"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"zon","gloss":"sun"},{"text":"opkomen.","gloss":"come"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e69.i13.m4a"},{"number":150,"id":"val.nl.L30.e69.i14","source":"Kijk 's morgens altijd in die richting naar de zon, want ze komt op in het oosten.","translation":"Always in the morning look there for the sun; for it rises in the East.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Kijk","gloss":"to look"},{"text":"'s","gloss":"in the morning"},{"text":"morgens","gloss":"in the morning"},{"text":"altijd","gloss":"always"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"richting","gloss":"direction"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"zon,","gloss":"sun"},{"text":"want","gloss":"for, because"},{"text":"ze","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"komt","gloss":"to come"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"oosten.","gloss":"East"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e69.i14.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 30: exercise 70","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":151,"id":"val.nl.L30.e70.i1","source":"Ik ben een ketel.","translation":"I am a kettle.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"ben","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"ketel.","gloss":"kettle"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e70.i1.m4a"},{"number":152,"id":"val.nl.L30.e70.i2","source":"Je hebt mij vaak aan het werk gezien water koken voor je ontbijt, je middagmaal of je thee.","translation":"You have often seen me at work boiling water for your breakfast, dinner or tea.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"hebt","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"vaak","gloss":"often"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"werk","gloss":"work"},{"text":"gezien","gloss":"to see"},{"text":"water","gloss":"water"},{"text":"koken","gloss":"seethes"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"ontbijt,","gloss":"breakfast"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"middagmaal","gloss":"dinner"},{"text":"of","gloss":"or; whether"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"thee.","gloss":"tea"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e70.i2.m4a"},{"number":153,"id":"val.nl.L30.e70.i3","source":"Weet je waarvan ik gemaakt ben?","translation":"Do you know what I am made of?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Weet","gloss":"to know"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"waarvan","gloss":"of which"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"gemaakt","gloss":"to make (weak)"},{"text":"ben?","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e70.i3.m4a"},{"number":154,"id":"val.nl.L30.e70.i4","source":"Ik zal het je vertellen.","translation":"I will tell you.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"vertellen.","gloss":"tell"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e70.i4.m4a"},{"number":155,"id":"val.nl.L30.e70.i5","source":"Ik ben van ijzer gemaakt, want ijzer kan grote hitte verdragen.","translation":"I am made of iron; because iron will bear a great heat.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"ben","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"ijzer","gloss":"iron"},{"text":"gemaakt,","gloss":"to make (weak)"},{"text":"want","gloss":"for, because"},{"text":"ijzer","gloss":"iron"},{"text":"kan","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"grote","gloss":"big, great"},{"text":"hitte","gloss":"heat"},{"text":"verdragen.","gloss":"to bear"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e70.i5.m4a"},{"number":156,"id":"val.nl.L30.e70.i6","source":"Hier is mijn vriendin de koffiekan.","translation":"Here is my friend the coffee-pot.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hier","gloss":"here"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"vriendin","gloss":"friend"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"koffiekan.","gloss":"coffee-pot"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e70.i6.m4a"},{"number":157,"id":"val.nl.L30.e70.i7","source":"Weet je waarvan zij gemaakt is?","translation":"Do you know what he is made of?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Weet","gloss":"to know"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"waarvan","gloss":"of which"},{"text":"zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"gemaakt","gloss":"to make (weak)"},{"text":"is?","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e70.i7.m4a"},{"number":158,"id":"val.nl.L30.e70.i8","source":"Nee.","translation":"No.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nee.","gloss":"no"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e70.i8.m4a"},{"number":159,"id":"val.nl.L30.e70.i9","source":"Dan zal ik het je zeggen.","translation":"Then I will tell you.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"zeggen.","gloss":"to say"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e70.i9.m4a"},{"number":160,"id":"val.nl.L30.e70.i10","source":"Mijn vriendin, de koffiekan, is van tin gemaakt.","translation":"My friend the coffee-pot is made of tin.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"vriendin,","gloss":"friend"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"koffiekan,","gloss":"coffee-pot"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"tin","gloss":"tin"},{"text":"gemaakt.","gloss":"to make (weak)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e70.i10.m4a"},{"number":161,"id":"val.nl.L30.e70.i11","source":"Zij zit soms naast mij op het fornuis.","translation":"He sometimes sits beside me on the hob.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"zit","gloss":"to sit"},{"text":"soms","gloss":"sometimes"},{"text":"naast","gloss":"next to"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"fornuis.","gloss":"stove"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e70.i11.m4a"},{"number":162,"id":"val.nl.L30.e70.i12","source":"Vaak giet ik er water in, heet genoeg om haar te branden, als ze maar gevoel had.","translation":"I often pour water into him hot enough to scald him, if he could only feel it.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Vaak","gloss":"often"},{"text":"giet","gloss":"pour"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"water","gloss":"water"},{"text":"in,","gloss":"in"},{"text":"heet","gloss":"to be called"},{"text":"genoeg","gloss":"enough"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"haar","gloss":"her"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"branden,","gloss":"burn"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"ze","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"gevoel","gloss":"feeling"},{"text":"had.","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e70.i12.m4a"},{"number":163,"id":"val.nl.L30.e70.i13","source":"Nu zul je een hele familie van mijn vrienden zien.","translation":"Now you shall see a family of my friends.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nu","gloss":"now, at present"},{"text":"zul","gloss":"shall"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"hele","gloss":"whole"},{"text":"familie","gloss":"family"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"vrienden","gloss":"friends"},{"text":"zien.","gloss":"to see"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e70.i13.m4a"},{"number":164,"id":"val.nl.L30.e70.i14","source":"Zonder hen zou ik niet zo nuttig zijn als ik ben.","translation":"Without them I should not be so useful as I am.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zonder","gloss":"without"},{"text":"hen","gloss":"them"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"zo","gloss":"so, as"},{"text":"nuttig","gloss":"useful"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"ben.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e70.i14.m4a"},{"number":165,"id":"val.nl.L30.e70.i15","source":"Hier zijn ze.","translation":"Here they are.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hier","gloss":"here"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"ze.","gloss":"she; they"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e70.i15.m4a"},{"number":166,"id":"val.nl.L30.e70.i16","source":"In het midden zie je de theepot, en daaromheen alle koppen en schotels, precies als een kip met haar kuikens.","translation":"In the middle you see the tea-pot, and all around her the cups and saucers, just like a hen and her chickens.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"In","gloss":"in"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"midden","gloss":"middle"},{"text":"zie","gloss":"to see"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"theepot,","gloss":"tea-pot"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"daaromheen","gloss":"around it"},{"text":"alle","gloss":"all"},{"text":"koppen","gloss":"head"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"schotels,","gloss":"dishes"},{"text":"precies","gloss":"exactly"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"kip","gloss":"chickens"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"haar","gloss":"her"},{"text":"kuikens.","gloss":"chickens"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e70.i16.m4a"},{"number":167,"id":"val.nl.L30.e70.i17","source":"De koffiekan en de theepot zijn mijn twee beste vrienden.","translation":"The coffee-pot and the tea-pot are my two greatest friends.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"koffiekan","gloss":"coffee-pot"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"theepot","gloss":"tea-pot"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"twee","gloss":"two"},{"text":"beste","gloss":"best"},{"text":"vrienden.","gloss":"friends"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e70.i17.m4a"},{"number":168,"id":"val.nl.L30.e70.i18","source":"Ik heb niet zoveel met de koppen en schotels te maken als mijn beide vrienden.","translation":"I have not so much to do with the cups and saucers as my two friends have.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"zoveel","gloss":"so much"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"koppen","gloss":"head"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"schotels","gloss":"dishes"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"maken","gloss":"to make (weak)"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"beide","gloss":"both"},{"text":"vrienden.","gloss":"friends"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e70.i18.m4a"},{"number":169,"id":"val.nl.L30.e70.i19","source":"Maar ik heb ze vaak gezien, en ik weet waarvan ze gemaakt zijn.","translation":"But I often see them, and I know of what they are made.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"ze","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"vaak","gloss":"often"},{"text":"gezien,","gloss":"to see"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"weet","gloss":"to know"},{"text":"waarvan","gloss":"of which"},{"text":"ze","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"gemaakt","gloss":"to make (weak)"},{"text":"zijn.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e70.i19.m4a"},{"number":170,"id":"val.nl.L30.e70.i20","source":"Koppen en schotels worden van klei gemaakt en in een oven gebakken om ze hard te maken.","translation":"Cups and saucers are made of clay, and are baked in an oven to make them hard.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Koppen","gloss":"cups"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"schotels","gloss":"dishes"},{"text":"worden","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"klei","gloss":"clay"},{"text":"gemaakt","gloss":"to make (weak)"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"oven","gloss":"oven"},{"text":"gebakken","gloss":"to bake"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"ze","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"hard","gloss":"hard"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"maken.","gloss":"to make (weak)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e70.i20.m4a"},{"number":171,"id":"val.nl.L30.e70.i21","source":"Ik moet je nu goedemiddag wensen, want ik moet water koken voor de thee.","translation":"I must bid you good afternoon, as I am wanted to boil the water for the tea.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"moet","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"nu","gloss":"now, at present"},{"text":"goedemiddag","gloss":"good afternoon"},{"text":"wensen,","gloss":"wished"},{"text":"want","gloss":"for, because"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"moet","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"water","gloss":"water"},{"text":"koken","gloss":"seethes"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"thee.","gloss":"tea"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e70.i21.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 30: exercise 71","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":172,"id":"val.nl.L30.e71.i1","source":"Wat is een vuurtoren?","translation":"What is a light-house?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"vuurtoren?","gloss":"lighthouse"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e71.i1.m4a"},{"number":173,"id":"val.nl.L30.e71.i2","source":"Een vuurtoren is een huis in de vorm van een grote zuil of toren.","translation":"A light-house is a house in the shape of a tall pillar or tower.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"vuurtoren","gloss":"lighthouse"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"huis","gloss":"house"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vorm","gloss":"form"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"grote","gloss":"big, great"},{"text":"zuil","gloss":"columns"},{"text":"of","gloss":"or; whether"},{"text":"toren.","gloss":"tower"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e71.i2.m4a"},{"number":174,"id":"val.nl.L30.e71.i3","source":"Op de top bevindt zich een kleine kamer, rondom voorzien van vensters, waarin elke nacht een licht brandt.","translation":"At the top there is a little room, with windows all around, in which a light is kept burning all night.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"top","gloss":"summit"},{"text":"bevindt","gloss":"found"},{"text":"zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"kleine","gloss":"small"},{"text":"kamer,","gloss":"room"},{"text":"rondom","gloss":"around"},{"text":"voorzien","gloss":"provide"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"vensters,","gloss":"window"},{"text":"waarin","gloss":"in which"},{"text":"elke","gloss":"each, every"},{"text":"nacht","gloss":"night"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"licht","gloss":"light"},{"text":"brandt.","gloss":"burns"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e71.i3.m4a"},{"number":175,"id":"val.nl.L30.e71.i4","source":"Wie houdt het licht brandend?","translation":"Who keeps the light burning?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wie","gloss":"who"},{"text":"houdt","gloss":"to keep"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"licht","gloss":"light"},{"text":"brandend?","gloss":"burning"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e71.i4.m4a"},{"number":176,"id":"val.nl.L30.e71.i5","source":"Er bevindt zich een man op de vuurtoren, wiens taak het is de lampen schoon en helder te houden.","translation":"A man lives in the light-house, whose work it is to keep the lamps clean and bright.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"bevindt","gloss":"found"},{"text":"zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"man","gloss":"man; husband"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vuurtoren,","gloss":"lighthouse"},{"text":"wiens","gloss":"whose"},{"text":"taak","gloss":"task"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"lampen","gloss":"lamps"},{"text":"schoon","gloss":"beautiful"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"helder","gloss":"brightly"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"houden.","gloss":"to keep"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e71.i5.m4a"},{"number":177,"id":"val.nl.L30.e71.i6","source":"Meermalen leven zijn vrouw en gezin daar met hem en helpen hem bij zijn werk.","translation":"His wife and family often live there with him, and help him in his work.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Meermalen","gloss":"more than once"},{"text":"leven","gloss":"life"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"vrouw","gloss":"a woman, a lady"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"gezin","gloss":"family"},{"text":"daar","gloss":"as, since, because"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"helpen","gloss":"to help"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"bij","gloss":"with"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"werk.","gloss":"work"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e71.i6.m4a"},{"number":178,"id":"val.nl.L30.e71.i7","source":"Soms is de zee zo stormachtig dat deze mensen in geen weken aan land kunnen gaan.","translation":"Sometimes the sea is so stormy that these people cannot go on land for weeks together.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Soms","gloss":"sometimes"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"zee","gloss":"sea"},{"text":"zo","gloss":"so, as"},{"text":"stormachtig","gloss":"stormy"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"deze","gloss":"the latter (the most recently mentioned)"},{"text":"mensen","gloss":"men, people"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"geen","gloss":"no, not a"},{"text":"weken","gloss":"weeks"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"land","gloss":"land"},{"text":"kunnen","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"gaan.","gloss":"to go"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e71.i7.m4a"},{"number":179,"id":"val.nl.L30.e71.i8","source":"En evenmin kan dan iemand van het land tot hen komen.","translation":"Neither can any one on land go to them.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"En","gloss":"and"},{"text":"evenmin","gloss":"just as little"},{"text":"kan","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"iemand","gloss":"someone"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"land","gloss":"land"},{"text":"tot","gloss":"until, to"},{"text":"hen","gloss":"them"},{"text":"komen.","gloss":"to come"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L30.e71.i8.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 31: Concord: the verb agrees with its subject (and 1 more)","teaching":[{"title":"The verb follows the subject","paragraphs":["A Dutch verb always matches its subject in number and person.","A collective noun is a singular word for a group, such as committee, enemy or cattle. Dutch gives a collective noun a singular verb.","De vergadering was eenstemmig uses was, the singular. Het vee graast uses graast, also singular.","The English translations use plural verbs. Look at the Dutch verb, not the English one."]},{"title":"Als or tot before the new title","paragraphs":["English says they made him king, with nothing between him and king. Dutch needs a joining word there, als or tot.","This holds after the verbs for appoint, elect, make, name and proclaim. Het volk benoemde hem tot koning. De generaal benoemde hem tot kapitein.","When the added words describe the subject, not the object, Dutch uses als. In Hij keerde terug als een oud man, the old man is hij."]}],"lines":[{"number":180,"id":"val.nl.L31.x.1.1","source":"De vergadering was eenstemmig.","translation":"The committee were of one mind.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vergadering","gloss":"meeting"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"eenstemmig.","gloss":"unanimous"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.x.1.1.m4a"},{"number":181,"id":"val.nl.L31.x.1.2","source":"De vijand vluchtte naar alle kanten.","translation":"The enemy were flying in every direction.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vijand","gloss":"enemy"},{"text":"vluchtte","gloss":"to flee"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"alle","gloss":"all"},{"text":"kanten.","gloss":"sides"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.x.1.2.m4a"},{"number":182,"id":"val.nl.L31.x.1.3","source":"Het vee graast in de duinen.","translation":"The cattle are grazing on the downs.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"vee","gloss":"livestock"},{"text":"graast","gloss":"grazing"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"duinen.","gloss":"downs"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.x.1.3.m4a"},{"number":183,"id":"val.nl.L31.x.2.1","source":"Het volk benoemde hem tot koning.","translation":"People appointed him king.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"volk","gloss":"people"},{"text":"benoemde","gloss":"appointed"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"tot","gloss":"until, to"},{"text":"koning.","gloss":"king, kings"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.x.2.1.m4a"},{"number":184,"id":"val.nl.L31.x.2.2","source":"De generaal benoemde hem tot kapitein.","translation":"The general named him captain.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"generaal","gloss":"general"},{"text":"benoemde","gloss":"appointed"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"tot","gloss":"until, to"},{"text":"kapitein.","gloss":"captain"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.x.2.2.m4a"},{"number":185,"id":"val.nl.L31.x.2.3","source":"Hij keerde terug als een oud man.","translation":"He returned an old man.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"keerde","gloss":"to turn off"},{"text":"terug","gloss":"back"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"oud","gloss":"old"},{"text":"man.","gloss":"man; husband"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.x.2.3.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1001,"text":"Concord: the verb agrees with its subject\n\nIn Dutch a verb always agrees with its subject in number and person, and a collective noun takes a singular verb. De vergadering was eenstemmig, the committee were of one mind. De vijand vluchtte naar alle kanten, the enemy were flying in every direction. Het vee graast in de duinen, the cattle are grazing on the downs."},{"section":1002,"text":"Appoint, elect, make, name, proclaim need als or tot\n\nThe verbs to appoint, to elect, to make, to name, to proclaim, which take a plain object in English, need a connecting word, als or tot, in Dutch. People appointed, elected, made, proclaimed him king, het volk benoemde, koos, maakte, riep hem uit tot koning. The general named him captain, de generaal benoemde hem tot kapitein. When the added word qualifies the subject rather than the object, Dutch uses als. Hij keerde terug als een oud man, he returned an old man."},{"section":1003,"text":"Verbs transitive in English, intransitive in Dutch\n\nSome verbs are transitive in English but intransitive in Dutch: to become is passen; to prefer is de voorkeur geven aan; to displease is niet bevallen; to please is behagen or bevallen; to oppose is zich verzetten tegen; to resemble is gelijken op; to indulge is zich overgeven aan; to resist is weerstand bieden aan; to obey is gehoorzamen aan. Ik geef aan bier de voorkeur boven wijn, I prefer beer to wine. Hij verzette zich tegen de wens van zijn vader, he opposed his father's wish. Gehoorzamen aan een wachtwoord, to obey a watchword."},{"section":1004,"text":"English intransitive verbs used causatively\n\nWhen an English intransitive verb is used in a causative sense, Dutch renders it with another verb, or with a verb plus preposition. Een vlieger oplaten, to fly a kite. Hij liet het hoofd hangen, he hung his head. Hij zwom met zijn paard over de rivier, he swam his horse across the river."},{"section":1005,"text":"Impersonal verbs\n\nSome verbs are impersonal in Dutch, though personal in English. Het bevalt me, I like it, I am pleased with it. Het lukt me, I succeed. Het ontbreekt me aan geduld, I am wanting in patience. Het spijt me, I am sorry. Het verheugt me, I rejoice. Het verwondert me, I wonder, I am surprised. For I repent and I remember, Dutch reaches for a personal construction: ik heb er spijt van, I repent; ik herinner het me, I remember."},{"section":1006,"text":"Impersonal expressions rendered by personal verbs\n\nSome impersonal expressions are rendered by personal verbs. Hoe gaat het, how are you? Het gaat hem goed, he is doing well. Zo gaat het in de wereld, so the world runs. Het is slecht reizen met een lege beurs, it is bad travelling with an empty purse. Het is niet waarschijnlijk dat u zult slagen, you are not likely to succeed. Het staat u vrij, you are free. Ik was toevallig thuis, I happened to be at home."},{"section":1007,"text":"Reflexive verbs rendered in English by a passive\n\nThe following reflexive verbs are rendered in English by a passive verb. Zich bedroeven over iets, to be grieved at something. Zich ergeren over iets, to be vexed at something. Zich schamen voor iets, to be ashamed of something. Zich verbazen over iets, to be astonished at something. Zich vergissen, to be mistaken. Druk in de weer zijn, to bestir oneself, to busy oneself."},{"section":1008,"text":"Verbs reflexive in Dutch, plain in English\n\nThe following verbs are reflexive in Dutch and intransitive, or rarely transitive, in English: zich aanmatigen to assume, zich aantrekken to take to heart, zich afgeven met to mix, to associate, zich baden to bathe, zich begeven naar to repair to, zich beklagen over to complain of, zich bekommeren om to care for, zich bemoeien met to mind, to meddle with, zich beroemen op to boast of, zich beroepen op to appeal to, zich bewegen to move, zich buigen to bend, zich erbarmen to have mercy, zich gedragen to behave, zich moeite geven to take pains, zich gevoelen to feel, zich haasten to hasten, zich herinneren to remember, zich herstellen to recover, zich inschepen to embark, zich kleden to dress, zich koesteren to bask, zich gereedmaken to get ready, zich van kant maken to commit suicide, zich meester maken van to seize upon, zich neerleggen to lie down, zich neerzetten to sit down, or to settle, zich oefenen in to practise, zich omkeren to turn round, zich onderhouden to converse, zich onderstaan to presume, zich onderwerpen to submit, zich onthouden van to abstain from, zich openen to open, zich oplossen to dissolve, zich overgeven to surrender, zich richten naar to conform to, zich voor de geest roepen to call to mind, zich scheren to shave, zich schikken naar to comply with, zich sluiten to shut, zich storen aan to care about, zich terugtrekken to retire, zich toebereiden to prepare, zich toerusten to prepare, or to equip, zich uitstrekken to extend, zich verbazen over to wonder at, zich verbeelden to fancy, zich verbreiden to spread, zich verenigen to unite, zich vergewissen to ascertain, zich vergissen to be mistaken, zich verheugen to rejoice, zich verkneuteren in to revel in, zich verlaten op to rely on, zich verlustigen to delight, zich vermengen to mix, zich verrekenen to miscalculate, zich verschaffen to procure, zich verschrijven to make a slip in writing, zich verspreiden to disperse, or to spread, zich verspreken to make a slip in speaking, zich verstouten to make bold, zich verstrooien to disperse, zich verwaardigen to condescend, zich verwijderen to withdraw, zich verwonderen over to wonder at, zich verzamelen to assemble, zich verzetten tegen to oppose, zich vestigen to settle, zich voeden met to feed on, to live on, zich voegen bij to join, zich voornemen to make up one's mind, zich wachten voor to beware of, zich wagen to venture, zich wassen to wash, zich laten welgevallen to put up with, zich wenden tot to turn to, to apply to, zich wikkelen to engage. Elkander ontmoeten means to meet. Wanneer hebben jullie elkaar het laatst ontmoet, when did you meet last? Very few verbs are reflexive in English and intransitive, or transitive, in Dutch: to avail oneself is te baat nemen, to betake oneself is zijn toevlucht nemen tot, to pride oneself on is roem dragen op."},{"section":1009,"text":"The passive: the indirect object stays the indirect object\n\nAn active construction is made passive the same way as in English, except that the indirect object does not turn into the subject of the passive sentence. Ik onderwees hem de Nederlandse taal, I taught him the Dutch language, becomes De Nederlandse taal werd hem door mij onderwezen, the Dutch language was taught him, or he was taught it. Ik vertelde hem de geschiedenis, I told him the story, becomes De geschiedenis werd hem door mij verteld, the story was told him, or he was told the story. For emphasis: hem werd de geschiedenis door mij verteld. Mij wordt verteld, I am told. Also: Zij zorgden voor hem, they took care of him, becomes Voor hem werd gezorgd, he was taken care of."},{"section":1010,"text":"Er wordt, er werd\n\nWhen the Dutch sentence has no other subject, er is translated by there. Er wordt aan de deur geklopt, there's a knock at the door. Er werd veel gepraat, there was a great deal of talking. When the subject of the sentence is a whole clause, er is translated by it. Er werd besloten om het huis te verkopen, it was resolved to sell the house. Er wordt vermoed dat hij omgekomen is, it is supposed that he has perished. Er is not translated at all when the subject of the sentence is a noun. Er werd een bijeenkomst gehouden, a meeting was held. Er werd een huis verkocht, a house was sold."},{"section":1011,"text":"Zijn with an active infinitive for an English passive infinitive\n\nAfter the verb zijn an active infinitive is often used where English uses a passive infinitive. Zulke mensen zijn te beklagen, such men are to be pitied. Mijn boeken waren nergens te vinden, my books were nowhere to be found. Het is te vrezen, te verwachten, it is to be feared, expected. Zijn is sometimes replaced by blijven, staan, vallen. Dit staat te bewijzen, this is to be proved. Het valt niet te ontkennen, it is not to be denied. Het blijft te bewijzen, it remains to be proved."},{"section":1012,"text":"No progressive passive in Dutch\n\nThe progressive form of the passive voice, as English uses it, does not exist in Dutch. Hij wordt geschoren, he is being shaved. Dit boek wordt geprezen, this book is being praised. Het huis wordt gebouwd, the house is building. De koeien worden gemolken, the cows are milking."},{"section":1013,"text":"Worden as a copula: to become, get, grow, turn\n\nIf worden is followed by a noun or an adjective, it does not express the passive voice; it is then a copula, matching French devenir and English to become, to get, to grow, to turn. Hij werd timmerman, he became a carpenter. Hij werd in eens rijk, he became rich at once. Het wordt duister, it is getting dark. Groot, oud worden, to grow tall, old. Bleek worden, to turn pale. De melk werd zuur, the milk turned sour. Ziek worden, to fall ill. Krankzinnig worden, to go mad."}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 31: Verbs transitive in English, intransitive in Dutch (and 1 more)","teaching":[{"title":"Some Dutch verbs take no direct object","paragraphs":["An intransitive verb takes no direct object. Some verbs are transitive in English but intransitive in Dutch.","Many of these Dutch verbs reach the person or thing through a preposition. English says to obey a watchword. Dutch says gehoorzamen aan een wachtwoord, with aan.","Hij verzette zich tegen de wens van zijn vader means he opposed his father's wish. Ik geef aan bier de voorkeur boven wijn means I prefer beer to wine.","The list gives the English verb, then the Dutch. Learn each Dutch verb with its preposition."]},{"title":"Making something else do the action","paragraphs":["A causative use of a verb means the subject makes someone or something else do the action. English says he swam his horse across the river.","English uses the same verb for both meanings. Dutch uses another verb, or a verb with a preposition.","Hij zwom met zijn paard over de rivier adds met zijn paard to zwom. Een vlieger oplaten uses oplaten for to fly a kite. Hij liet het hoofd hangen means he hung his head."]}],"lines":[{"number":186,"id":"val.nl.L31.x.3.1","source":"Ik geef aan bier de voorkeur boven wijn.","translation":"I prefer beer to wine.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"geef","gloss":"to give"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"bier","gloss":"beer"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"voorkeur","gloss":"preference"},{"text":"boven","gloss":"above, over"},{"text":"wijn.","gloss":"wine"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.x.3.1.m4a"},{"number":187,"id":"val.nl.L31.x.3.2","source":"Hij verzette zich tegen de wens van zijn vader.","translation":"He opposed his father's wish.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"verzette","gloss":"resisted"},{"text":"zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"tegen","gloss":"against; to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"wens","gloss":"wish"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"vader.","gloss":"the father"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.x.3.2.m4a"},{"number":188,"id":"val.nl.L31.x.3.3","source":"Gehoorzamen aan een wachtwoord.","translation":"To obey a watchword.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Gehoorzamen","gloss":"obey"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"wachtwoord.","gloss":"watchword"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.x.3.3.m4a"},{"number":189,"id":"val.nl.L31.x.4.1","source":"Een vlieger oplaten.","translation":"To fly a kite.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"vlieger","gloss":"kites"},{"text":"oplaten.","gloss":"to fly"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.x.4.1.m4a"},{"number":190,"id":"val.nl.L31.x.4.2","source":"Hij liet het hoofd hangen.","translation":"He hung his head.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"liet","gloss":"to let"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"hoofd","gloss":"head"},{"text":"hangen.","gloss":"to hang"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.x.4.2.m4a"},{"number":191,"id":"val.nl.L31.x.4.3","source":"Hij zwom met zijn paard over de rivier.","translation":"He swam his horse across the river.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"zwom","gloss":"to swim"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"paard","gloss":"horse"},{"text":"over","gloss":"across, over"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"rivier.","gloss":"river"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.x.4.3.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 31: Impersonal verbs","teaching":[{"title":"Het as the subject of a feeling","paragraphs":["Some feelings that English gives to a person take an impersonal verb in Dutch. Het is the subject, and the person comes after the verb.","Het bevalt me means I like it. Het lukt me means I succeed. Het spijt me means I am sorry. Het verwondert me means I wonder.","The pattern is het, the verb, then the person."]},{"title":"Two feelings with a personal verb","paragraphs":["For I repent and I remember, Dutch uses a personal verb, with the person as the subject.","I repent is ik heb er spijt van. I remember is ik herinner het me."]}],"lines":[{"number":192,"id":"val.nl.L31.x.5.1","source":"Het bevalt me.","translation":"I like it, I am pleased with it.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"bevalt","gloss":"pleases"},{"text":"me.","gloss":"me"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.x.5.1.m4a"},{"number":193,"id":"val.nl.L31.x.5.2","source":"Het lukt me.","translation":"I succeed.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"lukt","gloss":"succeeded"},{"text":"me.","gloss":"me"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.x.5.2.m4a"},{"number":194,"id":"val.nl.L31.x.5.3","source":"Het spijt me.","translation":"I am sorry.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"spijt","gloss":"regret"},{"text":"me.","gloss":"me"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.x.5.3.m4a"},{"number":195,"id":"val.nl.L31.x.5.4","source":"Het verheugt me.","translation":"I rejoice.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"verheugt","gloss":"rejoice"},{"text":"me.","gloss":"me"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.x.5.4.m4a"},{"number":196,"id":"val.nl.L31.x.5.5","source":"Het verwondert me.","translation":"I wonder, I am surprised.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"verwondert","gloss":"wonder"},{"text":"me.","gloss":"me"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.x.5.5.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 31: Impersonal expressions rendered by personal verbs","teaching":[{"title":"Het in Dutch, a person in English","paragraphs":["Some Dutch expressions have het as the subject. English says the same thing with a personal verb, with a person as the subject.","Hoe gaat het means how are you. Het gaat hem goed means he is doing well. Het staat u vrij means you are free.","Ik was toevallig thuis means I happened to be at home.","Learn each expression whole, with its meaning. A word for word translation does not work."]}],"lines":[{"number":197,"id":"val.nl.L31.x.6.1","source":"Hoe gaat het?","translation":"How are you?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hoe","gloss":"how"},{"text":"gaat","gloss":"to go"},{"text":"het?","gloss":"it; the"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.x.6.1.m4a"},{"number":198,"id":"val.nl.L31.x.6.2","source":"Het gaat hem goed.","translation":"He is doing well.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"gaat","gloss":"to go"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"goed.","gloss":"good, well"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.x.6.2.m4a"},{"number":199,"id":"val.nl.L31.x.6.3","source":"Zo gaat het in de wereld.","translation":"So the world runs.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zo","gloss":"so, as"},{"text":"gaat","gloss":"to go"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"wereld.","gloss":"world"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.x.6.3.m4a"},{"number":200,"id":"val.nl.L31.x.6.4","source":"Het is slecht reizen met een lege beurs.","translation":"It is bad travelling with an empty purse.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"slecht","gloss":"bad"},{"text":"reizen","gloss":"traveling"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"lege","gloss":"empty"},{"text":"beurs.","gloss":"the (Stock) Exchange"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.x.6.4.m4a"},{"number":201,"id":"val.nl.L31.x.6.5","source":"Het staat u vrij.","translation":"You are free.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"staat","gloss":"to stand"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"vrij.","gloss":"rather, quite; free"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.x.6.5.m4a"},{"number":202,"id":"val.nl.L31.x.6.6","source":"Ik was toevallig thuis.","translation":"I happened to be at home.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"toevallig","gloss":"by chance"},{"text":"thuis.","gloss":"at home"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.x.6.6.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 31: Reflexive verbs rendered in English by a passive","teaching":[{"title":"A reflexive verb for an English passive","paragraphs":["Some Dutch reflexive verbs are given in English by a passive: to be ashamed, to be astonished, to be mistaken.","Zich schamen voor iets means to be ashamed of something. Zich verbazen over iets means to be astonished at something. Zich vergissen means to be mistaken.","Most of these verbs take a preposition, such as over or voor. Learn the verb and its preposition together."]}],"lines":[{"number":203,"id":"val.nl.L31.x.7.1","source":"Zich bedroeven over iets.","translation":"To be grieved at something.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"bedroeven","gloss":"saddened"},{"text":"over","gloss":"across, over"},{"text":"iets.","gloss":"something"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.x.7.1.m4a"},{"number":204,"id":"val.nl.L31.x.7.2","source":"Zich ergeren over iets.","translation":"To be vexed at something.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"ergeren","gloss":"been vexed"},{"text":"over","gloss":"across, over"},{"text":"iets.","gloss":"something"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.x.7.2.m4a"},{"number":205,"id":"val.nl.L31.x.7.3","source":"Zich schamen voor iets.","translation":"To be ashamed of something.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"schamen","gloss":"be ashamed"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"iets.","gloss":"something"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.x.7.3.m4a"},{"number":206,"id":"val.nl.L31.x.7.4","source":"Zich verbazen over iets.","translation":"To be astonished at something.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"verbazen","gloss":"astonish"},{"text":"over","gloss":"across, over"},{"text":"iets.","gloss":"something"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.x.7.4.m4a"},{"number":207,"id":"val.nl.L31.x.7.5","source":"Zich vergissen.","translation":"To be mistaken.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"vergissen.","gloss":"be mistaken"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.x.7.5.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 31: Verbs reflexive in Dutch, plain in English","teaching":[{"title":"Zich where English has none","paragraphs":["Many verbs have zich in Dutch and no reflexive pronoun in English. English does not say I hasten myself. Dutch says zich haasten.","The list is for reference. Read an entry as zich, the verb, any preposition, then the English.","Zich herinneren means to remember. Zich verlaten op iemand means to rely on someone.","Elkander ontmoeten means to meet. Wanneer hebben jullie elkaar het laatst ontmoet means when did you meet last.","A very few verbs are reflexive in English and not in Dutch. To avail oneself is te baat nemen."]}],"lines":[{"number":208,"id":"val.nl.L31.x.8.1","source":"Zich haasten.","translation":"To hasten.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"haasten.","gloss":"hasten"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.x.8.1.m4a"},{"number":209,"id":"val.nl.L31.x.8.2","source":"Zich herinneren.","translation":"To remember.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"herinneren.","gloss":"to remember"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.x.8.2.m4a"},{"number":210,"id":"val.nl.L31.x.8.3","source":"Zich vergissen.","translation":"To be mistaken.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"vergissen.","gloss":"be mistaken"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.x.8.3.m4a"},{"number":211,"id":"val.nl.L31.x.8.4","source":"Zich verlaten op iemand.","translation":"To rely on someone.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"verlaten","gloss":"left"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"iemand.","gloss":"someone"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.x.8.4.m4a"},{"number":212,"id":"val.nl.L31.x.8.5","source":"Zich verzetten tegen iets.","translation":"To oppose something.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"verzetten","gloss":"resist"},{"text":"tegen","gloss":"against; to"},{"text":"iets.","gloss":"something"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.x.8.5.m4a"},{"number":213,"id":"val.nl.L31.x.8.6","source":"Zich voornemen iets te doen.","translation":"To make up one's mind to do something.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"voornemen","gloss":"intention"},{"text":"iets","gloss":"something"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"doen.","gloss":"to do"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.x.8.6.m4a"},{"number":214,"id":"val.nl.L31.x.8.7","source":"Wanneer hebben jullie elkaar het laatst ontmoet?","translation":"When did you meet last?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wanneer","gloss":"if"},{"text":"hebben","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"jullie","gloss":"you (plural)"},{"text":"elkaar","gloss":"each other"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"laatst","gloss":"last time"},{"text":"ontmoet?","gloss":"to meet"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.x.8.7.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 31: The passive: the indirect object stays the indirect object","teaching":[{"title":"The receiver does not become the subject","paragraphs":["Dutch makes a passive sentence in the same way as English, with one difference. The indirect object does not become the subject.","Ik vertelde hem de geschiedenis means I told him the story. The passive is De geschiedenis werd hem door mij verteld. The story is the subject.","Hem stays hem. English can say he was told the story. Dutch cannot make hem the subject.","For emphasis, hem can come first: hem werd de geschiedenis door mij verteld. Voor hem werd gezorgd means he was taken care of."]}],"lines":[{"number":215,"id":"val.nl.L31.x.9.1","source":"De Nederlandse taal werd hem door mij onderwezen.","translation":"The Dutch language was taught him, or he was taught it.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Nederlandse","gloss":"Dutch"},{"text":"taal","gloss":"language"},{"text":"werd","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"onderwezen.","gloss":"educated"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.x.9.1.m4a"},{"number":216,"id":"val.nl.L31.x.9.2","source":"De geschiedenis werd hem door mij verteld.","translation":"The story was told him, or he was told the story.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"geschiedenis","gloss":"story"},{"text":"werd","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"verteld.","gloss":"told"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.x.9.2.m4a"},{"number":217,"id":"val.nl.L31.x.9.3","source":"Mij wordt verteld.","translation":"I am told.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"wordt","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"verteld.","gloss":"told"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.x.9.3.m4a"},{"number":218,"id":"val.nl.L31.x.9.4","source":"Voor hem werd gezorgd.","translation":"He was taken care of.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"werd","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"gezorgd.","gloss":"see to it"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.x.9.4.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 31: Er wordt, er werd","teaching":[{"title":"Three ways to translate er","paragraphs":["In er wordt and er werd, the word er is translated in three ways. The choice depends on the subject.","With no other subject, er means there. Er werd veel gepraat means there was a great deal of talking.","When the subject is a whole clause, er means it. Er werd besloten om het huis te verkopen means it was resolved to sell the house.","When the subject is a noun, er is not translated. Er werd een bijeenkomst gehouden means a meeting was held."]}],"lines":[{"number":219,"id":"val.nl.L31.x.10.1","source":"Er wordt aan de deur geklopt.","translation":"There's a knock at the door.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"wordt","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"deur","gloss":"door"},{"text":"geklopt.","gloss":"knocked"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.x.10.1.m4a"},{"number":220,"id":"val.nl.L31.x.10.2","source":"Er werd veel gepraat.","translation":"There was a great deal of talking.