Japanese · Lesson 39
Lesson 39
Kanji and everyday Japanese
Actions just before and after · Perception drill, Block 1
Returned this moment
*今 学校から 帰った ところです* means "I have returned from school this moment."
The past form *帰った* before *ところです* places the action immediately after its completion.
The verb form before *ところです* identifies the moment of the action.
Three moments of an action
The dictionary form means the action is about to begin. *今から 夕はんを 食べる ところです* means "I am about to eat supper."
*私は 今 夕はんを 食べている ところです* means "I am eating supper now."
The TE-form with *いる* means the action is happening now.
Kanji: 散
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
Kanji: 歩
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 1
いまがっこうからかえったところです。
I have just returned from school.
今now学校schoolからfrom帰っreturnたpastところjust nowです。is - 2
いまからゆうはんをたべるところです。
I am about to eat supper.
今nowからfrom夕はんsupperをobject食べるeatところabout toです。is - 3
わたくしはいまゆうはんをたべているところです。
I am eating supper now.
私Iはtopic今now夕はんsupperをobject食べam eatingてam eatingいるam eatingところright nowです。is - 4
いまたべはじめたところです。
I have just started eating.
今now食べeatはじめstartたpastところjust nowです。is - 5
いまがっこうがおわったところです。
School has just ended.
今now学校schoolがsubjectおわっendたpastところjust nowです。is - 6
いまからかいものにでかけるところです。
I am about to go shopping.
今nowからfrom買物shoppingにfor出かけるgo outところabout toです。is - 7
いまがっこうがはじまるところです。
School is about to begin.
今now学校schoolがsubjectはじまるbeginところabout toです。is - 8
いまいえをさがしているところです。
I am looking for a house now.
今now家houseをobjectさがしam looking forてam looking forいるam looking forところright nowです。is - 9
さんぽしているところです。
I am taking a walk now.
散歩walkしam takingてam takingいるam takingところright nowです。is
TA + TOKORO DESU
Dictionary form of verb + TOKORO DESU.
TE IRU + TOKORO DESU
The abstract noun TOKORO is very often used immediately after a verb, to denote "a scene" in which an action takes place."
Examples:
KISHA WA EKI O DETA TOKORO DESU. "The train has just left the station."
KISHA WA EKI O DERU TOKORO DESU. "The train is about to leave the station."
KISHA WA EKI O DETE IRU TOKORO DESU. "The train is just now leaving (has started to leave) the station."
In English, TOKORO denotes "time" rather than "scene."
WATAKUSHI GA HON O YONDE IRU TOKORO E TOMODACHI GA KIMASHITA.
A sentence such as the one above is ordinarily translated: "At the time when I was reading a book, a friend came."SHI 'and,' 'furthermore,' 'moreover'
a. The particle SHI, used at the end of a non-final clause, has the force of a connective and is usually rendered in English by 'and,' 'furthermore,' or moreover.'
Examples:
TENKI MO II SHI, SAMUKU MO ARIMASU. "The weather is good and, furthermore, it's not cold."
ANO KATA WA TENISU MO SURU SHI, GORUFU MO SHIMASU. "He plays tennis and, moreover, he plays golf."
b. When SHI is used in a dependent clause, the last verb in the clause is usually followed by SHI SURU and TO or NODE, etc.
Examples:
TENKI WA II SHI, NICHIYOO DA SHI SURU NODE, KODOMOTACHI O TSURETE SANPO NI DEKAKEMASHITA. "Because the weather is good and, furthermore, because it was Sunday, I took my children and went out for a stroll."
c. In dependent clauses, SHI...SHI usually means 'because' or 'since.'
Examples:
AME GA FURU SHI SAMUI SHI IKIMASEN DESHITA. "Because it was raining and cold, I didn't go."
In this case SURU NODE or SURU KARA is understood.a. GURAI 'as --- as,' 'about,' 'around'
b. HODO -- N 'not so -- as'
Examples:
JIDOOSHA WA KISHA GURAI HAYAKU HASHIREMASU. "Automobiles can go as fast as trains."
JITENSHA WA JIDOOSHA HODO HAYAKU HASHIREMASEN. "A bicycle cannot go as fast as an automobile."--NO YOO 'looks like,' 'appears,' or 'seems'
NO YOO follows a substantive and indicates 'likelihood.' It is translated 'looks like,' 'appears,' 'seems.' When it is used adverbially, the particle NI applies; when it is used adjectivally, the particle NA is used.
Examples:
ARE WA TANAKA-SAN NO YOO DESU. "He looks like Mr. Tanaka."
ANO HASHI WA TEKKYOO NO YOO DESU. "That bridge appears to be a steel bridge."
SHIMURA-SAN NO YOO NI YOKU HATARAKIMASU. "He works as hard as Mr. Shimura."
ANO HITO WA SHIMAMURA-SAN NO YOO NA OOKII HITO DESU. "He is a large man like Mr. Shimamura."NAN TO KA IU '-- of a name which I can't recall at present,' or 'which you may call.'
Quite commonly this NAN TO KA IU is used when we say 'which you may call' in English. When a speaker cannot recall the name of a thing, place, or person, NAN TO KA IU MONO, NAN TO KA IU TOKORO, or NAN TO KA IU HITO is used.
For example, 'The store called DAIMARU or something' will be DAIMARU TO KA (NAN TO KA) IU MISE in Japanese. The parenthetical NAN TO KA stands for 'or something.'- から
- from (See Gram. Notes)
- ところ
- place (See Gram. Notes)
- です。
- to be (See Gram. Notes)
- を
- particle denoting direct object (See Pattern Drill)
- は
- leaves
- いる
- to need (See Gram. Notes)
- はじめ
- beginning
- が
- but (See Gram. Notes)
- 買物
- shopping
- に
- on (See Gram. Notes)
- はじまる
- begins, starts (v.i.)
- 家
- house, home
- し
- city
Giving several reasons · Perception drill, Block 2
Facts joined with し
*田中さんは テニスも やるし、 ゴルフも やります* means "Mr. Tanaka plays tennis as well as golf."
Here *し* ends the first clause and connects it to another fact.
Several reasons for one result
*今年は いそがしいし、 お金も ないしするので、 どこへも 行きません* means "Because I am busy this year and have no money, I am not going anywhere."
