Japanese Basic Course 1732 Studios

Japanese · Lesson 140

Lesson 142

Narration and the written language

54 lines

Local leaders and elections · Narration 1 of 2

Residents govern their locality

The passage explains local self-government through residents, representatives, and local public entities.

*地方 議会 に 代表者 を 送って* means residents "send representatives to the local assembly." Their views then influence local politics.

Local residents elect their leaders

*それぞれ の 地方 の 住民 の 中 から 選挙 される* says the leaders are elected from among each locality's residents.

This applies to governors, municipal leaders, and Tokyo ward heads. Mayors appoint ward heads in other cities.

Kanji: 村, 選

New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.

  1. 1

    ちほうのじゅうみんがじぶんたちのいけんをちほうのせいじにはんえいさせるために、ちほうぎかいにだいひょうしゃをおくって、じぶんたちのためのせいじをおこなうことをちほうじちという。

    Local self-government means that local residents send representatives to the local assembly to carry out government for them, so that their own opinions will be reflected in local politics.

    地方local
    のof
    住民residents
    がsubject
    自分their own
    たちtheir own
    の's
    意見opinions
    をobject
    地方local
    のof
    政治politics
    にin
    反映be reflected
    さbe reflected
    せるbe reflected
    ためpurpose
    に、for
    地方local assembly
    議会local assembly
    にto
    代表representative
    者representative
    をobject
    送っsend
    て、send
    自分their own
    たちtheir own
    の's
    ためbenefit
    のfor
    政治government
    をobject
    行なうcarry out
    事act
    をobject
    地方local self-government
    自治local self-government
    とquote
    言う。means
  2. 2

    ちほうじちをおこなうだんたいを「ちほうこうきょうだんたい」といって、とうきょうと、ほっかいどう、おおさかふ、きょうとふのにふとよんじゅうにけんある。

    The bodies that carry out local self-government are called local public entities, and there are Tokyo Metropolis, Hokkaido, the two urban prefectures of Osaka and Kyoto, and forty-two prefectures.

  3. 3

    そしてそのしたにしちょうそんがある。

    Below them are cities, towns, and villages.

  4. 4

    とどうふけんには、ちじがあり、しちょうそんにはしちょう、ちょうちょう、そんちょうがあり、とうきょうとのくにはくちょうがあって、それぞれのちほうのじゅうみんのなかからせんきょされる。

    Prefectures have governors, cities, towns, and villages have mayors, town heads, and village heads, and the wards of Tokyo have ward heads, all of whom are elected from among the residents of their respective localities.

  5. 5

    ほかのしにあるくのくちょうはしちょうがにんめいし、くちょうはじょやくのようなものである。

    The heads of wards in other cities are appointed by the mayor, and a ward head is something like an assistant mayor.

Local Self-Government

In contrast to prewar days, local government has been greatly strengthened by the provisions of the New Constitution. Article 92 provides that regulations concerning the organization and operation of local public entities shall be fixed by law in accordance with the principle of local autonomy. Article 93 provides that the chief executive officers of all local public entities as well as members of their assemblies shall be elected by direct popular vote within their communities. Moreover, local public entities have been granted far greater autonomy with respect to the management of their administrative and legislative activities.

The local public entities are divided into TO, DOO, FU, and KEN, being further divided into city, town, and village. There are one TO (Tokyo-to), one DOO (Hokkaidoo), two FU (Kyoto and Osaka), and 42 KEN. Contained in the above are 504 cities, 1920 towns, and 1310 villages (as of March 1958).

The chief executive officers of all public entities and the members of the assemblies are elected directly by the local inhabitants. The local assembly has one chamber and is invested with authority for the enactment and abolition of regulations.

The inhabitants have the right to demand directly the enactment or abolition of regulations, supervision of business, dissolution of the assembly, and the dismissal from office of the members, head, and any other officer of the assembly, and the showing of recognition of the Institutions of Initiative, Referendum, and Recall.

議会

議員

条例制定改廃請求

解散要求

選挙・リコール

知事(市町村長)

副知事(助役)

出納長(収入役)

選挙・リコール

都道府県庁

教育委員会

教育長

公安委員会

府県警察本部

選挙管理委員会

リコール

人事委員会

リコール

地方公共団体のしくみ
地方
country, region
の
See Grammar Notes
住民
inhabitants
が
but (See Gram. Notes)
自分
self
意見
opinion
を
particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill)
政治
government; adminis-tration; politics
に
on (See Gram. Notes)
者
person
と
and (See Gram. Notes)
言う。
to say
都、
capital
二
two
四十
40
県
prefecture (See Cultural Notes)
ある。
certain, some
町
town
村
village
道
road, street
は、
leaves
知事
governor
町長、
town mayor
村長
village headman
区
ward (See Cultural Notes)
区長
headman of a ward
それぞれ
respectively
から
from (See Gram. Notes)
れる。
to be able to -- (See Grammar Notes)
市長
city mayor
し、
city
助役
assistant; deputy
な
I wish, I hope, huh
もの
things (tangible)
で
--is and -- (See Grammar Notes)

Local assemblies and public offices · Narration 2 of 2

Two parts of local government

The passage separates local decision-making bodies from executive bodies.