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"werd","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"veel","gloss":"much"},{"text":"gepraat.","gloss":"talks"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.x.10.2.m4a"},{"number":221,"id":"val.nl.L31.x.10.3","source":"Er werd besloten om het huis te verkopen.","translation":"It was resolved to sell the house.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"werd","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"besloten","gloss":"resolved"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"huis","gloss":"house"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"verkopen.","gloss":"sale"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.x.10.3.m4a"},{"number":222,"id":"val.nl.L31.x.10.4","source":"Er werd een bijeenkomst gehouden.","translation":"A meeting was held.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"werd","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"bijeenkomst","gloss":"meeting"},{"text":"gehouden.","gloss":"to keep"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.x.10.4.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 31: Zijn with an active infinitive for an English passive infinitive (and 1 more)","teaching":[{"title":"Te and an active infinitive after zijn","paragraphs":["After zijn, Dutch often uses te and an active infinitive where English uses a passive infinitive.","Zulke mensen zijn te beklagen means such men are to be pitied. Mijn boeken waren nergens te vinden means my books were nowhere to be found.","Blijven, staan and vallen sometimes take the place of zijn. Dit staat te bewijzen means this is to be proved. Het valt niet te ontkennen means it is not to be denied."]},{"title":"The ordinary passive for is being","paragraphs":["A progressive form shows an action that is going on. English has a progressive passive: he is being shaved. Dutch has no such form.","Dutch uses the ordinary passive with worden. Hij wordt geschoren means he is being shaved.","The same holds where the English reads the house is building: het huis wordt gebouwd. De koeien worden gemolken means the cows are milking."]}],"lines":[{"number":223,"id":"val.nl.L31.x.11.1","source":"Zulke mensen zijn te beklagen.","translation":"Such men are to be pitied.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zulke","gloss":"such"},{"text":"mensen","gloss":"men, people"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"beklagen.","gloss":"complain"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.x.11.1.m4a"},{"number":224,"id":"val.nl.L31.x.11.2","source":"Mijn boeken waren nergens te vinden.","translation":"My books were nowhere to be found.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"boeken","gloss":"books"},{"text":"waren","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"nergens","gloss":"nowhere"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"vinden.","gloss":"to find"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.x.11.2.m4a"},{"number":225,"id":"val.nl.L31.x.11.3","source":"Dit staat te bewijzen.","translation":"This is to be proved.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dit","gloss":"this"},{"text":"staat","gloss":"to stand"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"bewijzen.","gloss":"to prove; proofs"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.x.11.3.m4a"},{"number":226,"id":"val.nl.L31.x.11.4","source":"Het valt niet te ontkennen.","translation":"It is not to be denied.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"valt","gloss":"to fall"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"ontkennen.","gloss":"deny"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.x.11.4.m4a"},{"number":227,"id":"val.nl.L31.x.12.1","source":"Hij wordt geschoren.","translation":"He is being shaved.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"wordt","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"geschoren.","gloss":"to shave"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.x.12.1.m4a"},{"number":228,"id":"val.nl.L31.x.12.2","source":"Het huis wordt gebouwd.","translation":"The house is building.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"huis","gloss":"house"},{"text":"wordt","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"gebouwd.","gloss":"built"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.x.12.2.m4a"},{"number":229,"id":"val.nl.L31.x.12.3","source":"De koeien worden gemolken.","translation":"The cows are milking.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"koeien","gloss":"cows"},{"text":"worden","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"gemolken.","gloss":"to milk"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.x.12.3.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 31: Worden as a copula: to become, get, grow, turn","teaching":[{"title":"Worden before a noun or adjective","paragraphs":["When a noun or an adjective follows worden, it does not make a passive. It is a copula.","A copula is a verb that joins the subject to a word that describes it. Worden then means become, get, grow or turn.","Hij werd timmerman means he became a carpenter. Het wordt duister means it is getting dark. Bleek worden means to turn pale.","English picks a different verb each time: fall ill, go mad. Dutch uses worden for all of them: ziek worden, krankzinnig worden."]}],"lines":[{"number":230,"id":"val.nl.L31.x.13.1","source":"Hij werd timmerman.","translation":"He became a carpenter.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"werd","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"timmerman.","gloss":"carpenter (also a surname)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.x.13.1.m4a"},{"number":231,"id":"val.nl.L31.x.13.2","source":"Het wordt duister.","translation":"It is getting dark.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"wordt","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"duister.","gloss":"dark"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.x.13.2.m4a"},{"number":232,"id":"val.nl.L31.x.13.3","source":"Bleek worden.","translation":"To turn pale.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Bleek","gloss":"to appear"},{"text":"worden.","gloss":"to become, to get"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.x.13.3.m4a"},{"number":233,"id":"val.nl.L31.x.13.4","source":"Ziek worden.","translation":"To fall ill.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ziek","gloss":"ill"},{"text":"worden.","gloss":"to become, to get"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.x.13.4.m4a"},{"number":234,"id":"val.nl.L31.x.13.5","source":"Krankzinnig worden.","translation":"To go mad.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Krankzinnig","gloss":"insane"},{"text":"worden.","gloss":"to become, to get"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.x.13.5.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Peter de Grote op de werf van de Oost-Indische Compagnie. (Slot.)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":235,"id":"val.nl.L31.r.0","source":"Peter de Grote op de werf van de Oost-Indische Compagnie. (Slot.)","translation":"Peter the Great at the yard of the East India Company. (Conclusion.)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Peter","gloss":"Peter"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Grote","gloss":"Grote"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"werf","gloss":"yard"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Oost-Indische","gloss":"East Indian"},{"text":"Compagnie.","gloss":"Compagnie"},{"text":"(Slot.)","gloss":"ending"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.r.0.m4a"},{"number":236,"id":"val.nl.L31.r.1","source":"Maar dit mocht niet te lang duren, of hij maakte er een einde aan, om het hem toevertrouwde hout naar de mal of het model te bewerken.","translation":"But this was not to last too long, before he put an end to it, to work the wood entrusted to him according to the mould or model.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"dit","gloss":"this"},{"text":"mocht","gloss":"might, was allowed"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"lang","gloss":"long"},{"text":"duren,","gloss":"costly"},{"text":"of","gloss":"or; whether"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"maakte","gloss":"to make (weak)"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"einde","gloss":"end"},{"text":"aan,","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"toevertrouwde","gloss":"to entrust"},{"text":"hout","gloss":"wood"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"mal","gloss":"silly"},{"text":"of","gloss":"or; whether"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"model","gloss":"model"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"bewerken.","gloss":"to effect, to bring about"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.r.1.m4a"},{"number":237,"id":"val.nl.L31.r.2","source":"Een zeer aanzienlijk man wenste hem eens ongemerkt aan het werk te zien en vervoegde zich daartoe bij de baas.","translation":"A very distinguished man wished to see him work unnoticed once, and presented himself to the foreman for that purpose.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"zeer","gloss":"very"},{"text":"aanzienlijk","gloss":"considerable"},{"text":"man","gloss":"man; husband"},{"text":"wenste","gloss":"to wish"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"eens","gloss":"once, one day"},{"text":"ongemerkt","gloss":"unnoticed"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"werk","gloss":"work"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"zien","gloss":"to see"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"vervoegde","gloss":"presents"},{"text":"zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"daartoe","gloss":"for it"},{"text":"bij","gloss":"with"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"baas.","gloss":"foreman"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.r.2.m4a"},{"number":238,"id":"val.nl.L31.r.3","source":"Deze beloofde de tsaar aan te wijzen door zijn naam te noemen, en het duurde niet lang, of enkele werklieden, die een zwaar stuk hout droegen, liepen hen voorbij.","translation":"He promised to point out the tsar by saying his name, and it was not long before some workmen, carrying a heavy piece of wood, walked past them.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Deze","gloss":"the latter (the most recently mentioned)"},{"text":"beloofde","gloss":"promised"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"tsaar","gloss":"tsar"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"wijzen","gloss":"to show"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"naam","gloss":"name"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"noemen,","gloss":"to call, to name"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"duurde","gloss":"lasted"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"lang,","gloss":"long"},{"text":"of","gloss":"or; whether"},{"text":"enkele","gloss":"a few"},{"text":"werklieden,","gloss":"laborers"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"zwaar","gloss":"heavy"},{"text":"stuk","gloss":"piece"},{"text":"hout","gloss":"wood"},{"text":"droegen,","gloss":"to carry"},{"text":"liepen","gloss":"walked"},{"text":"hen","gloss":"them"},{"text":"voorbij.","gloss":"past"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.r.3.m4a"},{"number":239,"id":"val.nl.L31.r.4","source":"De baas vroeg: “Pieter Timmerman van Zaandam, waarom help jij die mannen niet?”","translation":"The foreman asked: “Pieter Timmerman van Zaandam, why do you not help those men?”","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"baas","gloss":"foreman"},{"text":"vroeg:","gloss":"asked"},{"text":"“Pieter","gloss":"Pieter"},{"text":"Timmerman","gloss":"carpenter (also a surname)"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"Zaandam,","gloss":"Zaandam"},{"text":"waarom","gloss":"why"},{"text":"help","gloss":"to help"},{"text":"jij","gloss":"you"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"mannen","gloss":"men"},{"text":"niet?”","gloss":"not"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.r.4.m4a"},{"number":240,"id":"val.nl.L31.r.5","source":"Hij gehoorzaamde meteen, zette er zijn schouder onder en bracht het stuk hout waar het moest zijn.","translation":"He obeyed at once, put his shoulder under it, and brought the piece of wood where it had to be.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"gehoorzaamde","gloss":"obeyed"},{"text":"meteen,","gloss":"at once"},{"text":"zette","gloss":"to put, to set"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"schouder","gloss":"shoulder"},{"text":"onder","gloss":"under; among"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"bracht","gloss":"to pass, to spend (time)"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"stuk","gloss":"piece"},{"text":"hout","gloss":"wood"},{"text":"waar","gloss":"where; true"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"moest","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"zijn.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.r.5.m4a"},{"number":241,"id":"val.nl.L31.r.6","source":"Men bracht hem hier zowel als in Zaandam in een goede luim, wanneer men hem eenvoudig Pieterbaas noemde.","translation":"It put him in a good mood here just as much as in Zaandam, when people simply called him Pieterbaas.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Men","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":"bracht","gloss":"to pass, to spend (time)"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"hier","gloss":"here"},{"text":"zowel","gloss":"Both"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"Zaandam","gloss":"Zaandam"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"goede","gloss":"the good, what is good"},{"text":"luim,","gloss":"mood"},{"text":"wanneer","gloss":"if"},{"text":"men","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"eenvoudig","gloss":"simple"},{"text":"Pieterbaas","gloss":"Pieterbaas"},{"text":"noemde.","gloss":"to call, to name"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.r.6.m4a"},{"number":242,"id":"val.nl.L31.r.7","source":"Hij keerde hun de rug toe die hem Uwe Majesteit of meneer noemden, wanneer hij als scheepstimmerman gekleed was.","translation":"He turned his back on those who called him Your Majesty or Sir, when he was dressed as a ship's carpenter.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"keerde","gloss":"to turn off"},{"text":"hun","gloss":"them; their"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"rug","gloss":"back"},{"text":"toe","gloss":"to"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"Uwe","gloss":"Uwe"},{"text":"Majesteit","gloss":"Majesty"},{"text":"of","gloss":"or; whether"},{"text":"meneer","gloss":"sir, Mr"},{"text":"noemden,","gloss":"to call, to name"},{"text":"wanneer","gloss":"if"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"scheepstimmerman","gloss":"ship's carpenter"},{"text":"gekleed","gloss":"dressed"},{"text":"was.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.r.7.m4a"},{"number":243,"id":"val.nl.L31.r.8","source":"In de eerste dagen dat hij op deze werf was, ontving hij een brief van de patriarch van Rusland; hij antwoordde deze onder andere dat hij in Amsterdam het woord van God, tot Adam gesproken, volgde: “In het zweet uws aangezichts zult u uw brood eten.”","translation":"In the first days that he was at this yard, he received a letter from the Patriarch of Russia; he answered him, among other things, that in Amsterdam he followed the word of God spoken to Adam: “In the sweat of your face shall you eat your bread.”","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"In","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"eerste","gloss":"the former (the first-mentioned)"},{"text":"dagen","gloss":"days"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"deze","gloss":"the latter (the most recently mentioned)"},{"text":"werf","gloss":"yard"},{"text":"was,","gloss":"was"},{"text":"ontving","gloss":"received"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"brief","gloss":"letter"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"patriarch","gloss":"patriarch"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"Rusland;","gloss":"Russia"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"antwoordde","gloss":"answered"},{"text":"deze","gloss":"the latter (the most recently mentioned)"},{"text":"onder","gloss":"under; among"},{"text":"andere","gloss":"other"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"Amsterdam","gloss":"Amsterdam"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"woord","gloss":"word"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"God,","gloss":"God"},{"text":"tot","gloss":"until, to"},{"text":"Adam","gloss":"Adam"},{"text":"gesproken,","gloss":"spoken"},{"text":"volgde:","gloss":"followed"},{"text":"“In","gloss":"in"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"zweet","gloss":"sweat"},{"text":"uws","gloss":"of your"},{"text":"aangezichts","gloss":"face"},{"text":"zult","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"uw","gloss":"your (polite)"},{"text":"brood","gloss":"bread"},{"text":"eten.”","gloss":"eat; food"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.r.8.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 31: conversation","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":244,"id":"val.nl.L31.c.q1","source":"Zijn wij hier al in Amsterdam?","translation":"Are we in Amsterdam yet?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"hier","gloss":"here"},{"text":"al","gloss":"already"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"Amsterdam?","gloss":"Amsterdam"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.c.q1.m4a"},{"number":245,"id":"val.nl.L31.c.q2","source":"Kunt u mij een goed hotel aanbevelen voor Amsterdam?","translation":"Can you recommend me a good hotel for Amsterdam?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Kunt","gloss":"can"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"goed","gloss":"good, well"},{"text":"hotel","gloss":"hotel"},{"text":"aanbevelen","gloss":"commend"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"Amsterdam?","gloss":"Amsterdam"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.c.q2.m4a"},{"number":246,"id":"val.nl.L31.c.q3","source":"Is het hotel X. goed?","translation":"Is the hotel X. good?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"hotel","gloss":"hotel"},{"text":"X.","gloss":"X"},{"text":"goed?","gloss":"good, well"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.c.q3.m4a"},{"number":247,"id":"val.nl.L31.c.q4","source":"En het hotel Q. dan?","translation":"And the hotel Q., then?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"En","gloss":"and"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"hotel","gloss":"hotel"},{"text":"Q.","gloss":"Q."},{"text":"dan?","gloss":"then"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.c.q4.m4a"},{"number":248,"id":"val.nl.L31.c.a1","source":"Nee, meneer, dit is Haarlem.","translation":"No, sir, this is Haarlem.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nee,","gloss":"no"},{"text":"meneer,","gloss":"sir, Mr"},{"text":"dit","gloss":"this"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"Haarlem.","gloss":"Haarlem"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.c.a1.m4a"},{"number":249,"id":"val.nl.L31.c.a2","source":"Zeker, als u maar met mij mee wilt gaan; ik ben in Amsterdam zeer goed bekend.","translation":"Certainly, if you will just come along with me; I am very well acquainted with Amsterdam.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zeker,","gloss":"surely, certainly"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"mee","gloss":"along, with"},{"text":"wilt","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"gaan;","gloss":"to go"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"ben","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"Amsterdam","gloss":"Amsterdam"},{"text":"zeer","gloss":"very"},{"text":"goed","gloss":"good, well"},{"text":"bekend.","gloss":"known"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.c.a2.m4a"},{"number":250,"id":"val.nl.L31.c.a3","source":"Ja wel, maar vrij duur.","translation":"Yes indeed, but rather expensive.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ja","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"wel,","gloss":"but"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"vrij","gloss":"rather, quite; free"},{"text":"duur.","gloss":"dear"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.c.a3.m4a"},{"number":251,"id":"val.nl.L31.c.a4","source":"Dat ligt te ver van het midden van de stad.","translation":"That lies too far from the centre of the town.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"ligt","gloss":"to lie (be situated)"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"ver","gloss":"far"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"midden","gloss":"middle"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"stad.","gloss":"city, town"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.c.a4.m4a"},{"number":252,"id":"val.nl.L31.c.q5","source":"Welk hotel bezoekt u dan?","translation":"Which hotel do you go to, then?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Welk","gloss":"which, what"},{"text":"hotel","gloss":"hotel"},{"text":"bezoekt","gloss":"to visit"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"dan?","gloss":"then"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.c.q5.m4a"},{"number":253,"id":"val.nl.L31.c.q6","source":"Het laatste is veel waard voor een vreemdeling. Dit is de eerste keer dat ik A. bezoek.","translation":"The last is worth a great deal to a stranger. This is the first time I have visited A.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"laatste","gloss":"last"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"veel","gloss":"much"},{"text":"waard","gloss":"worth"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"vreemdeling.","gloss":"stranger"},{"text":"Dit","gloss":"this"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"eerste","gloss":"the former (the first-mentioned)"},{"text":"keer","gloss":"time (an occasion)"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"A.","gloss":"A"},{"text":"bezoek.","gloss":"visit"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.c.q6.m4a"},{"number":254,"id":"val.nl.L31.c.q7","source":"De trein houdt stil; nu zijn wij er zeker.","translation":"The train is stopping; now we are surely there.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"trein","gloss":"train"},{"text":"houdt","gloss":"to keep"},{"text":"stil;","gloss":"hush! quiet!"},{"text":"nu","gloss":"now, at present"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"zeker.","gloss":"surely, certainly"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.c.q7.m4a"},{"number":255,"id":"val.nl.L31.c.a5","source":"Een klein hotel in de Kalverstraat, zeer aangenaam gelegen en gemakkelijk te vinden.","translation":"A small hotel in the Kalverstraat, very pleasantly situated and easy to find.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"klein","gloss":"small"},{"text":"hotel","gloss":"hotel"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Kalverstraat,","gloss":"Kalverstraat"},{"text":"zeer","gloss":"very"},{"text":"aangenaam","gloss":"agreeable, pleasant"},{"text":"gelegen","gloss":"to lie (be situated)"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"gemakkelijk","gloss":"easy, easily"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"vinden.","gloss":"to find"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.c.a5.m4a"},{"number":256,"id":"val.nl.L31.c.a6","source":"Dan zult u zeker heel wat te zien hebben. A. is een eigenaardige stad.","translation":"Then you will certainly have a good deal to see. A. is a peculiar town.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"zult","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"zeker","gloss":"surely, certainly"},{"text":"heel","gloss":"whole"},{"text":"wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"zien","gloss":"to see"},{"text":"hebben.","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"A.","gloss":"A"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"eigenaardige","gloss":"peculiar"},{"text":"stad.","gloss":"city, town"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.c.a6.m4a"},{"number":257,"id":"val.nl.L31.c.a7","source":"Ja, meneer, dit is Amsterdam. Wilt u mij maar volgen!","translation":"Yes, sir, this is Amsterdam. Please follow me!","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ja,","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"meneer,","gloss":"sir, Mr"},{"text":"dit","gloss":"this"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"Amsterdam.","gloss":"Amsterdam"},{"text":"Wilt","gloss":"want"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"volgen!","gloss":"follow"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.c.a7.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 31: exercise 72","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":258,"id":"val.nl.L31.e72.i1","source":"Het voornaamste voedsel van het paard is haver en hooi.","translation":"The chief food of the horse are oats and hay.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"voornaamste","gloss":"chief"},{"text":"voedsel","gloss":"food"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"paard","gloss":"horse"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"haver","gloss":"oats"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"hooi.","gloss":"hay"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.e72.i1.m4a"},{"number":259,"id":"val.nl.L31.e72.i2","source":"De oude Britten kleedden zich alleen met dierenvellen.","translation":"The only clothing of the ancient Britons were the skins of beasts.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"oude","gloss":"old"},{"text":"Britten","gloss":"Britten"},{"text":"kleedden","gloss":"clothed"},{"text":"zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"alleen","gloss":"only"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"dierenvellen.","gloss":"animal skins"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.e72.i2.m4a"},{"number":260,"id":"val.nl.L31.e72.i3","source":"Ik kan het u niet kwalijk nemen dat u gaat slapen, want ik ben zelf doodmoe.","translation":"I cannot blame you for going to sleep, who am myself tired to death.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"kan","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"kwalijk","gloss":"to take amiss; neem(t u) mij niet kwalijk = I am so sorry, excuse me"},{"text":"nemen","gloss":"to take amiss; neem(t u) mij niet kwalijk = I am so sorry, excuse me"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"gaat","gloss":"to go"},{"text":"slapen,","gloss":"to sleep"},{"text":"want","gloss":"for, because"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"ben","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"zelf","gloss":"self"},{"text":"doodmoe.","gloss":"dead tired"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.e72.i3.m4a"},{"number":261,"id":"val.nl.L31.e72.i4","source":"Noch de keizer, noch zijn generaals waren overtuigd.","translation":"Neither the emperor nor his generals were convinced.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Noch","gloss":"nor"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"keizer,","gloss":"emperor"},{"text":"noch","gloss":"nor"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"generaals","gloss":"general"},{"text":"waren","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"overtuigd.","gloss":"convinced"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.e72.i4.m4a"},{"number":262,"id":"val.nl.L31.e72.i5","source":"Een van de matrozen was verdwenen; hij had zich onder de menigte gemengd, zonder dat iemand het merkte.","translation":"One of the sailors had disappeared; he had mixed among the crowd, without anybody perceiving it.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"matrozen","gloss":"sailor, sailors"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"verdwenen;","gloss":"to disappear"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"had","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"onder","gloss":"under; among"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"menigte","gloss":"multitude"},{"text":"gemengd,","gloss":"mixed"},{"text":"zonder","gloss":"without"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"iemand","gloss":"someone"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"merkte.","gloss":"noticed"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.e72.i5.m4a"},{"number":263,"id":"val.nl.L31.e72.i6","source":"De gezondheid van Jacobus de Tweede van Engeland liet al enkele jaren te wensen over, en uiteindelijk kreeg hij op Goede Vrijdag van 1701 een aanval waarvan hij niet meer herstelde.","translation":"The health of James the Second of England had been declining for some years: and at last, on Good Friday 1701, he had a shock from which he never recovered.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"gezondheid","gloss":"health"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"Jacobus","gloss":"Jacobus"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Tweede","gloss":"Tweede"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"Engeland","gloss":"Engeland"},{"text":"liet","gloss":"to let"},{"text":"al","gloss":"already"},{"text":"enkele","gloss":"a few"},{"text":"jaren","gloss":"years"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"wensen","gloss":"wished"},{"text":"over,","gloss":"across, over"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"uiteindelijk","gloss":"finally"},{"text":"kreeg","gloss":"to get; honger krijgen: to become hungry"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"Goede","gloss":"Goede"},{"text":"Vrijdag","gloss":"Vrijdag"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"1701","gloss":"1701"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"aanval","gloss":"attack"},{"text":"waarvan","gloss":"of which"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"meer","gloss":"more"},{"text":"herstelde.","gloss":"collected"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.e72.i6.m4a"},{"number":264,"id":"val.nl.L31.e72.i7","source":"Terwijl hij de kerkdienst van die dag in zijn kapel bijwoonde, zakte hij ineen en bleef enige tijd bewusteloos.","translation":"While attending the ceremonial service of the day in his chapel, he sank down, and remained senseless for some time.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Terwijl","gloss":"while"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"kerkdienst","gloss":"church service"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"dag","gloss":"day"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"kapel","gloss":"chapel"},{"text":"bijwoonde,","gloss":"witnessed"},{"text":"zakte","gloss":"sank"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"ineen","gloss":"inward"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"bleef","gloss":"to remain, stay"},{"text":"enige","gloss":"only (het enige: the only thing)"},{"text":"tijd","gloss":"time"},{"text":"bewusteloos.","gloss":"unconscious"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.e72.i7.m4a"},{"number":265,"id":"val.nl.L31.e72.i8","source":"De koning scheen door een beroerte getroffen te zijn.","translation":"The illness of the king seemed to be an attack of paralytic apoplexy.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"koning","gloss":"king, kings"},{"text":"scheen","gloss":"to seem"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"beroerte","gloss":"stroke"},{"text":"getroffen","gloss":"to hit"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"zijn.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.e72.i8.m4a"},{"number":266,"id":"val.nl.L31.e72.i9","source":"Carnot werd enkele jaren geleden tot president van de Franse Republiek verkozen.","translation":"Carnot was elected President of the French Republic some years ago.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Carnot","gloss":"Carnot"},{"text":"werd","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"enkele","gloss":"a few"},{"text":"jaren","gloss":"years"},{"text":"geleden","gloss":"suffered"},{"text":"tot","gloss":"until, to"},{"text":"president","gloss":"president"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Franse","gloss":"French"},{"text":"Republiek","gloss":"Republiek"},{"text":"verkozen.","gloss":"to prefer"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.e72.i9.m4a"},{"number":267,"id":"val.nl.L31.e72.i10","source":"Gisteren kwam mijn oom terug uit de Verenigde Staten, helemaal een oude man.","translation":"Yesterday my uncle came back from the United States, he returned quite an old man.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Gisteren","gloss":"yesterday"},{"text":"kwam","gloss":"to come"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"oom","gloss":"uncle"},{"text":"terug","gloss":"back"},{"text":"uit","gloss":"out of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Verenigde","gloss":"Verenigde"},{"text":"Staten,","gloss":"Staten"},{"text":"helemaal","gloss":"entirely"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"oude","gloss":"old"},{"text":"man.","gloss":"man; husband"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.e72.i10.m4a"},{"number":268,"id":"val.nl.L31.e72.i11","source":"Ik kan me niet herinneren in welk jaar hij vertrok, en u?","translation":"I do not remember in what year he left us, do you?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"kan","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"me","gloss":"me"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"herinneren","gloss":"to remember"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"welk","gloss":"which, what"},{"text":"jaar","gloss":"the year"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"vertrok,","gloss":"departed"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"u?","gloss":"you (polite)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.e72.i11.m4a"},{"number":269,"id":"val.nl.L31.e72.i12","source":"Het spijt me, maar ik weet het ook niet.","translation":"I am sorry but I do not.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"spijt","gloss":"to regret"},{"text":"me,","gloss":"me"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"weet","gloss":"to know"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"ook","gloss":"also, likewise"},{"text":"niet.","gloss":"not"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.e72.i12.m4a"},{"number":270,"id":"val.nl.L31.e72.i13","source":"Gaat het hem goed?","translation":"Is he doing well?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Gaat","gloss":"to go"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"goed?","gloss":"good, well"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.e72.i13.m4a"},{"number":271,"id":"val.nl.L31.e72.i14","source":"Dank u, hij genoot een goede gezondheid zolang wij hem niet gezien hebben.","translation":"I thank you, he enjoyed good health all the time we did not see him.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dank","gloss":"thanks"},{"text":"u,","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"genoot","gloss":"to enjoy"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"goede","gloss":"the good, what is good"},{"text":"gezondheid","gloss":"health"},{"text":"zolang","gloss":"as long as"},{"text":"wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"gezien","gloss":"to see"},{"text":"hebben.","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.e72.i14.m4a"},{"number":272,"id":"val.nl.L31.e72.i15","source":"Wilt u zo goed zijn hem te vragen wanneer ik hem een bezoek kan brengen?","translation":"Will you kindly ask him when I can visit him?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wilt","gloss":"want"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"zo","gloss":"so, as"},{"text":"goed","gloss":"good, well"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"vragen","gloss":"to ask"},{"text":"wanneer","gloss":"if"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"bezoek","gloss":"visit"},{"text":"kan","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"brengen?","gloss":"bring"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.e72.i15.m4a"},{"number":273,"id":"val.nl.L31.e72.i16","source":"U kunt erop rekenen dat ik hem zo spoedig mogelijk zal schrijven.","translation":"You may rely on my writing to him as soon as possible.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"U","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"kunt","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"erop","gloss":"on it"},{"text":"rekenen","gloss":"rely"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"zo","gloss":"so, as"},{"text":"spoedig","gloss":"soon"},{"text":"mogelijk","gloss":"possible"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"schrijven.","gloss":"to write"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.e72.i16.m4a"},{"number":274,"id":"val.nl.L31.e72.i17","source":"Het zal van omstandigheden afhangen waar en wanneer wij samenkomen.","translation":"It will depend on circumstances, where and when we assemble.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"omstandigheden","gloss":"circumstances"},{"text":"afhangen","gloss":"depend"},{"text":"waar","gloss":"where; true"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"wanneer","gloss":"if"},{"text":"wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"samenkomen.","gloss":"meet"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.e72.i17.m4a"},{"number":275,"id":"val.nl.L31.e72.i18","source":"Opeens kwamen de inlanders tegen de kolonisten in opstand; een oorlog brak uit en breidde zich tot de naburige provincies uit.","translation":"All at once the natives rose against the colonists; a war broke out and spread to the neighbouring provinces.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Opeens","gloss":"all at once"},{"text":"kwamen","gloss":"to come"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"inlanders","gloss":"natives"},{"text":"tegen","gloss":"against; to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"kolonisten","gloss":"colonists"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"opstand;","gloss":"revolt"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"oorlog","gloss":"war"},{"text":"brak","gloss":"to break"},{"text":"uit","gloss":"out of, from"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"breidde","gloss":"spread"},{"text":"zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"tot","gloss":"until, to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"naburige","gloss":"neighbouring"},{"text":"provincies","gloss":"provinces"},{"text":"uit.","gloss":"out of, from"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.e72.i18.m4a"},{"number":276,"id":"val.nl.L31.e72.i19","source":"Terwijl de troepen zich naar Egypte inscheepten, nam de opperbevelhebber de nodige maatregelen om over land door Frankrijk en Italië het oorlogsterrein te bereiken.","translation":"Whilst the troops were embarking for Egypt, the commander-in-chief prepared to reach the scene of war by way of France and Italy.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Terwijl","gloss":"while"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"troepen","gloss":"troops"},{"text":"zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"Egypte","gloss":"Egypte"},{"text":"inscheepten,","gloss":"embarked"},{"text":"nam","gloss":"to take"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"opperbevelhebber","gloss":"commander-in-chief"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"nodige","gloss":"needed (nodig hebben: to need)"},{"text":"maatregelen","gloss":"measures"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"over","gloss":"across, over"},{"text":"land","gloss":"land"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"Frankrijk","gloss":"Frankrijk"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"Italië","gloss":"Italië"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"oorlogsterrein","gloss":"scene of war"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"bereiken.","gloss":"to reach"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.e72.i19.m4a"},{"number":277,"id":"val.nl.L31.e72.i20","source":"Omdat wij ons op een harde winter moeten voorbereiden, zal ik een dikke overjas laten maken.","translation":"As we must prepare for a hard winter, I have resolved on having a thick overcoat made.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Omdat","gloss":"because"},{"text":"wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"ons","gloss":"us"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"harde","gloss":"loud"},{"text":"winter","gloss":"winter"},{"text":"moeten","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"voorbereiden,","gloss":"to prepare"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"dikke","gloss":"thick"},{"text":"overjas","gloss":"overcoat"},{"text":"laten","gloss":"to let"},{"text":"maken.","gloss":"to make (weak)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.e72.i20.m4a"},{"number":278,"id":"val.nl.L31.e72.i21","source":"Voordat ik mij in het vijandelijke gebied waagde, moest ik eerst enige tijd oefenen met het hanteren van vuurwapens.","translation":"Before I ventured into the enemy's country, I should first practise for some time the handling of fire arms.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Voordat","gloss":"before"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"vijandelijke","gloss":"hostile, of the enemy"},{"text":"gebied","gloss":"realm"},{"text":"waagde,","gloss":"were to venture"},{"text":"moest","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"eerst","gloss":"first (of all)"},{"text":"enige","gloss":"only (het enige: the only thing)"},{"text":"tijd","gloss":"time"},{"text":"oefenen","gloss":"practice"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"hanteren","gloss":"handling"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"vuurwapens.","gloss":"firearms"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.e72.i21.m4a"},{"number":279,"id":"val.nl.L31.e72.i22","source":"Hij heeft zich met grote ijver op een bijzondere tak van bouwkunst toegelegd, waar hij erg veel van houdt, namelijk op het bouwen van luchtkastelen.","translation":"He has applied himself with great zeal to a special branch of architecture, which he likes very much, viz. the building of castles in the air.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"heeft","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"grote","gloss":"big, great"},{"text":"ijver","gloss":"zeal"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"bijzondere","gloss":"particular"},{"text":"tak","gloss":"branch, branches"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"bouwkunst","gloss":"architecture"},{"text":"toegelegd,","gloss":"allotted"},{"text":"waar","gloss":"where; true"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"erg","gloss":"very; bad"},{"text":"veel","gloss":"much"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"houdt,","gloss":"to keep"},{"text":"namelijk","gloss":"namely"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"bouwen","gloss":"built"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"luchtkastelen.","gloss":"castles in the air"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.e72.i22.m4a"},{"number":280,"id":"val.nl.L31.e72.i23","source":"In dat geval heeft hij weinig kans van slagen.","translation":"If this is the case he is not likely to succeed.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"In","gloss":"in"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"geval","gloss":"case"},{"text":"heeft","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"weinig","gloss":"little, few"},{"text":"kans","gloss":"chance"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"slagen.","gloss":"succeed"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.e72.i23.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 31: exercise 73","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":281,"id":"val.nl.L31.e73.i1","source":"Het stadhuis van B. zal een fraai gebouw worden, men was het nog aan het bouwen toen ik er drie weken geleden voorbijkwam.","translation":"The town-hall of B. will be a very fine building, it was still building, when I passed it three weeks ago.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"stadhuis","gloss":"town hall"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"B.","gloss":"B"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"fraai","gloss":"nice, beautiful"},{"text":"gebouw","gloss":"building"},{"text":"worden,","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"men","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"nog","gloss":"still, yet; another"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"bouwen","gloss":"built"},{"text":"toen","gloss":"as, when"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"drie","gloss":"three"},{"text":"weken","gloss":"weeks"},{"text":"geleden","gloss":"suffered"},{"text":"voorbijkwam.","gloss":"passed"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.e73.i1.m4a"},{"number":282,"id":"val.nl.L31.e73.i2","source":"Omdat Engeland een eiland is, is het gevrijwaard voor alle aanvallen van buitenaf.","translation":"By its insular seclusion England is secured from all attacks of a foreign enemy.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Omdat","gloss":"because"},{"text":"Engeland","gloss":"Engeland"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"eiland","gloss":"island"},{"text":"is,","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"gevrijwaard","gloss":"to guarantee"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"alle","gloss":"all"},{"text":"aanvallen","gloss":"fits"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"buitenaf.","gloss":"buitenaf"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.e73.i2.m4a"},{"number":283,"id":"val.nl.L31.e73.i3","source":"Het schip werd met graan bevracht, nadat de aangerichte schade was hersteld.","translation":"The ship was freighted with corn, after the damage suffered had been repaired.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"schip","gloss":"ship, ships"},{"text":"werd","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"graan","gloss":"grain"},{"text":"bevracht,","gloss":"freighted"},{"text":"nadat","gloss":"after"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"aangerichte","gloss":"done"},{"text":"schade","gloss":"a pity"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"hersteld.","gloss":"restored"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.e73.i3.m4a"},{"number":284,"id":"val.nl.L31.e73.i4","source":"Terwijl het werd geladen, kreeg de kapitein verlof om zijn familie te bezoeken.","translation":"While it was being loaded, the captain got leave to visit his relations.