Repeated *し* can present several reasons. *するので* after the final *し* makes their connection to the result explicit.
The reasons may also stand without *するので*, as in *雨は 降っているし、 道は わるいし、 私は 行きたくは ありません*.
Kanji: 少, 道
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 10
たなかさんはテニスもやるし、ゴルフもやります。
Mr. Tanaka plays tennis as well as golf.
田中TanakaさんMr.はtopicテニスtennisもalsoやるplaysし、andゴルフgolfもalsoやりplayます。polite - 11
てんきもいいし、さむくもないしするので、さんぽにでかけました。
Because the weather is nice and not cold, I went out for a stroll.
天気weatherもalsoいいniceし、andさむくcoldもalsoないnotしandするdoのfact thatで、because散歩walkにfor出かけwent outましpolite pastた。past - 12
わたくしはぎゅうにくもたべるし、さかなもたべます。
I eat beef as well as fish.
私Iはtopic牛肉beefもalso食べるeatし、andさかなfishもalso食べeatます。polite - 13
たなかさんはにほんごもできるし、えいごもできます。
Mr. Tanaka can speak Japanese as well as English.
田中TanakaさんMr.はtopic日本Japanese語Japaneseもalso出来るcan speakし、andえい語Englishもalso出来can speakます。polite - 14
ことしはいそがしいし、おかねもないしするので、どこへもいきません。
Because I am busy this year and have no money, I am not going anywhere.
今年this yearはtopicいそがしいbusyし、andおmoney金moneyもalsoないnoneしandするdoのfact thatで、becauseどこanywhereへtowardもeven行きgoませnot, politeん。not, polite - 15
このきれはあまりうすいし、いろもわるいしするので、かいません。
Because this cloth is too thin and the color is poor, I will not buy it.
このthisきれclothはtopicあまりtooうすいthinし、and色colorもalsoわるいpoorしandするdoのfact thatで、because買いbuyませnot, politeん。not, polite - 16
あたまがすこしいたいし、ねつもあるしするので、わたくしはいきたくはありません。
Because I have a slight headache and a fever, I do not want to go.
あたまheadがsubject少しslightlyいたいhurtsし、andねつfeverもalsoあるhaveしandするdoのfact thatで、because私Iはtopic行きgoたくwant toはemphasisありbeませnot, politeん。not, polite - 17
あめはふっているし、みちはわるいし、わたくしはいきたくはありません。
It is raining, the road is bad, and I do not want to go.
雨rainはtopic降っis rainingてis rainingいるis rainingし、and道roadはtopicわるいbadし、and私Iはtopic行きgoたくwant toはemphasisありbeませnot, politeん。not, polite
- テニス
- tennis
- やる
- to do
- し、
- city
- ゴルフ
- golf
- ます。
- trout
- 天気
- weather
- いい
- good (See Gram. Notes)
- の
- See Grammar Notes
- で、
- --is and -- (See Grammar Notes)
- 牛肉
- beef
- さかな
- fish
- 出来る
- to be manufactured; to be produced (v.i.)
- 今年
- this year
- いそがしい
- busy
- へ
- to (See Gram. Notes)
- きれ
- cloth, material
- わるい
- bad
- あたま
- head
- 少し
- little (quantity)
- いたい
- painful
- ねつ
- fever
- ある
- certain, some
- 雨
- rain
- 道
- road, street
Comparing degrees and abilities · Perception drill, Block 3
Equal speed with ぐらい
*自動車は 汽車ぐらい 早く 走れます* means "A car can go as fast as a train."
After the standard of comparison, *ぐらい* marks an equal degree in an affirmative statement.
A lesser degree with ほど
*汽船は 自動車ほど 早く 走れません* means "A steamer cannot move as fast as a car."
After the standard of comparison, *ほど* with a negative predicate marks a lesser degree.
The same contrast compares amount and skill: affirmative *ぐらい* states equality, while negative *ほど* denies it.
- 18
じどうしゃはきしゃぐらいはやくはしれます。
A car can go as fast as a train.
自動car車carはtopic汽車trainぐらいas fast as早くfast走れcan goます。polite - 19
きせんはじどうしゃほどはやくはしれません。
A steamer cannot move as fast as a car.
汽船steamerはtopic自動car車carほどas fast as早くfast走れcan moveませnot, politeん。not, polite - 20
あなたはせんせいぐらいはやくにほんごがはなせますか。
Can you speak Japanese as fast as the teacher?
あなたyouはtopic先生teacherぐらいas fast as早くfast日本Japanese語Japaneseがsubject話せcan speakますpoliteか。question - 21
いいえ、わたくしはせんせいほどはやくにほんごがはなせません。
No, I cannot speak Japanese as fast as the teacher.
いいえ、no私Iはtopic先生teacherほどas fast as早くfast日本Japanese語Japaneseがsubject話せcan speakませnot, politeん。not, polite - 22
ここではとうきょうぐらいあめがたくさんふりますか。
Does it rain as much here as it does in Tokyo?
ここhereでatはtopicとうきょうTokyoぐらいas much as雨rainがsubject沢山a lot降りfallますpoliteか。question - 23
いいえ、ここではとうきょうほどあめがたくさんふりません。
No, it does not rain as much here as it does in Tokyo.
いいえ、noここhereでatはtopicとうきょうTokyoほどas much as雨rainがsubject沢山a lot降りfallませnot, politeん。not, polite - 24
あなたはやまださんぐらいふとっていますか。
Are you as fat as Mr. Yamada?
あなたyouはtopic山田YamadaさんMr.ぐらいas much asふとっare fatてare fatいare fatますare fatか。question - 25
いいえ、わたくしはやまださんほどふとってはいません。
No, I am not as fat as Mr. Yamada.
いいえ、no私Iはtopic山田YamadaさんMr.ほどas much asふとっfatてfatはemphasisいam notませam notん。am not - 26
あなたはスミスさんぐらいじょうずにはなせますか。
Can you speak as well as Mr. Smith?
あなたyouはtopicスミスSmithさんMr.ぐらいas well as上手skillfullyにin manner話せcan speakますpoliteか。question - 27
いいえ、わたくしはスミスさんほどじょうずにはなせません。
No, I cannot speak as well as Mr. Smith.