*地方 議会* means "local assembly." *県庁 や 役場* names the prefectural and local government offices.

Decisions and execution

*条例 や 規則 を 定めたり、廃止したり* says the assembly enacts and abolishes ordinances and regulations.

The assembly also decides budgets and approves financial reports. Public offices carry out work under the policies that the assembly decides.

Kanji: 認, 算, 決

New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.

Kanji: 定

New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.

  1. 6

    とどうふけんやしちょうそんなどのちほうこうきょうだんたいにもこっかいとおなじようにぎけつきかんであるちほうぎかいと、しっこうきかんであるけんちょうややくばのふたつのしくみがある。

    Like the National Diet, local public entities such as prefectures, cities, towns, and villages have two parts: local assemblies, which are decision-making bodies, and prefectural offices and local government offices, which are executive bodies.

  2. 7

    ちほうぎかいのぎいんはじゅうみんのせんきょによってえらばれ、そのかずはじんこうによってきめられている。

    The members of local assemblies are chosen by the residents in elections, and their number is determined by the population.

  3. 8

    ぎいんのにんきはよねんである。

    Assembly members serve four-year terms.

  4. 9

    ちほうぎかいでは、そのちほうだけにつうようするじょうれいやきそくをさだめたり、はいししたり、またさいにゅうさいしゅつのよさんをきめたり、けっさんほうこくをみとめたりするのである。

    Local assemblies enact and abolish ordinances and regulations that apply only in that locality, decide revenue and expenditure budgets, and approve financial reports.

  5. 10

    このちほうぎかいできまったほうしんにもとづいて、じっさいのしごとをおこなうのがとどうふけんちょうやし(く)やくしょやちょうそんやくばなどのしっこうきかんである。

    The executive bodies that carry out the actual work based on the policies decided by the local assembly are the prefectural offices, city and ward offices, and town and village offices.

都
capital
や
and---among others (See Gram. Notes)
など
and so forth, etc.
も
as much as, as many as (See Grammar Notes
国会
Diet
議決
decision; resolution
機関
agency; organ; machine
ある
certain, some
県庁
prefectural office
役場
public office; office
議員
members of the Diet
は
leaves
数
number
人口
population
いる。
to need (See Gram. Notes)
任期
term of office
四
four
年
year (See Grammar Notes)
だけ
only, just (See Grammar Notes)
条例
rules; regulations; laws and ordinances
廃止
abolition
し
city
また
thigh
歳入
annual revenue
歳出
annual expenditure
予算
budget
方針
policy
(区)
ward (See Cultural Notes)

Local government bodies and leaders · Questions 1 of 2

Local entities and their leaders

These questions ask what local self-government is, which public entities conduct it, and what their leaders are called.

*地方 公共 団体 には どんな のが ありますか* means "What kinds of local public entities are there?"

An answer names prefectures, cities, towns, and villages. Other answers name their leaders or explain how local residents elect them.

  1. 11

    ちほうじち

    Local self-government

  2. 12

    ちほうじちというのはどんなことですか。

    What is local self-government?

  3. 13

    ちほうじちをおこなうだんたいをなんといいますか。

    What are the bodies that carry out local self-government called?

  4. 14

    ちほうこうきょうだんたいにはどんなのがありますか。

    What kinds of local public entities are there?

  5. 15

    とどうふけんのちょうかんをなんといいますか。

    What is the head of a prefecture called?

  6. 16

    しちょうそんのちょうをなんといいますか。

    What are the heads of cities, towns, and villages called?

  7. 17

    くのばあいはどうですか。

    What about wards?

  8. 18

    これらのちょうかんはどんなふうにえらばれますか。

    How are these heads chosen?

どんな
what kind of; what sort of
です
to be (See Gram. Notes)
か。
either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)
ます
trout
長官
chief; head
風
manner; way; appear-ance; kind; sort

Local assemblies and executive bodies · Questions 2 of 2

Who decides and who executes

These questions ask how local assemblies are formed, what they decide, and what public offices do.

*地方 公共 団体 の 議決 機関 は 何 ですか* means "What is the decision-making body of a local public entity?"

An answer names the local assembly. Other answers give its election method, number of members, term, duties, or the work of executive offices.

  1. 19

    とうきょうとのくちょうとほかのしのくちょうはどうちがいますか。

    How are the ward heads in Tokyo different from those in other cities?

  2. 20

    ちほうこうきょうだんたいのぎけつきかんはなんですか。

    What is the decision-making body of a local public entity?

  3. 21

    ちほうこうきょうだんたいのしっこうきかんはなんですか。

    What is the executive body of a local public entity?

  4. 22

    ちほうぎかいのぎいんはどんなふうにえらばれますか。

    How are the members of local assemblies chosen?