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Terwijl","gloss":"while"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"werd","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"geladen,","gloss":"to load"},{"text":"kreeg","gloss":"to get; honger krijgen: to become hungry"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"kapitein","gloss":"captain"},{"text":"verlof","gloss":"leave"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"familie","gloss":"family"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"bezoeken.","gloss":"to visit"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.e73.i4.m4a"},{"number":285,"id":"val.nl.L31.e73.i5","source":"Na zich met een aantal krijgers in de stad Compiègne geworpen te hebben, die destijds door de hertog van Bourgondië belegerd werd, werd Jeanne d'Arc gevangengenomen bij een uitval die zij tegen de vijand had aangevoerd, terwijl de commandant van de stad de poorten achter haar sloot.","translation":"After having thrown herself with a body of soldiers into the city of Compiegne, which was then besieged by the Duke of Burgundy, Joan of Arc was taken prisoner in 1430 in a sally she headed against the enemy, while the commander of the city shut the gates behind her.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Na","gloss":"after"},{"text":"zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"aantal","gloss":"number"},{"text":"krijgers","gloss":"soldiers"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"stad","gloss":"city, town"},{"text":"Compiègne","gloss":"Compiègne"},{"text":"geworpen","gloss":"to throw"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"hebben,","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"destijds","gloss":"then"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"hertog","gloss":"Duke"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"Bourgondië","gloss":"Bourgondië"},{"text":"belegerd","gloss":"besieged"},{"text":"werd,","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"werd","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"Jeanne","gloss":"Jeanne"},{"text":"d'Arc","gloss":"d'Arc"},{"text":"gevangengenomen","gloss":"taken prisoner"},{"text":"bij","gloss":"with"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"uitval","gloss":"outbursts"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"tegen","gloss":"against; to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vijand","gloss":"enemy"},{"text":"had","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"aangevoerd,","gloss":"cite"},{"text":"terwijl","gloss":"while"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"commandant","gloss":"commandant"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"stad","gloss":"city, town"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"poorten","gloss":"gates"},{"text":"achter","gloss":"behind"},{"text":"haar","gloss":"her"},{"text":"sloot.","gloss":"closed"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.e73.i5.m4a"},{"number":286,"id":"val.nl.L31.e73.i6","source":"De hertog van Bedford was nauwelijks op de hoogte van haar gevangenneming, of hij kocht haar van graaf Vendôme, die haar gevangen had genomen, en beval haar in de strengste afzondering te houden.","translation":"The Duke of Bedford had scarcely been informed of her being taken prisoner, when he bought her from Count Vendome, who had made her a prisoner, and commanded her to be committed to close confinement.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"hertog","gloss":"Duke"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"Bedford","gloss":"Bedford"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"nauwelijks","gloss":"scarcely"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"hoogte","gloss":"height"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"haar","gloss":"her"},{"text":"gevangenneming,","gloss":"capture"},{"text":"of","gloss":"or; whether"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"kocht","gloss":"to buy"},{"text":"haar","gloss":"her"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"graaf","gloss":"a count, counts"},{"text":"Vendôme,","gloss":"Vendôme"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"haar","gloss":"her"},{"text":"gevangen","gloss":"to catch"},{"text":"had","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"genomen,","gloss":"to take"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"beval","gloss":"to order"},{"text":"haar","gloss":"her"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"strengste","gloss":"harsh"},{"text":"afzondering","gloss":"withdrawal"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"houden.","gloss":"to keep"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.e73.i6.m4a"},{"number":287,"id":"val.nl.L31.e73.i7","source":"Mijn vriend verliet dit land zes jaar geleden en woont sindsdien in Pennsylvania.","translation":"My friend left this country six years ago and has been living since then in Pennsylvania.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"vriend","gloss":"friend"},{"text":"verliet","gloss":"left"},{"text":"dit","gloss":"this"},{"text":"land","gloss":"land"},{"text":"zes","gloss":"six"},{"text":"jaar","gloss":"the year"},{"text":"geleden","gloss":"suffered"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"woont","gloss":"to live, to dwell"},{"text":"sindsdien","gloss":"since then"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"Pennsylvania.","gloss":"Pennsylvania"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.e73.i7.m4a"},{"number":288,"id":"val.nl.L31.e73.i8","source":"Jan Hus werd in 1415 in Konstanz levend verbrand wegens ketterij.","translation":"John Huss was burnt alive in 1415 at Constance for heresy.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Jan","gloss":"John (formerly the general name for a manservant or a waiter; a servant is now called by their own name, and a waiter is called ober)"},{"text":"Hus","gloss":"Hus"},{"text":"werd","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"1415","gloss":"1415"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"Konstanz","gloss":"Konstanz"},{"text":"levend","gloss":"living"},{"text":"verbrand","gloss":"burned"},{"text":"wegens","gloss":"on account of, because of"},{"text":"ketterij.","gloss":"heresy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.e73.i8.m4a"},{"number":289,"id":"val.nl.L31.e73.i9","source":"Dit vreemde verhaal werd hem verteld, maar hij stelde er niet veel belang in.","translation":"This strange story was told him, but he took no great interest in it.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dit","gloss":"this"},{"text":"vreemde","gloss":"strange"},{"text":"verhaal","gloss":"tale"},{"text":"werd","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"verteld,","gloss":"told"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"stelde","gloss":"placed"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"veel","gloss":"much"},{"text":"belang","gloss":"interest"},{"text":"in.","gloss":"in"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.e73.i9.m4a"},{"number":290,"id":"val.nl.L31.e73.i10","source":"Er werd veel gepraat, toen wij de concertzaal binnentraden.","translation":"There was a great deal of talking when we entered the concert-room.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"werd","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"veel","gloss":"much"},{"text":"gepraat,","gloss":"talks"},{"text":"toen","gloss":"as, when"},{"text":"wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"concertzaal","gloss":"concert-room"},{"text":"binnentraden.","gloss":"entered"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.e73.i10.m4a"},{"number":291,"id":"val.nl.L31.e73.i11","source":"Voor het concert begon werd daar een vergadering gehouden.","translation":"A meeting was held there, before the concert began.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"concert","gloss":"concert"},{"text":"begon","gloss":"to begin"},{"text":"werd","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"daar","gloss":"as, since, because"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"vergadering","gloss":"meeting"},{"text":"gehouden.","gloss":"to keep"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.e73.i11.m4a"},{"number":292,"id":"val.nl.L31.e73.i12","source":"Hebt u iets gelezen over de Oostenrijkse hertog die vorig jaar zijn land verliet?","translation":"Have you read anything about the Austrian duke who left his country last year?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hebt","gloss":"have"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"iets","gloss":"something"},{"text":"gelezen","gloss":"to read"},{"text":"over","gloss":"across, over"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Oostenrijkse","gloss":"Austrian"},{"text":"hertog","gloss":"Duke"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"vorig","gloss":"previous"},{"text":"jaar","gloss":"the year"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"land","gloss":"land"},{"text":"verliet?","gloss":"left"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.e73.i12.m4a"},{"number":293,"id":"val.nl.L31.e73.i13","source":"Nee, meneer, men weet niets van hem; men vermoedt dat hij met al de zijnen is omgekomen.","translation":"No, Sir, they know nothing about him, it is suspected that he has perished with all who were with him.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nee,","gloss":"no"},{"text":"meneer,","gloss":"sir, Mr"},{"text":"men","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":"weet","gloss":"to know"},{"text":"niets","gloss":"nothing"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"hem;","gloss":"him"},{"text":"men","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":"vermoedt","gloss":"suspicion"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"al","gloss":"already"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"zijnen","gloss":"his own"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"omgekomen.","gloss":"to perish"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.e73.i13.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 31: exercise 74","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":294,"id":"val.nl.L31.e74.i1","source":"Wel, beste vriend, het verheugt me je in Parijs te ontmoeten.","translation":"Well, dear boy, I am glad to meet you in Paris.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wel,","gloss":"but"},{"text":"beste","gloss":"best"},{"text":"vriend,","gloss":"friend"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"verheugt","gloss":"rejoice"},{"text":"me","gloss":"me"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"Parijs","gloss":"Parijs"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"ontmoeten.","gloss":"to meet"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.e74.i1.m4a"},{"number":295,"id":"val.nl.L31.e74.i2","source":"Hoe lang ben je hier al?","translation":"How long have you been here?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hoe","gloss":"how long"},{"text":"lang","gloss":"how long"},{"text":"ben","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"hier","gloss":"here"},{"text":"al?","gloss":"already"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.e74.i2.m4a"},{"number":296,"id":"val.nl.L31.e74.i3","source":"En je hebt je vast goed vermaakt, nietwaar?","translation":"And you have been enjoying yourself, I think?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"En","gloss":"and"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"hebt","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"vast","gloss":"solid, firm"},{"text":"goed","gloss":"good, well"},{"text":"vermaakt,","gloss":"amused"},{"text":"nietwaar?","gloss":"isn't that so"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.e74.i3.m4a"},{"number":297,"id":"val.nl.L31.e74.i4","source":"Inderdaad, bijzonder.","translation":"Very much, indeed.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Inderdaad,","gloss":"indeed"},{"text":"bijzonder.","gloss":"particular"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.e74.i4.m4a"},{"number":298,"id":"val.nl.L31.e74.i5","source":"Parijs, de hoofdstad van Frankrijk, het middelpunt van de wereld, is prachtig.","translation":"Paris, the capital of France, the centre of the world, is magnificent.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Parijs,","gloss":"Paris"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"hoofdstad","gloss":"capital cities"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"Frankrijk,","gloss":"Frankrijk"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"middelpunt","gloss":"center"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"wereld,","gloss":"world"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"prachtig.","gloss":"magnificent"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.e74.i5.m4a"},{"number":299,"id":"val.nl.L31.e74.i6","source":"Ik ben hier nu zes maanden geweest, en ik moet zeggen, geen enkele dag te veel.","translation":"I have been here these six months, and I am bound to say, not a single day too many.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"ben","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"hier","gloss":"here"},{"text":"nu","gloss":"now, at present"},{"text":"zes","gloss":"six"},{"text":"maanden","gloss":"months"},{"text":"geweest,","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"moet","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"zeggen,","gloss":"to say"},{"text":"geen","gloss":"no, not a"},{"text":"enkele","gloss":"a few"},{"text":"dag","gloss":"day"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"veel.","gloss":"much"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.e74.i6.m4a"},{"number":300,"id":"val.nl.L31.e74.i7","source":"De tijd valt niet lang voor iemand die voor zijn plezier uit is.","translation":"Time does not weigh heavily on a pleasure-loving man's hands.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"tijd","gloss":"time"},{"text":"valt","gloss":"to fall"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"lang","gloss":"long"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"iemand","gloss":"someone"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"plezier","gloss":"pleasure"},{"text":"uit","gloss":"out of, from"},{"text":"is.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.e74.i7.m4a"},{"number":301,"id":"val.nl.L31.e74.i8","source":"Die hele tijd is een onafgebroken reeks van vermaak en leerzame gebeurtenissen geweest.","translation":"All the time has been an uninterrupted series of amusements and instructive scenes.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"hele","gloss":"whole"},{"text":"tijd","gloss":"time"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"onafgebroken","gloss":"uninterrupted"},{"text":"reeks","gloss":"series"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"vermaak","gloss":"pleasure"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"leerzame","gloss":"instructive"},{"text":"gebeurtenissen","gloss":"events"},{"text":"geweest.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.e74.i8.m4a"},{"number":302,"id":"val.nl.L31.e74.i9","source":"Ben je voor het eerst in Parijs?","translation":"Are you in Paris for the first time?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ben","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"eerst","gloss":"first (of all)"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"Parijs?","gloss":"Parijs"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.e74.i9.m4a"},{"number":303,"id":"val.nl.L31.e74.i10","source":"Ja, en ik vertrouw dat dit niet mijn laatste bezoek zal zijn.","translation":"Yes, and I trust it will not be my last visit.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ja,","gloss":"yes"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"vertrouw","gloss":"trust"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"dit","gloss":"this"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"laatste","gloss":"last"},{"text":"bezoek","gloss":"visit"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"zijn.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.e74.i10.m4a"},{"number":304,"id":"val.nl.L31.e74.i11","source":"Dit is slechts een vluchtig bezoek.","translation":"This is only a flying visit.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dit","gloss":"this"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"slechts","gloss":"only"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"vluchtig","gloss":"flying"},{"text":"bezoek.","gloss":"visit"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.e74.i11.m4a"},{"number":305,"id":"val.nl.L31.e74.i12","source":"Ben je heel alleen?","translation":"Are you quite alone?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ben","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"heel","gloss":"whole"},{"text":"alleen?","gloss":"only"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.e74.i12.m4a"},{"number":306,"id":"val.nl.L31.e74.i13","source":"In het begin wel, maar later heb ik met verschillende mensen kennisgemaakt, en niet lang geleden had ik het geluk een voormalige studiegenoot te ontmoeten, die nu in hetzelfde hotel verblijft als ik.","translation":"At first I was, but by this time I have made some acquaintances, and not long ago I had the good luck to meet a former college-friend of mine who is staying now at the same hotel as myself.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"In","gloss":"in"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"begin","gloss":"beginning"},{"text":"wel,","gloss":"but"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"later","gloss":"later"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"verschillende","gloss":"different"},{"text":"mensen","gloss":"men, people"},{"text":"kennisgemaakt,","gloss":"made acquaintance"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"lang","gloss":"long"},{"text":"geleden","gloss":"suffered"},{"text":"had","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"geluk","gloss":"fortune"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"voormalige","gloss":"former"},{"text":"studiegenoot","gloss":"college friend"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"ontmoeten,","gloss":"to meet"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"nu","gloss":"now, at present"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"hetzelfde","gloss":"the same"},{"text":"hotel","gloss":"hotel"},{"text":"verblijft","gloss":"is staying"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"ik.","gloss":"I"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.e74.i13.m4a"},{"number":307,"id":"val.nl.L31.e74.i14","source":"Hij heeft studieuze gewoontes en doet niets liever dan wetenschappelijke bijeenkomsten bijwonen en omgaan met geleerden.","translation":"He is of studious habits and is fond of attending scientific meetings and waiting on learned men.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"heeft","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"studieuze","gloss":"studious"},{"text":"gewoontes","gloss":"custom"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"doet","gloss":"does"},{"text":"niets","gloss":"nothing"},{"text":"liever","gloss":"rather"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"wetenschappelijke","gloss":"scholarly"},{"text":"bijeenkomsten","gloss":"meetings"},{"text":"bijwonen","gloss":"witnessed"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"omgaan","gloss":"associate"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"geleerden.","gloss":"scholars"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.e74.i14.m4a"},{"number":308,"id":"val.nl.L31.e74.i15","source":"Mijn enige doel is mezelf zoveel mogelijk te vermaken in de korte tijd van een veertiendaagse uitstap.","translation":"My only aim is to enjoy myself as much as can be done in a fortnight's absence from home.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"enige","gloss":"only (het enige: the only thing)"},{"text":"doel","gloss":"aim, purpose"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"mezelf","gloss":"myself"},{"text":"zoveel","gloss":"so much"},{"text":"mogelijk","gloss":"possible"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"vermaken","gloss":"amuse"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"korte","gloss":"short"},{"text":"tijd","gloss":"time"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"veertiendaagse","gloss":"fortnight's"},{"text":"uitstap.","gloss":"excursion"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L31.e74.i15.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 32: Most intransitive verbs take zijn","teaching":[{"title":"Verbs without an object take zijn","paragraphs":["Most intransitive verbs build the perfect tense with zijn, not hebben. English uses have for the same sentences.","Het kind is weggelopen, the child has run away. Zij zijn teruggekomen, they have come back.","In each sentence, look at the auxiliary. It is a form of zijn, and the past participle comes after it."]}],"lines":[{"number":309,"id":"val.nl.L32.x.1.1","source":"Het kind is weggelopen.","translation":"The child has run away.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"kind","gloss":"the child"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"weggelopen.","gloss":"run away"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.x.1.1.m4a"},{"number":310,"id":"val.nl.L32.x.1.2","source":"Zij zijn teruggekomen.","translation":"They have come back.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"teruggekomen.","gloss":"return"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.x.1.2.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1001,"text":"Most intransitive verbs take zijn\n\nMost intransitive verbs are conjugated with zijn. Het kind is weggelopen, the child has run away. Zij zijn teruggekomen, they have come back."},{"section":1002,"text":"Intransitive verbs that take zijn, English have\n\nThe following intransitive verbs usually take zijn, though English uses to have: aankomen to arrive, afwijken to deviate, afstijgen to descend, blijven to remain, barsten to burst, doordringen to penetrate, doorgaan to continue, gaan to go, gelukken to succeed, genezen to recover, geraken to get into, geschieden to happen, inslapen to fall asleep, klimmen to climb, komen to come, landen to land, lopen to run, to walk, marcheren to march, omkomen to perish, ondergaan to perish or to set, ontgaan to forget, ontkomen to escape, ontlopen to run away from, ontwaken to awake, opgaan to rise, opstaan to get up, overeenkomen to agree, overlijden to expire, reizen to travel, rennen to run, rijden to ride, to drive, rijzen to rise, roesten to rust, rollen to roll, schrikken to be frightened, to start, sluipen in to sneak, to steal into, smelten to melt, springen to leap or to burst, sterven to die, stijgen to mount, storten to fall, teruggaan to go back, terugkeren to return, terugkomen to come back, trekken to wander, uitglijden to slip, vallen to fall, varen to navigate, verbasteren to degenerate, verbleken to turn pale, verdrinken to be drowned, verdorren to wither, verdwijnen to disappear, verlopen to expire (of time), verrotten to rot, verschijnen to appear, vertrekken to depart, verwelken to wither, vlieden to flee, vliegen to fly, vluchten to flee, volgen to follow, wassen to grow, weglopen to run away, wijken to yield, worden to become, zijn to be, zinken to sink, zwemmen to swim. Genezen with hebben means to cure. Ik heb lang gelopen, gemarcheerd, gerend denotes an action, not a state. Het is mij ontgaan means I forget; Dutch also says ik ben vergeten, compare ik heb vergeten, I have forgotten. Several of these (smelten, springen, stijgen, rollen, rijden, trekken, vliegen) denote an action, and take hebben, when used transitively; verdrinken with hebben is likewise transitive."},{"section":1003,"text":"Hebben where English uses to be\n\nIn some expressions hebben is used where English uses to be. Dorst hebben, to be thirsty. Gebrek hebben, to be in want. Gelijk hebben, to be right. Haast hebben, to be in a hurry. Honger hebben, to be hungry. Ongelijk hebben, to be wrong. Tijd hebben, to be at leisure."},{"section":1004,"text":"To be rendered another way\n\nIn many expressions to be is used where Dutch needs a different construction. To be about is op het punt zijn or staan. To be at one's wit's end is ten einde raad zijn. To be at stake is op het spel staan. To be early is vroeg komen. To be in time is op tijd komen. To be late is laat komen. To be on good terms is op goede voet staan. To be under the necessity is genoodzaakt zijn. My father is to start today, mijn vader vertrekt vandaag."},{"section":1005,"text":"Had better, had rather\n\nSometimes English to be and to have correspond to Dutch moeten. For had better and had best, modern Dutch uses kunnen beter. Ik kan beter meteen vertrekken, I had better depart at once. Ik denk dat jij beter thuis kunt blijven, I think you had better stay at home. Ik zou liever alleen gaan, I had rather go by myself."},{"section":1006,"text":"The defective verbs: also infinitive and compound tenses\n\nThe defective verbs are not only used in the present and past tenses, as in English, but also in the infinitive and in the compound tenses."},{"section":1007,"text":"Kunnen, willen, moeten, mogen for another English verb\n\nThe Dutch infinitive is often used where English has a different verb: kunnen means to be able, to have the power of; niet kunnen means to be unable, to fail to; willen means to want, to be willing, to wish, to desire, to intend; niet willen means to refuse, to object, not to consent to, to decline; graag willen means to like, to choose, to have a mind; moeten (behoren) means should, ought to; moeten (gedwongen zijn) means to be obliged, forced, to have to; mogen means to be allowed, permitted, to be free to, to have permission."},{"section":1008,"text":"Dutch future for English present, Dutch perfect for English past\n\nThe Dutch future is usually rendered in English by the present tense; the Dutch perfect by the past tense. Ik zal morgen niet kunnen komen, I cannot come tomorrow. Waarom heeft hij het niet willen doen? Why would he not do it?"},{"section":1009,"text":"Kunnen\n\nKunnen denotes a physical possibility, being able to do something: Kan hij al weer wandelen, can he walk again? A possibility granted by the speaker: Kan ik naar huis gaan, may I go home? Dat kan wel waar zijn, that may be true. Zou kunnen means could, might; had kunnen plus infinitive means could have or might have plus past participle. Hij had het kunnen weten, he might have known it. Ik kan niet nalaten means I cannot help or forbear. Ik kon niet nalaten te lachen, I could not forbear laughing."},{"section":1010,"text":"Mogen\n\nMogen expresses the will of another person, and sometimes, in a general sense, to dare or venture: Je mag vandaag uitgaan, you are allowed to go out today. Men mag niet alles zeggen wat men weet, people dare not say all they know. It expresses the will of the speaker: Ik mag zulke boeken niet lezen, I do not like to read such books. It expresses a possibility granted by the speaker: Het mag waar zijn, it may be true. Mocht dat waar zijn, wees dan voorzichtig, should that be true, be prudent. It expresses a wish: Moge hij altijd gelukkig zijn! may he always be happy! And a condition: Mocht hij komen, roep me dan even, should he come, just call me then. Had mogen plus infinitive means might have plus past participle, or would have been allowed to. Als ik dit geweten had, had hij niet mogen uitgaan, if I had known this, he might not have gone out. Mag niet sometimes answers to English must not. Je mag hier niet roken, you must not smoke here."},{"section":1011,"text":"Moeten\n\nMoeten denotes necessity, duty or moral obligation, or certainty in the sense of cannot but: Wij moeten ons aan de wetten onderwerpen, we must submit to the laws. Hij moet zeker nu al thuis zijn, he surely must have arrived by this time. It denotes a report or supposition: Hij moet naar Londen gegaan zijn, he is said to have gone to London. Moeten may denote a duty left undone, answering to ought: Ik had een brief moeten schrijven, I ought to have written a letter. Moest denoting obligation means had to or was obliged to: Ik moest het doen, I had to do it. Je moest beter schrijven, you should write better."},{"section":1012,"text":"Willen\n\nWillen in its proper sense, denoting a will or a determination, answers to English will. Expressing a wish or a want it answers to to like, to want, to wish. Wat wil jij, what do you want (like)? Doe in alles zoals jij wilt, do as you like in everything. Willen can also mean to be going to, to be about to. Hij wilde net vertrekken, he was just going to depart. Expressing an assertion it answers to to pretend, to say. Willem wil het op straat gezien hebben, William pretends to have seen it in the street. Zou willen means would; had willen plus infinitive means would have plus past participle. Ik had het hem willen opdragen, I would have charged him with it. The infinitive willen is usually left untranslated when another infinitive follows: Zou jij dit voor mij willen overschrijven, would you kindly copy this for me. Zou graag willen means I should like to: Ik zou het kindje graag willen zien, I should like to see the baby."},{"section":1013,"text":"Zullen plus another infinitive\n\nZullen followed by another infinitive is not used this way in English. Hij beloofde het te zullen zenden, he promised to send it. Ik hoop je spoedig te zullen zien, I hope to see you soon. Zal means shall or will; zou(den) means should or would. Ik zal zorg dragen dat hij zijn deel zal krijgen, I will take care that he shall have his share. Zou je berispt worden als je ging, would you be blamed if you went? Je zei dat je morgen in de stad zou zijn, you said you would be in town tomorrow."},{"section":1014,"text":"Laten as an auxiliary\n\nLaten is often used as an auxiliary joined to another verb, which follows it without te. It forms an imperative: Laat ik het eens proberen! let me try it! Laten we wat wandelen! let us take a walk! It means to let, to permit, to suffer: Ik laat hem gaan, I let him go. Hij laat zich beledigen, he suffers himself to be insulted. It answers to to cause, to get, to have, to make: Hij liet het huis herstellen, he caused the house to be repaired. Waar laat u uw boeken inbinden, where do you have your books bound? Ik zal mijn vriend wel het werk voor mij laten doen, I'll get my friend to do the work for me. It means to bid, to command, to desire, to order, to tell: Laat meneer binnenkomen, bid the gentleman come in. Hij liet de koetsier buiten wachten, he told the coachman to wait outside. De rechter liet de dief aanhouden, the judge ordered the thief to be arrested. Sometimes it means to leave, to let: Laat mij met rust, leave me alone. Laat dat liggen, leave that alone. Hij liet zijn paraplu in de gang staan, he left his umbrella in the hall. With the reflexive pronoun zich it carries the idea of it can be, it may be: Dat laat zich wel horen, it may be imagined. Dat laat zich gemakkelijk verklaren, this may easily be explained."}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 32: Intransitive verbs that take zijn, English have","teaching":[{"title":"How to read the list","paragraphs":["This list holds intransitive verbs that usually take zijn, though English says have. Each entry is a Dutch verb and its English meaning.","Gaan, to go. Blijven, to remain. Vallen, to fall.","In a sentence, each one takes zijn. Hij is gevallen, he has fallen. Wij zijn aangekomen, we have arrived."]},{"title":"Where hebben stays","paragraphs":["Some verbs on the list take hebben when they denote an action, not a state. Ik heb lang gelopen is one.","Smelten, springen, stijgen, rollen, rijden, trekken and vliegen take hebben when they have a direct object. Verdrinken with hebben also has an object.","Genezen with hebben means to cure."]}],"lines":[{"number":311,"id":"val.nl.L32.x.2.1","source":"Het kind is weggelopen.","translation":"The child has run away.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"kind","gloss":"the child"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"weggelopen.","gloss":"run away"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.x.2.1.m4a"},{"number":312,"id":"val.nl.L32.x.2.2","source":"Zij zijn teruggekomen.","translation":"They have come back.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"teruggekomen.","gloss":"return"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.x.2.2.m4a"},{"number":313,"id":"val.nl.L32.x.2.3","source":"Hij is gevallen.","translation":"He has fallen.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"gevallen.","gloss":"to fall"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.x.2.3.m4a"},{"number":314,"id":"val.nl.L32.x.2.4","source":"Wij zijn aangekomen.","translation":"We have arrived.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"aangekomen.","gloss":"arrived"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.x.2.4.m4a"},{"number":315,"id":"val.nl.L32.x.2.5","source":"Hij is gestorven.","translation":"He has died.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"gestorven.","gloss":"to die"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.x.2.5.m4a"},{"number":316,"id":"val.nl.L32.x.2.6","source":"De zon is opgegaan.","translation":"The sun has risen.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"zon","gloss":"sun"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"opgegaan.","gloss":"gone round"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.x.2.6.m4a"},{"number":317,"id":"val.nl.L32.x.2.7","source":"Zij zijn vertrokken.","translation":"They have departed.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"vertrokken.","gloss":"departed"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.x.2.7.m4a"},{"number":318,"id":"val.nl.L32.x.2.8","source":"Het schip is gezonken.","translation":"The ship has sunk.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"schip","gloss":"ship, ships"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"gezonken.","gloss":"to sink"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.x.2.8.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 32: Hebben where English uses to be","teaching":[{"title":"Hebben for a state","paragraphs":["Some states that English says with to be, Dutch says with hebben.","Dorst hebben means to be thirsty. Honger hebben means to be hungry. Haast hebben means to be in a hurry.","Gelijk hebben means to be right. Tijd hebben means to be at leisure.","Learn each phrase whole. The verb is always hebben."]}],"lines":[{"number":319,"id":"val.nl.L32.x.3.1","source":"Dorst hebben.","translation":"To be thirsty.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dorst","gloss":"thirst"},{"text":"hebben.","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.x.3.1.m4a"},{"number":320,"id":"val.nl.L32.x.3.2","source":"Gelijk hebben.","translation":"To be right.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Gelijk","gloss":"as"},{"text":"hebben.","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.x.3.2.m4a"},{"number":321,"id":"val.nl.L32.x.3.3","source":"Haast hebben.","translation":"To be in a hurry.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Haast","gloss":"haste"},{"text":"hebben.","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.x.3.3.m4a"},{"number":322,"id":"val.nl.L32.x.3.4","source":"Honger hebben.","translation":"To be hungry.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Honger","gloss":"hunger"},{"text":"hebben.","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.x.3.4.m4a"},{"number":323,"id":"val.nl.L32.x.3.5","source":"Tijd hebben.","translation":"To be at leisure.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Tijd","gloss":"time"},{"text":"hebben.","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.x.3.5.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 32: To be rendered another way","teaching":[{"title":"English to be, another Dutch phrase","paragraphs":["English uses to be in many fixed phrases. Dutch often needs a different construction for the same idea.","To be in time is op tijd komen. The Dutch verb is komen.","To be at stake is op het spel staan. To be on good terms is op goede voet staan. The Dutch verb is staan.","Some phrases keep zijn, as in ten einde raad zijn. Mijn vader vertrekt vandaag means my father is to start today."]}],"lines":[{"number":324,"id":"val.nl.L32.x.4.1","source":"Ten einde raad zijn.","translation":"To be at one's wit's end.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ten","gloss":"in"},{"text":"einde","gloss":"end"},{"text":"raad","gloss":"counsel"},{"text":"zijn.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.x.4.1.m4a"},{"number":325,"id":"val.nl.L32.x.4.2","source":"Op het spel staan.","translation":"To be at stake.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"spel","gloss":"stake"},{"text":"staan.","gloss":"to stand"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.x.4.2.m4a"},{"number":326,"id":"val.nl.L32.x.4.3","source":"Op tijd komen.","translation":"To be in time.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"tijd","gloss":"time"},{"text":"komen.","gloss":"to come"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.x.4.3.m4a"},{"number":327,"id":"val.nl.L32.x.4.4","source":"Op goede voet staan.","translation":"To be on good terms.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"goede","gloss":"the good, what is good"},{"text":"voet","gloss":"foot"},{"text":"staan.","gloss":"to stand"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.x.4.4.m4a"},{"number":328,"id":"val.nl.L32.x.4.5","source":"Mijn vader vertrekt vandaag.","translation":"My father is to start today.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"vader","gloss":"the father"},{"text":"vertrekt","gloss":"departed"},{"text":"vandaag.","gloss":"today"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.x.4.5.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 32: Had better, had rather (and 1 more)","teaching":[{"title":"Better and rather","paragraphs":["For English had better, Dutch uses kunnen beter. For had rather, Dutch uses zou liever.","Ik kan beter meteen vertrekken, I had better depart at once. Ik denk dat jij beter thuis kunt blijven, I think you had better stay at home.","Ik zou liever alleen gaan, I had rather go by myself.","In each Dutch sentence, the second verb is an infinitive."]},{"title":"Verbs with all their forms","paragraphs":["A defective verb is a verb that lacks some forms. In English these verbs have only a present and a past tense.","In Dutch they also have an infinitive and compound tenses.","Hij heeft het niet gekund, he has not been able to do it. Ik zal het moeten doen, I shall have to do it.","English needs other words here, such as been able to and have to."]}],"lines":[{"number":329,"id":"val.nl.L32.x.5.1","source":"Ik kan beter meteen vertrekken.","translation":"I had better depart at once.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"kan","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"beter","gloss":"better"},{"text":"meteen","gloss":"at once"},{"text":"vertrekken.","gloss":"depart"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.x.5.1.m4a"},{"number":330,"id":"val.nl.L32.x.5.2","source":"Ik denk dat jij beter thuis kunt blijven.","translation":"I think you had better stay at home.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"denk","gloss":"think"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"jij","gloss":"you"},{"text":"beter","gloss":"better"},{"text":"thuis","gloss":"at home"},{"text":"kunt","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"blijven.","gloss":"to remain, stay"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.x.5.2.m4a"},{"number":331,"id":"val.nl.L32.x.5.3","source":"Ik zou liever alleen gaan.","translation":"I had rather go by myself.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"liever","gloss":"rather"},{"text":"alleen","gloss":"only"},{"text":"gaan.","gloss":"to go"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.x.5.3.m4a"},{"number":332,"id":"val.nl.L32.x.6.1","source":"Hij heeft het niet gekund.","translation":"He has not been able to do it.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"heeft","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"gekund.","gloss":"to be able (can)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.x.6.1.m4a"},{"number":333,"id":"val.nl.L32.x.6.2","source":"Ik zal het moeten doen.","translation":"I shall have to do it.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"moeten","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"doen.","gloss":"to do"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.x.6.2.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 32: Kunnen, willen, moeten, mogen for another English verb (and 1 more)","teaching":[{"title":"Four verbs, many English words","paragraphs":["Each of these four Dutch verbs covers several English verbs. The meaning depends on the sentence.","Kunnen means to be able. Niet kunnen means to be unable. Ik kan het niet doen, I am unable to do it.","Willen means to want or to wish. Niet willen means to refuse. Hij wil het niet doen, he refuses to do it.","Moeten means ought to or to have to. Mogen means to be allowed. Je moet dat doen, you ought to do that. Mag ik gaan? Am I allowed to go?"]},{"title":"Tenses that do not match","paragraphs":["Dutch and English do not always pick the same tense. A Dutch future often becomes an English present.","Ik zal morgen niet kunnen komen, I cannot come tomorrow.","A Dutch perfect often becomes an English past. Waarom heeft hij het niet willen doen? Why would he not do it?"]}],"lines":[{"number":334,"id":"val.nl.L32.x.7.1","source":"Ik kan het niet doen.","translation":"I am unable to do it.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"kan","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"doen.","gloss":"to do"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.x.7.1.m4a"},{"number":335,"id":"val.nl.L32.x.7.2","source":"Hij wil het niet doen.","translation":"He refuses to do it.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"wil","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"doen.","gloss":"to do"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.x.7.2.m4a"},{"number":336,"id":"val.nl.L32.x.7.3","source":"Je moet dat doen.","translation":"You ought to do that.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"moet","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"doen.","gloss":"to do"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.x.7.3.m4a"},{"number":337,"id":"val.nl.L32.x.7.4","source":"Mag ik gaan?","translation":"Am I allowed to go?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mag","gloss":"may"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"gaan?","gloss":"to go"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.x.7.4.m4a"},{"number":338,"id":"val.nl.L32.x.8.1","source":"Ik zal morgen niet kunnen komen.","translation":"I cannot come tomorrow.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"morgen","gloss":"morning"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"kunnen","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"komen.","gloss":"to come"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.x.8.1.m4a"},{"number":339,"id":"val.nl.L32.x.8.2","source":"Waarom heeft hij het niet willen doen?","translation":"Why would he not do it?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Waarom","gloss":"why"},{"text":"heeft","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"willen","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"doen?","gloss":"to do"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.x.8.2.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 32: Kunnen","teaching":[{"title":"Kunnen: ability and possibility","paragraphs":["Kunnen names a physical ability. Kan hij al weer wandelen? Can he walk again?","Kunnen also names a possibility the speaker grants. Kan ik naar huis gaan? May I go home? Dat kan wel waar zijn, that may be true."]},{"title":"Kunnen in other forms","paragraphs":["Zou kunnen means could or might. Had kunnen with an infinitive means could have or might have.","Hij had het kunnen weten, he might have known it.","Ik kan niet nalaten means I cannot help or I cannot forbear. Ik kon niet nalaten te lachen, I could not forbear laughing."]}],"lines":[{"number":340,"id":"val.nl.L32.x.9.1","source":"Kan hij al weer wandelen?","translation":"Can he walk again?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Kan","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"al","gloss":"already"},{"text":"weer","gloss":"again"},{"text":"wandelen?","gloss":"to walk, stroll"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.x.9.1.m4a"},{"number":341,"id":"val.nl.L32.x.9.2","source":"Kan ik naar huis gaan?","translation":"May I go home?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Kan","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"huis","gloss":"house"},{"text":"gaan?","gloss":"to go"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.x.9.2.m4a"},{"number":342,"id":"val.nl.L32.x.9.3","source":"Dat kan wel waar zijn.","translation":"That may be true.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"kan","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"wel","gloss":"but"},{"text":"waar","gloss":"where; true"},{"text":"zijn.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.x.9.3.m4a"},{"number":343,"id":"val.nl.L32.x.9.4","source":"Hij had het kunnen weten.","translation":"He might have known it.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"had","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"kunnen","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"weten.","gloss":"to know"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.x.9.4.m4a"},{"number":344,"id":"val.nl.L32.x.9.5","source":"Ik kon niet nalaten te lachen.","translation":"I could not forbear laughing.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"kon","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"nalaten","gloss":"leave undone"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"lachen.","gloss":"to laugh"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.x.9.5.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 32: Mogen","teaching":[{"title":"Mogen: permission and possibility","paragraphs":["Mogen means that another person allows the action. Je mag vandaag uitgaan, you are allowed to go out today.","It can also state a possibility. Het mag waar zijn, it may be true.","With niet, mag can mean must not. Je mag hier niet roken, you must not smoke here."]},{"title":"Mogen: wish and condition","paragraphs":["Mogen can state a wish. Moge hij altijd gelukkig zijn! May he always be happy!","Mocht begins a condition. Mocht hij komen, roep me dan even, should he come, just call me then.","Had mogen with an infinitive means might have or would have been allowed to."]}],"lines":[{"number":345,"id":"val.nl.L32.x.10.1","source":"Je mag vandaag uitgaan.","translation":"You are allowed to go out today.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"mag","gloss":"may"},{"text":"vandaag","gloss":"today"},{"text":"uitgaan.","gloss":"issued"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.x.10.1.m4a"},{"number":346,"id":"val.nl.L32.x.10.2","source":"Het mag waar zijn.","translation":"It may be true.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"mag","gloss":"may"},{"text":"waar","gloss":"where; true"},{"text":"zijn.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.x.10.2.m4a"},{"number":347,"id":"val.nl.L32.x.10.3","source":"Moge hij altijd gelukkig zijn!","translation":"May he always be happy!","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Moge","gloss":"may"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"altijd","gloss":"always"},{"text":"gelukkig","gloss":"happy, unhappy"},{"text":"zijn!","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.x.10.3.m4a"},{"number":348,"id":"val.nl.L32.x.10.4","source":"Mocht hij komen, roep me dan even.","translation":"Should he come, just call me then.