いいえ、no私IはtopicスミスSmithさんMr.ほどas well as上手skillfullyにin manner話せcan speakませnot, politeん。not, polite - 28
あなたはやまもとさんぐらいたくさんたべますか。
Do you eat as much as Mr. Yamamoto?
あなたyouはtopic山本YamamotoさんMr.ぐらいas much as沢山a lot食べeatますpoliteか。question - 29
いいえ、わたくしはやまもとさんほどたくさんたべません。
No, I do not eat as much as Mr. Yamamoto.
いいえ、no私Iはtopic山本YamamotoさんMr.ほどas much as沢山a lot食べeatませnot, politeん。not, polite
- 車
- vehicle, car
- ぐらい
- about
- 汽船
- steamer
- ほど
- to the extent (See Grammar Notes)
- か。
- either--or-- (See Gram. Notes)
- ここ
- here
- で
- --is and -- (See Grammar Notes)
- 上手
- skillful, fluent (See Grammar Notes)
Saying what things resemble · Perception drill, Block 4
A person who looks like another
*あの方は 田中さんの 奥さんの ようです* means "That person looks like Mrs. Tanaka."
The noun before *の ようです* supplies the person or thing that the subject resembles.
An appearance, not an identity
*あそこを とんでいるのは 鳥のようです* means "The thing flying over there looks like a bird."
A noun followed by *のようです* says that someone or something looks, appears, or seems like that noun.
- 30
あのかたはたなかさんのおくさんのようです。
That person looks like Mrs. Tanaka.
あのthat方personはtopic田中TanakaさんMrs.のof奥wifeさんwifeのlikeようappearanceです。is - 31
あれはにほんせいのじどうしゃのようです。
That looks like a Japanese-made car.
あれthatはtopic日本Japanese-madeせいJapanese-madeのof自動car車carのlikeようappearanceです。is - 32
あのひとはこどものようです。
That person looks like a child.
あのthat人personはtopic子供childのlikeようappearanceです。is - 33
あそこをとんでいるのはとりのようです。
The thing flying over there looks like a bird.
あそこover thereをoverとんflyingでflyingいるflyingのthingはtopic鳥birdのofようappearanceです。is - 34
あそこをあるいているのはやまださんのようです。
The person walking over there looks like Mr. Yamada.
あそこover thereをthrough歩いwalkingてwalkingいるwalkingのpersonはtopic山田YamadaさんMr.のofようappearanceです。is - 35
これはわたくしのペンのようです。
This looks like my pen.
これthisはtopic私Iのmyペンpenのlikeようappearanceです。is - 36
このラジオはにほんせいのようです。
This radio looks like it was made in Japan.
このthisラジオradioはtopic日本made in Japanせいmade in Japanのofようappearanceです。is
- 人
- people
- あそこ
- over there
- ペン
- pen
- ラジオ
- radio
Actions about to happen · Pattern 1 1 of 2
The train is about to leave
*れっ車は 今 駅を 出る ところです* means "The train is about to leave the station."
The dictionary form *出る* before *ところです* places the action immediately before it begins.
Arrived now or happening now
The past form marks recent completion in *れっ車は 今 駅に ついたところです*, "The train has arrived at the station this moment."
The TE-form with *いる* marks an action in progress in *私は 今、 朝ごはんを 食べている ところです*, "I am eating breakfast now."
Kanji: 駅
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
Kanji: 通
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 37
れっしゃはいまえきをでるところです。
The train is about to leave the station.
れtrainっtrain車trainはtopic今now駅stationをobject出るleaveところabout toです。is - 38
きせんはみなとにはいったところです。
The steamer has just entered the harbor.
汽船steamerはtopic港harborにintoはいっenteredたpastところjustです。is - 39
わたくしはいま、あさごはんをたべているところです。
I am eating breakfast now.
私Iはtopic今、now朝ごはんbreakfastをobject食べeatingてeatingいるeatingところcurrentlyです。am - 40
れっしゃはいまえきにつくところです。
The train is about to arrive at the station.
れtrainっtrain車trainはtopic今now駅stationにatつくarriveところabout toです。is - 41
バスはふみきりをとおるところです。
The bus is about to cross the railroad crossing.
バスbusはtopicふみrailroad crossing切りrailroad crossingをobject通るcrossところabout toです。is - 42
れっしゃはいまえきについたところです。
The train has just arrived at the station.
れtrainっtrain車trainはtopic今now駅stationにatついarrivedたpastところjustです。has - 43
バスはていりゅうじょをでたところです。
The bus has just left the bus stop.
バスbusはtopicていりゅうbus stopじょbus stopをobject出leftたpastところjustです。has - 44
つかれたので、やすんでいるところです。
I am resting because I am tired.
つかtiredれtiredたpastのfactで、because休んrestingでrestingいるrestingところcurrentlyです。am - 45
いまべんきょうしているところです。
I am studying now.
今nowべんきょうstudyしdoてstudyingいるstudyingところcurrentlyです。am
- 駅
- railroad station
- 港
- port, harbor
- つく
- to arrive, to reach (v.i.)
- バス
- bus
- 通る
- to pass
Asking about current actions · Pattern 1 2 of 2
About to go shopping
*買物に 行くのですか* asks "Are you going shopping?"
The answer *ええ、 今から 買物に 出かけるところです* means "Yes, I am about to go shopping."
The dictionary form before *ところです* places the action immediately before it begins.
A reason based on the moment
*いいえ、 今 べんきょうが おわった ところですから、 ひまです* means "No, I finished studying this moment, so I am free."
The past form before *ところです* places the action after its recent completion. *から* makes that fact the reason for being free.
- 46
かいものにいくのですか。
Are you going shopping?
買物shoppingにfor行くgoのthe factですisか。question - 47
ええ、いまからかいものにでかけるところです。
Yes, I am about to go shopping.
ええ、yes今nowからfrom買物shoppingにfor出かけるgo outところabout toです。am - 48
いまいそがしいですか。
Are you busy now?
今nowいそがしいbusyですareか。question - 49
いいえ、いまべんきょうがおわったところですから、ひまです。
No, I have just finished studying, so I am free.
いいえ、no今nowべんきょうstudyingがsubjectおわっfinishedたpastところjustですisから、soひまfreeです。am - 50
あのバスはあそこでなにをしているのですか。
What is that bus doing over there?
あのthatバスbusはtopicあそこover thereでat何whatをobjectしdoingてdoingいるdoingのthe factですisか。question - 51
ふみきりにとまっているところです。
It is stopped at the railroad crossing.
