Japanese · Lesson 140
Lesson 142
Narration and the written language
Local leaders and elections · Narration 1 of 2
Residents govern their locality
The passage explains local self-government through residents, representatives, and local public entities.
*地方 議会 に 代表者 を 送って* means residents "send representatives to the local assembly." Their views then influence local politics.
Local residents elect their leaders
*それぞれ の 地方 の 住民 の 中 から 選挙 される* says the leaders are elected from among each locality's residents.
This applies to governors, municipal leaders, and Tokyo ward heads. Mayors appoint ward heads in other cities.
Kanji: 村, 選
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 1
ちほうのじゅうみんがじぶんたちのいけんをちほうのせいじにはんえいさせるために、ちほうぎかいにだいひょうしゃをおくって、じぶんたちのためのせいじをおこなうことをちほうじちという。
Local self-government means that local residents send representatives to the local assembly to carry out government for them, so that their own opinions will be reflected in local politics.
地方localのof住民residentsがsubject自分their ownたちtheir ownの's意見opinionsをobject地方localのof政治politicsにin反映be reflectedさbe reflectedせるbe reflectedためpurposeに、for地方local assembly議会local assemblyにto代表representative者representativeをobject送っsendて、send自分their ownたちtheir ownの'sためbenefitのfor政治governmentをobject行なうcarry out事actをobject地方local self-government自治local self-governmentとquote言う。means - 2
ちほうじちをおこなうだんたいを「ちほうこうきょうだんたい」といって、とうきょうと、ほっかいどう、おおさかふ、きょうとふのにふとよんじゅうにけんある。
The bodies that carry out local self-government are called local public entities, and there are Tokyo Metropolis, Hokkaido, the two urban prefectures of Osaka and Kyoto, and forty-two prefectures.
地方local self-government自治local self-governmentをobject行なうcarry out団体bodiesをobject「地方local public entity公共local public entity団体」local public entityとquote言っare calledて、are called東京Tokyo Metropolis都、Tokyo Metropolis北海道、Hokkaido大阪Osaka Prefecture府、Osaka Prefecture京都Kyoto Prefecture府Kyoto Prefectureのof二two府urban prefecturesとand四十forty二two県prefecturesある。there are - 3
そしてそのしたにしちょうそんがある。
Below them are cities, towns, and villages.
そしてandそのthose下belowにat市cities towns villages町cities towns villages村cities towns villagesがsubjectある。there are - 4
とどうふけんには、ちじがあり、しちょうそんにはしちょう、ちょうちょう、そんちょうがあり、とうきょうとのくにはくちょうがあって、それぞれのちほうのじゅうみんのなかからせんきょされる。
Prefectures have governors, cities, towns, and villages have mayors, town heads, and village heads, and the wards of Tokyo have ward heads, all of whom are elected from among the residents of their respective localities.
都prefectures道prefectures府prefectures県prefecturesにinは、topic知事governorsがsubjectあり、have市cities towns villages町cities towns villages村cities towns villagesにinはtopic市city mayor長、city mayor町長、town heads村長village headsがsubjectあり、have東京Tokyo Metropolis都Tokyo Metropolisの's区wardsにinはtopic区長ward headsがsubjectあっhaveて、haveそれぞれrespectiveのof地方localのof住民residentsのof中amongからfrom選挙are electedさare electedれる。are elected - 5
ほかのしにあるくのくちょうはしちょうがにんめいし、くちょうはじょやくのようなものである。
The heads of wards in other cities are appointed by the mayor, and a ward head is something like an assistant mayor.
他otherのof市citiesにinあるlocated区wardsのof区長ward headsはtopic市長mayorがsubject任命are appointedし、are appointed区長ward headはtopic助役assistant mayorのlike様kindなofものsomethingでisある。is
Local Self-Government
In contrast to prewar days, local government has been greatly strengthened by the provisions of the New Constitution. Article 92 provides that regulations concerning the organization and operation of local public entities shall be fixed by law in accordance with the principle of local autonomy. Article 93 provides that the chief executive officers of all local public entities as well as members of their assemblies shall be elected by direct popular vote within their communities. Moreover, local public entities have been granted far greater autonomy with respect to the management of their administrative and legislative activities.