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mocht","gloss":"might, was allowed"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"komen,","gloss":"to come"},{"text":"roep","gloss":"to cry to"},{"text":"me","gloss":"me"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"even.","gloss":"a moment, just"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.x.10.4.m4a"},{"number":349,"id":"val.nl.L32.x.10.5","source":"Je mag hier niet roken.","translation":"You must not smoke here.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"mag","gloss":"may"},{"text":"hier","gloss":"here"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"roken.","gloss":"to smell"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.x.10.5.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 32: Moeten","teaching":[{"title":"Moeten: necessity and report","paragraphs":["Moeten names a necessity, a duty or a certainty. Wij moeten ons aan de wetten onderwerpen, we must submit to the laws.","It can also name a report. Hij moet naar Londen gegaan zijn, he is said to have gone to London."]},{"title":"Moeten in the past","paragraphs":["Moeten with had names a duty left undone. Ik had een brief moeten schrijven, I ought to have written a letter.","Moest names an obligation in the past. Ik moest het doen, I had to do it.","Je moest beter schrijven, you should write better."]}],"lines":[{"number":350,"id":"val.nl.L32.x.11.1","source":"Wij moeten ons aan de wetten onderwerpen.","translation":"We must submit to the laws.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"moeten","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"ons","gloss":"us"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"wetten","gloss":"laws"},{"text":"onderwerpen.","gloss":"subjects"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.x.11.1.m4a"},{"number":351,"id":"val.nl.L32.x.11.2","source":"Hij moet naar Londen gegaan zijn.","translation":"He is said to have gone to London.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"moet","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"Londen","gloss":"Londen"},{"text":"gegaan","gloss":"to go"},{"text":"zijn.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.x.11.2.m4a"},{"number":352,"id":"val.nl.L32.x.11.3","source":"Ik had een brief moeten schrijven.","translation":"I ought to have written a letter.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"had","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"brief","gloss":"letter"},{"text":"moeten","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"schrijven.","gloss":"to write"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.x.11.3.m4a"},{"number":353,"id":"val.nl.L32.x.11.4","source":"Je moest beter schrijven.","translation":"You should write better.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"moest","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"beter","gloss":"better"},{"text":"schrijven.","gloss":"to write"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.x.11.4.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 32: Willen","teaching":[{"title":"Willen: will and wish","paragraphs":["Willen names a will or a determination. It also names a wish or a want. Wat wil jij? What do you want?","Hij wilde net vertrekken, he was just going to depart. Here willen means to be about to.","With an assertion, willen means to pretend. Willem wil het op straat gezien hebben, William pretends to have seen it in the street."]},{"title":"Willen in other forms","paragraphs":["Zou willen means would. Had willen with an infinitive means would have. Ik had het hem willen opdragen, I would have charged him with it.","Before another infinitive, willen is usually left out of the English. Zou jij dit voor mij willen overschrijven? Would you kindly copy this for me?","Zou graag willen means I should like to. Ik zou het kindje graag willen zien, I should like to see the baby."]}],"lines":[{"number":354,"id":"val.nl.L32.x.12.1","source":"Wat wil jij?","translation":"What do you want?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"wil","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"jij?","gloss":"you"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.x.12.1.m4a"},{"number":355,"id":"val.nl.L32.x.12.2","source":"Hij wilde net vertrekken.","translation":"He was just going to depart.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"wilde","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"net","gloss":"net"},{"text":"vertrekken.","gloss":"depart"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.x.12.2.m4a"},{"number":356,"id":"val.nl.L32.x.12.3","source":"Willem wil het op straat gezien hebben.","translation":"William pretends to have seen it in the street.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Willem","gloss":"William"},{"text":"wil","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"straat","gloss":"street"},{"text":"gezien","gloss":"to see"},{"text":"hebben.","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.x.12.3.m4a"},{"number":357,"id":"val.nl.L32.x.12.4","source":"Zou jij dit voor mij willen overschrijven?","translation":"Would you kindly copy this for me?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"jij","gloss":"you"},{"text":"dit","gloss":"this"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"willen","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"overschrijven?","gloss":"copy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.x.12.4.m4a"},{"number":358,"id":"val.nl.L32.x.12.5","source":"Ik zou het kindje graag willen zien.","translation":"I should like to see the baby.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"kindje","gloss":"child"},{"text":"graag","gloss":"gladly, with pleasure"},{"text":"willen","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"zien.","gloss":"to see"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.x.12.5.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 32: Zullen plus another infinitive","teaching":[{"title":"Zullen with an infinitive","paragraphs":["Zal means shall or will. Zou means should or would.","Dutch can put te zullen before another infinitive. English does not use shall this way.","Hij beloofde het te zullen zenden, he promised to send it. Ik hoop je spoedig te zullen zien, I hope to see you soon."]},{"title":"Zou means would","paragraphs":["Je zei dat je morgen in de stad zou zijn, you said you would be in town tomorrow.","Zou je berispt worden als je ging? Would you be blamed if you went?"]}],"lines":[{"number":359,"id":"val.nl.L32.x.13.1","source":"Hij beloofde het te zullen zenden.","translation":"He promised to send it.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"beloofde","gloss":"promised"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"zullen","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"zenden.","gloss":"to send"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.x.13.1.m4a"},{"number":360,"id":"val.nl.L32.x.13.2","source":"Ik hoop je spoedig te zullen zien.","translation":"I hope to see you soon.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"hoop","gloss":"hope"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"spoedig","gloss":"soon"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"zullen","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"zien.","gloss":"to see"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.x.13.2.m4a"},{"number":361,"id":"val.nl.L32.x.13.3","source":"Zou je berispt worden als je ging?","translation":"Would you be blamed if you went?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"berispt","gloss":"reprimands"},{"text":"worden","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"ging?","gloss":"to go"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.x.13.3.m4a"},{"number":362,"id":"val.nl.L32.x.13.4","source":"Je zei dat je morgen in de stad zou zijn.","translation":"You said you would be in town tomorrow.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"zei","gloss":"to say"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"morgen","gloss":"morning"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"stad","gloss":"city, town"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"zijn.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.x.13.4.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 32: Laten as an auxiliary","teaching":[{"title":"Laten before another verb","paragraphs":["Laten is often an auxiliary. The verb after it has no te.","It forms an imperative. Laat ik het eens proberen! Let me try it! Laten we wat wandelen! Let us take a walk!","It means to permit. Ik laat hem gaan, I let him go.","It means to cause or to have something done. Hij liet het huis herstellen, he caused the house to be repaired."]},{"title":"More meanings of laten","paragraphs":["Laten can mean to order. De rechter liet de dief aanhouden, the judge ordered the thief to be arrested.","It can mean to leave. Laat mij met rust, leave me alone. Hij liet zijn paraplu in de gang staan, he left his umbrella in the hall.","With zich it carries the idea of can be or may be. Dat laat zich gemakkelijk verklaren, this may easily be explained."]}],"lines":[{"number":363,"id":"val.nl.L32.x.14.1","source":"Laat ik het eens proberen!","translation":"Let me try it!","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Laat","gloss":"to let"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"eens","gloss":"once, one day"},{"text":"proberen!","gloss":"to try"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.x.14.1.m4a"},{"number":364,"id":"val.nl.L32.x.14.2","source":"Laten we wat wandelen!","translation":"Let us take a walk!","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Laten","gloss":"to let"},{"text":"we","gloss":"we"},{"text":"wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"wandelen!","gloss":"to walk, stroll"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.x.14.2.m4a"},{"number":365,"id":"val.nl.L32.x.14.3","source":"Ik laat hem gaan.","translation":"I let him go.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"laat","gloss":"to let"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"gaan.","gloss":"to go"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.x.14.3.m4a"},{"number":366,"id":"val.nl.L32.x.14.4","source":"Hij liet het huis herstellen.","translation":"He caused the house to be repaired.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"liet","gloss":"to let"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"huis","gloss":"house"},{"text":"herstellen.","gloss":"set right"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.x.14.4.m4a"},{"number":367,"id":"val.nl.L32.x.14.5","source":"Waar laat u uw boeken inbinden?","translation":"Where do you have your books bound?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Waar","gloss":"where; true"},{"text":"laat","gloss":"to let"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"uw","gloss":"your (polite)"},{"text":"boeken","gloss":"books"},{"text":"inbinden?","gloss":"to bind"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.x.14.5.m4a"},{"number":368,"id":"val.nl.L32.x.14.6","source":"Laat mij met rust.","translation":"Leave me alone.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Laat","gloss":"to let"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"rust.","gloss":"rest"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.x.14.6.m4a"},{"number":369,"id":"val.nl.L32.x.14.7","source":"Dat laat zich gemakkelijk verklaren.","translation":"This may easily be explained.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"laat","gloss":"to let"},{"text":"zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"gemakkelijk","gloss":"easy, easily"},{"text":"verklaren.","gloss":"to explain"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.x.14.7.m4a"},{"number":370,"id":"val.nl.L32.x.14.8","source":"Ik zal de advertentie laten plaatsen.","translation":"I shall have the advertisement inserted.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"advertentie","gloss":"advertisement"},{"text":"laten","gloss":"to let"},{"text":"plaatsen.","gloss":"to put, to place"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.x.14.8.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Van Amsterdam naar Batavia.","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":371,"id":"val.nl.L32.r.0","source":"Van Amsterdam naar Batavia.","translation":"From Amsterdam to Batavia.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"Amsterdam","gloss":"Amsterdam"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"Batavia.","gloss":"Batavia"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.r.0.m4a"},{"number":372,"id":"val.nl.L32.r.1","source":"Beste vriend!","translation":"Dear friend!","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Beste","gloss":"best"},{"text":"vriend!","gloss":"friend"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.r.1.m4a"},{"number":373,"id":"val.nl.L32.r.2","source":"Pas gisteren aan wal gestapt, haast ik me toch mijn gegeven woord gestand te doen en je een verslag van mijn reis te sturen.","translation":"Having only just landed yesterday, I hasten nevertheless to keep my given word and to send you an account of my journey.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Pas","gloss":"only just"},{"text":"gisteren","gloss":"yesterday"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"wal","gloss":"shore"},{"text":"gestapt,","gloss":"stepped"},{"text":"haast","gloss":"haste"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"me","gloss":"me"},{"text":"toch","gloss":"indeed, after all (here: 'I did warn you, after all')"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"gegeven","gloss":"to give"},{"text":"woord","gloss":"word"},{"text":"gestand","gloss":"keep"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"doen","gloss":"to do"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"verslag","gloss":"report"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"reis","gloss":"journey"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"sturen.","gloss":"send"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.r.2.m4a"},{"number":374,"id":"val.nl.L32.r.3","source":"Omdat ik het nog graag met de eerstvertrekkende mailboot wil verzenden, zal ik niet erg uitvoerig kunnen zijn.","translation":"Since I would still like to send it by the first outgoing mail boat, I shall not be able to be very detailed.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Omdat","gloss":"because"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"nog","gloss":"still, yet; another"},{"text":"graag","gloss":"gladly, with pleasure"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"eerstvertrekkende","gloss":"first outgoing"},{"text":"mailboot","gloss":"mail boat"},{"text":"wil","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"verzenden,","gloss":"sent off"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"erg","gloss":"very; bad"},{"text":"uitvoerig","gloss":"at length"},{"text":"kunnen","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"zijn.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.r.3.m4a"},{"number":375,"id":"val.nl.L32.r.4","source":"Zaterdag, de 6e oktober, ging ik 's morgens tegen tien uur in Amsterdam aan boord van de mailboot Hollandia.","translation":"On Saturday, the 6th of October, I went on board the mail boat Hollandia at Amsterdam around ten o'clock in the morning.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zaterdag,","gloss":"Zaterdag"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"6e","gloss":"6th"},{"text":"oktober,","gloss":"oktober"},{"text":"ging","gloss":"to go"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"'s","gloss":"in the morning"},{"text":"morgens","gloss":"in the morning"},{"text":"tegen","gloss":"against; to"},{"text":"tien","gloss":"ten"},{"text":"uur","gloss":"hour"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"Amsterdam","gloss":"Amsterdam"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"boord","gloss":"board (of a ship)"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"mailboot","gloss":"mail boat"},{"text":"Hollandia.","gloss":"Hollandia"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.r.4.m4a"},{"number":376,"id":"val.nl.L32.r.5","source":"Het was een fraai ijzeren schroefstoomschip van tweeduizend achthonderd ton, met een machine van vijfhonderd paardenkracht nominaal.","translation":"It was a fine iron screw steamship of two thousand eight hundred tons, with an engine of five hundred nominal horsepower.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"fraai","gloss":"nice, beautiful"},{"text":"ijzeren","gloss":"iron"},{"text":"schroefstoomschip","gloss":"screw steamship"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"tweeduizend","gloss":"two thousand"},{"text":"achthonderd","gloss":"eight hundred"},{"text":"ton,","gloss":"hundred thousand guilders"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"machine","gloss":"engine"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"vijfhonderd","gloss":"five hundred"},{"text":"paardenkracht","gloss":"horsepower"},{"text":"nominaal.","gloss":"nominal"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.r.5.m4a"},{"number":377,"id":"val.nl.L32.r.6","source":"Als een van de snelst varende boten van de maatschappij had deze al tal van gelukkige reizen gemaakt.","translation":"As one of the company's fastest-sailing boats, she had already made many successful voyages.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"snelst","gloss":"quickly"},{"text":"varende","gloss":"to navigate"},{"text":"boten","gloss":"boats"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"maatschappij","gloss":"society"},{"text":"had","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"deze","gloss":"the latter (the most recently mentioned)"},{"text":"al","gloss":"already"},{"text":"tal","gloss":"number"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"gelukkige","gloss":"happy, unhappy"},{"text":"reizen","gloss":"traveling"},{"text":"gemaakt.","gloss":"to make (weak)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.r.6.m4a"},{"number":378,"id":"val.nl.L32.r.7","source":"De kapitein, een ervaren zeeman, was een zeer gezellige man.","translation":"The captain, an experienced sailor, was a most sociable man.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"kapitein,","gloss":"captain"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"ervaren","gloss":"experienced"},{"text":"zeeman,","gloss":"sailor"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"zeer","gloss":"very"},{"text":"gezellige","gloss":"snug"},{"text":"man.","gloss":"man; husband"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.r.7.m4a"},{"number":379,"id":"val.nl.L32.r.8","source":"Na enkele minuten van heen-en-weergeloop, verward rumoer en beweging, werden de kabels die ons aan de oever hielden losgegooid en onder het spelen van de muziek wendde het stoomschip de steven westwaarts om het IJ op te varen.","translation":"After a few minutes of running to and fro, confused noise and movement, the cables that held us to the bank were cast off, and to the sound of the music the steamship turned her bow westward to sail up the IJ.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Na","gloss":"after"},{"text":"enkele","gloss":"a few"},{"text":"minuten","gloss":"minutes"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"heen-en-weergeloop,","gloss":"running to and fro"},{"text":"verward","gloss":"confused"},{"text":"rumoer","gloss":"noise"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"beweging,","gloss":"movement"},{"text":"werden","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"kabels","gloss":"cables"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"ons","gloss":"us"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"oever","gloss":"water's edge"},{"text":"hielden","gloss":"to keep"},{"text":"losgegooid","gloss":"cast off"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"onder","gloss":"under; among"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"spelen","gloss":"to play"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"muziek","gloss":"music"},{"text":"wendde","gloss":"turned"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"stoomschip","gloss":"steamship"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"steven","gloss":"to starch"},{"text":"westwaarts","gloss":"westward"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"IJ","gloss":"IJ"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"varen.","gloss":"to navigate"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.r.8.m4a"},{"number":380,"id":"val.nl.L32.r.9","source":"Links lag daar de stad, met haar kades vol koopmansgoederen, haar talrijke steigers, haar massa's huizen.","translation":"To the left lay the city, with its quays full of merchants' goods, its many jetties, its masses of houses.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Links","gloss":"left"},{"text":"lag","gloss":"to lie (be situated)"},{"text":"daar","gloss":"as, since, because"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"stad,","gloss":"city, town"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"haar","gloss":"her"},{"text":"kades","gloss":"quays"},{"text":"vol","gloss":"full (of)"},{"text":"koopmansgoederen,","gloss":"koopmansgoederen"},{"text":"haar","gloss":"her"},{"text":"talrijke","gloss":"numerous"},{"text":"steigers,","gloss":"jetties"},{"text":"haar","gloss":"her"},{"text":"massa's","gloss":"masses"},{"text":"huizen.","gloss":"houses"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.r.9.m4a"},{"number":381,"id":"val.nl.L32.r.10","source":"Een menigte kleine stoomboten en schepen passeerden ons en het water bood een zeer levendig schouwspel.","translation":"A crowd of small steamboats and ships passed us, and the water presented a most lively spectacle.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"menigte","gloss":"multitude"},{"text":"kleine","gloss":"small"},{"text":"stoomboten","gloss":"steamboats"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"schepen","gloss":"ship, ships"},{"text":"passeerden","gloss":"passed"},{"text":"ons","gloss":"us"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"water","gloss":"water"},{"text":"bood","gloss":"to offer"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"zeer","gloss":"very"},{"text":"levendig","gloss":"vivid"},{"text":"schouwspel.","gloss":"spectacle"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.r.10.m4a"},{"number":382,"id":"val.nl.L32.r.11","source":"Maar spoedig gingen we het kanaal in en de stad verdween uit het zicht.","translation":"But soon we entered the canal and the city disappeared from sight.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"spoedig","gloss":"soon"},{"text":"gingen","gloss":"to go"},{"text":"we","gloss":"we"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"kanaal","gloss":"canal"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"stad","gloss":"city, town"},{"text":"verdween","gloss":"to disappear"},{"text":"uit","gloss":"out of, from"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"zicht.","gloss":"sight"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.r.11.m4a"},{"number":383,"id":"val.nl.L32.r.12","source":"De reizigers waren vrij talrijk aan boord.","translation":"The passengers were fairly numerous on board.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"reizigers","gloss":"travellers"},{"text":"waren","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"vrij","gloss":"rather, quite; free"},{"text":"talrijk","gloss":"numerous"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"boord.","gloss":"board (of a ship)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.r.12.m4a"},{"number":384,"id":"val.nl.L32.r.13","source":"De meesten bleven op het dek om van het schilderachtige uitzicht op de stad te genieten.","translation":"Most of them stayed on deck to enjoy the picturesque view of the city.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"meesten","gloss":"most"},{"text":"bleven","gloss":"to remain, stay"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"dek","gloss":"deck"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"schilderachtige","gloss":"picturesque"},{"text":"uitzicht","gloss":"prospect"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"stad","gloss":"city, town"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"genieten.","gloss":"to enjoy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.r.13.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 32: conversation","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":385,"id":"val.nl.L32.c.q1","source":"Wel, ben je vannacht ook bij de brand geweest?","translation":"Well, were you at the fire last night too?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wel,","gloss":"but"},{"text":"ben","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"vannacht","gloss":"last night"},{"text":"ook","gloss":"also, likewise"},{"text":"bij","gloss":"with"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"brand","gloss":"fire"},{"text":"geweest?","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.c.q1.m4a"},{"number":386,"id":"val.nl.L32.c.q2","source":"Mijn hemel, hoe is dat mogelijk? Heb je dan de klokken niet horen luiden?","translation":"My goodness, how is that possible? Didn't you hear the bells ringing, then?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mijn","gloss":"good heavens!"},{"text":"hemel,","gloss":"good heavens!"},{"text":"hoe","gloss":"how"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"mogelijk?","gloss":"possible"},{"text":"Heb","gloss":"have"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"klokken","gloss":"bells"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"horen","gloss":"to hear"},{"text":"luiden?","gloss":"loud"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.c.q2.m4a"},{"number":387,"id":"val.nl.L32.c.q3","source":"De brandspuiten waren gelukkig spoedig ter plaatse.","translation":"Fortunately the fire engines were soon on the scene.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"brandspuiten","gloss":"fire engines"},{"text":"waren","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"gelukkig","gloss":"happy, unhappy"},{"text":"spoedig","gloss":"soon"},{"text":"ter","gloss":"for the"},{"text":"plaatse.","gloss":"place"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.c.q3.m4a"},{"number":388,"id":"val.nl.L32.c.a1","source":"Bij de brand, vraag je? Ik heb van geen brand gehoord.","translation":"At the fire, you ask? I haven't heard of any fire.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Bij","gloss":"with"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"brand,","gloss":"fire"},{"text":"vraag","gloss":"to ask"},{"text":"je?","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"geen","gloss":"no, not a"},{"text":"brand","gloss":"fire"},{"text":"gehoord.","gloss":"to hear"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.c.a1.m4a"},{"number":389,"id":"val.nl.L32.c.a2","source":"Wanneer ik eenmaal vast in slaap ben, word ik van zoiets niet wakker.","translation":"Once I am fast asleep, nothing like that wakes me up.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wanneer","gloss":"if"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"eenmaal","gloss":"once"},{"text":"vast","gloss":"solid, firm"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"slaap","gloss":"sleep"},{"text":"ben,","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"word","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"zoiets","gloss":"such a thing"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"wakker.","gloss":"awake"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.c.a2.m4a"},{"number":390,"id":"val.nl.L32.c.a3","source":"Maar waar dan toch? Vertel me dat eerst eens.","translation":"But where, then? Tell me that first.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"waar","gloss":"where; true"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"toch?","gloss":"indeed, after all (here: 'I did warn you, after all')"},{"text":"Vertel","gloss":"tell"},{"text":"me","gloss":"me"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"eerst","gloss":"first (of all)"},{"text":"eens.","gloss":"once, one day"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.c.a3.m4a"},{"number":391,"id":"val.nl.L32.c.q4","source":"Vlak tegenover de grote kerk, in de meubelzaak van X.","translation":"Right opposite the big church, in X's furniture shop.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Vlak","gloss":"just (in front of it)"},{"text":"tegenover","gloss":"opposite"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"grote","gloss":"big, great"},{"text":"kerk,","gloss":"church"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"meubelzaak","gloss":"furniture shop"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"X.","gloss":"X"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.c.q4.m4a"},{"number":392,"id":"val.nl.L32.c.q5","source":"Betrekkelijk niet. Door het flinke optreden van de brandweer is er veel gered.","translation":"Relatively not. A great deal was saved thanks to the fire brigade's prompt action.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Betrekkelijk","gloss":"relative"},{"text":"niet.","gloss":"not"},{"text":"Door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"flinke","gloss":"fine"},{"text":"optreden","gloss":"step forward"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"brandweer","gloss":"fire brigade"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"veel","gloss":"much"},{"text":"gered.","gloss":"saved"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.c.q5.m4a"},{"number":393,"id":"val.nl.L32.c.a4","source":"Dat zal zeker een flinke brand geweest zijn?","translation":"That must surely have been quite a fire?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"zeker","gloss":"surely, certainly"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"flinke","gloss":"fine"},{"text":"brand","gloss":"fire"},{"text":"geweest","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"zijn?","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.c.a4.m4a"},{"number":394,"id":"val.nl.L32.c.a5","source":"Is de brand dan niet in de zaak begonnen? Zijn de meubels niet verbrand?","translation":"Didn't the fire start in the shop, then? Weren't the pieces of furniture burnt?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"brand","gloss":"fire"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"zaak","gloss":"matter"},{"text":"begonnen?","gloss":"to begin"},{"text":"Zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"meubels","gloss":"furniture"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"verbrand?","gloss":"burned"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.c.a5.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 32: exercise 75","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":395,"id":"val.nl.L32.e75.i1","source":"Als je iets goed gedaan wilt hebben, doe het dan zelf.","translation":"If you would have a thing done well, do it yourself.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"iets","gloss":"something"},{"text":"goed","gloss":"good, well"},{"text":"gedaan","gloss":"to do"},{"text":"wilt","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"hebben,","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"doe","gloss":"to do"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"zelf.","gloss":"self"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e75.i1.m4a"},{"number":396,"id":"val.nl.L32.e75.i2","source":"Als je iets goed mocht hebben gedaan, vraag dan niet wat de wereld ervan zegt.","translation":"If you should have done a thing well, never mind what the world says.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"iets","gloss":"something"},{"text":"goed","gloss":"good, well"},{"text":"mocht","gloss":"might, was allowed"},{"text":"hebben","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"gedaan,","gloss":"to do"},{"text":"vraag","gloss":"to ask"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"wereld","gloss":"world"},{"text":"ervan","gloss":"of it"},{"text":"zegt.","gloss":"to say"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e75.i2.m4a"},{"number":397,"id":"val.nl.L32.e75.i3","source":"De jongeman zei dat hij de volgende maand meerderjarig was, maar zijn vader vertelde hem dat hij daar niet veel voordeel van zou hebben en voegde eraan toe dat hij alle maatregelen zou nemen om te zorgen dat het bezit in de familie bleef.","translation":"The youth said he should be of age next month, but his father told him he would not derive much benefit from that, and added that he should take precious good care that the property should remain in the family.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"jongeman","gloss":"youth"},{"text":"zei","gloss":"to say"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"volgende","gloss":"next, following"},{"text":"maand","gloss":"month"},{"text":"meerderjarig","gloss":"of age"},{"text":"was,","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"vader","gloss":"the father"},{"text":"vertelde","gloss":"told"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"daar","gloss":"as, since, because"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"veel","gloss":"much"},{"text":"voordeel","gloss":"advantage"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"hebben","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"voegde","gloss":"added"},{"text":"eraan","gloss":"to it"},{"text":"toe","gloss":"to"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"alle","gloss":"all"},{"text":"maatregelen","gloss":"measures"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"nemen","gloss":"to take"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"zorgen","gloss":"cares"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"bezit","gloss":"possession"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"familie","gloss":"family"},{"text":"bleef.","gloss":"to remain, stay"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e75.i3.m4a"},{"number":398,"id":"val.nl.L32.e75.i4","source":"Niet de waarheid maakt gelukkig, zegt Lessing, maar het streven naar de waarheid.","translation":"It is not truth, says Lessing, which makes man happy, but the aiming at truth.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"waarheid","gloss":"truth"},{"text":"maakt","gloss":"to make (weak)"},{"text":"gelukkig,","gloss":"happy, unhappy"},{"text":"zegt","gloss":"to say"},{"text":"Lessing,","gloss":"Lessing"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"streven","gloss":"striving"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"waarheid.","gloss":"truth"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e75.i4.m4a"},{"number":399,"id":"val.nl.L32.e75.i5","source":"Als God in zijn rechterhand de hele waarheid had en in zijn linkerhand alleen de innerlijke aandrang om de waarheid te zoeken, op voorwaarde dat ik altijd zou dwalen, en mij liet kiezen, zou ik me nederig naar zijn linkerhand uitstrekken en zeggen: “Vader, geef mij deze, de hele waarheid is alleen voor u.”","translation":"If God held in His right hand every truth and in His left the one inner impulse to search the truth, though on condition that I should err for ever, and bade me choose, I would humbly incline to His left, saying: \"Oh Father, give me this; pure truth is for thee only.\"","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"God","gloss":"God"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"rechterhand","gloss":"right hand"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"hele","gloss":"whole"},{"text":"waarheid","gloss":"truth"},{"text":"had","gloss":"had"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"linkerhand","gloss":"the left hand"},{"text":"alleen","gloss":"only"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"innerlijke","gloss":"inner"},{"text":"aandrang","gloss":"urge"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"waarheid","gloss":"truth"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to (before a verb); at, in (before a place); too"},{"text":"zoeken,","gloss":"to try, to seek"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"voorwaarde","gloss":"condition"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"altijd","gloss":"always"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"dwalen,","gloss":"wander"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"liet","gloss":"let (past)"},{"text":"kiezen,","gloss":"choose"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"me","gloss":"me"},{"text":"nederig","gloss":"humble"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"linkerhand","gloss":"the left hand"},{"text":"uitstrekken","gloss":"reach out"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"zeggen:","gloss":"say"},{"text":"“Vader,","gloss":"the father"},{"text":"geef","gloss":"give"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"deze,","gloss":"the latter (the most recently mentioned)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"hele","gloss":"whole"},{"text":"waarheid","gloss":"truth"},{"text":"is","gloss":"is"},{"text":"alleen","gloss":"only"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"u.”","gloss":"you (polite)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e75.i5.m4a"},{"number":400,"id":"val.nl.L32.e75.i6","source":"Alleen iemand vervuld van ware liefde voor de waarheid kon zoiets zeggen; slechts een man wiens ziel in de waarheid worstelde om haar te vinden, kon zulk een denkbeeld uitspreken.","translation":"No man except one who felt a real love of truth, could have said that; nobody but a man of a truly struggling spirit of activity, could have pronounced such an idea.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Alleen","gloss":"only"},{"text":"iemand","gloss":"someone"},{"text":"vervuld","gloss":"fulfill"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"ware","gloss":"were"},{"text":"liefde","gloss":"love"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"waarheid","gloss":"truth"},{"text":"kon","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"zoiets","gloss":"such a thing"},{"text":"zeggen;","gloss":"to say"},{"text":"slechts","gloss":"only"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"man","gloss":"man; husband"},{"text":"wiens","gloss":"whose"},{"text":"ziel","gloss":"soul"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"waarheid","gloss":"truth"},{"text":"worstelde","gloss":"struggled"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"haar","gloss":"her"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"vinden,","gloss":"to find"},{"text":"kon","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"zulk","gloss":"such"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"denkbeeld","gloss":"idea"},{"text":"uitspreken.","gloss":"spoken"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e75.i6.m4a"},{"number":401,"id":"val.nl.L32.e75.i7","source":"Dat is een mooie boel! Zo lang te moeten wachten en niets te kunnen doen!","translation":"Here's a fine situation! to be obliged to wait so long and not to be able to do anything!","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"mooie","gloss":"beautiful"},{"text":"boel!","gloss":"whole lot"},{"text":"Zo","gloss":"so, as"},{"text":"lang","gloss":"long"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"moeten","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"wachten","gloss":"wait"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"niets","gloss":"nothing"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"kunnen","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"doen!","gloss":"to do"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e75.i7.m4a"},{"number":402,"id":"val.nl.L32.e75.i8","source":"Sigismund van Zweden verloor een kroon die hij had kunnen behouden, als hij zijn katholieke geloof had willen opgeven.","translation":"Sigismund of Sweden lost a crown, which he might have saved, if he would have given up the catholic faith.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Sigismund","gloss":"Sigismund"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"Zweden","gloss":"Zweden"},{"text":"verloor","gloss":"to lose"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"kroon","gloss":"crown"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"had","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"kunnen","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"behouden,","gloss":"to keep, to preserve"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"katholieke","gloss":"Catholic"},{"text":"geloof","gloss":"believe"},{"text":"had","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"willen","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"opgeven.","gloss":"to declare"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e75.i8.m4a"},{"number":403,"id":"val.nl.L32.e75.i9","source":"De op de troon herstelde koning, Karel de Tweede van Engeland, werd door zijn volk meer bemind dan ooit een van zijn voorgangers was geweest.","translation":"The king restored on the throne (Charles the Second of England), was better liked by the people than any of his predecessors had ever been.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"troon","gloss":"throne"},{"text":"herstelde","gloss":"collected"},{"text":"koning,","gloss":"king, kings"},{"text":"Karel","gloss":"Karel"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Tweede","gloss":"Tweede"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"Engeland,","gloss":"Engeland"},{"text":"werd","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"volk","gloss":"people"},{"text":"meer","gloss":"more"},{"text":"bemind","gloss":"loved"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"ooit","gloss":"ever"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"voorgangers","gloss":"predecessor's"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"geweest.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e75.i9.m4a"},{"number":404,"id":"val.nl.L32.e75.i10","source":"De tegenslagen die zijn huis hadden getroffen, de noodlottige dood van zijn vader, zijn eigen langdurige lijden en zijn romantische avonturen hadden hem tot een voorwerp van ieders belangstelling gemaakt.","translation":"The calamities of his house, the fatal death of his father, his own long sufferings and his romantic adventures, had made him the object of universal interest.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"tegenslagen","gloss":"calamities"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"huis","gloss":"house"},{"text":"hadden","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"getroffen,","gloss":"to hit"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"noodlottige","gloss":"fatal, disastrous"},{"text":"dood","gloss":"death"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"vader,","gloss":"the father"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"eigen","gloss":"own"},{"text":"langdurige","gloss":"long-standing"},{"text":"lijden","gloss":"to suffer"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"romantische","gloss":"romantic"},{"text":"avonturen","gloss":"adventures"},{"text":"hadden","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"tot","gloss":"until, to"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"voorwerp","gloss":"object"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"ieders","gloss":"each, every"},{"text":"belangstelling","gloss":"interest"},{"text":"gemaakt.","gloss":"to make (weak)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e75.i10.m4a"},{"number":405,"id":"val.nl.L32.e75.i11","source":"Men zegt dat Numa Pompilius, de tweede koning van Rome, zeer vredelievend was.","translation":"Numa Pompilius, the second king of Rome, is said to have been very peaceable.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Men","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":"zegt","gloss":"to say"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"Numa","gloss":"Numa"},{"text":"Pompilius,","gloss":"Pompilius"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"tweede","gloss":"the Second"},{"text":"koning","gloss":"king, kings"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"Rome,","gloss":"Rome"},{"text":"zeer","gloss":"very"},{"text":"vredelievend","gloss":"peaceable"},{"text":"was.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e75.i11.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 32: exercise 76","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":406,"id":"val.nl.L32.e76.i1","source":"Laat u niet bedriegen door de schijn.","translation":"Do not suffer yourself to be deceived by appearances.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Laat","gloss":"to let"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"bedriegen","gloss":"to cheat"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"schijn.","gloss":"appearance"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e76.i1.m4a"},{"number":407,"id":"val.nl.L32.e76.i2","source":"Ik heb het bedoelde nummer van de Graphic laten komen, maar de afbeelding ontbrak.","translation":"I have ordered the said number of the Graphic, but the picture was wanting.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"bedoelde","gloss":"meant"},{"text":"nummer","gloss":"number"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Graphic","gloss":"Graphic"},{"text":"laten","gloss":"to let"},{"text":"komen,","gloss":"to come"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"afbeelding","gloss":"picture"},{"text":"ontbrak.","gloss":"was lacking"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e76.i2.m4a"},{"number":408,"id":"val.nl.L32.e76.i3","source":"Na deze vermaning zal hij wel terdege oppassen dit te doen.","translation":"After this exhortation he'll take precious good care not to do it.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Na","gloss":"after"},{"text":"deze","gloss":"the latter (the most recently mentioned)"},{"text":"vermaning","gloss":"admonitions"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"wel","gloss":"but"},{"text":"terdege","gloss":"thoroughly"},{"text":"oppassen","gloss":"to apply himself"},{"text":"dit","gloss":"this"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"doen.","gloss":"to do"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e76.i3.m4a"},{"number":409,"id":"val.nl.L32.e76.i4","source":"Je hoeft niet zelf de brieven op de post te doen.","translation":"You need not take the trouble of posting the letters yourself.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"hoeft","gloss":"is needed"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"zelf","gloss":"self"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"brieven","gloss":"letters"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"post","gloss":"post"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"doen.","gloss":"to do"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e76.i4.m4a"},{"number":410,"id":"val.nl.L32.e76.i5","source":"Wij moeten ons niet laten bedriegen door het geloof dat het verleden beter was dan het heden.","translation":"We must not suffer ourselves to be deluded into the belief that the past was better than the present.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"moeten","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"ons","gloss":"us"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"laten","gloss":"to let"},{"text":"bedriegen","gloss":"to cheat"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"geloof","gloss":"believe"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"verleden","gloss":"past"},{"text":"beter","gloss":"better"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"heden.","gloss":"today"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e76.i5.m4a"},{"number":411,"id":"val.nl.L32.e76.i6","source":"Wij lieten ons naar de overkant overzetten, om Amsterdam van een afstand te bekijken.","translation":"We gave orders to be taken over to the other side, to see Amsterdam at a distance.