ふみ切りrailroad crossingにatとまっstoppedてstoppedいるstoppedところcurrentlyです。is - 52
もうゆうはんをたべましたか。
Have you eaten supper yet?
もうyet夕はんsupperをobject食べeatenましdid, politeたdid, politeか。question - 53
いいえ、いまからたべるところです。
No, I am about to eat now.
いいえ、no今nowからfrom食べるeatところabout toです。am
- です
- to be (See Gram. Notes)
- ええ、
- Yes
- ふみ切り
- railroad crossing
- もう
- already (See Gram. Notes)
Stacking reasons and descriptions · Pattern 2 1 of 2
Two conditions and a result
*かぜは ふくし、 雨は 降るし するので、 私は 家に 居ました* means "Because the wind was blowing and the rain was falling, I stayed home."
Repeated *し* joins the two reasons before the result.
Descriptions can accumulate
*新しい 汽車は 早いし、 中は きれいですし、 バスより ずっと いいです* means "The new train is fast, clean inside, and much better than the bus."
Each clause ending in *し* adds another fact before the concluding comparison.
- 54
けしきはいいし、しずかですし(するので)、ゆっくりやすむのにはいいです。
Because the scenery is nice and because, furthermore, it is quiet, it's nice for resting leisurely.
けしきsceneryはtopicいいniceし、andしずかquietですisしand(するdoのfactで)、becauseゆっくりleisurely休むrestのactにforはtopicいいniceです。is - 55
あたらしいきしゃははやいし、なかはきれいですし、バスよりずっといいです。
The new train is fast, clean inside, and much better than the bus.
新しいnew汽車trainはtopic早いfastし、and中insideはtopicきれいcleanですisし、andバスbusよりthanずっとmuchいいbetterです。is - 56
かぜはふくし、あめはふるし(するので)、わたくしはいえにいました。
Because the wind was blowing and the rain was falling, I stayed home.
かぜwindはtopicふくし、is blowing, and雨rainはtopic降るfallingしand(するdoのfactで)、because私Iはtopic家homeにat居stayedましdid, politeた。did, polite - 57
このかわはあさいし、はしがかかっているし(するので)おおきいきせんはとおれません。
Because this river is shallow and has a bridge over it, large steamers cannot pass through.
このthis川riverはtopicあさいshallowし、and橋bridgeがsubjectかかっspansてspansいるspansしand(するdoのfactで)because大きいlarge汽船steamerはtopic通れcan passませnot, politeん。not, polite - 58
あのかたはみみはとおいし、めはわるいし(するので)、しごとはできません。
Because that person is hard of hearing and has poor eyesight, he cannot work.
あのthat方personはtopic耳hearingはtopic遠いpoorし、and目eyesightはtopicわるいpoorしand(するdoのfactで)、becauseしごとworkはtopic出来can doませnot, politeん。not, polite - 59
かぜをひいて、ねつはあるし、あたまがいたいし、べんきょうできません。
I have a cold, a fever, and a headache, so I cannot study.
かぜcoldをobjectひいcaughtて、caughtねつfeverはtopicあるhaveし、andあたまheadがsubjectいたいhurtsし、andべんきょうstudying出来can doませnot, politeん。not, polite
- けしき
- scenery
- しずか
- quiet
- で)、
- --is and -- (See Grammar Notes)
- ゆっくり
- slowly; deliberately; leisurely
- より
- than (See Gram. Notes)
- ずっと
- by far; very much
- かぜ
- wind
- 降る
- to fall (rain) (v.i.)
- 川
- river
- あさい
- shallow
- 橋
- bridge
- 遠い
- far
- しごと
- work, job
Explaining why you are busy · Pattern 2 2 of 2
Obligations explain being busy
*ええ、 べんきょうも しなければならないし、 店も 手つだわなければならないし、 朝から ばんまで いそがしいです* gives two obligations before the conclusion.
It means "Yes, I have to study and help at the store, so I am busy from morning until night."
Each *し* connects one reason to the conclusion.
Circumstances explain a refusal
*いいえ、 中は よごれているし、 高いし、 行きません* means "No, I do not go there because it is dirty inside and expensive."
The repeated *し* presents several reasons for the refusal.
- 60
なかなかいそがしそうですね。
You seem very busy, don’t you?
中々veryいそがしbusyそうseemsですisね。right? - 61
ええ、べんきょうもしなければならないし、みせもてつだわなければならないし、あさからばんまでいそがしいです。
Yes, I have to study and help at the store, so I am busy from morning until night.
ええ、yesべんきょうstudyもalsoしdoなけれmustばmustならmustないmustし、and店storeもalso手つだわhelpなけれmustばmustならmustないmustし、and朝morningからfromばんnightまでuntilいそがしいbusyです。am - 62
あなたは○○しょくりょうひんてんへいきますか。
Do you go to the XX Grocery Store?
あなたyouは○○topic, XX食料grocery store品grocery store店grocery storeへtoward行きgoますpoliteか。question - 63
いいえ、なかはよごれているし、たかいし(するので)、いきません。
No, I do not go there because it is dirty inside and expensive.
いいえ、no中insideはtopicよごれdirtyてdirtyいるdirtyし、and高いexpensiveしand(するdoのfactで)、because行きgoませnot, politeん。not, polite - 64
あなたはこのごろがっこうからかえってから、つりにいきますか。
Have you been going fishing after you return from school lately?
あなたyouはtopicこの頃lately学校schoolからfrom帰っreturnてreturnから、afterつりfishingにfor行きgoますpoliteか。question - 65
いいえ、ひはみじかいし、そのうえさむいし、いきません。
No, I do not go because the days are short and, besides that, it is cold.
いいえ、no日daysはtopic短いshortし、andそのbesides上besidesさむいcoldし、and行きgoませnot, politeん。not, polite
- 中々
- considerably, very
- そう
- numerical counter for ships
- ね。
- isn't it (See Grammar Notes)
- なら
- if it is (See Gram. Notes)
- 店
- store, shop
- 朝
- morning
- ばん
- evening, night
- まで
- as far as, to (See Gram. Notes)
- は○○
- leaves
- ます
- trout
- この頃
- these days, nowadays
- つり
- fishing
- さむい
- cold
Comparing speed and skill · Pattern 3 1 of 2
A question about equal speed
*自転車は 自動車ぐらい 早く 走れますか* asks whether a bicycle can go as fast as a car.