The local public entities are divided into TO, DOO, FU, and KEN, being further divided into city, town, and village. There are one TO (Tokyo-to), one DOO (Hokkaidoo), two FU (Kyoto and Osaka), and 42 KEN. Contained in the above are 504 cities, 1920 towns, and 1310 villages (as of March 1958).
The chief executive officers of all public entities and the members of the assemblies are elected directly by the local inhabitants. The local assembly has one chamber and is invested with authority for the enactment and abolition of regulations.
The inhabitants have the right to demand directly the enactment or abolition of regulations, supervision of business, dissolution of the assembly, and the dismissal from office of the members, head, and any other officer of the assembly, and the showing of recognition of the Institutions of Initiative, Referendum, and Recall.
議会
議員
条例制定改廃請求
解散要求
選挙・リコール
知事(市町村長)
副知事(助役)
出納長(収入役)
選挙・リコール
都道府県庁
教育委員会
教育長
公安委員会
府県警察本部
選挙管理委員会
リコール
人事委員会
リコール
地方公共団体のしくみ- 地方
- country, region
- の
- See Grammar Notes
- 住民
- inhabitants
- が
- but (See Gram. Notes)
- 自分
- self
- 意見
- opinion
- を
- particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill)
- 政治
- government; adminis-tration; politics
- に
- on (See Gram. Notes)
- 者
- person
- と
- and (See Gram. Notes)
- 言う。
- to say
- 都、
- capital
- 二
- two
- 四十
- 40
- 県
- prefecture (See Cultural Notes)
- ある。
- certain, some
- 町
- town
- 村
- village
- 道
- road, street
- は、
- leaves
- 知事
- governor
- 町長、
- town mayor
- 村長
- village headman
- 区
- ward (See Cultural Notes)
- 区長
- headman of a ward
- それぞれ
- respectively
- から
- from (See Gram. Notes)
- れる。
- to be able to -- (See Grammar Notes)
- 市長
- city mayor
- し、
- city
- 助役
- assistant; deputy
- な
- I wish, I hope, huh
- もの
- things (tangible)
- で
- --is and -- (See Grammar Notes)
Local assemblies and public offices · Narration 2 of 2
Two parts of local government
The passage separates local decision-making bodies from executive bodies.
*地方 議会* means "local assembly." *県庁 や 役場* names the prefectural and local government offices.
Decisions and execution
*条例 や 規則 を 定めたり、廃止したり* says the assembly enacts and abolishes ordinances and regulations.
The assembly also decides budgets and approves financial reports. Public offices carry out work under the policies that the assembly decides.
Kanji: 認, 算, 決
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
Kanji: 定
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 6
とどうふけんやしちょうそんなどのちほうこうきょうだんたいにもこっかいとおなじようにぎけつきかんであるちほうぎかいと、しっこうきかんであるけんちょうややくばのふたつのしくみがある。
Like the National Diet, local public entities such as prefectures, cities, towns, and villages have two parts: local assemblies, which are decision-making bodies, and prefectural offices and local government offices, which are executive bodies.
都prefectures道prefectures府prefectures県prefecturesやand市cities towns villages町cities towns villages村cities towns villagesなどand so onのof地方local public entities公共local public entities団体local public entitiesにinもalso国会National Dietとwith同じsame様wayにin議決decision-making body機関decision-making bodyでisあるis地方local assembly議会local assemblyと、and執行executive body機関executive bodyでisあるis県庁prefectural officesやand役場government officesのof二twoつtwoのofしくみpartsがsubjectある。there are - 7
ちほうぎかいのぎいんはじゅうみんのせんきょによってえらばれ、そのかずはじんこうによってきめられている。
The members of local assemblies are chosen by the residents in elections, and their number is determined by the population.