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"lieten","gloss":"to let"},{"text":"ons","gloss":"us"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"overkant","gloss":"other side"},{"text":"overzetten,","gloss":"ferried across"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"Amsterdam","gloss":"Amsterdam"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"afstand","gloss":"distance"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"bekijken.","gloss":"looked over"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e76.i6.m4a"},{"number":412,"id":"val.nl.L32.e76.i7","source":"Ik zal de advertentie in de Daily News laten plaatsen.","translation":"I shall have the advertisement inserted in the Daily News.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"advertentie","gloss":"advertisement"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Daily","gloss":"Daily"},{"text":"News","gloss":"News"},{"text":"laten","gloss":"to let"},{"text":"plaatsen.","gloss":"to put, to place"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e76.i7.m4a"},{"number":413,"id":"val.nl.L32.e76.i8","source":"Hij liet een huis voor zijn zoon bouwen.","translation":"He had a house built for his son.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"liet","gloss":"to let"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"huis","gloss":"house"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"zoon","gloss":"son"},{"text":"bouwen.","gloss":"built"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e76.i8.m4a"},{"number":414,"id":"val.nl.L32.e76.i9","source":"De oude Duitse keizer was er de man niet naar om zo'n gunstige gelegenheid zich te laten ontglippen.","translation":"The old German Emperor was not the man to allow such an opportunity to slip by.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"oude","gloss":"old"},{"text":"Duitse","gloss":"German"},{"text":"keizer","gloss":"emperor"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"man","gloss":"man; husband"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"zo'n","gloss":"such a"},{"text":"gunstige","gloss":"favorable"},{"text":"gelegenheid","gloss":"occasion, opportunity"},{"text":"zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"laten","gloss":"to let"},{"text":"ontglippen.","gloss":"slip"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e76.i9.m4a"},{"number":415,"id":"val.nl.L32.e76.i10","source":"Willem de Veroveraar was een zeer despotische heerser.","translation":"William the Conqueror was a very despotic ruler.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Willem","gloss":"William"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Veroveraar","gloss":"Veroveraar"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"zeer","gloss":"very"},{"text":"despotische","gloss":"despotic"},{"text":"heerser.","gloss":"ruler"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e76.i10.m4a"},{"number":416,"id":"val.nl.L32.e76.i11","source":"Hij beroofde zelfs de machtigsten van zijn onderdanen van grote schatten aan goud en zilver en dwong iedereen zich tegen zijn willekeur te verdedigen door het bouwen van kastelen.","translation":"He bereft even the mightiest of his subjects of great treasures of gold and silver, and compelled all to defend themselves against his oppressions by building castles.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"beroofde","gloss":"robbed"},{"text":"zelfs","gloss":"even"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"machtigsten","gloss":"mightiest"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"onderdanen","gloss":"subjects"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"grote","gloss":"big, great"},{"text":"schatten","gloss":"treasures"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"goud","gloss":"gold"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"zilver","gloss":"silver"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"dwong","gloss":"to force"},{"text":"iedereen","gloss":"everyone"},{"text":"zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"tegen","gloss":"against; to"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"willekeur","gloss":"caprice"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"verdedigen","gloss":"defend"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"bouwen","gloss":"built"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"kastelen.","gloss":"castles"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e76.i11.m4a"},{"number":417,"id":"val.nl.L32.e76.i12","source":"Hij liet iedereen die een hert of een ever buitmaakte de ogen uitsteken, alsof hij de vader van de wilde dieren was; en om nieuw bosland aan te leggen voor jachtvelden en wildbanen, liet hij dorpen en kerken afbreken en de inwoners verdrijven.","translation":"He ordered every one to have his eyes put out, who caught a deer or a boar, as if he were the father of the wild animals; and to make fresh woodland for huntingfields and game-preserves, he ordered the villages and churches to be pulled down and the inhabitants to be expelled.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"liet","gloss":"to let"},{"text":"iedereen","gloss":"everyone"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"hert","gloss":"deer"},{"text":"of","gloss":"or; whether"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"ever","gloss":"boar"},{"text":"buitmaakte","gloss":"caught"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"ogen","gloss":"eye"},{"text":"uitsteken,","gloss":"stick out"},{"text":"alsof","gloss":"as though"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vader","gloss":"the father"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"wilde","gloss":"wanted"},{"text":"dieren","gloss":"creatures"},{"text":"was;","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"nieuw","gloss":"new"},{"text":"bosland","gloss":"woodland"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"leggen","gloss":"to lay"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"jachtvelden","gloss":"hunting fields"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"wildbanen,","gloss":"game preserves"},{"text":"liet","gloss":"to let"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"dorpen","gloss":"villages"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"kerken","gloss":"church"},{"text":"afbreken","gloss":"breaking off"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"inwoners","gloss":"inhabitants"},{"text":"verdrijven.","gloss":"driven"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e76.i12.m4a"},{"number":418,"id":"val.nl.L32.e76.i13","source":"In zijn afwezigheid liet hij zich door Normandiërs vertegenwoordigen, hoewel hun heftigheid en hebzucht hem vrijwel bekend waren.","translation":"In his absence he had himself represented by Normans; though their vehemence and rapacity were pretty well known to him.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"In","gloss":"in"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"afwezigheid","gloss":"absence"},{"text":"liet","gloss":"to let"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"Normandiërs","gloss":"Normandiërs"},{"text":"vertegenwoordigen,","gloss":"represent"},{"text":"hoewel","gloss":"although"},{"text":"hun","gloss":"them; their"},{"text":"heftigheid","gloss":"vehemence"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"hebzucht","gloss":"rapacity"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"vrijwel","gloss":"tolerably well"},{"text":"bekend","gloss":"known"},{"text":"waren.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e76.i13.m4a"},{"number":419,"id":"val.nl.L32.e76.i14","source":"Het valt niet te ontkennen dat de Denen over het geheel zeer dapper gevochten hebben.","translation":"There is no denying the fact, that the Danes have generally fought very courageously.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"valt","gloss":"to fall"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"ontkennen","gloss":"deny"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Denen","gloss":"Denen"},{"text":"over","gloss":"across, over"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"geheel","gloss":"whole"},{"text":"zeer","gloss":"very"},{"text":"dapper","gloss":"brave"},{"text":"gevochten","gloss":"to fight"},{"text":"hebben.","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e76.i14.m4a"},{"number":420,"id":"val.nl.L32.e76.i15","source":"Hendrik de Achtste stond de grote Duitse schilder Holbein toe zijn portret te schilderen.","translation":"Henry the Eighth allowed the great German painter Holbein to paint his portrait.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hendrik","gloss":"Hendrik"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Achtste","gloss":"eighth"},{"text":"stond","gloss":"to stand"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"grote","gloss":"big, great"},{"text":"Duitse","gloss":"German"},{"text":"schilder","gloss":"painter"},{"text":"Holbein","gloss":"Holbein"},{"text":"toe","gloss":"to"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"portret","gloss":"portraits"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"schilderen.","gloss":"be painted"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e76.i15.m4a"},{"number":421,"id":"val.nl.L32.e76.i16","source":"Hendrik de Achtste liet zijn portret maken door de grote Duitse schilder Holbein.","translation":"Henry the Eighth had his portrait painted by the great German painter Holbein.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hendrik","gloss":"Hendrik"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Achtste","gloss":"Achtste"},{"text":"liet","gloss":"to let"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"portret","gloss":"portraits"},{"text":"maken","gloss":"to make (weak)"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"grote","gloss":"big, great"},{"text":"Duitse","gloss":"German"},{"text":"schilder","gloss":"painter"},{"text":"Holbein.","gloss":"Holbein"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e76.i16.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 32: exercise 77","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":422,"id":"val.nl.L32.e77.i1","source":"Wie a zegt, moet ook b zeggen.","translation":"In for a penny, in for a pound.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wie","gloss":"who"},{"text":"a","gloss":"A"},{"text":"zegt,","gloss":"to say"},{"text":"moet","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"ook","gloss":"also, likewise"},{"text":"b","gloss":"B"},{"text":"zeggen.","gloss":"to say"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e77.i1.m4a"},{"number":423,"id":"val.nl.L32.e77.i2","source":"Wie kaatst, moet de bal verwachten.","translation":"He who is afraid of leaves must not come into a wood.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wie","gloss":"who"},{"text":"kaatst,","gloss":"plays ball"},{"text":"moet","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"bal","gloss":"ball"},{"text":"verwachten.","gloss":"be expected"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e77.i2.m4a"},{"number":424,"id":"val.nl.L32.e77.i3","source":"Het is beter te bedelen dan te stelen.","translation":"Better to die a beggar than to go a stealing.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"beter","gloss":"better"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"bedelen","gloss":"beg"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"stelen.","gloss":"to steal"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e77.i3.m4a"},{"number":425,"id":"val.nl.L32.e77.i4","source":"Dikwijls wordt de bedrieger zelf bedrogen.","translation":"Often the deceiver is deceived.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dikwijls","gloss":"often"},{"text":"wordt","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"bedrieger","gloss":"deceiver"},{"text":"zelf","gloss":"self"},{"text":"bedrogen.","gloss":"to cheat"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e77.i4.m4a"},{"number":426,"id":"val.nl.L32.e77.i5","source":"Men mag de berenhuid niet verkopen, eer de beer gevangen is.","translation":"Do not sell the bear's skin before you have caught the animal.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Men","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":"mag","gloss":"may"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"berenhuid","gloss":"berenhuid"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"verkopen,","gloss":"sale"},{"text":"eer","gloss":"honor"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"beer","gloss":"bear"},{"text":"gevangen","gloss":"to catch"},{"text":"is.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e77.i5.m4a"},{"number":427,"id":"val.nl.L32.e77.i6","source":"Wie een boer wil bedriegen, mag een boer meebrengen.","translation":"Set a thief to catch a thief.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wie","gloss":"who"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"boer","gloss":"peasant"},{"text":"wil","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"bedriegen,","gloss":"to cheat"},{"text":"mag","gloss":"may"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"boer","gloss":"peasant"},{"text":"meebrengen.","gloss":"create"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e77.i6.m4a"},{"number":428,"id":"val.nl.L32.e77.i7","source":"De boog kan niet altijd gespannen zijn.","translation":"The bow cannot always be bent.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"boog","gloss":"bent"},{"text":"kan","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"altijd","gloss":"always"},{"text":"gespannen","gloss":"stretching out"},{"text":"zijn.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e77.i7.m4a"},{"number":429,"id":"val.nl.L32.e77.i8","source":"Oude bomen willen niet verplant zijn.","translation":"Remove an old tree, and it shall wither to death.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Oude","gloss":"old"},{"text":"bomen","gloss":"tree"},{"text":"willen","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"verplant","gloss":"transplanted"},{"text":"zijn.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e77.i8.m4a"},{"number":430,"id":"val.nl.L32.e77.i9","source":"Wie het breed heeft, laat het breed hangen.","translation":"Rich people can make a great show.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wie","gloss":"who"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"breed","gloss":"wide"},{"text":"heeft,","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"laat","gloss":"to let"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"breed","gloss":"wide"},{"text":"hangen.","gloss":"to hang"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e77.i9.m4a"},{"number":431,"id":"val.nl.L32.e77.i10","source":"Niemand kan twee heren dienen.","translation":"A man cannot serve two masters.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Niemand","gloss":"nobody"},{"text":"kan","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"twee","gloss":"two"},{"text":"heren","gloss":"gentleman, lord"},{"text":"dienen.","gloss":"to serve"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e77.i10.m4a"},{"number":432,"id":"val.nl.L32.e77.i11","source":"Wie het doel wil, moet ook de middelen willen.","translation":"If you want the end, you must not stick at the means.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wie","gloss":"who"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"doel","gloss":"aim, purpose"},{"text":"wil,","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"moet","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"ook","gloss":"also, likewise"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"middelen","gloss":"means"},{"text":"willen.","gloss":"to want, to wish"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e77.i11.m4a"},{"number":433,"id":"val.nl.L32.e77.i12","source":"De doden moet men laten rusten.","translation":"Say nothing but good of the dead.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"doden","gloss":"death"},{"text":"moet","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"men","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":"laten","gloss":"to let"},{"text":"rusten.","gloss":"rest"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e77.i12.m4a"},{"number":434,"id":"val.nl.L32.e77.i13","source":"Hoe meer de duivel heeft, hoe meer hij wil hebben.","translation":"Much would have more.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hoe","gloss":"how"},{"text":"meer","gloss":"more"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"duivel","gloss":"devils"},{"text":"heeft,","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"hoe","gloss":"how"},{"text":"meer","gloss":"more"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"wil","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"hebben.","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e77.i13.m4a"},{"number":435,"id":"val.nl.L32.e77.i14","source":"Het ei wil wijzer zijn dan de hen.","translation":"Goslings lead the geese to water.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"ei","gloss":"egg, eggs"},{"text":"wil","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"wijzer","gloss":"wiser"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"hen.","gloss":"them"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e77.i14.m4a"},{"number":436,"id":"val.nl.L32.e77.i15","source":"Eén gek kan meer vragen dan tien wijzen kunnen beantwoorden.","translation":"A fool may ask more questions in an hour than a wise man can answer in seven years.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Eén","gloss":"One"},{"text":"gek","gloss":"mad"},{"text":"kan","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"meer","gloss":"more"},{"text":"vragen","gloss":"ask"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"tien","gloss":"ten"},{"text":"wijzen","gloss":"to show"},{"text":"kunnen","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"beantwoorden.","gloss":"answer"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e77.i15.m4a"},{"number":437,"id":"val.nl.L32.e77.i16","source":"Men moet geen gegeven paard in de bek zien.","translation":"You must not look a gift horse in the mouth.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Men","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":"moet","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"geen","gloss":"no, not a"},{"text":"gegeven","gloss":"to give"},{"text":"paard","gloss":"horse"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"bek","gloss":"mouth (of an animal)"},{"text":"zien.","gloss":"to see"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e77.i16.m4a"},{"number":438,"id":"val.nl.L32.e77.i17","source":"Wat je vandaag kunt doen, moet je niet uitstellen tot morgen.","translation":"Never put off till to-morrow what you can do to-day.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"vandaag","gloss":"today"},{"text":"kunt","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"doen,","gloss":"to do"},{"text":"moet","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"uitstellen","gloss":"postpone"},{"text":"tot","gloss":"until, to"},{"text":"morgen.","gloss":"morning"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e77.i17.m4a"},{"number":439,"id":"val.nl.L32.e77.i18","source":"Men moet de slapende hond niet wakker maken!","translation":"Let sleeping dogs lie!","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Men","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":"moet","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"slapende","gloss":"sleep"},{"text":"hond","gloss":"the dog, dogs"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"wakker","gloss":"to wake (someone) up"},{"text":"maken!","gloss":"to wake (someone) up"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e77.i18.m4a"},{"number":440,"id":"val.nl.L32.e77.i19","source":"Als je een hond wilt slaan, kun je makkelijk een stok vinden.","translation":"A staff is quickly found to beat a dog.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"hond","gloss":"the dog, dogs"},{"text":"wilt","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"slaan,","gloss":"to beat"},{"text":"kun","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"makkelijk","gloss":"easier"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"stok","gloss":"stick"},{"text":"vinden.","gloss":"to find"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e77.i19.m4a"},{"number":441,"id":"val.nl.L32.e77.i20","source":"Wie niet horen wil, moet het voelen.","translation":"He who will not hear advice must suffer.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wie","gloss":"who"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"horen","gloss":"to hear"},{"text":"wil,","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"moet","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"voelen.","gloss":"feel"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e77.i20.m4a"},{"number":442,"id":"val.nl.L32.e77.i21","source":"Men moet het ijzer smeden terwijl het heet is.","translation":"Strike the iron while it is hot.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Men","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":"moet","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"ijzer","gloss":"iron"},{"text":"smeden","gloss":"forge"},{"text":"terwijl","gloss":"while"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"heet","gloss":"to be called"},{"text":"is.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e77.i21.m4a"},{"number":443,"id":"val.nl.L32.e77.i22","source":"De jeugd weet niet, de ouderdom kan niet.","translation":"If youth had experience and old age ability.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"jeugd","gloss":"youth"},{"text":"weet","gloss":"to know"},{"text":"niet,","gloss":"not"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"ouderdom","gloss":"age"},{"text":"kan","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"niet.","gloss":"not"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e77.i22.m4a"},{"number":444,"id":"val.nl.L32.e77.i23","source":"Wat een goede haak wil worden, moet zich vroeg krommen.","translation":"It early pricks, that will be thorn.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"goede","gloss":"the good, what is good"},{"text":"haak","gloss":"hook"},{"text":"wil","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"worden,","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"moet","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"vroeg","gloss":"asked"},{"text":"krommen.","gloss":"bends"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e77.i23.m4a"},{"number":445,"id":"val.nl.L32.e77.i24","source":"Je linkerhand moet niet weten wat je rechterhand geeft.","translation":"The left hand shall not know, what the right one does.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"linkerhand","gloss":"the left hand"},{"text":"moet","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"weten","gloss":"to know"},{"text":"wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"rechterhand","gloss":"right hand"},{"text":"geeft.","gloss":"to give"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e77.i24.m4a"},{"number":446,"id":"val.nl.L32.e77.i25","source":"Men moet het ene doen en het andere niet nalaten.","translation":"One must do the one and not leave the other undone.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Men","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":"moet","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"ene","gloss":"a"},{"text":"doen","gloss":"to do"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"andere","gloss":"other"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"nalaten.","gloss":"leave undone"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e77.i25.m4a"},{"number":447,"id":"val.nl.L32.e77.i26","source":"Daar kan de schoorsteen niet van roken.","translation":"That does not help to make the pot boil.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Daar","gloss":"as, since, because"},{"text":"kan","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"schoorsteen","gloss":"chimney"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"roken.","gloss":"to smell"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e77.i26.m4a"},{"number":448,"id":"val.nl.L32.e77.i27","source":"Een vriend mag een vriend meebrengen.","translation":"A friend's friend is well met.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"vriend","gloss":"friend"},{"text":"mag","gloss":"may"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"vriend","gloss":"friend"},{"text":"meebrengen.","gloss":"create"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e77.i27.m4a"},{"number":449,"id":"val.nl.L32.e77.i28","source":"De waarheid wil niet altijd gezegd zijn.","translation":"All truths are not to be told.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"waarheid","gloss":"truth"},{"text":"wil","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"altijd","gloss":"always"},{"text":"gezegd","gloss":"to say"},{"text":"zijn.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e77.i28.m4a"},{"number":450,"id":"val.nl.L32.e77.i29","source":"Willen is kunnen, of: waar een wil is, is een weg.","translation":"Where there's a will, there's a way.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Willen","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"kunnen,","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"of:","gloss":"or; whether"},{"text":"waar","gloss":"where; true"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"wil","gloss":"want"},{"text":"is,","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"weg.","gloss":"away; road"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e77.i29.m4a"},{"number":451,"id":"val.nl.L32.e77.i30","source":"Men kan van de wind niet leven.","translation":"Nobody can feed on air.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Men","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":"kan","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"wind","gloss":"wind"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"leven.","gloss":"life"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e77.i30.m4a"},{"number":452,"id":"val.nl.L32.e77.i31","source":"Men moet met de wolven in het bos huilen.","translation":"One must do at Rome as Romans do.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Men","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":"moet","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"wolven","gloss":"wolves"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"bos","gloss":"bunch"},{"text":"huilen.","gloss":"howl"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e77.i31.m4a"},{"number":453,"id":"val.nl.L32.e77.i32","source":"Wie maaien wil moet zaaien.","translation":"Early sow, early mow.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wie","gloss":"who"},{"text":"maaien","gloss":"mow"},{"text":"wil","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"moet","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"zaaien.","gloss":"sowing"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e77.i32.m4a"},{"number":454,"id":"val.nl.L32.e77.i33","source":"Zoek en je zult vinden.","translation":"Seek and you will find.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zoek","gloss":"am looking for"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"zult","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"vinden.","gloss":"to find"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e77.i33.m4a"},{"number":455,"id":"val.nl.L32.e77.i34","source":"De druiven zijn zuur, zei de vos, maar hij kon er niet bij.","translation":"Foxes, when they cannot reach the grapes, say they are not ripe.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"druiven","gloss":"grapes"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"zuur,","gloss":"sour"},{"text":"zei","gloss":"to say"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vos,","gloss":"fox"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"kon","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"bij.","gloss":"with"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e77.i34.m4a"},{"number":456,"id":"val.nl.L32.e77.i35","source":"Wat het zwaarste is, moet het zwaarste wegen.","translation":"The most important is the most pressing.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"zwaarste","gloss":"heavy"},{"text":"is,","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"moet","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"zwaarste","gloss":"heavy"},{"text":"wegen.","gloss":"roads"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e77.i35.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 32: exercise 78","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":457,"id":"val.nl.L32.e78.i1","source":"Rotterdam, 12 april 1912.","translation":"Rotterdam, April 12th, 1912.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Rotterdam,","gloss":"Rotterdam"},{"text":"12","gloss":"12th"},{"text":"april","gloss":"April"},{"text":"1912.","gloss":"1912"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e78.i1.m4a"},{"number":458,"id":"val.nl.L32.e78.i2","source":"Aan de heren M. en S., Frankfurt a.M.","translation":"Messrs. M. & S., Francfort o. M.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"heren","gloss":"gentleman, lord"},{"text":"M.","gloss":"M."},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"S.,","gloss":"(abbreviation)"},{"text":"Frankfurt","gloss":"Frankfurt"},{"text":"a.M.","gloss":"on the Main"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e78.i2.m4a"},{"number":459,"id":"val.nl.L32.e78.i3","source":"Geachte heren,","translation":"Gentlemen,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Geachte","gloss":"esteemed"},{"text":"heren,","gloss":"gentleman, lord"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e78.i3.m4a"},{"number":460,"id":"val.nl.L32.e78.i4","source":"Tot ons leedwezen hebben wij opgemerkt dat het vroeger tussen ons zo levendige verkeer al geruime tijd is opgehouden, waarvoor wij geen oorzaak weten te bedenken, aangezien wij ons niet bewust zijn u op enigerlei wijze reden tot ontevredenheid te hebben gegeven.","translation":"It is not without sorrow that we observe that there has been a long pause in our correspondence formerly so active; we cannot account for that fact, in as far as we are not aware of having given you any occasion to be dissatisfied.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Tot","gloss":"until, to"},{"text":"ons","gloss":"us"},{"text":"leedwezen","gloss":"regret"},{"text":"hebben","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"opgemerkt","gloss":"noticed"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"vroeger","gloss":"formerly"},{"text":"tussen","gloss":"between"},{"text":"ons","gloss":"us"},{"text":"zo","gloss":"so, as"},{"text":"levendige","gloss":"lively"},{"text":"verkeer","gloss":"dealings"},{"text":"al","gloss":"already"},{"text":"geruime","gloss":"considerable"},{"text":"tijd","gloss":"time"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"opgehouden,","gloss":"left off"},{"text":"waarvoor","gloss":"for which"},{"text":"wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"geen","gloss":"no, not a"},{"text":"oorzaak","gloss":"cause"},{"text":"weten","gloss":"to know"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"bedenken,","gloss":"thought"},{"text":"aangezien","gloss":"reckoned"},{"text":"wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"ons","gloss":"us"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"bewust","gloss":"known"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"enigerlei","gloss":"any"},{"text":"wijze","gloss":"manner, way"},{"text":"reden","gloss":"reason"},{"text":"tot","gloss":"until, to"},{"text":"ontevredenheid","gloss":"discontent"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"hebben","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"gegeven.","gloss":"to give"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e78.i4.m4a"},{"number":461,"id":"val.nl.L32.e78.i5","source":"Wij nemen dus de vrijheid ons weer bij u in herinnering te brengen, terwijl wij u tevens onze nieuwste prijscourant toezenden, waarvan de inhoud u wellicht zal overtuigen ons een bestelling te geven, en u kunt ervan verzekerd zijn dat wij die zeer zorgvuldig zullen uitvoeren.","translation":"We, therefore, beg leave to bring ourselves to your remembrance transmitting you our last price-current, the perusal of which, we hope, will engage you to give us an order; you may be sure that we shall take care of executing it most punctually.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"nemen","gloss":"to take"},{"text":"dus","gloss":"so"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vrijheid","gloss":"liberty"},{"text":"ons","gloss":"us"},{"text":"weer","gloss":"again"},{"text":"bij","gloss":"with"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"herinnering","gloss":"recollection"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"brengen,","gloss":"bring"},{"text":"terwijl","gloss":"while"},{"text":"wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"tevens","gloss":"at the same time"},{"text":"onze","gloss":"our"},{"text":"nieuwste","gloss":"new"},{"text":"prijscourant","gloss":"price list"},{"text":"toezenden,","gloss":"sent"},{"text":"waarvan","gloss":"of which"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"inhoud","gloss":"contents"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"wellicht","gloss":"perhaps"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"overtuigen","gloss":"convince"},{"text":"ons","gloss":"us"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"bestelling","gloss":"order"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"geven,","gloss":"to give"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"kunt","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"ervan","gloss":"of it"},{"text":"verzekerd","gloss":"to assure"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"zeer","gloss":"very"},{"text":"zorgvuldig","gloss":"carefully"},{"text":"zullen","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"uitvoeren.","gloss":"get up to"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e78.i5.m4a"},{"number":462,"id":"val.nl.L32.e78.i6","source":"Vooral willen wij u opmerkzaam maken op een zeer mooie, fijn blauwe Java-koffie, waarvan wij hierbij een monstertje voegen, en die wij u, dankzij een voordelige inkoop, voor de bijzonder lage prijs van M. 1,40 kunnen leveren.","translation":"It is in particular a very beautiful Java Coffee distinguishing itself by its fine blue colour to which we want to call your attention; we herewith send a small sample of that coffee, which, in consequence of an advantageous purchase, we can let you have at the exceptional price of M. 1.40.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Vooral","gloss":"above all"},{"text":"willen","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"opmerkzaam","gloss":"aware"},{"text":"maken","gloss":"to make (weak)"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"zeer","gloss":"very"},{"text":"mooie,","gloss":"beautiful"},{"text":"fijn","gloss":"fine"},{"text":"blauwe","gloss":"blue"},{"text":"Java-koffie,","gloss":"Java coffee"},{"text":"waarvan","gloss":"of which"},{"text":"wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"hierbij","gloss":"here"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"monstertje","gloss":"monster"},{"text":"voegen,","gloss":"add"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"u,","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"dankzij","gloss":"thanks to"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"voordelige","gloss":"lucrative"},{"text":"inkoop,","gloss":"purchase"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"bijzonder","gloss":"particular"},{"text":"lage","gloss":"base"},{"text":"prijs","gloss":"price"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"M.","gloss":"marks"},{"text":"1,40","gloss":"1.40"},{"text":"kunnen","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"leveren.","gloss":"hand over"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e78.i6.m4a"},{"number":463,"id":"val.nl.L32.e78.i7","source":"Wij hopen dat deze kleine aansporing voldoende zal zijn geweest om onze relatie nieuw leven in te blazen, en wij tekenen, in afwachting van uw gewaardeerde orders, met vriendelijke groet, R. en S.","translation":"Hoping this little incitation will be sufficient to revive our correspondence, and in expectation of your orders, we remain, Gentlemen, Yours faithfully R. & S.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"hopen","gloss":"be hoped"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"deze","gloss":"the latter (the most recently mentioned)"},{"text":"kleine","gloss":"small"},{"text":"aansporing","gloss":"exhortation"},{"text":"voldoende","gloss":"sufficient"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"geweest","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"onze","gloss":"our"},{"text":"relatie","gloss":"correspondence"},{"text":"nieuw","gloss":"new"},{"text":"leven","gloss":"life"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"blazen,","gloss":"to blow"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"tekenen,","gloss":"signed"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"afwachting","gloss":"awaiting"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"uw","gloss":"your (polite)"},{"text":"gewaardeerde","gloss":"esteemed"},{"text":"orders,","gloss":"orders"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"vriendelijke","gloss":"friendly, kind"},{"text":"groet,","gloss":"greet"},{"text":"R.","gloss":"er"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"S.","gloss":"(abbreviation)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L32.e78.i7.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 33: The infinitive as a substantive","teaching":[{"title":"The infinitive as a noun","paragraphs":["A gerund is the English form of a verb ending in ing that works as a noun: dancing, swimming. Dutch uses the infinitive for this, with het before it.","Het dansen is een aangename beweging. Het zwemmen is een nuttige kunst.","Some ideas have two Dutch nouns. Het opgaan van de zon names the action of rising. Zonsopgang names the event itself. Both mean sunrise."]}],"lines":[{"number":464,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.1.1","source":"Het dansen is een aangename beweging.","translation":"Dancing is an agreeable exercise.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"dansen","gloss":"to dance"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"aangename","gloss":"agreeable, pleasant"},{"text":"beweging.","gloss":"movement"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.1.1.m4a"},{"number":465,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.1.2","source":"Het zwemmen is een nuttige kunst.","translation":"Swimming is a useful art.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"zwemmen","gloss":"to swim"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"nuttige","gloss":"useful"},{"text":"kunst.","gloss":"art"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.1.2.m4a"},{"number":466,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.1.3","source":"Zonsopgang.","translation":"Sunrise.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zonsopgang.","gloss":"Zonsopgang"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.1.3.m4a"},{"number":467,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.1.4","source":"De opvoeding van de kinderen.","translation":"The education of children.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"opvoeding","gloss":"upbringing"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"kinderen.","gloss":"children"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.1.4.m4a"}],"grammar":[{"section":1001,"text":"The infinitive as a substantive\n\nThe infinitive is sometimes used as a noun, where English uses a gerund. Het dansen is een aangename beweging, dancing is an agreeable exercise. Het zwemmen is een nuttige kunst, swimming is a useful art. Compare het opgaan van de zon and zonsopgang, both sunrise; het ondergaan van de zon and zonsondergang, both sunset; het opvoeden van de kinderen and de opvoeding van de kinderen, both the education of children. Of such double forms the first names the action, the second the fact itself."},{"section":1002,"text":"The infinitive used adjectively\n\nThe infinitive is used adjectively as a predicate with zijn. Dit boek is te lezen, this book is legible. Dit is gemakkelijk te verklaren, this is easy to explain. Het is niet te vinden, it is not to be found. Sometimes staan and vallen replace zijn in this sense: Dat zal te bezien staan, it remains to be seen. Het valt niet te ontkennen, it is not to be denied. Attributively it works as a gerund: de te lezen boeken, the books that are to be read; de te verwachten gasten, the guests that are to be expected; een gemakkelijk te vervullen wens, a wish which may easily be fulfilled. Only the infinitive of a transitive verb may be used this way."},{"section":1003,"text":"The infinitive without te after gaan, komen, lopen, blijven\n\nThe infinitive without te is used with gaan, komen, lopen, blijven. Ga de krant halen, go and fetch the newspaper. Hij kwam mij bezoeken, he came to visit me. Dat loop ik gauw vertellen, I'll go quickly to tell this. Hij bleef mij aankijken, he kept looking at me. Blijven may also serve as an auxiliary: Ik blijf werken tot je komt, I'll stay at work till you come. Komen may also mean to get into another state: Hij kwam te sterven, he died. Hij kwam alles te weten, he found it all out. Komen is sometimes followed by an infinitive instead of a past participle: Zij kwamen naar ons toe lopen, they came running to us. Er kwam een vogel aanvliegen, a bird came flying towards us."},{"section":1004,"text":"Kunnen, moeten, mogen, willen, zullen, durven, laten without te\n\nThe verbs kunnen, moeten, mogen, willen, zullen, durven and laten are always followed by an infinitive without te. Je mag hier niet spreken, you must not talk here. Hij durft dat niet te doen, he dare not do that."},{"section":1005,"text":"Infinitive without te instead of the present participle\n\nAn infinitive without te is used instead of the present participle with blijven, doen, gaan, hebben, horen, houden, laten, vinden, voelen, zien. Zij bleven staan, zitten, praten, they stopped, they kept their seat, they kept talking. Hij heeft mij niets doen weten, he has not sent me word. Wij gaan wandelen, jagen, rijden, we go out walking, hunting, riding. Ik heb hier wat geld liggen, I have some money lying here. Hoor je hem nog niet komen? do you not hear him come yet? Iemand staande houden, to stop one. Iemand iets laten zien, to show one something. Wij vonden dit op straat liggen, we found this lying in the street. Iedereen voelde de storm aankomen, every one felt the storm approaching. De rechter zag hem blozen en verbleken, the judge saw him blush and turn pale."},{"section":1006,"text":"Infinitive without te instead of the past participle\n\nAn infinitive without te is used instead of the past participle in the compound tenses of kunnen, moeten, mogen, laten, durven, willen; blijven, doen, leren, helpen, wezen, gaan, komen, lopen, staan, zitten, liggen, vinden, zien, horen, voelen. De onderwijzer heeft ons leren werken, the teacher taught us how to work. Ik heb mijn knecht doen roepen, I ordered my man-servant to be called. Je hebt lang zitten praten, you have been talking a long time. Ik heb dit horen voorlezen, I have heard this read. De dokter heeft zijn pols nog voelen slaan, the physician still felt his pulse beat."},{"section":1007,"text":"Infinitive with te after certain transitive and reflexive verbs\n\nThe infinitive with te is used after some transitive verbs: aansporen to encourage, beletten to hinder, bewegen to persuade, dwingen to force, hebben to have, noodzaken to compel, overhalen to persuade, verhinderen to prevent, veroordelen to condemn. Wij beletten de jongens binnen te komen, we prevented the boys from entering. Hij heeft je iets te zeggen, he has something to tell you. It is used after some reflexive verbs: zich bedroeven to be sorry, zich beklagen to complain, zich beroemen to boast, zich gewennen to accustom oneself, zich haasten to hasten, zich schamen to be ashamed, zich verbazen to be surprised, zich verheugen to rejoice, zich verwonderen to wonder, zich vleien to flatter oneself, zich wachten to be upon one's guard. Ik haast me je dit mee te delen, I hasten to communicate this to you."},{"section":1008,"text":"Infinitive with te after intransitive verbs\n\nThe infinitive with te is also used after some intransitive verbs: aarzelen, dralen, to hesitate; ophouden, to cease; schromen, to dread; voortgaan, to continue; leren, to learn by experience. It is sometimes used after komen too."},{"section":1009,"text":"Infinitive with te for a simultaneous action\n\nThe infinitive with te is used with liggen, lopen, staan, zitten to denote a simultaneous action. Het kind ligt te slapen, the child lies sleeping. Hij loopt te zingen, he walks and sings. Wat sta je daar te kijken? what are you staring at? Wij zaten gezellig te spelen, we had a nice game together. In the compound tenses the infinitive is used instead of the past participle."},{"section":1010,"text":"Infinitive with te connected by a linking word\n\nThe infinitive with te may be linked to another verb by door, met, na, om, van, zonder, alvorens, in plaats van, ten einde. Hij waarschuwde ons door hard te schreeuwen, he warned us by crying very loud. De koopman begon met zich te verontschuldigen, the merchant began with excusing himself. Na ons gegroet te hebben, ging hij weg, after saluting us, he went away. Klop aan alvorens binnen te komen, knock at the door before you enter. English always uses a gerund after a preposition; Dutch translates that gerund with an infinitive plus te, and the preposition, having become an adverb, is preceded by er. Hij denkt eraan te gaan reizen, he thinks of making a journey. De soldaten zagen er geen kwaad in alles te vernielen, the soldiers did not scruple at destroying everything."},{"section":1011,"text":"Infinitive with te after certain adjectives\n\nAfter bedacht (mindful), bewust (aware), bezig (busy), getroost (consoled), gewoon (accustomed), verbaasd (astonished), versteld (amazed), waard (worth), waardig (worthy) and zeker (sure), the infinitive is generally used with te. Ik ben verbaasd je hier te zien, I am astonished at seeing you here. Mijn broer was bezig brieven te schrijven, my brother was busy writing letters. In a few cases met te or om te follows these adjectives instead: Wij waren bezig met alles in te pakken, we were occupied with packing up everything. Vader is gewoon om alles alleen te doen, my father is accustomed to do everything alone. After an adjective preceded by zo, the infinitive with te is used: Wees zo goed me de boeken te sturen, be so kind as to send me the books."