The *ぐらい* comparison asks about equal ability.
A negative comparison
*いいえ、 自転車は 自動車ほど 早く 走れません* means "No, a bicycle cannot go as fast as a car."
The negative *ほど* comparison denies equal ability.
The same form compares knowledge, amount, and skill in the other lines.
Kanji: 転
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 66
じてんしゃはじどうしゃぐらいはやくはしれますか。
Can a bicycle go as fast as a car.
自転bicycle車bicycleはtopic自動car車carぐらいas早くfast走れcan runますpoliteか。question - 67
いいえ、じてんしゃはじどうしゃほどはやくはしれません。
No, a bicycle cannot go as fast as a car.
いいえ、no自転bicycle車bicycleはtopic自動car車carほどas早くfast走れcan runませnot, politeん。not, polite - 68
きせんはきしゃほどはやくはしれません。
A steamer cannot move as fast as a train.
汽船steamerはtopic汽車trainほどas早くfast走れcan moveませnot, politeん。not, polite - 69
わたくしはあのひとぐらいはやくおよぐことができます。
I can swim as fast as that person.
私Iはtopicあのthat人personぐらいas早くfastおよぐswim事actがsubject出来can doます。polite - 70
せいとはせんせいほどたくさんかんじをしりません。
The students do not know as many kanji as the teacher.
生徒studentsはtopic先生teacherほどas沢山manyかん字kanjiをobject知りknowませnot, politeん。not, polite - 71
わたくしはたなかさんほどたくさんたべません。
I do not eat as much as Mr. Tanaka.
私Iはtopic田中TanakaさんMr.ほどas沢山much食べeatませnot, politeん。not, polite - 72
わたくしはあなたほどじがじょうずにかけません。
I cannot write characters as well as you can.
私Iはtopicあなたyouほどas字charactersがsubject上手skillfulにin書けcan writeませnot, politeん。not, polite
- およぐ
- to swim
Comparing people's abilities · Pattern 3 2 of 2
As many words as another person
*あなたは 山本さんぐらい 沢山 言葉を 知っていますか* means "Do you know as many words as Mr. Yamamoto?"
The person before *ぐらい* supplies the standard for the question about equal ability.
Denying equal ability
*いいえ、 私は 山本さんほど 沢山 言葉を 知りません* means "No, I do not know as many words as Mr. Yamamoto."
Negative *ほど* states that the speaker does not match the standard.
- 73
わたくしはブラウンさんぐらいはやくはしれます。
I can run as fast as Mr. Brown.
私IはtopicブラウンBrownさんMr.ぐらいas早くfast走れcan runます。polite - 74
あなたはやまもとさんぐらいたくさんことばをしっていますか。
Do you know as many words as Mr. Yamamoto?
あなたyouはtopic山本YamamotoさんMr.ぐらいas沢山many言葉wordsをobject知っknowてknowいknowますknowか。question - 75
いいえ、わたくしはやまもとさんほどたくさんことばをしりません。
No, I do not know as many words as Mr. Yamamoto.
いいえ、no私Iはtopic山本YamamotoさんMr.ほどas沢山many言葉wordsをobject知りknowませnot, politeん。not, polite - 76
あなたはやまださんぐらいはやくあるけますか。
Can you walk as fast as Mr. Yamada?
あなたyouはtopic山田YamadaさんMr.ぐらいas早くfast歩けcan walkますpoliteか。question - 77
いいえ、わたくしはやまだほどはやくあるけません。
No, I cannot walk as fast as Mr. Yamada.
いいえ、no私Iはtopic山田Yamadaほどas早くfast歩けcan walkませnot, politeん。not, polite - 78
あなたはパーカーさんぐらいじょうずにはなせますか。
Can you speak as well as Mr. Parker?
あなたyouはtopicパーカーParkerさんMr.ぐらいas上手wellにin話せcan speakますpoliteか。question - 79
いいえ、わたくしはパーカーさんほどじょうずにはなせません。
No, I cannot speak as well as Mr. Parker.
いいえ、no私IはtopicパーカーParkerさんMr.ほどas上手wellにin話せcan speakませnot, politeん。not, polite
Describing likeness and examples · Pattern 4 1 of 2
What someone appears to be
*自動車を 運転している人は 女の人のようです* means "The person who is driving the car looks like a woman."
The *のようです* form states apparent identity.
Likeness before a description
*今日は 夏のように あついです* means "Today it is hot, like summer." Before a verb or adjective, *のように* makes the likeness adverbial.
*スミスさんのような 生徒は 少ないです* means "There are few students like Smith." Before a noun, *のような* modifies that noun.
Kanji: 運
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 80
じどうしゃをうんてんしているひとはおんなのひとのようです。
The person who is driving the car looks like a woman.
自動car車carをobject運転drivingしdrivingてdrivingいるdriving人personはtopic女womanのwoman人womanのofようappearanceです。is - 81
きょうはなつのようにあついです。
Today it is hot, like summer.
今日todayはtopic夏summerのofようappearanceにinあついhotです。is - 82
スミスさんのようなせいとはすくないです。
There are few students like Smith.
スミスSmithさんMr.のofようappearanceなkind生徒studentsはtopic少ないfewです。are - 83
あのはしはてっきょうのようです。
That bridge looks like an iron bridge.
あのthat橋bridgeはtopic鉄橋iron bridgeのofようlikeです。is - 84
あそこにあるのは、かんづめこうじょうのようです。
The thing over there looks like a cannery.
あそこover thereにatあるexistsのoneは、topicかんづめcanned goods工場factoryのofようlikeです。is - 85
あのひとはおんなのようにはなします。
That person speaks like a woman.
あのthat人personはtopic女womanのofようlikeにin manner話しspeakます。polite - 86
パーカーさんのようによくべんきょうしなさい。
Study hard like Mr. Parker.
パーカーParkerさんMr.のofようlikeにin mannerよくhardべんきょうstudyしdoなさい。command - 87
ゴルフのようなうんどうはとしよりにはいいです。
Exercise like golf is good for elderly people.