地方local assembly議会local assemblyのof議員membersはtopic住民residentsの's選挙electionsにbyよっbyてby選ばare chosenれ、are chosenそのtheir数numberはtopic人口populationにbyよっbyてby決めis determinedられis determinedてis determinedいる。is determined - 8
ぎいんのにんきはよねんである。
Assembly members serve four-year terms.
議員assembly membersの's任期termはtopic四four年yearsでisある。is - 9
ちほうぎかいでは、そのちほうだけにつうようするじょうれいやきそくをさだめたり、はいししたり、またさいにゅうさいしゅつのよさんをきめたり、けっさんほうこくをみとめたりするのである。
Local assemblies enact and abolish ordinances and regulations that apply only in that locality, decide revenue and expenditure budgets, and approve financial reports.
地方local assembly議会local assemblyでatは、topicそのthat地方localityだけonlyにin通用applyするapply条例ordinancesやand規則regulationsをobject定めenactたり、among other things廃止abolishしdoたり、among other thingsまたalso歳入revenue歳出expenditureのof予算budgetをobject決めdecideたり、among other things決算financial報告reportsをobject認めapproveたりamong other thingsするdoのthe factでisある。is - 10
このちほうぎかいできまったほうしんにもとづいて、じっさいのしごとをおこなうのがとどうふけんちょうやし(く)やくしょやちょうそんやくばなどのしっこうきかんである。
The executive bodies that carry out the actual work based on the policies decided by the local assembly are the prefectural offices, city and ward offices, and town and village offices.
このthis地方local assembly議会local assemblyでby決まっdecidedたpast方針policiesにon基づいbased onて、based on実際actualのof仕事workをobject行なうcarry outのonesがsubject都道府県庁prefectural officesやand市city(区)ward役所officesやand町town村village役場officesなどand so onのof執行executive bodies機関executive bodiesでareある。are
- 都
- capital
- や
- and---among others (See Gram. Notes)
- など
- and so forth, etc.
- も
- as much as, as many as (See Grammar Notes
- 国会
- Diet
- 議決
- decision; resolution
- 機関
- agency; organ; machine
- ある
- certain, some
- 県庁
- prefectural office
- 役場
- public office; office
- 議員
- members of the Diet
- は
- leaves
- 数
- number
- 人口
- population
- いる。
- to need (See Gram. Notes)
- 任期
- term of office
- 四
- four
- 年
- year (See Grammar Notes)
- だけ
- only, just (See Grammar Notes)
- 条例
- rules; regulations; laws and ordinances
- 廃止
- abolition
- し
- city
- また
- thigh
- 歳入
- annual revenue
- 歳出
- annual expenditure
- 予算
- budget
- 方針
- policy
- (区)
- ward (See Cultural Notes)
Local government bodies and leaders · Questions 1 of 2
Local entities and their leaders
These questions ask what local self-government is, which public entities conduct it, and what their leaders are called.
*地方 公共 団体 には どんな のが ありますか* means "What kinds of local public entities are there?"
An answer names prefectures, cities, towns, and villages. Other answers name their leaders or explain how local residents elect them.
- 11
ちほうじち
Local self-government
地方local self-government自治local self-government - 12
ちほうじちというのはどんなことですか。
What is local self-government?
地方local self-government自治local self-governmentとquoteいうcalledのoneはtopicどんなwhat kind of事thingですisか。question - 13
ちほうじちをおこなうだんたいをなんといいますか。
What are the bodies that carry out local self-government called?
地方local self-government自治local self-governmentをobject行なうcarry out団体bodiesをobject何whatとquote言いare calledますare calledか。question - 14
ちほうこうきょうだんたいにはどんなのがありますか。
What kinds of local public entities are there?
地方local public entities公共local public entities団体local public entitiesにinはtopicどんなwhat kindsのonesがsubjectありare thereますare thereか。question - 15
とどうふけんのちょうかんをなんといいますか。
What is the head of a prefecture called?