},{"section":1012,"text":"Infinitive with te instead of the past participle, after certain verbs\n\nAfter begeren (to desire), behoeven (to need), behoren (ought to), beproeven (to try), denken (to think), gelieven (to please), menen (to think), pogen (to endeavour), trachten (to try), verkiezen (to choose), verlangen (to desire), vermogen (to be able), wagen (to venture), wensen (to wish), weten (to know), zien (to see) and zoeken (to seek, to try), the infinitive with te is used both in the simple tenses and, instead of the past participle, in the compound tenses. Je behoort beter te schrijven, you should write better. Men behoefde het me niet tweemaal te zeggen, I needed no second bidding. De soldaten wagen niet de vesting te bestormen, the soldiers do not venture to assault the fortress. Tracht hem gunstig te stemmen, try to get him well disposed. With pogen and trachten the past participle may be used in the compound tenses as well as the infinitive: wij hebben gepoogd, getracht alles in het werk te stellen, we have tried to do everything."},{"section":1013,"text":"The infinitive with om te for a purpose\n\nAn infinitive with om te (in order to) generally denotes an end or a purpose. Ik kom om je af te halen, I come to fetch you. Dit dient om je alles duidelijk te maken, this serves to explain everything to you."},{"section":1014,"text":"Om te after adjectives and after te ... or genoeg\n\nThe infinitive with om te is also used after some adjectives, and after an adjective or adverb preceded by te or followed by genoeg. Het is te laat om uit te gaan, it is too late to go out. Hij is te jong om alleen op reis te gaan, he is too young to travel by himself. Het is warm genoeg om te gaan wandelen, it is warm enough to go for a walk. Zij is oud genoeg om te weten wat zij doet, she is old enough to know what she is about."},{"section":1015,"text":"The English infinitive replacing a dependent clause\n\nEnglish can use an infinitive where Dutch generally needs a full dependent clause. He was the first to tell me this, hij was de eerste die het mij vertelde."},{"section":1016,"text":"The English infinitive replacing a conditional clause\n\nEnglish can use an infinitive with to in place of a conditional clause. To hear you, one would think him a learned man, als men u hoort, zou men denken dat hij een geleerd man is. I shudder but to think of it, ik ril al als ik er slechts aan denk."},{"section":1017,"text":"The English infinitive after so ... as, such ... as\n\nAfter so ... as or such ... as, English can use an infinitive in place of a that-clause. There is scarcely any evil so great as not to be rendered tolerable by patience, er is nauwelijks enig ongeluk dat niet draaglijk gemaakt wordt door geduld. His interest in popular instruction was such as to render competition with him almost impossible, zijn belangstelling voor het volksonderwijs was zo groot dat het bijna onmogelijk was met hem te wedijveren."},{"section":1018,"text":"The infinitive with an accusative becomes a dat-clause\n\nAn English infinitive with an accusative after to desire, to know, to mean, to wish and the like must become a subordinate clause with dat in Dutch. I know him to be in Amsterdam is translated as I know that he is in Amsterdam. I wish him to do the work alone, ik wens dat hij zijn werk alleen doet. I knew the master to be a good pedagogue, ik wist dat de onderwijzer een goed opvoedkundige was. They will deny it to be natural, zij zullen ontkennen dat het natuurlijk is."},{"section":1019,"text":"Dat is never omitted after believe, hope, know, think and the like\n\nAfter to believe, to fancy, to hope, to know, to think, to wish and the like, English may drop the conjunction before the clause that follows; Dutch always keeps dat. I know he will do it for me, ik weet dat hij het voor mij zal doen. I think his brother ought to go, mij dunkt dat zijn broer moest gaan. We believed all was lost, wij geloofden dat alles verloren was."},{"section":1020,"text":"How, what, where plus infinitive need a subject and an auxiliary\n\nAn English infinitive after how, what or where must be completed in Dutch with a subject and an auxiliary. The poor boy does not know where to sleep, de arme jongen weet niet waar hij slapen moet. He does not know how to fire the gun, hij weet niet hoe hij het geweer moet afschieten. Teach him how to do it, leer hem hoe hij het moet doen."},{"section":1021,"text":"Past participle as a substantive\n\nThe past participle of some verbs is used as a noun. De afgevaardigde, the deputy. De bekende, the acquaintance. De beminde, the lover. De beschonkene, the drunk. De eerstgeborene, the first-born. De gedaagde, the defendant. De oudgediende, the veteran. Het gegeven, plural de gegevens, the datum, the data. De gelastigde, the mandatory. De geleerde, the scholar. De geliefde, the beloved. De gevangene, the prisoner. De gezworene, the juror. De samenzweerders, the conspirators. De uitgewekene, the emigrant. De uitverkorene, the chosen one. De vertrouwde, the confidant."},{"section":1022,"text":"Present participle rarely a substantive\n\nA present participle is very rarely used as a noun, for example de razende, the madman."},{"section":1023,"text":"Participles used as adjectives\n\nParticiples are also used as adjectives once the idea of a lasting quality has replaced that of time or action. Used predicatively, they end in -end when they stand for an adjective, and in -ende when they stand for a present tense. Dit boek is vervelend, this book is tedious. Hij is bekrompen in zijn oordeel, he is narrow-minded. Deze tekening is uitstekend, this drawing is excellent. Zijn broer is erg bijziend, his brother is very near-sighted. Zij zijn herstellende, they are recovering. Het water is wassende, vallende, the water is rising, falling. Used attributively, they take an adjective's endings: een betoverend gezicht, a charming view; lopend water, running water; stilstaand water, stagnant water; een beslissende slag, a decisive battle. Such participles may also take the prefix on-: onbekrompen, liberal; ongedwongen, unconstrained; onoplettend, inattentive; some exist only as adjectives: ondeugend, mischievous, naughty; onwetend, ignorant; onbeduidend or onbetekenend, insignificant; onbehouwen, unmannerly. Compound participles are rare, especially in prose or conversation: blindgeboren, blindborn; hemeltergend, most revolting; jongstleden, last, past."},{"section":1024,"text":"Present participle with a passive meaning\n\nThe present participle is sometimes used, strictly speaking incorrectly, as an adjective with a passive meaning. Brekende waren, fragile wares, in place of breekbare. Roerende goederen, movables. Onroerende goederen, immovables. IJlende koorts, brain fever. De vallende ziekte, epilepsy. Een zittend leven, a sedentary life. Een stilzwijgende voorwaarde, an implied, tacit condition."},{"section":1025,"text":"Past participle with an active meaning\n\nIn the same way the past participle is sometimes used, strictly speaking incorrectly, with an active meaning. Een godvergeten schurk, a wicked scoundrel. Een gestudeerd man, a learned man. Een bevaren matroos, an experienced sailor. Een bereden gendarme, a mounted policeman. Een (on)beleefd mens, a polite (an impolite) person. Een dronken soldaat, a drunken soldier."},{"section":1026,"text":"Participle instead of an infinitive, in old proverbs only\n\nVery rarely a participle is used instead of an infinitive, properly speaking only in old proverbs or proverbial sayings. Het is boter aan de galg gesmeerd, it is labour lost. Het is aan een dove mans deur geklopt, it is preaching to the deaf. Het is de moriaan geschuurd, it is washing a blackamoor white. Such participles may serve as the subject of a sentence: beter hard geblazen dan de mond verbrand, great talkers are always the least doers; beter ten halve gekeerd dan ten hele gedwaald, the shortest errors are the best."},{"section":1027,"text":"Participles before a noun are not declined\n\nA participle immediately before a noun is treated as an ordinary adjective, taking -e before a de-word and no ending before a het-word with an indefinite article, exactly like any other adjective; used predicatively it takes no ending at all. Zijn broer was een boven allen uitstekende man, his brother was a superior man. Wij zagen een boven allen uitstekende man. Uw pas gebouwde huis. Uw huis is pas gebouwd."},{"section":1028,"text":"The present participle in adverbial and participial constructions\n\nIn an adverbial clause or a participial construction the present participle may stand unchanged, without the -e ending; the past participle is always uninflected. Huilend en schreeuwend ging hij naar huis, weeping and crying he went home. Dit gezegd hebbend, verwijderde hij zich, having said this he withdrew. Ontwaakt deelde hij zijn makkers alles mee, when awaked he communicated all to his comrades."},{"section":1029,"text":"The elliptical past participle is uninflected\n\nAn elliptical past participle takes no ending. Dit vooropgesteld, presupposing this. Van een andere kant beschouwd, considered from another point of view. Alles bij elkaar genomen, taking all together. Eigenlijk gezegd, properly speaking. Toegestaan dat dit waar is, granting this to be true. In het algemeen genomen, generally speaking. Globaal berekend, calculating roughly."}],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 33: The infinitive used adjectively","teaching":[{"title":"A verb that is to be done","paragraphs":["After zijn, an infinitive with te says what can be done or must be done to the subject.","Dit boek is te lezen: this book is legible. Het is niet te vinden: it is not to be found.","Staan and vallen can take the place of zijn. Het valt niet te ontkennen: it is not to be denied.","The same infinitive can stand before a noun: de te verwachten gasten, the guests that are to be expected. Only a transitive verb is used this way."]}],"lines":[{"number":468,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.2.1","source":"Dit boek is te lezen.","translation":"This book is legible.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dit","gloss":"this"},{"text":"boek","gloss":"book"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"lezen.","gloss":"to read"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.2.1.m4a"},{"number":469,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.2.2","source":"Het is niet te vinden.","translation":"It is not to be found.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"vinden.","gloss":"to find"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.2.2.m4a"},{"number":470,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.2.3","source":"Het valt niet te ontkennen.","translation":"It is not to be denied.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"valt","gloss":"to fall"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"ontkennen.","gloss":"deny"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.2.3.m4a"},{"number":471,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.2.4","source":"De te verwachten gasten.","translation":"The guests that are to be expected.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"verwachten","gloss":"be expected"},{"text":"gasten.","gloss":"guests"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.2.4.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 33: The infinitive without te after gaan, komen, lopen, blijven (and 1 more)","teaching":[{"title":"Four verbs of motion and staying","paragraphs":["Gaan, komen, lopen and blijven take a second verb as a bare infinitive. There is no te before it.","Ga de krant halen. Hij kwam mij bezoeken. Hij bleef mij aankijken.","Komen has a second use. With te it can mean getting into a new state. Hij kwam alles te weten means he found it all out."]},{"title":"Seven verbs that never take te","paragraphs":["Kunnen, moeten, mogen, willen, zullen, durven and laten are always followed by an infinitive without te.","Je mag hier niet spreken. The verb mag is followed straight by spreken.","Hij durft dat niet doen: he dare not do that."]}],"lines":[{"number":472,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.3.1","source":"Ga de krant halen.","translation":"Go and fetch the newspaper.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ga","gloss":"go"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"krant","gloss":"newspaper"},{"text":"halen.","gloss":"fetch"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.3.1.m4a"},{"number":473,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.3.2","source":"Hij kwam mij bezoeken.","translation":"He came to visit me.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"kwam","gloss":"to come"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"bezoeken.","gloss":"to visit"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.3.2.m4a"},{"number":474,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.3.3","source":"Hij bleef mij aankijken.","translation":"He kept looking at me.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"bleef","gloss":"to remain, stay"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"aankijken.","gloss":"looking at me"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.3.3.m4a"},{"number":475,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.3.4","source":"Hij kwam alles te weten.","translation":"He found it all out.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"kwam","gloss":"to come"},{"text":"alles","gloss":"everything"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"weten.","gloss":"to know"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.3.4.m4a"},{"number":476,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.3.5","source":"Er kwam een vogel aanvliegen.","translation":"A bird came flying towards us.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"kwam","gloss":"to come"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"vogel","gloss":"bird"},{"text":"aanvliegen.","gloss":"crashed"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.3.5.m4a"},{"number":477,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.4.1","source":"Je mag hier niet spreken.","translation":"You must not talk here.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"mag","gloss":"may"},{"text":"hier","gloss":"here"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"spreken.","gloss":"to speak"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.4.1.m4a"},{"number":478,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.4.2","source":"Hij durft dat niet doen.","translation":"He dare not do that.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"durft","gloss":"to dare"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"not so (I beg your pardon)"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not so (I beg your pardon)"},{"text":"doen.","gloss":"to do"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.4.2.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 33: Infinitive without te instead of the present participle","teaching":[{"title":"A bare infinitive where English says ing","paragraphs":["A present participle is the form of a verb that in English ends in ing: walking, lying. After some verbs Dutch uses the bare infinitive instead.","Wij gaan wandelen. Ik heb hier wat geld liggen. The Dutch words mean we go walking and I have some money lying here.","The verbs that work this way are blijven, doen, gaan, hebben, horen, houden, laten, vinden, voelen and zien."]}],"lines":[{"number":479,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.5.1","source":"Zij bleven staan, zitten, praten.","translation":"They stopped, they kept their seat, they kept talking.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"bleven","gloss":"to remain, stay"},{"text":"staan,","gloss":"to stand"},{"text":"zitten,","gloss":"to sit"},{"text":"praten.","gloss":"to talk"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.5.1.m4a"},{"number":480,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.5.2","source":"Wij gaan wandelen, jagen, rijden.","translation":"We go out walking, hunting, riding.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"gaan","gloss":"to go"},{"text":"wandelen,","gloss":"to walk, stroll"},{"text":"jagen,","gloss":"to hunt"},{"text":"rijden.","gloss":"to ride, to drive"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.5.2.m4a"},{"number":481,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.5.3","source":"Ik heb hier wat geld liggen.","translation":"I have some money lying here.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"hier","gloss":"here"},{"text":"wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"geld","gloss":"money"},{"text":"liggen.","gloss":"to lie (be situated)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.5.3.m4a"},{"number":482,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.5.4","source":"Wij vonden dit op straat liggen.","translation":"We found this lying in the street.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"vonden","gloss":"to find"},{"text":"dit","gloss":"this"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"straat","gloss":"street"},{"text":"liggen.","gloss":"to lie (be situated)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.5.4.m4a"},{"number":483,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.5.5","source":"De rechter zag hem blozen en verbleken.","translation":"The judge saw him blush and turn pale.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"rechter","gloss":"judge"},{"text":"zag","gloss":"to see"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"blozen","gloss":"blush"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"verbleken.","gloss":"were paling"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.5.5.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 33: Infinitive without te instead of the past participle","teaching":[{"title":"A bare infinitive in a compound tense","paragraphs":["A compound tense normally ends in a past participle. After some verbs Dutch puts an infinitive without te there instead.","De onderwijzer heeft ons leren werken. Je hebt lang zitten praten. Heeft is the auxiliary. Leren and zitten stand where a past participle would be.","This holds for kunnen, moeten, mogen, laten, durven and willen. It also holds for verbs such as leren, helpen, zien and horen."]}],"lines":[{"number":484,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.6.1","source":"De onderwijzer heeft ons leren werken.","translation":"The teacher taught us how to work.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"onderwijzer","gloss":"teacher"},{"text":"heeft","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"ons","gloss":"us"},{"text":"leren","gloss":"a) to learn, b) = to teach"},{"text":"werken.","gloss":"work"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.6.1.m4a"},{"number":485,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.6.2","source":"Ik heb mijn knecht doen roepen.","translation":"I ordered my man-servant to be called.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"knecht","gloss":"servant"},{"text":"doen","gloss":"to do"},{"text":"roepen.","gloss":"to call"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.6.2.m4a"},{"number":486,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.6.3","source":"Je hebt lang zitten praten.","translation":"You have been talking a long time.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"hebt","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"lang","gloss":"long"},{"text":"zitten","gloss":"to sit"},{"text":"praten.","gloss":"to talk"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.6.3.m4a"},{"number":487,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.6.4","source":"Ik heb dit horen voorlezen.","translation":"I have heard this read.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"dit","gloss":"this"},{"text":"horen","gloss":"to hear"},{"text":"voorlezen.","gloss":"to read aloud"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.6.4.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 33: Infinitive with te after certain transitive and reflexive verbs (and 1 more)","teaching":[{"title":"Te after verbs that act on someone","paragraphs":["Some transitive verbs are followed by an infinitive with te. Examples are beletten, dwingen and overhalen.","Wij beletten de jongens binnen te komen: we prevented the boys from entering. Hij heeft je iets te zeggen: he has something to tell you.","Some reflexive verbs also take te. Examples are zich haasten and zich schamen. Ik haast me je dit mee te delen: I hasten to communicate this to you."]},{"title":"Te after verbs with no object","paragraphs":["Some intransitive verbs are followed by an infinitive with te.","Hij aarzelde niet te antwoorden. Zij hield op te spreken. Aarzelen means to hesitate. Ophouden means to cease.","The other verbs that work this way are dralen, schromen, voortgaan and leren. Komen sometimes takes te too."]}],"lines":[{"number":488,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.7.1","source":"Wij beletten de jongens binnen te komen.","translation":"We prevented the boys from entering.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"beletten","gloss":"prevent"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"jongens","gloss":"boys"},{"text":"binnen","gloss":"within"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"komen.","gloss":"to come"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.7.1.m4a"},{"number":489,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.7.2","source":"Hij heeft je iets te zeggen.","translation":"He has something to tell you.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"heeft","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"iets","gloss":"something"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"zeggen.","gloss":"to say"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.7.2.m4a"},{"number":490,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.7.3","source":"Ik haast me je dit mee te delen.","translation":"I hasten to communicate this to you.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"haast","gloss":"haste"},{"text":"me","gloss":"me"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"dit","gloss":"this"},{"text":"mee","gloss":"along, with"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"delen.","gloss":"to communicate, to pass on"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.7.3.m4a"},{"number":491,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.7.4","source":"Hij wacht zich wel het te zeggen.","translation":"He is upon his guard to say it.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"wacht","gloss":"is waiting"},{"text":"zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"wel","gloss":"but"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"zeggen.","gloss":"to say"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.7.4.m4a"},{"number":492,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.8.1","source":"Hij aarzelde niet te antwoorden.","translation":"He did not hesitate to answer.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"aarzelde","gloss":"hesitate"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"antwoorden.","gloss":"to answer"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.8.1.m4a"},{"number":493,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.8.2","source":"Zij hield op te spreken.","translation":"She ceased to speak.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"hield","gloss":"to keep"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"spreken.","gloss":"to speak"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.8.2.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 33: Infinitive with te for a simultaneous action","teaching":[{"title":"Te for two actions at once","paragraphs":["Liggen, lopen, staan and zitten followed by te and an infinitive show two actions at the same time.","Het kind ligt te slapen: the child lies sleeping. Hij loopt te zingen: he walks and sings. Wij zaten gezellig te spelen.","In a compound tense the infinitive takes the place of the past participle."]}],"lines":[{"number":494,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.9.1","source":"Het kind ligt te slapen.","translation":"The child lies sleeping.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"kind","gloss":"the child"},{"text":"ligt","gloss":"to lie (be situated)"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"slapen.","gloss":"to sleep"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.9.1.m4a"},{"number":495,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.9.2","source":"Hij loopt te zingen.","translation":"He walks and sings.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"loopt","gloss":"to walk"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"zingen.","gloss":"to sing"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.9.2.m4a"},{"number":496,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.9.3","source":"Wat sta je daar te kijken?","translation":"What are you staring at?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"sta","gloss":"to stand"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"daar","gloss":"as, since, because"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"kijken?","gloss":"to look"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.9.3.m4a"},{"number":497,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.9.4","source":"Wij zaten gezellig te spelen.","translation":"We had a nice game together.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"zaten","gloss":"to sit"},{"text":"gezellig","gloss":"snug"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"spelen.","gloss":"to play"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.9.4.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 33: Infinitive with te connected by a linking word (and 1 more)","teaching":[{"title":"Te after a linking word","paragraphs":["Where English puts a preposition before a verb in ing, Dutch puts a linking word before te and the infinitive.","The linking words include door, met, na, om, zonder, alvorens and in plaats van.","Hij waarschuwde ons door hard te schreeuwen: he warned us by crying very loud. Klop aan alvorens binnen te komen.","After some verbs the preposition joins er and stands before te: Hij denkt eraan te gaan reizen, he thinks of making a journey."]},{"title":"Te after some adjectives","paragraphs":["Some adjectives are generally followed by an infinitive with te. Examples are bezig, gewoon, verbaasd and waard.","Ik ben verbaasd je hier te zien. Mijn broer was bezig brieven te schrijven.","In a few cases met te or om te follows instead. An adjective with zo before it also calls for te: Wees zo goed me de boeken te sturen."]}],"lines":[{"number":498,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.10.1","source":"Hij waarschuwde ons door hard te schreeuwen.","translation":"He warned us by crying very loud.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"waarschuwde","gloss":"to warn"},{"text":"ons","gloss":"us"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"hard","gloss":"hard"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"schreeuwen.","gloss":"screaming"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.10.1.m4a"},{"number":499,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.10.2","source":"Na ons gegroet te hebben, ging hij weg.","translation":"After saluting us, he went away.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Na","gloss":"after"},{"text":"ons","gloss":"us"},{"text":"gegroet","gloss":"greeted"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"hebben,","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"ging","gloss":"to go"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"weg.","gloss":"away; road"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.10.2.m4a"},{"number":500,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.10.3","source":"Klop aan alvorens binnen te komen.","translation":"Knock at the door before you enter.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Klop","gloss":"knock"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"alvorens","gloss":"before"},{"text":"binnen","gloss":"within"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"komen.","gloss":"to come"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.10.3.m4a"},{"number":501,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.10.4","source":"Hij denkt eraan te gaan reizen.","translation":"He thinks of making a journey.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"denkt","gloss":"thinks"},{"text":"eraan","gloss":"of it"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"gaan","gloss":"to go"},{"text":"reizen.","gloss":"traveling"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.10.4.m4a"},{"number":502,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.11.1","source":"Ik ben verbaasd je hier te zien.","translation":"I am astonished at seeing you here.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"ben","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"verbaasd","gloss":"amazed"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"hier","gloss":"here"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"zien.","gloss":"to see"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.11.1.m4a"},{"number":503,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.11.2","source":"Mijn broer was bezig brieven te schrijven.","translation":"My brother was busy writing letters.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"broer","gloss":"brother"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"bezig","gloss":"busy"},{"text":"brieven","gloss":"letters"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"schrijven.","gloss":"to write"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.11.2.m4a"},{"number":504,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.11.3","source":"Wees zo goed me de boeken te sturen.","translation":"Be so kind as to send me the books.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wees","gloss":"be (imperative)"},{"text":"zo","gloss":"so, as"},{"text":"goed","gloss":"good, well"},{"text":"me","gloss":"me"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"boeken","gloss":"books"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"sturen.","gloss":"send"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.11.3.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 33: Infinitive with te instead of the past participle, after certain verbs (and 1 more)","teaching":[{"title":"Te in place of a past participle","paragraphs":["Some verbs are followed by an infinitive with te. Examples are behoren, denken, menen, wagen, wensen, weten and zoeken.","Je behoort beter te schrijven. De soldaten wagen niet de vesting te bestormen.","In a compound tense of these verbs, the infinitive with te also stands where a past participle would be.","Pogen and trachten can also take the past participle: wij hebben gepoogd, getracht alles in het werk te stellen."]},{"title":"Om te for a purpose","paragraphs":["Om te before an infinitive generally gives the purpose of an action.","Ik kom om je af te halen: I come to fetch you. Dit dient om je alles duidelijk te maken: this serves to explain everything to you.","English says in order to, or to alone."]}],"lines":[{"number":505,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.12.1","source":"Je behoort beter te schrijven.","translation":"You should write better.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"behoort","gloss":"belongs"},{"text":"beter","gloss":"better"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"schrijven.","gloss":"to write"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.12.1.m4a"},{"number":506,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.12.2","source":"Men behoefde het me niet tweemaal te zeggen.","translation":"I needed no second bidding.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Men","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":"behoefde","gloss":"needed"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"me","gloss":"me"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"tweemaal","gloss":"twice"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"zeggen.","gloss":"to say"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.12.2.m4a"},{"number":507,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.12.3","source":"De soldaten wagen niet de vesting te bestormen.","translation":"The soldiers do not venture to assault the fortress.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"soldaten","gloss":"soldiers"},{"text":"wagen","gloss":"carriage"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vesting","gloss":"fortress"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"bestormen.","gloss":"assault"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.12.3.m4a"},{"number":508,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.12.4","source":"Tracht hem gunstig te stemmen.","translation":"Try to get him well disposed.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Tracht","gloss":"tries"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"gunstig","gloss":"favorably"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"stemmen.","gloss":"voted"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.12.4.m4a"},{"number":509,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.13.1","source":"Ik kom om je af te halen.","translation":"I come to fetch you.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"kom","gloss":"to come"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"af","gloss":"off"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"halen.","gloss":"fetch"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.13.1.m4a"},{"number":510,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.13.2","source":"Dit dient om je alles duidelijk te maken.","translation":"This serves to explain everything to you.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dit","gloss":"this"},{"text":"dient","gloss":"to serve"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"alles","gloss":"everything"},{"text":"duidelijk","gloss":"clear(ly)"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"maken.","gloss":"to make (weak)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.13.2.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 33: Om te after adjectives and after te ... or genoeg (and 2 more)","teaching":[{"title":"Om te with too and enough","paragraphs":["Om te also follows an adjective or adverb that has te before it or genoeg after it.","Het is te laat om uit te gaan: it is too late to go out. Het is warm genoeg om te gaan wandelen: it is warm enough to go for a walk.","Te before an adjective means too. Genoeg means enough."]},{"title":"A clause where English has an infinitive","paragraphs":["English says he was the first to tell me this. Dutch generally needs a full dependent clause here.","Hij was de eerste die het mij vertelde. The clause die het mij vertelde has its own subject and verb."]},{"title":"A clause where English has a condition","paragraphs":["English can use to with a verb for a condition. To hear you means if one hears you.","Dutch writes the condition out with als. Als men u hoort, zou men denken dat hij een geleerd man is.","The same holds for the English phrase but to think of it. Ik ril al als ik er slechts aan denk."]}],"lines":[{"number":511,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.14.1","source":"Het is te laat om uit te gaan.","translation":"It is too late to go out.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"laat","gloss":"let; late"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"uit","gloss":"out of, from"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"gaan.","gloss":"to go"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.14.1.m4a"},{"number":512,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.14.2","source":"Hij is te jong om alleen op reis te gaan.","translation":"He is too young to travel by himself.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"jong","gloss":"young"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"alleen","gloss":"only"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"reis","gloss":"journey"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"gaan.","gloss":"to go"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.14.2.m4a"},{"number":513,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.14.3","source":"Het is warm genoeg om te gaan wandelen.","translation":"It is warm enough to go for a walk.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"warm","gloss":"warm"},{"text":"genoeg","gloss":"enough"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"gaan","gloss":"to go"},{"text":"wandelen.","gloss":"to walk, stroll"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.14.3.m4a"},{"number":514,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.15.1","source":"Hij was de eerste die het mij vertelde.","translation":"He was the first to tell me this.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"eerste","gloss":"the former (the first-mentioned)"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"vertelde.","gloss":"told"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.15.1.m4a"},{"number":515,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.16.1","source":"Als men u hoort, zou men denken dat hij een geleerd man is.","translation":"To hear you, one would think him a learned man.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"men","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"hoort,","gloss":"to hear"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"men","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":"denken","gloss":"think"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"geleerd","gloss":"learned"},{"text":"man","gloss":"man; husband"},{"text":"is.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.16.1.m4a"},{"number":516,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.16.2","source":"Ik ril al als ik er slechts aan denk.","translation":"I shudder but to think of it.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"ril","gloss":"shudder"},{"text":"al","gloss":"already"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"slechts","gloss":"only"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"denk.","gloss":"think"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.16.2.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 33: The English infinitive after so ... as, such ... as (and 1 more)","teaching":[{"title":"A clause after so and such","paragraphs":["After so ... as or such ... as, English can use an infinitive. Dutch uses dat and a full clause.","Er is nauwelijks enig ongeluk dat niet draaglijk gemaakt wordt door geduld. In English: there is scarcely any evil so great as not to be rendered tolerable by patience.","Zijn belangstelling was zo groot dat niemand ermee kon wedijveren."]},{"title":"Dat and a clause after verbs of knowing","paragraphs":["English says I know him to be in Amsterdam. Dutch cannot copy this. It says I know that he is in Amsterdam.","After verbs of desiring, knowing, meaning and wishing, Dutch uses dat and a full clause. Ik wens dat hij zijn werk alleen doet.","The English object him becomes hij, the subject of the dat clause."]}],"lines":[{"number":517,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.17.1","source":"Er is nauwelijks enig ongeluk dat niet draaglijk gemaakt wordt door geduld.","translation":"There is scarcely any evil so great as not to be rendered tolerable by patience.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"nauwelijks","gloss":"scarcely"},{"text":"enig","gloss":"some"},{"text":"ongeluk","gloss":"misfortune"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"not so (I beg your pardon)"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not so (I beg your pardon)"},{"text":"draaglijk","gloss":"tolerable"},{"text":"gemaakt","gloss":"to make (weak)"},{"text":"wordt","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"geduld.","gloss":"patience"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.17.1.m4a"},{"number":518,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.17.2","source":"Zijn belangstelling was zo groot dat niemand ermee kon wedijveren.","translation":"His interest was such that no one could compete with it.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"belangstelling","gloss":"interest"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"zo","gloss":"so, as"},{"text":"groot","gloss":"great"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"niemand","gloss":"nobody"},{"text":"ermee","gloss":"with it"},{"text":"kon","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"wedijveren.","gloss":"vie"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.17.2.m4a"},{"number":519,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.18.1","source":"Ik wens dat hij zijn werk alleen doet.","translation":"I wish him to do the work alone.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"wens","gloss":"to wish"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"werk","gloss":"work"},{"text":"alleen","gloss":"only"},{"text":"doet.","gloss":"to do"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.18.1.m4a"},{"number":520,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.18.2","source":"Ik wist dat de onderwijzer een goed opvoedkundige was.","translation":"I knew the master to be a good pedagogue.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"wist","gloss":"to know"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"onderwijzer","gloss":"teacher"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"goed","gloss":"good, well"},{"text":"opvoedkundige","gloss":"pedagogue"},{"text":"was.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.18.2.m4a"},{"number":521,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.18.3","source":"Zij zullen ontkennen dat het natuurlijk is.","translation":"They will deny it to be natural.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"zullen","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"ontkennen","gloss":"deny"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"natuurlijk","gloss":"of course"},{"text":"is.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.18.3.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 33: Dat is never omitted after believe, hope, know, think and the like (and 1 more)","teaching":[{"title":"Dat is never left out","paragraphs":["English may drop the word that: I know he will do it. Dutch always keeps dat after verbs such as believe, hope, know and think.","Ik weet dat hij het voor mij zal doen. Wij geloofden dat alles verloren was.","Where the English has no that, Dutch still has dat. Mij dunkt dat zijn broer moest gaan."]},{"title":"How, what and where with a verb","paragraphs":["English says he does not know where to sleep. The infinitive has no subject.","Dutch adds a subject and an auxiliary such as moeten. De arme jongen weet niet waar hij slapen moet.","Hoe works the same way. Leer hem hoe hij het moet doen: teach him how to do it."]}],"lines":[{"number":522,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.19.1","source":"Ik weet dat hij het voor mij zal doen.","translation":"I know he will do it for me.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"weet","gloss":"to know"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"doen.","gloss":"to do"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.19.1.m4a"},{"number":523,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.19.2","source":"Mij dunkt dat zijn broer moest gaan.","translation":"I think his brother ought to go.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Mij","gloss":"me thinks"},{"text":"dunkt","gloss":"me thinks"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"broer","gloss":"brother"},{"text":"moest","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"gaan.","gloss":"to go"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.19.2.m4a"},{"number":524,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.19.3","source":"Wij geloofden dat alles verloren was.","translation":"We believed all was lost.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"geloofden","gloss":"believed"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"alles","gloss":"everything"},{"text":"verloren","gloss":"to lose"},{"text":"was.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.19.3.m4a"},{"number":525,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.20.1","source":"De arme jongen weet niet waar hij slapen moet.","translation":"The poor boy does not know where to sleep.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"arme","gloss":"poor"},{"text":"jongen","gloss":"boy"},{"text":"weet","gloss":"to know"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"waar","gloss":"where; true"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"slapen","gloss":"to sleep"},{"text":"moet.","gloss":"to have to, must"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.20.1.m4a"},{"number":526,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.20.2","source":"Hij weet niet hoe hij het geweer moet afschieten.","translation":"He does not know how to fire the gun.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"weet","gloss":"to know"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"hoe","gloss":"how"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"geweer","gloss":"rifle"},{"text":"moet","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"afschieten.","gloss":"fire"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.20.2.m4a"},{"number":527,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.20.3","source":"Leer hem hoe hij het moet doen.","translation":"Teach him how to do it.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Leer","gloss":"teach"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"hoe","gloss":"how"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"moet","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"doen.","gloss":"to do"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.20.3.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 33: Past participle as a substantive (and 1 more)","teaching":[{"title":"A participle used as a noun","paragraphs":["The past participle of some verbs is used as a noun for a person. De gevangene is the prisoner. De geleerde is the scholar.","Such a word takes de, like any noun for a person. De afgevaardigde is the deputy.","Het gegeven names a thing, the datum. Its plural is de gegevens."]},{"title":"One rare participle noun","paragraphs":["A present participle is very rarely used as a noun.","De razende means the madman."]}],"lines":[{"number":528,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.21.1","source":"De afgevaardigde.","translation":"The deputy.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"afgevaardigde.","gloss":"deputy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.21.1.m4a"},{"number":529,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.21.2","source":"De gevangene.","translation":"The prisoner.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"gevangene.","gloss":"to catch"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.21.2.m4a"},{"number":530,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.21.3","source":"De geleerde.","translation":"The scholar.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"geleerde.","gloss":"a learned man"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.21.3.m4a"},{"number":531,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.21.4","source":"Het gegeven, de gegevens.","translation":"The datum, the data.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"gegeven,","gloss":"to give"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"gegevens.","gloss":"conditions"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.21.4.m4a"},{"number":532,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.22.1","source":"De razende.","translation":"The madman.