ゴルフgolfのofようlikeなlinking運動exerciseはtopic年よりelderly peopleにforはtopicいいgoodです。is
- 女
- female
- 今日
- today
- 夏
- summer
- あつい
- hot
- 鉄橋
- steel bridge, railroad bridge
- かんづめ
- canned goods
- 工場
- factory
- よく
- well, skillfully
Springlike weather and similar things · Pattern 4 2 of 2
A day that feels like spring
*今日は 春のようですね* means "Today feels like spring, doesn't it?"
The *のよう* form presents an apparent likeness.
Springlike weather
*今日は 春の ような 天気ですね* means "It is springlike weather today, isn't it?"
Before the noun *天気*, *の ような* makes spring the example that describes the weather.
*ブラウンさんのように よくべんきょうする 生徒は 少ないですね* means "There are few students who study as hard as Mr. Brown, aren't there?"
Here *のように* describes how the students study.
- 88
マッチのようなものはこづつみにしておくることはできません。
Things like matches cannot be sent as parcels.
マッチmatchesのofようlikeなlinking物thingsはtopic小包parcelsにasしmakeてand送るsend事actはtopic出来cannotませnot, politeん。not, polite - 89
きょうははるのようですね。
Today feels like spring, doesn’t it?
今日todayはtopic春springのofようlikeですisね。right? - 90
ええ、あったかくて、いいひですね。
Yes, it is a nice, warm day.
ええ、yesあったかくwarmて、andいいnice日dayですisね。right? - 91
ブラウンさんのようによくべんきょうするせいとはすくないですね。
There are few students who study as hard as Mr. Brown, aren’t there?
ブラウンBrownさんMr.のofようlikeにin mannerよくhardべんきょうstudyするdo生徒studentsはtopic少ないfewですareね。right? - 92
ええ、すくないですね。
Yes, there are few.
ええ、yes少ないfewですareね。right? - 93
きょうははるのようなてんきですね。
It is springlike weather today, isn’t it?
今日todayはtopic春springのofようlikeなlinking天気weatherですisね。right? - 94
ええ、あったかいひですね。
Yes, it is a warm day.
ええ、yesあったかいwarm日dayですisね。right?
- マッチ
- match
- 小包
- parcel, small package
- 送る
- to send (v.t.)
- 春
- spring
- あったかい
- warm
Monterey harbor and railway · Reading Selection 1 of 4
A small port linked by rail
Monterey is a small fishing port with many small boats and one steamer.
*市と 港の 間を 鉄道が 通っています* says that a railroad runs between the city and harbor.
*この 鉄道は サンフランシスコに 通じて います* says that this railroad leads to San Francisco.
Kanji: 間
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 95
モンテレーはちいさなぎょこうで、みなとにはちいさなふねが
Monterey is a small fishing port, and in the harbor there are many small boats
モンテレーMontereyはtopic小さなsmallぎfishing portょfishing port港fishing portで、is, and港harborにinはtopic小さなsmall舟boatsがsubject - 96
たくさんついています。
moored there.
沢山manyついare mooredてare mooredいare mooredます。are moored - 97
きせんはいっそうしかいません。
There is only one steamer.
汽船steamerはtopic一そうone vesselしかonly居existsませnot, politeん。not, polite - 98
しとみなとのあいだを
Between the city and the harbor
市cityとand港harborのof間betweenをthrough - 99
てつどうがかよっています。
runs a railroad.
鉄道railroadがsubject通っrunsてrunsいrunsます。runs - 100
このてつどうはサンフランシスコにつうじて
This railroad leads to San Francisco
このthis鉄道railroadはtopicサンフランシスコSan Franciscoにto通じleadsてleads - 101
います。
It does.
いleadsます。leads
- モンテレー
- Monterey
- 小さな
- small (See Gram. Notes)
- 舟
- boat
- と
- and (See Gram. Notes)
- 鉄道
- railway, railroad
- サンフランシスコ
- San Francisco
Trains and fishing boats · Reading Selection 2 of 4
One train and no canneries
A train leaves only once a day, and the station is visible on the right.
The city once had many fish canneries, but none remain. Large steamers do not enter the harbor.
A boat about to leave
*今 ぎょ船が 港を 出る ところです* means "A fishing boat is about to leave the harbor now."
The dictionary form before *ところです* places the departure immediately before it begins.
- 102
いちにちにいちどだけれっしゃがでます。
A train leaves only once a day.
一one day日one dayにper一one time度one timeだけonlyれtrainっtrain車trainがsubject出leaveます。polite - 103
みぎのほうにえきがみえますね。
You can see the station on the right, can’t you?
右rightのof方sideにon駅stationがsubject見えcan seeますpoliteね。right? - 104
ずっとまえには、このしにはさかなのかんづめこうじょうがたくさんありました
A long time ago, there were many fish canneries in this city,
ずっとlong前agoにinは、topicこのthis市cityにinはtopicさかなfishのofかんづめcanned goods工場factoriesがsubject沢山manyありexistedましdid, politeたdid, polite - 105
がいまではありません。
but now there are none.
がbut今nowでatはtopicありexistませnot, politeん。not, polite - 106
みなとにはおおきなきせんははいりません。
Large steamers do not enter the harbor.
港harborにintoはtopic大きなlarge汽船steamersはtopicはいりenterませnot, politeん。not, polite - 107
ごらんなさい。
Look.
ごらんlookなさい。command - 108
いまぎょせんがみなとをでるところです。
A fishing boat is about to leave the harbor now.
今nowぎfishing boatょfishing boat船fishing boatがsubject港harborをobject出るleaveところabout toです。is
- 一
- one
- だけ
- only, just (See Grammar Notes)
- 前
- before, front
- は、
- leaves
- 大きな
- big, large (See Gram. Notes)
Fishing boat routines · Reading Selection 3 of 4
The fishing boat routine
Fishing boats usually leave in the evening and return early in the morning. Another fishing boat is going out.
*これは あちらのほど 大きくも ないし、 早くも ないらしいです* says this boat is not as large as the other. It does not seem to be as fast either.
A person who appears to be a woman
*一番 高い 所に 居る 人は 女の人の ようですが* says that the person at the highest point appears to be a woman.
The *の よう* form marks the person's apparent identity.
- 109
ぎょせんはたいていゆうがたでかけてあさはやくかえってきます。
Fishing boats usually leave in the evening and return early in the morning.