都prefecture道prefecture府prefecture県prefectureのof長官headをobject何whatとquote言いis calledますis calledか。question - 16
しちょうそんのちょうをなんといいますか。
What are the heads of cities, towns, and villages called?
市cities towns villages町cities towns villages村cities towns villagesのof長headsをobject何whatとquote言いare calledますare calledか。question - 17
くのばあいはどうですか。
What about wards?
区wardsのof場合caseはtopicどうhowですisか。question - 18
これらのちょうかんはどんなふうにえらばれますか。
How are these heads chosen?
これtheseらtheseのof長官headsはtopicどんなwhat kind of風wayにin選ばare chosenれare chosenますare chosenか。question
- どんな
- what kind of; what sort of
- です
- to be (See Gram. Notes)
- か。
- either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)
- ます
- trout
- 長官
- chief; head
- 風
- manner; way; appear-ance; kind; sort
Local assemblies and executive bodies · Questions 2 of 2
Who decides and who executes
These questions ask how local assemblies are formed, what they decide, and what public offices do.
*地方 公共 団体 の 議決 機関 は 何 ですか* means "What is the decision-making body of a local public entity?"
An answer names the local assembly. Other answers give its election method, number of members, term, duties, or the work of executive offices.
- 19
とうきょうとのくちょうとほかのしのくちょうはどうちがいますか。
How are the ward heads in Tokyo different from those in other cities?
東京Tokyo Metropolis都Tokyo Metropolisの's区長ward headsとand外otherのof市citiesの's区長ward headsはtopicどうhowちがいare differentますare differentか。question - 20
ちほうこうきょうだんたいのぎけつきかんはなんですか。
What is the decision-making body of a local public entity?
地方local public entity公共local public entity団体local public entityのof議決decision-making body機関decision-making bodyはtopic何whatですisか。question - 21
ちほうこうきょうだんたいのしっこうきかんはなんですか。
What is the executive body of a local public entity?
地方local public entity公共local public entity団体local public entityのof執行executive body機関executive bodyはtopic何whatですisか。question - 22
ちほうぎかいのぎいんはどんなふうにえらばれますか。
How are the members of local assemblies chosen?
地方local assembly議会local assemblyのof議員membersはtopicどんなwhat kind of風wayにin選ばare chosenれare chosenますare chosenか。question - 23
ちほうぎかいのぎいんのかずはどんなふうにきめますか。
How is the number of members in a local assembly determined?
地方local assembly議会local assemblyのof議員membersのof数numberはtopicどんなwhat kind of風wayにin決めis determinedますis determinedか。question - 24
ちほうぎかいのぎいんのにんきはなんねんですか。
How many years is the term of a local assembly member?
地方local assembly議会local assemblyのof議員memberの's任期termはtopic何how many年yearsですisか。question - 25
ちほうぎかいではどんなことをしますか。
What do local assemblies do?
地方local assembly議会local assemblyでatはtopicどんなwhat kind of事thingsをobjectしdoますdoか。question - 26
とどうふけんちょうやし(く)やくしょやちょうそんやくばではどんなことをしますか。
What do prefectural offices, city and ward offices, and town and village offices do?
都道府県庁prefectural officesやand市city(区)ward役所officesやand町town村village役場officesでatはtopicどんなwhat kind of事thingsをobjectしdoますdoか。question
Residents, representatives and local government · Word list 1 of 3
The people and bodies of local government
These words name the people, public entities, assemblies, and leaders in local self-government.
*住民* means "inhabitants," and *代表者* means "representatives."
*地方 公共 団体* means "local public entities."
- 27
ちほうじち
local self-government
地方自治local self-government - 28
じゅうみん
inhabitants
住民inhabitants - 29
にはんえいする
reflect; influence (v.i.)