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"razende.","gloss":"madman"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.22.1.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 33: Participles used as adjectives","teaching":[{"title":"Participles that describe","paragraphs":["A participle works as an adjective when it names a lasting quality instead of an action.","After zijn, it ends in end when it stands for an adjective: Dit boek is vervelend. It ends in ende when it stands for a present tense: Zij zijn herstellende.","Before a noun it takes the endings of any adjective: lopend water, een beslissende slag."]},{"title":"Participles with on","paragraphs":["Such participles can take the prefix on: onbekrompen, ongedwongen, onoplettend.","Some words with on exist only as adjectives, such as onwetend, ignorant."]}],"lines":[{"number":533,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.23.1","source":"Dit boek is vervelend.","translation":"This book is tedious.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dit","gloss":"this"},{"text":"boek","gloss":"book"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"vervelend.","gloss":"tedious"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.23.1.m4a"},{"number":534,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.23.2","source":"Deze tekening is uitstekend.","translation":"This drawing is excellent.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Deze","gloss":"the latter (the most recently mentioned)"},{"text":"tekening","gloss":"portrayal"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"uitstekend.","gloss":"eminent"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.23.2.m4a"},{"number":535,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.23.3","source":"Lopend water.","translation":"Running water.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Lopend","gloss":"running"},{"text":"water.","gloss":"water"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.23.3.m4a"},{"number":536,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.23.4","source":"Een beslissende slag.","translation":"A decisive battle.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"beslissende","gloss":"decisive"},{"text":"slag.","gloss":"blow"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.23.4.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 33: Present participle with a passive meaning","teaching":[{"title":"A present participle with a passive meaning","paragraphs":["A present participle is sometimes used as an adjective with a passive meaning. Strictly, this use is incorrect.","Roerende goederen are goods that can be moved. Onroerende goederen cannot be moved. De vallende ziekte is epilepsy."]}],"lines":[{"number":537,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.24.1","source":"Roerende goederen.","translation":"Movables.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Roerende","gloss":"to touch"},{"text":"goederen.","gloss":"good, well"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.24.1.m4a"},{"number":538,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.24.2","source":"Onroerende goederen.","translation":"Immovables.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Onroerende","gloss":"immovable"},{"text":"goederen.","gloss":"good, well"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.24.2.m4a"},{"number":539,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.24.3","source":"De vallende ziekte.","translation":"Epilepsy.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vallende","gloss":"to fall"},{"text":"ziekte.","gloss":"sickness"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.24.3.m4a"},{"number":540,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.24.4","source":"Een stilzwijgende voorwaarde.","translation":"An implied, tacit condition.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"stilzwijgende","gloss":"silence"},{"text":"voorwaarde.","gloss":"terms"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.24.4.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 33: Past participle with an active meaning (and 1 more)","teaching":[{"title":"A past participle with an active meaning","paragraphs":["A past participle is sometimes used with an active meaning. It then describes the person who did something. Strictly, this use is incorrect.","Een gestudeerd man is a learned man. Een bevaren matroos is an experienced sailor. Een dronken soldaat is a drunken soldier.","Een beleefd mens is a polite person."]},{"title":"A participle where an infinitive belongs","paragraphs":["Very rarely, a past participle stands where an infinitive would be expected. This happens only in old proverbs.","Het is boter aan de galg gesmeerd means it is labour lost. Het is aan een dove mans deur geklopt means it is preaching to the deaf.","Such a participle can be the subject of a sentence: beter ten halve gekeerd dan ten hele gedwaald."]}],"lines":[{"number":541,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.25.1","source":"Een gestudeerd man.","translation":"A learned man.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"gestudeerd","gloss":"learned"},{"text":"man.","gloss":"man; husband"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.25.1.m4a"},{"number":542,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.25.2","source":"Een bevaren matroos.","translation":"An experienced sailor.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"bevaren","gloss":"sail"},{"text":"matroos.","gloss":"sailor, sailors"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.25.2.m4a"},{"number":543,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.25.3","source":"Een beleefd mens.","translation":"A polite person.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"beleefd","gloss":"polite"},{"text":"mens.","gloss":"man, mankind"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.25.3.m4a"},{"number":544,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.25.4","source":"Een dronken soldaat.","translation":"A drunken soldier.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"dronken","gloss":"drank"},{"text":"soldaat.","gloss":"soldier"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.25.4.m4a"},{"number":545,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.26.1","source":"Het is boter aan de galg gesmeerd.","translation":"It is labour lost.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"boter","gloss":"butter"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"galg","gloss":"gallows"},{"text":"gesmeerd.","gloss":"smeared"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.26.1.m4a"},{"number":546,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.26.2","source":"Het is aan een dove mans deur geklopt.","translation":"It is preaching to the deaf.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"dove","gloss":"deaf"},{"text":"mans","gloss":"man's"},{"text":"deur","gloss":"door"},{"text":"geklopt.","gloss":"knocked"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.26.2.m4a"},{"number":547,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.26.3","source":"Beter ten halve gekeerd dan ten hele gedwaald.","translation":"The shortest errors are the best.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Beter","gloss":"better"},{"text":"ten","gloss":"in"},{"text":"halve","gloss":"half"},{"text":"gekeerd","gloss":"turned"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"ten","gloss":"in"},{"text":"hele","gloss":"whole"},{"text":"gedwaald.","gloss":"erred"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.26.3.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 33: Participles before a noun are not declined (and 1 more)","teaching":[{"title":"A participle before a noun takes adjective endings","paragraphs":["A participle right before a noun is an ordinary adjective. It takes e before a de-word. Before a het-word with een, it takes no ending.","Used predicatively, after zijn, it takes no ending at all.","Uw pas gebouwde huis: your newly built house. Uw huis is pas gebouwd: your house is newly built."]},{"title":"A participle without an ending","paragraphs":["In a phrase that says how or when, a present participle can stand without the e. A past participle there never takes an ending.","Huilend en schreeuwend ging hij naar huis: weeping and crying he went home. Dit gezegd hebbend, verwijderde hij zich: having said this he withdrew.","Ontwaakt deelde hij zijn makkers alles mee: when awaked he communicated all to his comrades."]}],"lines":[{"number":548,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.27.1","source":"Zijn broer was een boven allen uitstekende man.","translation":"His brother was a superior man.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"broer","gloss":"brother"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"boven","gloss":"above, over"},{"text":"allen","gloss":"all"},{"text":"uitstekende","gloss":"jutting"},{"text":"man.","gloss":"man; husband"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.27.1.m4a"},{"number":549,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.27.2","source":"Uw pas gebouwde huis.","translation":"Your newly built house.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Uw","gloss":"your (polite)"},{"text":"pas","gloss":"only just"},{"text":"gebouwde","gloss":"built"},{"text":"huis.","gloss":"house"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.27.2.m4a"},{"number":550,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.27.3","source":"Uw huis is pas gebouwd.","translation":"Your house is newly built.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Uw","gloss":"your (polite)"},{"text":"huis","gloss":"house"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"pas","gloss":"only just"},{"text":"gebouwd.","gloss":"built"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.27.3.m4a"},{"number":551,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.28.1","source":"Huilend en schreeuwend ging hij naar huis.","translation":"Weeping and crying he went home.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Huilend","gloss":"weeping"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"schreeuwend","gloss":"screaming"},{"text":"ging","gloss":"to go"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"huis.","gloss":"house"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.28.1.m4a"},{"number":552,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.28.2","source":"Dit gezegd hebbend, verwijderde hij zich.","translation":"Having said this he withdrew.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dit","gloss":"this"},{"text":"gezegd","gloss":"to say"},{"text":"hebbend,","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"verwijderde","gloss":"remove"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"zich.","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.28.2.m4a"},{"number":553,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.28.3","source":"Ontwaakt deelde hij zijn makkers alles mee.","translation":"When awaked he communicated all to his comrades.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ontwaakt","gloss":"awakened"},{"text":"deelde","gloss":"to distribute"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"makkers","gloss":"comrades"},{"text":"alles","gloss":"everything"},{"text":"mee.","gloss":"along, with"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.28.3.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 33: The elliptical past participle is uninflected","teaching":[{"title":"A short participle phrase","paragraphs":["A short phrase can be made of a past participle alone, with no other verb. Such a participle takes no ending.","Dit vooropgesteld. Alles bij elkaar genomen. Eigenlijk gezegd. In het algemeen genomen.","These phrases mean presupposing this, taking all together, properly speaking and generally speaking."]}],"lines":[{"number":554,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.29.1","source":"Dit vooropgesteld.","translation":"Presupposing this.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dit","gloss":"this"},{"text":"vooropgesteld.","gloss":"presupposed"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.29.1.m4a"},{"number":555,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.29.2","source":"Alles bij elkaar genomen.","translation":"Taking all together.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Alles","gloss":"everything"},{"text":"bij","gloss":"with"},{"text":"elkaar","gloss":"each other"},{"text":"genomen.","gloss":"to take"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.29.2.m4a"},{"number":556,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.29.3","source":"Eigenlijk gezegd.","translation":"Properly speaking.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Eigenlijk","gloss":"actually, really"},{"text":"gezegd.","gloss":"to say"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.29.3.m4a"},{"number":557,"id":"val.nl.L33.x.29.4","source":"In het algemeen genomen.","translation":"Generally speaking.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"In","gloss":"in"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"algemeen","gloss":"generally, widely"},{"text":"genomen.","gloss":"to take"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.x.29.4.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Van Amsterdam naar Batavia. (Vervolg.)","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":558,"id":"val.nl.L33.r.0","source":"Van Amsterdam naar Batavia. (Vervolg.)","translation":"From Amsterdam to Batavia. (Continued.)","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"Amsterdam","gloss":"Amsterdam"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"Batavia.","gloss":"Batavia"},{"text":"(Vervolg.)","gloss":"future"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.r.0.m4a"},{"number":559,"id":"val.nl.L33.r.1","source":"Na te IJmuiden geschut te zijn, kozen wij 's middags het ruime sop, en weldra vloog de boot met volle kracht over de Noordzee, zodat het niet lang duurde, of wij verloren de vaderlandse kust uit het gezicht.","translation":"After having passed through the locks at IJmuiden, we headed for the open sea in the afternoon, and soon the boat flew at full speed across the North Sea, so that it was not long before we lost sight of our native coast.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Na","gloss":"after"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"IJmuiden","gloss":"IJmuiden"},{"text":"geschut","gloss":"locked through"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"zijn,","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"kozen","gloss":"to choose"},{"text":"wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"'s","gloss":"(abbreviation)"},{"text":"middags","gloss":"midday"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"ruime","gloss":"spacious"},{"text":"sop,","gloss":"open sea"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"weldra","gloss":"soon"},{"text":"vloog","gloss":"to fly"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"boot","gloss":"boat"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"volle","gloss":"full"},{"text":"kracht","gloss":"strength"},{"text":"over","gloss":"across, over"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Noordzee,","gloss":"Noordzee"},{"text":"zodat","gloss":"so that"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"lang","gloss":"long"},{"text":"duurde,","gloss":"lasted"},{"text":"of","gloss":"or; whether"},{"text":"wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"verloren","gloss":"to lose"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vaderlandse","gloss":"of the fatherland, native"},{"text":"kust","gloss":"coast"},{"text":"uit","gloss":"out of, from"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"gezicht.","gloss":"sight"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.r.1.m4a"},{"number":560,"id":"val.nl.L33.r.2","source":"Net als de meeste reizigers begaf ik me nu naar mijn hut.","translation":"Like most of the passengers, I now betook myself to my cabin.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Net","gloss":"net"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"meeste","gloss":"most"},{"text":"reizigers","gloss":"travellers"},{"text":"begaf","gloss":"betook"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"me","gloss":"me"},{"text":"nu","gloss":"now, at present"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"hut.","gloss":"hut, cottage"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.r.2.m4a"},{"number":561,"id":"val.nl.L33.r.3","source":"De volgende dag ankerden we op de rede van Southampton, vanwaar we op de 10e weer vertrokken nadat we de Indische mail aan boord hadden genomen.","translation":"The next day we anchored in the roadstead of Southampton, from where we departed again on the 10th after having taken the Indian mail on board.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"volgende","gloss":"next, following"},{"text":"dag","gloss":"day"},{"text":"ankerden","gloss":"anchored"},{"text":"we","gloss":"we"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"rede","gloss":"discourse"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"Southampton,","gloss":"Southampton"},{"text":"vanwaar","gloss":"where"},{"text":"we","gloss":"we"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"10e","gloss":"10th"},{"text":"weer","gloss":"again"},{"text":"vertrokken","gloss":"departed"},{"text":"nadat","gloss":"after"},{"text":"we","gloss":"we"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Indische","gloss":"Indian"},{"text":"mail","gloss":"mail"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"boord","gloss":"board (of a ship)"},{"text":"hadden","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"genomen.","gloss":"to take"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.r.3.m4a"},{"number":562,"id":"val.nl.L33.r.4","source":"Omdat dit gedeelte van mijn reis weinig bijzonders aanbood, zal ik je alleen maar vertellen dat we op de 11e Kaap St. Vincent omvoeren en op de 18e in Marseille aankwamen.","translation":"As this part of my journey offered little of particular interest, I shall only tell you that we sailed round Cape St. Vincent on the 11th and arrived at Marseille on the 18th.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Omdat","gloss":"because"},{"text":"dit","gloss":"this"},{"text":"gedeelte","gloss":"part"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"reis","gloss":"journey"},{"text":"weinig","gloss":"little, few"},{"text":"bijzonders","gloss":"particular"},{"text":"aanbood,","gloss":"to offer"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"alleen","gloss":"only"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"vertellen","gloss":"tell"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"we","gloss":"we"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"11e","gloss":"11th"},{"text":"Kaap","gloss":"Kaap"},{"text":"St.","gloss":"St."},{"text":"Vincent","gloss":"Vincent"},{"text":"omvoeren","gloss":"sailed round"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"18e","gloss":"18th"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"Marseille","gloss":"Marseille"},{"text":"aankwamen.","gloss":"came up"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.r.4.m4a"},{"number":563,"id":"val.nl.L33.r.5","source":"We bleven er net lang genoeg om enkele reizigers aan boord te nemen, die dit deel van hun overtocht over land hadden afgelegd om zich in die stad bij ons aan te sluiten.","translation":"We stayed there just long enough to take on board some passengers who had made this part of their crossing overland in order to join us in that city.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"We","gloss":"we"},{"text":"bleven","gloss":"to remain, stay"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"net","gloss":"net"},{"text":"lang","gloss":"long"},{"text":"genoeg","gloss":"enough"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"enkele","gloss":"a few"},{"text":"reizigers","gloss":"travellers"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"boord","gloss":"board (of a ship)"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"nemen,","gloss":"to take"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"dit","gloss":"this"},{"text":"deel","gloss":"part"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"hun","gloss":"them; their"},{"text":"overtocht","gloss":"crossing"},{"text":"over","gloss":"across, over"},{"text":"land","gloss":"land"},{"text":"hadden","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"afgelegd","gloss":"covered"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"stad","gloss":"city, town"},{"text":"bij","gloss":"with"},{"text":"ons","gloss":"us"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"sluiten.","gloss":"to shut"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.r.5.m4a"},{"number":564,"id":"val.nl.L33.r.6","source":"Op de 24e oktober waren we eindelijk op de hoogte van Port Said, bij de ingang van het grote Suezkanaal.","translation":"On the 24th of October we were at last off Port Said, at the entrance to the great Suez Canal.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"24e","gloss":"24th"},{"text":"oktober","gloss":"oktober"},{"text":"waren","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"we","gloss":"we"},{"text":"eindelijk","gloss":"at last, finally"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"hoogte","gloss":"height"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"Port","gloss":"Port"},{"text":"Said,","gloss":"Said"},{"text":"bij","gloss":"with"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"ingang","gloss":"entrance"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"grote","gloss":"big, great"},{"text":"Suezkanaal.","gloss":"Suezkanaal"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.r.6.m4a"},{"number":565,"id":"val.nl.L33.r.7","source":"Dit grootse werk van Ferdinand de Lesseps is, wat de gebreken ervan ook mogen zijn, van onberekenbaar belang voor de Europese handelsvolken, want het 160 kilometer lange kanaal verkort de vroegere weg van Europa naar Indië om Kaap de Goede Hoop met de helft.","translation":"This grand work of Ferdinand de Lesseps is, whatever its shortcomings may be, of incalculable importance to the European trading nations, for the 160-kilometre-long canal shortens the former route from Europe to the Indies around the Cape of Good Hope by half.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dit","gloss":"this"},{"text":"grootse","gloss":"proud"},{"text":"werk","gloss":"work"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"Ferdinand","gloss":"Ferdinand"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Lesseps","gloss":"Lesseps"},{"text":"is,","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"gebreken","gloss":"shortcomings"},{"text":"ervan","gloss":"of it"},{"text":"ook","gloss":"also, likewise"},{"text":"mogen","gloss":"may"},{"text":"zijn,","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"onberekenbaar","gloss":"incalculable"},{"text":"belang","gloss":"interest"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Europese","gloss":"European"},{"text":"handelsvolken,","gloss":"trading nations"},{"text":"want","gloss":"for, because"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"160","gloss":"160"},{"text":"kilometer","gloss":"kilometre"},{"text":"lange","gloss":"long"},{"text":"kanaal","gloss":"canal"},{"text":"verkort","gloss":"shortens"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vroegere","gloss":"former"},{"text":"weg","gloss":"away; road"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"Europa","gloss":"Europa"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"Indië","gloss":"Indië"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"Kaap","gloss":"Kaap"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Goede","gloss":"Goede"},{"text":"Hoop","gloss":"Hoop"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"helft.","gloss":"half"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.r.7.m4a"},{"number":566,"id":"val.nl.L33.r.8","source":"De hele lengte van het kanaal en zijn uitwijkplaatsen, de rede en de invaart worden goed bevaarbaar en op de juiste diepte gehouden door op vaste tijden uit te baggeren, en op dit moment wordt er druk gewerkt aan de verbetering ervan.","translation":"The whole length of the canal and its passing places, the roadstead and the entrance channel, are kept well navigable and at the proper depth by dredging carried out at fixed times, and at present work is being carried out energetically on its improvement.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"hele","gloss":"whole"},{"text":"lengte","gloss":"longitude"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"kanaal","gloss":"canal"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"uitwijkplaatsen,","gloss":"passing places"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"rede","gloss":"discourse"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"invaart","gloss":"entrance channel"},{"text":"worden","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"goed","gloss":"good, well"},{"text":"bevaarbaar","gloss":"navigable"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"juiste","gloss":"exactly"},{"text":"diepte","gloss":"depth"},{"text":"gehouden","gloss":"to keep"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"vaste","gloss":"fixed"},{"text":"tijden","gloss":"time"},{"text":"uit","gloss":"out of, from"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"baggeren,","gloss":"dredging"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"dit","gloss":"this"},{"text":"moment","gloss":"present"},{"text":"wordt","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"druk","gloss":"busy"},{"text":"gewerkt","gloss":"worked"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"verbetering","gloss":"improvement"},{"text":"ervan.","gloss":"of it"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.r.8.m4a"},{"number":567,"id":"val.nl.L33.r.9","source":"Het blijkt niettemin dat het kanaal niet meer voldoet aan de behoeften van de scheepvaart en de wereldhandel, die een steeds grotere omvang krijgen.","translation":"It appears, nevertheless, that the canal no longer meets the needs of shipping and world trade, which are steadily expanding.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"blijkt","gloss":"to appear"},{"text":"niettemin","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"kanaal","gloss":"canal"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"meer","gloss":"more"},{"text":"voldoet","gloss":"to satisfy"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"behoeften","gloss":"needs"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"scheepvaart","gloss":"shipping"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"wereldhandel,","gloss":"world trade"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"steeds","gloss":"always"},{"text":"grotere","gloss":"great"},{"text":"omvang","gloss":"breadth"},{"text":"krijgen.","gloss":"to get; honger krijgen: to become hungry"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.r.9.m4a"},{"number":568,"id":"val.nl.L33.r.10","source":"Men denkt er dan ook ernstig over om een tweede zeeweg van de ene naar de andere zee te graven.","translation":"Serious thought is therefore being given to digging a second sea route from one sea to the other.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Men","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":"denkt","gloss":"thinks"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"ook","gloss":"also, likewise"},{"text":"ernstig","gloss":"serious"},{"text":"over","gloss":"across, over"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"tweede","gloss":"the Second"},{"text":"zeeweg","gloss":"sea route"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"ene","gloss":"a"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"andere","gloss":"other"},{"text":"zee","gloss":"sea"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"graven.","gloss":"to dig"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.r.10.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 33: conversation","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":569,"id":"val.nl.L33.c.q1","source":"Waar kozen de reizigers het ruime sop?","translation":"Where did the passengers head for the open sea?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Waar","gloss":"where; true"},{"text":"kozen","gloss":"to choose"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"reizigers","gloss":"travellers"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"ruime","gloss":"spacious"},{"text":"sop?","gloss":"open sea"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.c.q1.m4a"},{"number":570,"id":"val.nl.L33.c.q2","source":"Waar ankerden zij de volgende dag?","translation":"Where did they anchor the next day?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Waar","gloss":"where; true"},{"text":"ankerden","gloss":"anchor"},{"text":"zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"volgende","gloss":"next, following"},{"text":"dag?","gloss":"day"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.c.q2.m4a"},{"number":571,"id":"val.nl.L33.c.q3","source":"Welke plaatsen voeren zij voorbij op weg naar Marseille?","translation":"What places did they pass on the way to Marseille?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Welke","gloss":"which, what"},{"text":"plaatsen","gloss":"places"},{"text":"voeren","gloss":"to navigate"},{"text":"zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"voorbij","gloss":"past"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"weg","gloss":"away; road"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"Marseille?","gloss":"Marseille"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.c.q3.m4a"},{"number":572,"id":"val.nl.L33.c.q4","source":"Wanneer kwamen zij bij Port Said aan?","translation":"When did they arrive at Port Said?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wanneer","gloss":"if"},{"text":"kwamen","gloss":"to come"},{"text":"zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"bij","gloss":"with"},{"text":"Port","gloss":"Port"},{"text":"Said","gloss":"Said"},{"text":"aan?","gloss":"on, at, to"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.c.q4.m4a"},{"number":573,"id":"val.nl.L33.c.a1","source":"Zij kozen het ruime sop na te IJmuiden geschut te zijn.","translation":"They headed for the open sea after passing through the locks at IJmuiden.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"kozen","gloss":"to choose"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"ruime","gloss":"spacious"},{"text":"sop","gloss":"open sea"},{"text":"na","gloss":"after"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"IJmuiden","gloss":"IJmuiden"},{"text":"geschut","gloss":"locked through"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"zijn.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.c.a1.m4a"},{"number":574,"id":"val.nl.L33.c.a2","source":"Zij ankerden op de rede van Southampton.","translation":"They anchored in the roadstead of Southampton.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"ankerden","gloss":"anchored"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"rede","gloss":"discourse"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"Southampton.","gloss":"Southampton"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.c.a2.m4a"},{"number":575,"id":"val.nl.L33.c.a3","source":"Zij voeren Kaap St. Vincent om en kwamen aan in Marseille.","translation":"They sailed round Cape St. Vincent and arrived in Marseille.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"voeren","gloss":"to navigate"},{"text":"Kaap","gloss":"Kaap"},{"text":"St.","gloss":"St."},{"text":"Vincent","gloss":"Vincent"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"kwamen","gloss":"to come"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"Marseille.","gloss":"Marseille"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.c.a3.m4a"},{"number":576,"id":"val.nl.L33.c.a4","source":"Zij kwamen op de 24e oktober bij Port Said aan.","translation":"They arrived at Port Said on the 24th of October.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"kwamen","gloss":"to come"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"24e","gloss":"24th"},{"text":"oktober","gloss":"oktober"},{"text":"bij","gloss":"with"},{"text":"Port","gloss":"Port"},{"text":"Said","gloss":"Said"},{"text":"aan.","gloss":"on, at, to"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.c.a4.m4a"},{"number":577,"id":"val.nl.L33.c.q5","source":"Waarom is het Suezkanaal van groot belang voor de Europese handelsvolken?","translation":"Why is the Suez Canal of great importance to the European trading nations?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Waarom","gloss":"why"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"Suezkanaal","gloss":"Suezkanaal"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"groot","gloss":"great"},{"text":"belang","gloss":"interest"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Europese","gloss":"European"},{"text":"handelsvolken?","gloss":"trading nations"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.c.q5.m4a"},{"number":578,"id":"val.nl.L33.c.q6","source":"Waarom voldoet het kanaal niet meer aan de behoeften van de scheepvaart?","translation":"Why does the canal no longer meet the needs of shipping?","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Waarom","gloss":"why"},{"text":"voldoet","gloss":"to satisfy"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"kanaal","gloss":"canal"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"meer","gloss":"more"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"behoeften","gloss":"needs"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"scheepvaart?","gloss":"shipping"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.c.q6.m4a"},{"number":579,"id":"val.nl.L33.c.a5","source":"Het kanaal verkort de weg van Europa naar Indië om Kaap de Goede Hoop met de helft.","translation":"The canal shortens the route from Europe to the Indies around the Cape of Good Hope by half.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"kanaal","gloss":"canal"},{"text":"verkort","gloss":"shortens"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"weg","gloss":"away; road"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"Europa","gloss":"Europa"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"Indië","gloss":"Indië"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"Kaap","gloss":"Kaap"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Goede","gloss":"Goede"},{"text":"Hoop","gloss":"Hoop"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"helft.","gloss":"half"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.c.a5.m4a"},{"number":580,"id":"val.nl.L33.c.a6","source":"Omdat de scheepvaart en de wereldhandel een steeds grotere omvang krijgen.","translation":"Because shipping and world trade are steadily expanding.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Omdat","gloss":"because"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"scheepvaart","gloss":"shipping"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"wereldhandel","gloss":"world trade"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"steeds","gloss":"always"},{"text":"grotere","gloss":"great"},{"text":"omvang","gloss":"breadth"},{"text":"krijgen.","gloss":"to get; honger krijgen: to become hungry"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.c.a6.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 33: exercise 79","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":581,"id":"val.nl.L33.e79.i1","source":"Niets is zo slecht of het is ergens goed voor.","translation":"Nothing is so bad as not to be good for anything.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Niets","gloss":"nothing"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"zo","gloss":"so, as"},{"text":"slecht","gloss":"bad"},{"text":"of","gloss":"or; whether"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"ergens","gloss":"somewhere"},{"text":"goed","gloss":"good, well"},{"text":"voor.","gloss":"for"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.e79.i1.m4a"},{"number":582,"id":"val.nl.L33.e79.i2","source":"Richard Cromwell, van wie heel Europa geloofde dat hij voorgoed de regeringszetel had ingenomen, verdween ineens van het toneel.","translation":"Richard Cromwell, whom all Europe believed to be firmly established on the chair of state, disappeared at once from the scene.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Richard","gloss":"Richard"},{"text":"Cromwell,","gloss":"Cromwell"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"wie","gloss":"who"},{"text":"heel","gloss":"whole"},{"text":"Europa","gloss":"Europa"},{"text":"geloofde","gloss":"to believe"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"voorgoed","gloss":"for good"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"regeringszetel","gloss":"seat of government"},{"text":"had","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"ingenomen,","gloss":"to take in"},{"text":"verdween","gloss":"to disappear"},{"text":"ineens","gloss":"suddenly"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"toneel.","gloss":"stage"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.e79.i2.m4a"},{"number":583,"id":"val.nl.L33.e79.i3","source":"De omstandigheden waren niet zo wanhopig om dit hevige middel te rechtvaardigen.","translation":"The circumstances were not so desperate as to justify this violent remedy.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"omstandigheden","gloss":"circumstances"},{"text":"waren","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"zo","gloss":"so, as"},{"text":"wanhopig","gloss":"desperate"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"dit","gloss":"this"},{"text":"hevige","gloss":"violent"},{"text":"middel","gloss":"means"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"rechtvaardigen.","gloss":"justify"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.e79.i3.m4a"},{"number":584,"id":"val.nl.L33.e79.i4","source":"Het is niet te verwachten, dat is waar, dat iemand iets weet zonder het geleerd te hebben, maar aan de andere kant moet men toch een soort natuurlijke aanleg hebben voor elk vak van studie, wil men daarin enige noemenswaardige vordering maken.","translation":"It is not to be expected, it is true, that anybody knows something without having learned it, but on the other hand one must have a sort of natural turn for every branch of study, if one wants to make some progress worth mentioning.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"verwachten,","gloss":"be expected"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"waar,","gloss":"where; true"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"iemand","gloss":"someone"},{"text":"iets","gloss":"something"},{"text":"weet","gloss":"to know"},{"text":"zonder","gloss":"without"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"geleerd","gloss":"learned"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"hebben,","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"andere","gloss":"other"},{"text":"kant","gloss":"hand"},{"text":"moet","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"men","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":"toch","gloss":"indeed, after all (here: 'I did warn you, after all')"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"soort","gloss":"kind"},{"text":"natuurlijke","gloss":"of course"},{"text":"aanleg","gloss":"disposition, talent"},{"text":"hebben","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"elk","gloss":"each"},{"text":"vak","gloss":"trade"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"studie,","gloss":"study"},{"text":"wil","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"men","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":"daarin","gloss":"in it"},{"text":"enige","gloss":"only (het enige: the only thing)"},{"text":"noemenswaardige","gloss":"worth mentioning"},{"text":"vordering","gloss":"progress"},{"text":"maken.","gloss":"to make (weak)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.e79.i4.m4a"},{"number":585,"id":"val.nl.L33.e79.i5","source":"Onwaardige vleiers, van wie Karel de Tweede wist dat zij niet de minste genegenheid voor hem koesterden en zijn vertrouwen niet verdienden, konden hem door pluimstrijkerij gemakkelijk overhalen hun titels, posten, landgoederen te schenken, staatsgeheimen mee te delen en kwijtschelding van straf te verlenen.","translation":"Worthless flatterers, whom Charles the Second knew to be destitute of any affection for him, and to be undeserving of his confidence, could easily wheedle him out of titles, posts, estates, secrets of state and remissions of guilt.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Onwaardige","gloss":"unworthy"},{"text":"vleiers,","gloss":"flatterers"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"wie","gloss":"who"},{"text":"Karel","gloss":"Karel"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Tweede","gloss":"Tweede"},{"text":"wist","gloss":"to know"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"zij","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"minste","gloss":"least"},{"text":"genegenheid","gloss":"affection"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"koesterden","gloss":"cherished"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"vertrouwen","gloss":"confidence"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"verdienden,","gloss":"deserved"},{"text":"konden","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"pluimstrijkerij","gloss":"flattery"},{"text":"gemakkelijk","gloss":"easy, easily"},{"text":"overhalen","gloss":"bring around"},{"text":"hun","gloss":"them; their"},{"text":"titels,","gloss":"titles"},{"text":"posten,","gloss":"posts"},{"text":"landgoederen","gloss":"estates"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"schenken,","gloss":"to grant"},{"text":"staatsgeheimen","gloss":"state secrets"},{"text":"mee","gloss":"along, with"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"delen","gloss":"to communicate, to pass on"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"kwijtschelding","gloss":"remission"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"straf","gloss":"punishment"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"verlenen.","gloss":"gave"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.e79.i5.m4a"},{"number":586,"id":"val.nl.L33.e79.i6","source":"Wie met de duivel wil eten, moet een lange lepel hebben.","translation":"He must needs have a long spoon, who would eat with the devil.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wie","gloss":"who"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"duivel","gloss":"devils"},{"text":"wil","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"eten,","gloss":"to eat"},{"text":"moet","gloss":"to have to, must"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"lange","gloss":"long"},{"text":"lepel","gloss":"spoon"},{"text":"hebben.","gloss":"to have, to have had"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.e79.i6.m4a"},{"number":587,"id":"val.nl.L33.e79.i7","source":"Ik geloof dat hij er beter aan had gedaan de zaak op te geven.","translation":"I believe he would have done better by giving up the affair.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"geloof","gloss":"to believe"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"beter","gloss":"better"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"had","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"gedaan","gloss":"to do"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"zaak","gloss":"matter"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"geven.","gloss":"to give"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.e79.i7.m4a"},{"number":588,"id":"val.nl.L33.e79.i8","source":"Zijn besluit stond te vast om door een lichte tegenstand geschokt te worden.","translation":"His resolution was too firm to be shaken by a slight opposition.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"besluit","gloss":"decree"},{"text":"stond","gloss":"to stand"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"vast","gloss":"solid, firm"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"lichte","gloss":"light"},{"text":"tegenstand","gloss":"resistance"},{"text":"geschokt","gloss":"shaken"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"worden.","gloss":"to become, to get"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.e79.i8.m4a"},{"number":589,"id":"val.nl.L33.e79.i9","source":"Na talrijke proeven lukte het de markies van Worcester een ruwe stoommachine te maken, die hij vuur-waterwerk noemde en waarvan hij verzekerde dat het een bewonderenswaardig en zeer krachtig voortstuwingswerktuig was.","translation":"After many experiments the marquess of Worcester succeeded in constructing a rude steam-engine, which he called a fire waterwork and which he pronounced to be an admirable and most forcible instrument of propulsion.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Na","gloss":"after"},{"text":"talrijke","gloss":"numerous"},{"text":"proeven","gloss":"probation"},{"text":"lukte","gloss":"succeeded"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"markies","gloss":"marquis"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"Worcester","gloss":"Worcester"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"ruwe","gloss":"crude"},{"text":"stoommachine","gloss":"steam-engine"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"maken,","gloss":"to make (weak)"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"vuur-waterwerk","gloss":"fire waterwork"},{"text":"noemde","gloss":"to call, to name"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"waarvan","gloss":"of which"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"verzekerde","gloss":"to assure"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"bewonderenswaardig","gloss":"admirable"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"zeer","gloss":"very"},{"text":"krachtig","gloss":"vigorous"},{"text":"voortstuwingswerktuig","gloss":"propulsion device"},{"text":"was.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.e79.i9.m4a"},{"number":590,"id":"val.nl.L33.e79.i10","source":"Maar men hield de markies voor een waanzinnige, en daarom werd zijn uitvinding niet gunstig ontvangen.","translation":"But the marquess was taken for a lunatic, and therefore his invention did not meet with a favourable reception.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"men","gloss":"one, people"},{"text":"hield","gloss":"to keep"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"markies","gloss":"marquis"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"waanzinnige,","gloss":"insane"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"daarom","gloss":"therefore"},{"text":"werd","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"uitvinding","gloss":"invention"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"gunstig","gloss":"favorably"},{"text":"ontvangen.","gloss":"received"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.e79.i10.m4a"},{"number":591,"id":"val.nl.L33.e79.i11","source":"De kruistochten openden een uitgebreider verkeer tussen het Oosten en het Westen doordat ze grote mensenmassa's van elke hoek van Europa naar Azië leidden.","translation":"The crusades opened a more extensive intercourse between the East and the West, by their leading great masses of men from every corner of Europe into Asia.