ぎfishing boatsょfishing boats船fishing boatsはtopic大抵usually夕方evening出かけleaveてand朝morning早くearly帰っreturnてreturn来returnます。return - 110
もういっそう
Another
もうanother一そうone vessel - 111
ぎょせんがでていきます。
fishing boat is going out.
ぎfishing boatょfishing boat船fishing boatがsubject出going outてgoing out行きgoing outます。going out - 112
これはあちらのほどおおきくもないし、
This one is not as large as that one, and
これthis oneはtopicあちらthat oneのofほどas much as大きくlargeもevenないnotし、and - 113
はやくもないらしいです。
it does not seem to be as fast either.
早くfastもeitherないnotらしいseemsです。is - 114
いちばんたかいところにいるひとはおんなのひとのようですが、
The person at the highest point appears to be a woman, but
一番most高いhigh所placeにat居るis located人personはtopic女womanのof人personのofようappearsですisが、but - 115
なつにはみなとのそばをたくさんのひとがさんぽしたり、ちかくのうみで
In summer, many people stroll by the harbor and swim
夏summerにinはtopic港harborのofそばbesideをalong沢山manyのof人peopleがsubject散歩strollしdoたり、among other things近くnearbyのof海seaでin
- 夕方
- evening
- あちら
- that over there, over there
- 一番
- number one (See Grammar Notes)
- 所
- address, place
- そば
- vicinity
- 近く
- vicinity
- 海
- sea, ocean
Seaside visitors and vehicles · Reading Selection 4 of 4
Cars beside the harbor
In summer, people stroll by the harbor and swim in the nearby sea.
*右の方に 自動車が 何台も とまっています* says that many cars are parked on the right.
The cars probably belong to people who have come for recreation, fishing, or shopping. The station warehouse is visible beyond them.
Kanji: 台
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 116
およいだりします。
in the nearby sea.
おswimよいswimだりamong other thingsしdoます。polite - 117
みぎのほうにじどうしゃがなんだいもとまっています。
There are many cars parked on the right.
右rightのof方sideにon自動cars車carsがsubject何many台manyもmanyとまっare parkedてare parkedいare parkedます。are parked - 118
あそびにきたり、つりやかいものにきているひとびとのじどうしゃでしょう。
They are probably the cars of people who have come for recreation, fishing, or shopping.
あそびrecreationにfor来comeたり、among other thingsつりfishingやand such買物shoppingにfor来have comeてhave comeいるhave come人々peopleのof自動cars車carsでしょう。probably are - 119
そのむこうにはえきのそうこもみえます。
Beyond them, you can also see the station warehouse.
そのthoseむこうbeyondにatはtopic駅stationのofそうこwarehouseもalso見えcan seeます。polite
- よい
- good (See Gram. Notes)
- や
- and---among others (See Gram. Notes)
- 人々
- people
- でしょう。
- probably (See Gram. Notes)
- むこう
- destination, yonder
- そうこ
- warehouse
Monterey harbor and canneries · Questions 1 of 2
Facts about the port
The questions ask what kind of harbor Monterey has, which factories it once had, and where its railway leads.
*モンテレーは どんな 港ですか* means "What kind of harbor is Monterey?"
An answer supplies the requested fact from the reading, such as a small fishing port.
- 120
よくわかりません。
I do not understand very well.
よくwellわかりunderstandませnot, politeん。not, polite - 121
モンテレーはどんなみなとですか。
What kind of harbor is Monterey?
モンテレーMontereyはtopicどんなwhat kind港harborですisか。question - 122
みなとにはきせんがたくさんいます。
There are many steamers in the harbor.
港harborにinはtopic汽船steamersがsubject沢山many居existます。polite - 123
モンテレーにはどんなこうじょうがたくさんありましたか。
What kind of factories were there many of in Monterey?
モンテレーMontereyにinはtopicどんなwhat kind工場factoriesがsubject沢山manyありexistedましdid, politeたdid, politeか。question - 124
モンテレーにはてつどうがつうじていますか。
Is Monterey connected by railroad?
モンテレーMontereyにtoはtopic鉄道railroadがsubject通じis connectedてis connectedいis connectedますis connectedか。question - 125
このてつどうはどこにつうじていますか。
Where does this railroad lead?
このthis鉄道railroadはtopicどこwhereにto通じleadsてleadsいleadsますleadsか。question
- どんな
- what kind of; what sort of
Visitors to Monterey · Questions 2 of 2
Times and reasons
The questions ask when trains and fishing boats travel and why people visit Monterey.
*一日に 何度 れっ車が 出ますか* means "How many times a day does the train leave?"
An answer gives the requested time, frequency, or purpose from the reading.
- 126
いちにちになんどれっしゃがでますか。
How many times a day does the train leave?
一one day日one dayにper何how many度timesれtrainっtrain車trainがsubject出leaveますpoliteか。question - 127
ぎょせんはたいていいつみなとをでますか。
When do fishing boats usually leave the harbor?
ぎfishing boatsょfishing boats船fishing boatsはtopic大抵usuallyいつwhen港harborをobject出leaveますpoliteか。question - 128
ぎょせんはいつかえってきますか。
When do the fishing boats return?
ぎfishing boatsょfishing boats船fishing boatsはtopicいつwhen帰っreturnてreturn来returnますpoliteか。question - 129
なつにはたくさんのひとがモンテレーにきますか。
Do many people come to Monterey in the summer?
夏summerにinはtopic沢山manyのof人peopleがsubjectモンテレーMontereyにto来comeますpoliteか。question - 130
このひとたちはなにをしにモンテレーにきますか。
What do these people come to Monterey to do?
このthese人peopleたちpeopleはtopic何whatをobjectしdoにin order toモンテレーMontereyにto来comeますpoliteか。question
- いつ
- when?
Railway and resort words · Word list 1 of 4
Railways and recreation
These words cover rail travel, landscape, resorts, and leisure boats.
*鉄道* means "railway" or "railroad," *おんせん町* means "spa" or "hot spring resort," and *かんこう船* means "sightseeing boat."