  5. 23

    ちほうぎかいのぎいんのかずはどんなふうにきめますか。

    How is the number of members in a local assembly determined?

  6. 24

    ちほうぎかいのぎいんのにんきはなんねんですか。

    How many years is the term of a local assembly member?

  7. 25

    ちほうぎかいではどんなことをしますか。

    What do local assemblies do?

  8. 26

    とどうふけんちょうやし(く)やくしょやちょうそんやくばではどんなことをしますか。

    What do prefectural offices, city and ward offices, and town and village offices do?

Residents, representatives and local government · Word list 1 of 3

The people and bodies of local government

These words name the people, public entities, assemblies, and leaders in local self-government.

*住民* means "inhabitants," and *代表者* means "representatives."

*地方 公共 団体* means "local public entities."

  1. 27

    ちほうじち

    local self-government

  2. 28

    じゅうみん

    inhabitants

  3. 29

    にはんえいする

    reflect; influence (v.i.)

  4. 30

    ちほうぎかい

    local assembly

  5. 31

    だいひょうしゃ

    representatives

  6. 32

    ちほうこうきょうだんたい

    local public entities

  7. 33

    しちょうそん

    cities, towns, and villages

  8. 34

    とどうふけん

    Tokyo, Hokkaidoo, urban and rural prefectures

  9. 35

    ちじ

    governor

  10. 36

    くちょう

    headman of a ward

地方自治
local self-government
に反映する
reflect; influence (v.i.)
地方議会
local assembly
代表者
representative
地方公共団体
local public entities
市町村
cities, towns, and villages
都道府県
Tokyo, Hokkaidoo, urban and rural prefectures

Mayors, public offices and ordinances · Word list 2 of 3

Leaders, bodies, and offices

These words name municipal leaders, government bodies, public offices, and ordinances.

*市長* means "city mayor."

*議決 機関* means "legislative organ," and *執行 機関* means "executive organ."

  1. 37

    しちょう

    city mayor

  2. 38

    ちょうちょう

    town mayor

  3. 39

    そんちょう

    village headman

  4. 40

    じょやく

    assistant; deputy

  5. 41

    ぎけつきかん

    legislative organ

  6. 42

    しっこうきかん

    executive organ

  7. 43

    けんちょう

    prefectural office

  8. 44

    やくば

    public office; office

  9. 45

    つうようする

    hold good; be applicable (v.i.)

  10. 46

    じょうれい

    rules; regulations; laws and ordinances

町長
town mayor
議決機関
legislative organ
執行機関
executive organ
通用する
hold good; be applicable (v.i.)

Budgets, accounts and city offices · Word list 3 of 3

Local finance and offices

These words cover local finance, policy, and municipal offices.

*歳入* means "annual revenue," while *歳出* means "annual expenditure."

*市役所* means "city hall." The paired finance entries separate annual revenue from annual expenditure.

  1. 47

    さだめる

    stipulate; provide; lay down (v.i.)

  2. 48

    さいにゅう

    annual revenue

  3. 49

    さいしゅつ

    annual expenditure

  4. 50

    よさん

    budget

  5. 51

    けっさんほうこく

    statement of accounts; balance sheets

  6. 52

    ほうしん

    policy

  7. 53

    しやくしょ

    city hall

  8. 54

    くやくしょ

    ward office

Guide for Free Conversation and Exercise

1 Topics:

a Talk about the following in Japanese with your classmates.

(1) Prefectural government

(2) City government

(3) A comparative study of local self-government of the United States and that of Japan.

(4) Local self-government of your home state.

2 Exercise:

a Interpretation Exercise

(1) What is an organization that performs local self-government called?

(1) 地方 公共 団体 と 言います。

(2) What is the legislative organ of local public bodies?

(2) それ は 地方 議会 です。

(3) What is the executive organ of the local public bodies?

(3) 県庁、市役所、区役所、町村役場 などです。

(4) What does the local assembly do?

(4) その 地方 だけ に 通用 する 条例 や 規則 を 定めたり、廃止 したり、歳入 歳出 の 予算 を 決めたり、決算 報告 を 認めたり します。

(5) How is the number of members in the local assembly determined?

(5) 人口 の 数 に よって 決められて います。
Homework

1 Study the Narration thoroughly and memorize the vocabulary.

2 Read the Guide for Free Conversation and do the exercises given.

3 Learn to read and write the new Kanji.

4 Read the Cultural Notes.
定める
stipulate; provide; lay down (v.i.)
決算報告
statement of accounts; balance sheets
市役所
city hall
区役所
ward office

The particulars

The course
Defense Language Institute, Japanese Basic Course, 1967 to 1971. Public domain. The teaching pages and the narration are ours.
Reading aloud
Digital narration, directed by 1732 Studios.
The book
Botchan, the work this course leads to, free to read here.
Data
JSON · Markdown · A guide for agents
Two whoopie pies and a pine. An inside joke.