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"kruistochten","gloss":"crusades"},{"text":"openden","gloss":"opened"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"uitgebreider","gloss":"more extensive"},{"text":"verkeer","gloss":"dealings"},{"text":"tussen","gloss":"between"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"Oosten","gloss":"Oosten"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"Westen","gloss":"Westen"},{"text":"doordat","gloss":"because"},{"text":"ze","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"grote","gloss":"big, great"},{"text":"mensenmassa's","gloss":"masses of people"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"elke","gloss":"each, every"},{"text":"hoek","gloss":"corner"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"Europa","gloss":"Europa"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"Azië","gloss":"Azië"},{"text":"leidden.","gloss":"led"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.e79.i11.m4a"},{"number":592,"id":"val.nl.L33.e79.i12","source":"Niet de wens van de Romeinen om hun handel uit te breiden was de eerste aanzet om hun macht ter zee te vestigen, maar de noodzaak om zich tegen hun meest gevreesde rivalen, de Carthagers, te verdedigen.","translation":"It was not the desire of the Romans of enlarging their trade, but the necessity of opposing their most formidable rivals, the Carthaginians, which first prompted them to aim at maritime power.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"wens","gloss":"wish"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Romeinen","gloss":"Romeinen"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"hun","gloss":"them; their"},{"text":"handel","gloss":"trade"},{"text":"uit","gloss":"out of, from"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"breiden","gloss":"spread"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"eerste","gloss":"the former (the first-mentioned)"},{"text":"aanzet","gloss":"impetus"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"hun","gloss":"them; their"},{"text":"macht","gloss":"power"},{"text":"ter","gloss":"at sea"},{"text":"zee","gloss":"at sea"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"vestigen,","gloss":"fix"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"noodzaak","gloss":"need"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"tegen","gloss":"against; to"},{"text":"hun","gloss":"them; their"},{"text":"meest","gloss":"most"},{"text":"gevreesde","gloss":"feared"},{"text":"rivalen,","gloss":"rivals"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Carthagers,","gloss":"Carthaginians"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"verdedigen.","gloss":"defend"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.e79.i12.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 33: exercise 80","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":593,"id":"val.nl.L33.e80.i1","source":"Verscheidene maanden gingen voorbij, zonder dat wij zelfs maar gelegenheid hadden hem op straat te zien.","translation":"Several months passed, without our having even an opportunity of seeing him in the street.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Verscheidene","gloss":"several"},{"text":"maanden","gloss":"months"},{"text":"gingen","gloss":"to go"},{"text":"voorbij,","gloss":"past"},{"text":"zonder","gloss":"without"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"wij","gloss":"we"},{"text":"zelfs","gloss":"even"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"gelegenheid","gloss":"occasion, opportunity"},{"text":"hadden","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"straat","gloss":"street"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"zien.","gloss":"to see"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.e80.i1.m4a"},{"number":594,"id":"val.nl.L33.e80.i2","source":"Hoewel de eigenschap van de magneet om het ijzer aan te trekken aan de ouden bekend was, was toch zijn veel belangwekkender en verrassender vermogen om zich naar de polen te richten geheel aan hun waarneming ontsnapt.","translation":"Though that quality of the magnet by which it draws iron, was known to the ancients, its more interesting and surprising virtue of directing to the poles had entirely escaped their observation.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hoewel","gloss":"although"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"eigenschap","gloss":"quality"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"magneet","gloss":"magnet"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"ijzer","gloss":"iron"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"trekken","gloss":"to travel, to pull (strong)"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"ouden","gloss":"old"},{"text":"bekend","gloss":"known"},{"text":"was,","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"toch","gloss":"indeed, after all (here: 'I did warn you, after all')"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"veel","gloss":"much"},{"text":"belangwekkender","gloss":"more interesting"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"verrassender","gloss":"more surprising"},{"text":"vermogen","gloss":"fortune"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"polen","gloss":"Polen's"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"richten","gloss":"address"},{"text":"geheel","gloss":"whole"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"hun","gloss":"them; their"},{"text":"waarneming","gloss":"perception"},{"text":"ontsnapt.","gloss":"escapes"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.e80.i2.m4a"},{"number":595,"id":"val.nl.L33.e80.i3","source":"Jozef de Tweede van Oostenrijk had het ernstige voornemen om een tal van misbruiken met wortel en tak uit te roeien, maar hij werd door zijn onderdanen niet begrepen.","translation":"Joseph the Second of Austria was earnestly intent on exterminating root and branch a number of abuses, but he was not understood by his subjects.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Jozef","gloss":"Jozef"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Tweede","gloss":"Tweede"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"Oostenrijk","gloss":"Oostenrijk"},{"text":"had","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"ernstige","gloss":"serious"},{"text":"voornemen","gloss":"intention"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"tal","gloss":"number"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"misbruiken","gloss":"abuses"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"wortel","gloss":"root"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"tak","gloss":"branch, branches"},{"text":"uit","gloss":"out of, from"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"roeien,","gloss":"to root out"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"werd","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"onderdanen","gloss":"subjects"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"begrepen.","gloss":"to understand"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.e80.i3.m4a"},{"number":596,"id":"val.nl.L33.e80.i4","source":"De vijand werd verhinderd de hoogten te bezetten.","translation":"The enemy was prevented from occupying the heights.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vijand","gloss":"enemy"},{"text":"werd","gloss":"to become, to get"},{"text":"verhinderd","gloss":"prevented"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"hoogten","gloss":"heights"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"bezetten.","gloss":"occupy"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.e80.i4.m4a"},{"number":597,"id":"val.nl.L33.e80.i5","source":"Julius Caesar voerde oorlog tegen Gallië en het gelukte hem het hele land te veroveren.","translation":"Julius Caesar made war on Gaul, and he succeeded in conquering the whole country.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Julius","gloss":"Julius"},{"text":"Caesar","gloss":"Caesar"},{"text":"voerde","gloss":"to navigate"},{"text":"oorlog","gloss":"war"},{"text":"tegen","gloss":"against; to"},{"text":"Gallië","gloss":"Gallië"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"gelukte","gloss":"succeeded"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"hele","gloss":"whole"},{"text":"land","gloss":"land"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"veroveren.","gloss":"to conquer"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.e80.i5.m4a"},{"number":598,"id":"val.nl.L33.e80.i6","source":"Na voor de verdediging van zijn rijk gezorgd te hebben, koos koning Alfred zich tot enig levensdoel het met wijsheid te besturen.","translation":"The defence of his empire having been provided for, king Alfred devoted himself to govern it wisely.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Na","gloss":"after"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"verdediging","gloss":"defense"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"rijk","gloss":"rich, richer"},{"text":"gezorgd","gloss":"see to it"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"hebben,","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"koos","gloss":"to choose"},{"text":"koning","gloss":"king, kings"},{"text":"Alfred","gloss":"Alfred"},{"text":"zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"tot","gloss":"until, to"},{"text":"enig","gloss":"some"},{"text":"levensdoel","gloss":"life's goal"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"wijsheid","gloss":"wisdom"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"besturen.","gloss":"govern"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.e80.i6.m4a"},{"number":599,"id":"val.nl.L33.e80.i7","source":"Daar dit punt enige tijd geleden grondig besproken is, is er geen reden om het nogmaals tot onderwerp van bespreking te maken.","translation":"This point being thoroughly discussed some time ago, there is no occasion for making it once more a subject for debate.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Daar","gloss":"as, since, because"},{"text":"dit","gloss":"this"},{"text":"punt","gloss":"point"},{"text":"enige","gloss":"only (het enige: the only thing)"},{"text":"tijd","gloss":"time"},{"text":"geleden","gloss":"suffered"},{"text":"grondig","gloss":"thorough"},{"text":"besproken","gloss":"discussed"},{"text":"is,","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"geen","gloss":"no, not a"},{"text":"reden","gloss":"reason"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"nogmaals","gloss":"once again"},{"text":"tot","gloss":"until, to"},{"text":"onderwerp","gloss":"subject"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"bespreking","gloss":"discussion"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"maken.","gloss":"to make (weak)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.e80.i7.m4a"},{"number":600,"id":"val.nl.L33.e80.i8","source":"Willem van Normandië verklaarde dat hij de kroon kwam opeisen als zijn recht, omdat Eduard de Belijder hem die had nagelaten.","translation":"William of Normandy declared, that he came to demand the crown as his right, on account of its being bequeathed to him by Edward the Confessor.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Willem","gloss":"William"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"Normandië","gloss":"Normandië"},{"text":"verklaarde","gloss":"to explain"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"kroon","gloss":"crown"},{"text":"kwam","gloss":"to come"},{"text":"opeisen","gloss":"to demand, to claim"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"recht,","gloss":"justice"},{"text":"omdat","gloss":"because"},{"text":"Eduard","gloss":"Eduard"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Belijder","gloss":"Belijder"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"had","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"nagelaten.","gloss":"left"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.e80.i8.m4a"},{"number":601,"id":"val.nl.L33.e80.i9","source":"Eigenlijk gezegd hadden we deze oppositie niet van die zijde verwacht.","translation":"Properly speaking, we had not expected this opposition from that side.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Eigenlijk","gloss":"actually, really"},{"text":"gezegd","gloss":"to say"},{"text":"hadden","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"we","gloss":"we"},{"text":"deze","gloss":"the latter (the most recently mentioned)"},{"text":"oppositie","gloss":"opposition"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"zijde","gloss":"side"},{"text":"verwacht.","gloss":"expect"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.e80.i9.m4a"},{"number":602,"id":"val.nl.L33.e80.i10","source":"Ik herinner me dit lied vaak gehoord te hebben in mijn jeugd, maar ik herinner me alleen de eerste twee regels.","translation":"I remember having often heard this song in my youth, but remember the first two lines only.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"herinner","gloss":"to remember"},{"text":"me","gloss":"me"},{"text":"dit","gloss":"this"},{"text":"lied","gloss":"song"},{"text":"vaak","gloss":"often"},{"text":"gehoord","gloss":"to hear"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"hebben","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"jeugd,","gloss":"youth"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"herinner","gloss":"to 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just"},{"text":"schandelijk","gloss":"shameful"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"zaak","gloss":"matter"},{"text":"zelf.","gloss":"self"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.e80.i11.m4a"},{"number":604,"id":"val.nl.L33.e80.i12","source":"Nadat Sir Humphrey als apothekersleerling was begonnen, was hij op tweeënveertigjarige leeftijd president van de Royal Society en de grootste van de Engelse scheikundigen.","translation":"Sir Humphrey, after having begun his life as a chemist's apprentice, was at an age of forty-two President of the Royal Society and the greatest of English chemists.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Nadat","gloss":"after"},{"text":"Sir","gloss":"Sir"},{"text":"Humphrey","gloss":"Humphrey"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"apothekersleerling","gloss":"apothecary's apprentice"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"begonnen,","gloss":"to begin"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"tweeënveertigjarige","gloss":"forty-two-year-old"},{"text":"leeftijd","gloss":"age"},{"text":"president","gloss":"president"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Royal","gloss":"Royal"},{"text":"Society","gloss":"Society"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"grootste","gloss":"greatest"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"Engelse","gloss":"English"},{"text":"scheikundigen.","gloss":"chemists"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.e80.i12.m4a"},{"number":605,"id":"val.nl.L33.e80.i13","source":"Wat ik ook zei, de kunstenaar bleef doorschilderen zonder mij met een enkel woord te verwaardigen.","translation":"Whatever I said, the artist kept on painting without condescending to favour me with a single look.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Wat","gloss":"what"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"ook","gloss":"also, likewise"},{"text":"zei,","gloss":"to say"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"kunstenaar","gloss":"artist"},{"text":"bleef","gloss":"to remain, stay"},{"text":"doorschilderen","gloss":"keep painting"},{"text":"zonder","gloss":"without"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"enkel","gloss":"single"},{"text":"woord","gloss":"word"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"verwaardigen.","gloss":"condescend"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.e80.i13.m4a"},{"number":606,"id":"val.nl.L33.e80.i14","source":"Toen ik het boek door iedereen hoorde prijzen, kon ik me niet weerhouden het bij mijn boekverkoper te bestellen.","translation":"On hearing the book praised by every one, I could not forbear ordering it from my bookseller.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Toen","gloss":"as, when"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"boek","gloss":"book"},{"text":"door","gloss":"through"},{"text":"iedereen","gloss":"everyone"},{"text":"hoorde","gloss":"to hear"},{"text":"prijzen,","gloss":"price"},{"text":"kon","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"me","gloss":"me"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"weerhouden","gloss":"be held back"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"bij","gloss":"with"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"boekverkoper","gloss":"bookseller"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"bestellen.","gloss":"order"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.e80.i14.m4a"},{"number":607,"id":"val.nl.L33.e80.i15","source":"De leefwijze van de oude Germanen was zeer eenvoudig; hun voedsel bestond uit geroosterd koren, wilde vruchten, bessen en wortels, en het vlees van tamme of wilde dieren.","translation":"The manner of living of the old Germans was very plain, their food consisting in roasted corn, wild fruit, berries and roots, and the meat of tame or wild animals.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"leefwijze","gloss":"way of life"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"oude","gloss":"old"},{"text":"Germanen","gloss":"Germanen"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"zeer","gloss":"very"},{"text":"eenvoudig;","gloss":"simple"},{"text":"hun","gloss":"them; their"},{"text":"voedsel","gloss":"food"},{"text":"bestond","gloss":"existed"},{"text":"uit","gloss":"out of, from"},{"text":"geroosterd","gloss":"roasted"},{"text":"koren,","gloss":"corn"},{"text":"wilde","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"vruchten,","gloss":"fruits"},{"text":"bessen","gloss":"berries"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"wortels,","gloss":"root"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"vlees","gloss":"meat"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"tamme","gloss":"tame"},{"text":"of","gloss":"or; whether"},{"text":"wilde","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"dieren.","gloss":"creatures"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.e80.i15.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 33: exercise 81","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":608,"id":"val.nl.L33.e81.i1","source":"Jan begeeft zich naar de vijver om met zijn nieuwe boot te zeilen.","translation":"John has come down to the pond to sail his new boat.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Jan","gloss":"John (formerly the general name for a manservant or a waiter; a servant is now called by their own name, and a waiter is called ober)"},{"text":"begeeft","gloss":"goes"},{"text":"zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vijver","gloss":"pond"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"nieuwe","gloss":"new"},{"text":"boot","gloss":"boat"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"zeilen.","gloss":"sailed"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.e81.i1.m4a"},{"number":609,"id":"val.nl.L33.e81.i2","source":"Hij noemt haar “Blue Bell”, oftewel Blauwe Klok, omdat ze blauw geverfd is en een kleine blauwe vlag heeft.","translation":"He calls it the \"Blue Bell\", because it is painted blue, and has a little blue flag.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"noemt","gloss":"calls"},{"text":"haar","gloss":"her"},{"text":"“Blue","gloss":"Blue"},{"text":"Bell”,","gloss":"Bell"},{"text":"oftewel","gloss":"or"},{"text":"Blauwe","gloss":"blue"},{"text":"Klok,","gloss":"Bell"},{"text":"omdat","gloss":"because"},{"text":"ze","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"blauw","gloss":"blue"},{"text":"geverfd","gloss":"painted"},{"text":"is","gloss":"is"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"kleine","gloss":"small"},{"text":"blauwe","gloss":"blue"},{"text":"vlag","gloss":"flag"},{"text":"heeft.","gloss":"has"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.e81.i2.m4a"},{"number":610,"id":"val.nl.L33.e81.i3","source":"Kijk! De wind vult de zeilen al.","translation":"Look! the wind is filling its sails.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Kijk!","gloss":"to look"},{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"wind","gloss":"wind"},{"text":"vult","gloss":"fills the time"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"zeilen","gloss":"sailed"},{"text":"al.","gloss":"already"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.e81.i3.m4a"},{"number":611,"id":"val.nl.L33.e81.i4","source":"Ze zal spoedig aan de overkant van de vijver zijn.","translation":"It will soon cross to the other side of the pond.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ze","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"spoedig","gloss":"soon"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"overkant","gloss":"other side"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vijver","gloss":"pond"},{"text":"zijn.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.e81.i4.m4a"},{"number":612,"id":"val.nl.L33.e81.i5","source":"Dan zal Jan haar opzij wenden om haar vervolgens weer achteruit te laten gaan, zodat ze van de ene naar de andere kant zeilt.","translation":"Then John will run round and start it again, so that it will keep sailing from side to side.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"zal","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"Jan","gloss":"Jan"},{"text":"haar","gloss":"her"},{"text":"opzij","gloss":"sideways"},{"text":"wenden","gloss":"turn"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"haar","gloss":"her"},{"text":"vervolgens","gloss":"next"},{"text":"weer","gloss":"again"},{"text":"achteruit","gloss":"backward"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"laten","gloss":"to let"},{"text":"gaan,","gloss":"to go"},{"text":"zodat","gloss":"so that"},{"text":"ze","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"ene","gloss":"a"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"andere","gloss":"other"},{"text":"kant","gloss":"hand"},{"text":"zeilt.","gloss":"sails"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.e81.i5.m4a"},{"number":613,"id":"val.nl.L33.e81.i6","source":"Dit is een prettig spelletje voor een jongen, als hij maar oppast niet in het water te vallen en nat te worden.","translation":"This is nice fun for a boy when he is careful not to slip into the water and get wet.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dit","gloss":"this"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"prettig","gloss":"merry, pleasant"},{"text":"spelletje","gloss":"game"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"jongen,","gloss":"boy"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"oppast","gloss":"behaves"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"water","gloss":"water"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"vallen","gloss":"to fall"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"nat","gloss":"wet"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"worden.","gloss":"to become, to get"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.e81.i6.m4a"},{"number":614,"id":"val.nl.L33.e81.i7","source":"Eens had Jan een ongeluk bij die vijver.","translation":"Once John came to grief in this pond.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Eens","gloss":"once, one day"},{"text":"had","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"Jan","gloss":"Jan"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"ongeluk","gloss":"misfortune"},{"text":"bij","gloss":"with"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"vijver.","gloss":"pond"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.e81.i7.m4a"},{"number":615,"id":"val.nl.L33.e81.i8","source":"Laat me vertellen hoe dit gebeurde, opdat zijn vergissing je tot lering strekt.","translation":"Let me tell you how it was, that you may learn a lesson from his mistake.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Laat","gloss":"to let"},{"text":"me","gloss":"me"},{"text":"vertellen","gloss":"tell"},{"text":"hoe","gloss":"how"},{"text":"dit","gloss":"this"},{"text":"gebeurde,","gloss":"happened"},{"text":"opdat","gloss":"in order that"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"vergissing","gloss":"mistake"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"tot","gloss":"until, to"},{"text":"lering","gloss":"lesson"},{"text":"strekt.","gloss":"becomes"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.e81.i8.m4a"},{"number":616,"id":"val.nl.L33.e81.i9","source":"Op een vakantiemiddag kwam zijn neef Fred hem een bezoek brengen.","translation":"One holiday afternoon his cousin Fred came to pay him a visit.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Op","gloss":"on, upon"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"vakantiemiddag","gloss":"holiday afternoon"},{"text":"kwam","gloss":"to come"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"neef","gloss":"nephew"},{"text":"Fred","gloss":"Fred"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"bezoek","gloss":"visit"},{"text":"brengen.","gloss":"bring"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.e81.i9.m4a"},{"number":617,"id":"val.nl.L33.e81.i10","source":"Dicht bij de vijver gingen ze spelen.","translation":"They went to play near this pond.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Dicht","gloss":"close"},{"text":"bij","gloss":"with"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vijver","gloss":"vijver"},{"text":"gingen","gloss":"to go"},{"text":"ze","gloss":"she; they"},{"text":"spelen.","gloss":"to play"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.e81.i10.m4a"},{"number":618,"id":"val.nl.L33.e81.i11","source":"Jan zag een mooie witte lelie zo vlak aan de kant van de vijver dat hij er geen ogenblik aan twijfelde of hij kon haar plukken.","translation":"John saw a pretty white lily so close to the edge of the pond that he felt sure he could get it.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Jan","gloss":"John (formerly the general name for a manservant or a waiter; a servant is now called by their own name, and a waiter is called ober)"},{"text":"zag","gloss":"to see"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"mooie","gloss":"beautiful"},{"text":"witte","gloss":"white"},{"text":"lelie","gloss":"lily"},{"text":"zo","gloss":"so, as"},{"text":"vlak","gloss":"just (in front of it)"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"kant","gloss":"hand"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vijver","gloss":"pond"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"geen","gloss":"no, not a"},{"text":"ogenblik","gloss":"moment"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"twijfelde","gloss":"doubt"},{"text":"of","gloss":"or; whether"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"kon","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"haar","gloss":"her"},{"text":"plukken.","gloss":"pluck"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.e81.i11.m4a"},{"number":619,"id":"val.nl.L33.e81.i12","source":"“Beproef het niet”, zei zijn neef Fred. “De vijver is zeer diep en je kunt erin vallen.”","translation":"\"You must not try\", said his cousin Fred. \"The pond is very deep, and you may fall into it.\"","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"“Beproef","gloss":"Try"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"niet”,","gloss":"not"},{"text":"zei","gloss":"said"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"neef","gloss":"nephew"},{"text":"Fred.","gloss":"Fred"},{"text":"“De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vijver","gloss":"pond"},{"text":"is","gloss":"is"},{"text":"zeer","gloss":"very"},{"text":"diep","gloss":"deep"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"je","gloss":"you; your"},{"text":"kunt","gloss":"can"},{"text":"erin","gloss":"in it"},{"text":"vallen.”","gloss":"fall"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.e81.i12.m4a"},{"number":620,"id":"val.nl.L33.e81.i13","source":"Maar Jan wilde niet naar goede raad luisteren.","translation":"But John would have his own way.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"Jan","gloss":"Jan"},{"text":"wilde","gloss":"to want, to wish"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"goede","gloss":"the good, what is good"},{"text":"raad","gloss":"counsel"},{"text":"luisteren.","gloss":"listen"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.e81.i13.m4a"},{"number":621,"id":"val.nl.L33.e81.i14","source":"Zich vasthoudend aan een tak, strekte hij zijn hand uit om de bloem te grijpen.","translation":"Taking hold of a branch, he stretched out his hand to get the flower.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"vasthoudend","gloss":"held"},{"text":"aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"tak,","gloss":"branch, branches"},{"text":"strekte","gloss":"stretched"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"hand","gloss":"a hand, hands"},{"text":"uit","gloss":"out of, from"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"bloem","gloss":"flower"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"grijpen.","gloss":"to catch"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.e81.i14.m4a"},{"number":622,"id":"val.nl.L33.e81.i15","source":"De tak brak, en Jan ging kopje onder.","translation":"The branch broke, and John got a ducking.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"tak","gloss":"branch, branches"},{"text":"brak,","gloss":"to break"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"Jan","gloss":"Jan"},{"text":"ging","gloss":"to go"},{"text":"kopje","gloss":"cup"},{"text":"onder.","gloss":"under; among"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.e81.i15.m4a"},{"number":623,"id":"val.nl.L33.e81.i16","source":"Maar het kwam hem ten goede, want het leerde hem voorzichtiger te zijn.","translation":"But it did him good, for it taught him to be more careful.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"kwam","gloss":"came"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"ten","gloss":"in"},{"text":"goede,","gloss":"the good, what is good"},{"text":"want","gloss":"for, because"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"leerde","gloss":"was learning"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"voorzichtiger","gloss":"cautious"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"zijn.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.e81.i16.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 33: exercise 82","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":624,"id":"val.nl.L33.e82.i1","source":"Hendrik VIII besloot, nadat hij in onmin was geraakt met Frans I, koning van Frankrijk, hem een ambassadeur te sturen met een hoogmoedige en dreigende boodschap.","translation":"Henry VIII., having quarrelled with Francis I., King of France, resolved to send an ambassador to him with a very haughty and threatening message.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hendrik","gloss":"Hendrik"},{"text":"VIII","gloss":"VIII"},{"text":"besloot,","gloss":"resolved"},{"text":"nadat","gloss":"after"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"onmin","gloss":"bad terms"},{"text":"was","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"geraakt","gloss":"to get into, to begin to"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"Frans","gloss":"Frans"},{"text":"I,","gloss":"I"},{"text":"koning","gloss":"king, kings"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"Frankrijk,","gloss":"Frankrijk"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"ambassadeur","gloss":"ambassador"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"sturen","gloss":"send"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"hoogmoedige","gloss":"haughty"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"dreigende","gloss":"threatened"},{"text":"boodschap.","gloss":"message"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.e82.i1.m4a"},{"number":625,"id":"val.nl.L33.e82.i2","source":"Daarvoor koos hij bisschop Bonner, in wie hij een groot vertrouwen stelde.","translation":"For that purpose he made choice of Bishop Bonner, in whom he placed great confidence.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Daarvoor","gloss":"for it"},{"text":"koos","gloss":"to choose"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"bisschop","gloss":"bishop"},{"text":"Bonner,","gloss":"Bonner"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"wie","gloss":"who"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"groot","gloss":"great"},{"text":"vertrouwen","gloss":"confidence"},{"text":"stelde.","gloss":"placed"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.e82.i2.m4a"},{"number":626,"id":"val.nl.L33.e82.i3","source":"De bisschop wees hem erop dat zijn leven groot gevaar zou lopen als hij zo'n taal sprak tegen een zo hooggevoelige koning als Frans I.","translation":"The Bishop told him that his life would be in great danger, if he used such language to so high-spirited a King as Francis I.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"De","gloss":"the"},{"text":"bisschop","gloss":"bishop"},{"text":"wees","gloss":"to show"},{"text":"hem","gloss":"him"},{"text":"erop","gloss":"on it"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"zijn","gloss":"his; to be"},{"text":"leven","gloss":"life"},{"text":"groot","gloss":"great"},{"text":"gevaar","gloss":"danger"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"lopen","gloss":"to walk"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"hij","gloss":"he"},{"text":"zo'n","gloss":"such a"},{"text":"taal","gloss":"language"},{"text":"sprak","gloss":"to speak"},{"text":"tegen","gloss":"against; to"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"zo","gloss":"so, as"},{"text":"hooggevoelige","gloss":"high-spirited"},{"text":"koning","gloss":"king, kings"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"Frans","gloss":"Frans"},{"text":"I.","gloss":"I."}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.e82.i3.m4a"},{"number":627,"id":"val.nl.L33.e82.i4","source":"“Vrees niet!” zei Hendrik, “want als de koning van Frankrijk u ter dood liet brengen, zou ik alle Fransen die ik hier in mijn macht heb een kop kleiner maken.”","translation":"\"Never fear!\" said Henry; \"for if the King of France were to put you to death, I would take off the heads of all the Frenchmen who are here in my power.\"","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"“Vrees","gloss":"fear"},{"text":"niet!”","gloss":"not"},{"text":"zei","gloss":"said"},{"text":"Hendrik,","gloss":"Henry"},{"text":"“want","gloss":"for, because"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"koning","gloss":"king, kings"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"Frankrijk","gloss":"France"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"ter","gloss":"for the"},{"text":"dood","gloss":"death"},{"text":"liet","gloss":"let (past)"},{"text":"brengen,","gloss":"bring"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"alle","gloss":"all"},{"text":"Fransen","gloss":"Frenchmen"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"hier","gloss":"here"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"macht","gloss":"power"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"have"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"kop","gloss":"head"},{"text":"kleiner","gloss":"smaller"},{"text":"maken.”","gloss":"to make (weak)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.e82.i4.m4a"},{"number":628,"id":"val.nl.L33.e82.i5","source":"“Dat geloof ik graag”, antwoordde de bisschop, “maar van al die hoofden zou er geen zo goed passen als het mijne.”","translation":"\"I believe so\", answered the Bishop: \"but of all those heads none would fit me so well as my own!\"","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"“Dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"geloof","gloss":"believe"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"graag”,","gloss":"gladly, with pleasure"},{"text":"antwoordde","gloss":"answered"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"bisschop,","gloss":"bishop"},{"text":"“maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"al","gloss":"already"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"hoofden","gloss":"Chiefs"},{"text":"zou","gloss":"should, would"},{"text":"er","gloss":"there"},{"text":"geen","gloss":"no, not a"},{"text":"zo","gloss":"so, as"},{"text":"goed","gloss":"good, well"},{"text":"passen","gloss":"guard"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"mijne.”","gloss":"my"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.e82.i5.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]},{"title":"Lesson 33: exercise 83","teaching":[],"lines":[{"number":629,"id":"val.nl.L33.e83.i1","source":"Gorinchem, 16 januari 1912.","translation":"G., 16th January, 1912.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Gorinchem,","gloss":"Gorinchem"},{"text":"16","gloss":"16th"},{"text":"januari","gloss":"January"},{"text":"1912.","gloss":"1912"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.e83.i1.m4a"},{"number":630,"id":"val.nl.L33.e83.i2","source":"Aan de heer Th. Olifant, Eindhoven.","translation":"Mr. Th. Olifant, Eindhoven.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Aan","gloss":"on, at, to"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"heer","gloss":"gentleman, lord"},{"text":"Th.","gloss":"Th."},{"text":"Olifant,","gloss":"Olifant"},{"text":"Eindhoven.","gloss":"Eindhoven"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.e83.i2.m4a"},{"number":631,"id":"val.nl.L33.e83.i3","source":"Geachte heer,","translation":"Sir,","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Geachte","gloss":"esteemed"},{"text":"heer,","gloss":"gentleman, lord"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.e83.i3.m4a"},{"number":632,"id":"val.nl.L33.e83.i4","source":"Ik herinner me nog met genoegen de vriendelijke ontvangst die ik als reiziger voor de firma Fallstaf & Co. in Rotterdam bij u heb mogen genieten, en ik hoop dan ook dat u het mij niet kwalijk zult nemen dat ik, onder verwijzing naar mijn circulaire van 1 januari, de vrijheid neem u met klem te verzoeken mij uw vertrouwen te schenken.","translation":"The kind reception I met with at your hands when stopping in your town as a traveller of the firm of Fallstaf & Co., a reception I still remember with pleasure, encourages me to hope you will not take amiss my hereby soliciting your custom and support, with reference to my circular of the 1st January.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"herinner","gloss":"to remember"},{"text":"me","gloss":"me"},{"text":"nog","gloss":"still, yet; another"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"genoegen","gloss":"pleasure"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vriendelijke","gloss":"friendly, kind"},{"text":"ontvangst","gloss":"receipt"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"als","gloss":"if"},{"text":"reiziger","gloss":"traveler"},{"text":"voor","gloss":"for"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"firma","gloss":"firm"},{"text":"Fallstaf","gloss":"Fallstaf"},{"text":"&","gloss":""},{"text":"Co.","gloss":"Company"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"Rotterdam","gloss":"Rotterdam"},{"text":"bij","gloss":"with"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"mogen","gloss":"may"},{"text":"genieten,","gloss":"to enjoy"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"hoop","gloss":"hope"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"ook","gloss":"also, likewise"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"niet","gloss":"not"},{"text":"kwalijk","gloss":"amiss (neem mij niet kwalijk: excuse me)"},{"text":"zult","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"nemen","gloss":"to take"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"ik,","gloss":"I"},{"text":"onder","gloss":"under; among"},{"text":"verwijzing","gloss":"reference"},{"text":"naar","gloss":"to, towards"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"circulaire","gloss":"circulars"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"1","gloss":"1st"},{"text":"januari,","gloss":"January"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"vrijheid","gloss":"liberty"},{"text":"neem","gloss":"to take"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"klem","gloss":"emphasis"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"verzoeken","gloss":"to beg"},{"text":"mij","gloss":"me"},{"text":"uw","gloss":"your (polite)"},{"text":"vertrouwen","gloss":"confidence"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"schenken.","gloss":"to grant"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.e83.i4.m4a"},{"number":633,"id":"val.nl.L33.e83.i5","source":"Zoals u uit mijn circulaire hebt gezien, heb ik me nu in het vak waarin ik u het laatst namens de bovengenoemde firma bezocht, zelfstandig gevestigd, en ik richt me tot u met het vriendelijke verzoek om me nu en dan met een bestelling te vereren.","translation":"As you will have learnt from my circular-letter, I have now established myself keeping on the branch in which I then waited on you as a representative of the aforesaid firm.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Zoals","gloss":"as"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"uit","gloss":"out of, from"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"circulaire","gloss":"circulars"},{"text":"hebt","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"gezien,","gloss":"to see"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"me","gloss":"me"},{"text":"nu","gloss":"now, at present"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"vak","gloss":"trade"},{"text":"waarin","gloss":"in which"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"laatst","gloss":"last time"},{"text":"namens","gloss":"on behalf of"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"bovengenoemde","gloss":"aforesaid"},{"text":"firma","gloss":"firm"},{"text":"bezocht,","gloss":"to visit"},{"text":"zelfstandig","gloss":"independently"},{"text":"gevestigd,","gloss":"based"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"richt","gloss":"addressed"},{"text":"me","gloss":"me"},{"text":"tot","gloss":"until, to"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"het","gloss":"it; the"},{"text":"vriendelijke","gloss":"friendly, kind"},{"text":"verzoek","gloss":"request"},{"text":"om","gloss":"around; at (time); in order to"},{"text":"me","gloss":"me"},{"text":"nu","gloss":"now, at present"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"dan","gloss":"then"},{"text":"met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"bestelling","gloss":"order"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"vereren.","gloss":"honored"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.e83.i5.m4a"},{"number":634,"id":"val.nl.L33.e83.i6","source":"Hoewel ik nog maar net begonnen ben, is mijn voorraad toch al ruim gesorteerd, en uit de bijgaande prijscourant zult u zien dat mijn noteringen billijk en mijn voorwaarden aannemelijk zijn.","translation":"Though still a beginner, I am well assorted, and the annexed price-current will convince you that my quotations are low and my terms very fair.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"Hoewel","gloss":"although"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"nog","gloss":"still, yet; another"},{"text":"maar","gloss":"but"},{"text":"net","gloss":"net"},{"text":"begonnen","gloss":"to begin"},{"text":"ben,","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"is","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"voorraad","gloss":"stock"},{"text":"toch","gloss":"indeed, after all (here: 'I did warn you, after all')"},{"text":"al","gloss":"already"},{"text":"ruim","gloss":"over"},{"text":"gesorteerd,","gloss":"sorting"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"uit","gloss":"out of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"bijgaande","gloss":"annexed"},{"text":"prijscourant","gloss":"price list"},{"text":"zult","gloss":"shall, will"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"zien","gloss":"to see"},{"text":"dat","gloss":"that; that (conjunction)"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"noteringen","gloss":"quotations"},{"text":"billijk","gloss":"reasonable"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"mijn","gloss":"my"},{"text":"voorwaarden","gloss":"terms"},{"text":"aannemelijk","gloss":"reasonable"},{"text":"zijn.","gloss":"to be (irregular)"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.e83.i6.m4a"},{"number":635,"id":"val.nl.L33.e83.i7","source":"In koffie heb ik bij een onlangs in Rotterdam gehouden veiling zeer goedkoop ingekocht, en ik ben graag bereid u monsters toe te sturen, zodat u zich van de zuiverheid en prijswaardigheid ervan kunt overtuigen.","translation":"In coffees I have made very advantageous purchases at an auction held at Rotterdam the other day, and I am ready and willing to forward you samples of the coffees, in order that you may convince yourselves of their being pure and worth their price.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"In","gloss":"in"},{"text":"koffie","gloss":"coffee"},{"text":"heb","gloss":"to have, to have had"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"bij","gloss":"with"},{"text":"een","gloss":"a"},{"text":"onlangs","gloss":"lately"},{"text":"in","gloss":"in"},{"text":"Rotterdam","gloss":"Rotterdam"},{"text":"gehouden","gloss":"to keep"},{"text":"veiling","gloss":"auctions"},{"text":"zeer","gloss":"very"},{"text":"goedkoop","gloss":"cheap"},{"text":"ingekocht,","gloss":"purchased"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"ben","gloss":"to be (irregular)"},{"text":"graag","gloss":"gladly, with pleasure"},{"text":"bereid","gloss":"ready"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"monsters","gloss":"monster"},{"text":"toe","gloss":"to"},{"text":"te","gloss":"to"},{"text":"sturen,","gloss":"send"},{"text":"zodat","gloss":"so that"},{"text":"u","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"zich","gloss":"oneself, himself, themselves"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"zuiverheid","gloss":"integrity"},{"text":"en","gloss":"and"},{"text":"prijswaardigheid","gloss":"value for money"},{"text":"ervan","gloss":"of it"},{"text":"kunt","gloss":"to be able (can)"},{"text":"overtuigen.","gloss":"convince"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.e83.i7.m4a"},{"number":636,"id":"val.nl.L33.e83.i8","source":"In afwachting van uw orders, die ik graag tegemoet zie, groet ik u. Met de meeste hoogachting, Konrad Koster.","translation":"Hoping you will favour me very soon with your orders, I remain, with unalterable esteem. Yours truly Konrad Koster.","reading":null,"words":[{"text":"In","gloss":"in"},{"text":"afwachting","gloss":"awaiting"},{"text":"van","gloss":"of, from"},{"text":"uw","gloss":"your (polite)"},{"text":"orders,","gloss":"orders"},{"text":"die","gloss":"who (relative)"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"graag","gloss":"gladly, with pleasure"},{"text":"tegemoet","gloss":"toward"},{"text":"zie,","gloss":"to see"},{"text":"groet","gloss":"greet"},{"text":"ik","gloss":"I"},{"text":"u.","gloss":"you (polite)"},{"text":"Met","gloss":"with"},{"text":"de","gloss":"the"},{"text":"meeste","gloss":"most"},{"text":"hoogachting,","gloss":"respect"},{"text":"Konrad","gloss":"Konrad"},{"text":"Koster.","gloss":"Koster"}],"audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/course-nl/val.nl.L33.e83.i8.m4a"}],"grammar":[],"vocabulary":[],"paradigms":[]}]}