Kanji: 島
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 131
てつどう
railway, railroad
鉄道railway - 132
トンネル
tunnel
トンネルtunnel - 133
れっしゃ
train
れっ車train - 134
えき
railroad station
駅railroad station - 135
ふみきり
railroad crossing
ふみ切りrailroad crossing - 136
はんとう
peninsula
半島peninsula - 137
おんせんまち
spa, hot spring resort
おんせん町hot spring resort - 138
おんせん
hot spring
おんせんhot spring - 139
けしき
scenery
けしきscenery - 140
ヨット
yacht
ヨットyacht - 141
かんこうせん
sightseeing boat
かんこう船sightseeing boat
- トンネル
- tunnel
- れっ車
- train
- 半島
- peninsula
- おんせん町
- spa, hot spring resort
- おんせん
- hot spring
- ヨット
- yacht
- かんこう船
- sightseeing boat
Countryside and transport words · Word list 2 of 4
Countryside and transport
These words cover rural places and people, transport, and physical movement.
*ぎょ船* means "fishing boat," *お百しょう* means "farmer," and *よりかかる* means "to lean against."
Kanji: 村
New kanji in these lines. Read down: the kanji, its reading, then the words it makes.
- 142
ぎょせん
fishing boat
ぎょ船fishing boat - 143
そうこ
warehouse
そうこwarehouse - 144
た
paddy field
田paddy field - 145
むら
village
村village - 146
のうか
farm house
のう家farmhouse - 147
おひゃくしょう
farmer
お百しょうfarmer - 148
じてんしゃ
bicycle
自転車bicycle - 149
がいじん
foreigner
外人foreigner - 150
とまる
to stop
とまるstop - 151
よりかかる
to lean against
よりかかるlean against - 152
うんてん(する)
driving (to drive) v.t.
運転(する)drive
- ぎょ船
- fishing boat
- 田
- paddy field
- 村
- village
- のう家
- farm house
- お百しょう
- farmer
- 自転車
- bicycle
- 外人
- foreigner
- とまる
- to stop
- よりかかる
- to lean against
- 運転(する)
- driving (to drive) v.t.
Movement and timing expressions · Word list 3 of 4
A name the speaker cannot recall
*何とか言う* means "called by some name" when the speaker cannot recall the name of a thing, place, or person.
It stands before the noun being identified. Other entries cover movement, timing, connection, and resemblance.
*つくところ* means "about to arrive," while *出た* means "left this moment."
- 153
おうふくする
to shuttle, run between v.t.
おうふくするshuttle - 154
つうじる
to run, be laid
通じるrun - 155
しずか
quiet
しずかquiet - 156
おもしろい
interesting, to be fun
おもしろいinteresting - 157
そう
numerical counter for ships
そうship counter - 158
つくところ
about to arrive (See Gram. Notes)
つくところabout to arrive - 159
でた
just left (See Gram. Notes)
出たjust left - 160
なんとかいう
called by some name; I can't recall; which you may call (See Gram. Notes)
何とか言うcalled something - 161
--し
and furthermore (See Gram. Notes)
--しand furthermore - 162
ゆっくり
leisurely
ゆっくりleisurely - 163
--のよう
like, appears (See Gram. Notes)
--のようlike
- おうふくする
- to shuttle, run between v.t.
- 通じる
- to run, be laid
- おもしろい
- interesting, to be fun
- つくところ
- about to arrive (See Gram. Notes)
- 出た
- just left (See Gram. Notes)
- 何とか言う
- called by some name; I can't recall; which you may call (See Gram. Notes)
- --し
- and furthermore (See Gram. Notes)
- --のよう
- like, appears (See Gram. Notes)
Comparing cars and trains · Word list 4 of 4
Cars, trains, and a tunnel
These entries review equal and unequal comparisons and an action completed this moment.
*自動車は 汽車ぐらい 早く 走れますか* means "Can an automobile go as fast as a train?"
*いいえ、 日本では、 自動車は 汽車ほど 早く 走れません* means "No, in Japan an automobile cannot go as fast as a train."
*あの れっ車は 今 トンネルを 出た ところです* means "That train came out of the tunnel this moment."
- 164
--ぐらい
as -- as (See Gram. Notes)
--ぐらいas much as - 165
--ほど
not so -- as (See Gram. Notes)
--ほどnot as much as - 166
じどうしゃはきしゃぐらいはやくはしれますか。
Can an automobile go as fast as a train?
自動車は汽車ぐらい早く走れますか。Can cars match trains? - 167
いいえ、にほんでは、じどうしゃはきしゃほどはやくはしれません。
No, in Japan an automobile cannot go as fast as a train.
いいえ、日本では、自動車は汽車ほど早く走れません。Cars cannot match trains - 168
なぜじどうしゃはきしゃほどはやくはしれませんか。
Why can't an automobile go as fast as a train?
なぜ自動車は汽車ほど早く走れませんか。Why are cars slower? - 169
みちがわるいうえにひとやくるまがおおいから、あぶなくてはやくはしれないのです。
Besides the roads being bad, there are many people and vehicles; so it's dangerous and one can't go fast.
道がわるい上に人や車が多いから、あぶなくて早く走れないのです。Danger prevents fast driving - 170
あのれっしゃはいまトンネルをでたところです。
That train has just come out of the tunnel.
あのれっ車は今トンネルを出たところです。train just left tunnel - 171
ここからおんせんまちまでてつどうがつうじている
A railway runs from here to a spa.
ここからおんせん町まで鉄道が通じているrailway runs to spa
- --ぐらい
- as -- as (See Gram. Notes)
- --ほど
- not so -- as (See Gram. Notes)
- 自動車は汽車ぐらい早く走れますか。
- "Can an automobile go as fast as a train?"
- いいえ、日本では、自動車は汽車ほど早く走れません。
- "No, in Japan an automobile cannot go as fast as a train."
- なぜ自動車は汽車ほど早く走れませんか。
- "Why can't an automobile go as fast as a train?"
- 道がわるい上に人や車が多いから、あぶなくて早く走れないのです。
- "Besides the roads being bad, there are many people and vehicles; so it's dangerous and one can't go fast."
- あのれっ車は今トンネルを出たところです。
- "That train has just come out of the tunnel."
- ここからおんせん町まで鉄道が通じている
- "A railway runs from here to a spa."
The particulars
- The course
- Defense Language Institute, Japanese Basic Course, 1967 to 1971. Public domain. The teaching pages and the narration are ours.
- Reading aloud
- Digital narration, directed by 1732 Studios.
- The book
- Botchan, the work this course leads to, free to read here.
- Data
- JSON · Markdown · A guide for agents