に反映するreflect or influence - 30
ちほうぎかい
local assembly
地方議会local assembly - 31
だいひょうしゃ
representatives
代表者representatives - 32
ちほうこうきょうだんたい
local public entities
地方公共団体local public entities - 33
しちょうそん
cities, towns, and villages
市町村cities towns villages - 34
とどうふけん
Tokyo, Hokkaidoo, urban and rural prefectures
都道府県prefectural divisions - 35
ちじ
governor
知事governor - 36
くちょう
headman of a ward
区長ward head
- 地方自治
- local self-government
- に反映する
- reflect; influence (v.i.)
- 地方議会
- local assembly
- 代表者
- representative
- 地方公共団体
- local public entities
- 市町村
- cities, towns, and villages
- 都道府県
- Tokyo, Hokkaidoo, urban and rural prefectures
Mayors, public offices and ordinances · Word list 2 of 3
Leaders, bodies, and offices
These words name municipal leaders, government bodies, public offices, and ordinances.
*市長* means "city mayor."
*議決 機関* means "legislative organ," and *執行 機関* means "executive organ."
- 37
しちょう
city mayor
市長city mayor - 38
ちょうちょう
town mayor
町長town mayor - 39
そんちょう
village headman
村長village headman - 40
じょやく
assistant; deputy
助役deputy - 41
ぎけつきかん
legislative organ
議決機関legislative organ - 42
しっこうきかん
executive organ
執行機関executive organ - 43
けんちょう
prefectural office
県庁prefectural office - 44
やくば
public office; office
役場public office - 45
つうようする
hold good; be applicable (v.i.)
通用するbe applicable - 46
じょうれい
rules; regulations; laws and ordinances
条例ordinances
- 町長
- town mayor
- 議決機関
- legislative organ
- 執行機関
- executive organ
- 通用する
- hold good; be applicable (v.i.)
Budgets, accounts and city offices · Word list 3 of 3
Local finance and offices
These words cover local finance, policy, and municipal offices.
*歳入* means "annual revenue," while *歳出* means "annual expenditure."
*市役所* means "city hall." The paired finance entries separate annual revenue from annual expenditure.
- 47
さだめる
stipulate; provide; lay down (v.i.)
定めるstipulate - 48
さいにゅう
annual revenue
歳入annual revenue - 49
さいしゅつ
annual expenditure
歳出annual expenditure - 50
よさん
budget
予算budget - 51
けっさんほうこく
statement of accounts; balance sheets
決算報告statement of accounts - 52
ほうしん
policy
方針policy - 53
しやくしょ
city hall
市役所city hall - 54
くやくしょ
ward office
区役所ward office
Guide for Free Conversation and Exercise
1 Topics:
a Talk about the following in Japanese with your classmates.
(1) Prefectural government
(2) City government
(3) A comparative study of local self-government of the United States and that of Japan.
(4) Local self-government of your home state.
2 Exercise:
a Interpretation Exercise
(1) What is an organization that performs local self-government called?
(1) 地方 公共 団体 と 言います。
(2) What is the legislative organ of local public bodies?
(2) それ は 地方 議会 です。
(3) What is the executive organ of the local public bodies?
(3) 県庁、市役所、区役所、町村役場 などです。
(4) What does the local assembly do?
(4) その 地方 だけ に 通用 する 条例 や 規則 を 定めたり、廃止 したり、歳入 歳出 の 予算 を 決めたり、決算 報告 を 認めたり します。
(5) How is the number of members in the local assembly determined?
(5) 人口 の 数 に よって 決められて います。Homework
1 Study the Narration thoroughly and memorize the vocabulary.
2 Read the Guide for Free Conversation and do the exercises given.
3 Learn to read and write the new Kanji.
4 Read the Cultural Notes.- 定める
- stipulate; provide; lay down (v.i.)
- 決算報告
- statement of accounts; balance sheets
- 市役所
- city hall
- 区役所
- ward office
The particulars
- The course
- Defense Language Institute, Japanese Basic Course, 1967 to 1971. Public domain. The teaching pages and the narration are ours.
- Reading aloud
- Digital narration, directed by 1732 Studios.
- The book
- Botchan, the work this course leads to, free to read here.
- Data
- JSON · Markdown · A guide for agents