French · To the Reader
Au Lecteur
To the Reader
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- 1
Folly, error, sin, and stinginess
LaThele · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of sottisesottiseFollysottise · noun, feminine, singularsubject of Occupent (next segment)l'thele · determiner, singulardeterminer of erreurerreurerrorerreur · noun, feminine, singularcoordinated with sottiselethele · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of péchépéchésinpéché · noun, masculine, singularcoordinated with sottiselathele · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of lésinelésinestinginesslésine · noun, feminine, singularcoordinated with sottise - 2
occupy our minds and work upon our bodies,
Occupentoccupyoccuper · verb, present, indicative, third-person, pluralmain verb of the sentencenosournotre · determiner, pluraldeterminer of espritsespritsmindsesprit · noun, masculine, pluraldirect object of Occupentetandet · conjunctionlinks the coordinationtravaillentwork upontravailler · verb, present, indicative, third-person, pluralcoordinated with Occupentnosournotre · determiner, pluraldeterminer of corpscorpsbodiescorps · noun, masculine, pluraldirect object of travaillent - 3
and we feed our agreeable remorse,
Etandet · conjunctionlinks the coordinationnouswenous · pronoun, pluralsubject of alimentonsalimentonsfeedalimenter · verb, present, indicative, first-person, pluralmain verb of the sentencenosournotre · determiner, pluraldeterminer of remordsaimablesagreeableaimable · adjective, pluralmodifies remordsremordsremorseremords · noun, masculine, pluraldirect object of alimentons - 4
as beggars nourish their vermin.
Commeascomme · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of nourrissentlesthele · determiner, pluraldeterminer of mendiantsmendiantsbeggarsmendiant · noun, masculine, pluralsubject of nourrissentnourrissentnourishnourrir · verb, present, indicative, third-person, pluralmain verb of the sentenceleurtheirleur · possessive determiner, singulardeterminer of verminevermineverminvermine · noun, feminine, singulardirect object of nourrissent - 5
Our sins are stubborn, our repentances cowardly;
NosOurnotre · determiner, pluraldeterminer of péchéspéchéssinspéché · noun, masculine, pluralsubject of têtussontareêtre · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, pluralcopula linking to têtustêtusstubborntêtu · adjective, masculine, pluralhead of the phrasenosournotre · determiner, pluraldeterminer of repentirsrepentirsrepentancesrepentir · noun, masculine, pluralcoordinated with péchéssontareêtre · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, pluralcopula linking to lâcheslâchescowardlylâche · adjective, pluralcoordinated with têtus - 6
we have ourselves richly paid for our confessions,
NousWenous · pronoun, pluralsubject of faisonsnousourselvesnous · pronoun, plural, reflexiveindirect object of payer (beneficiary of the causative)faisonshavefaire · verb, present, indicative, first-person, plural, causativemain verb of the sentencepayerpay forpayer · verb, infinitiveinfinitive complement of faisonsgrassementrichlygrassement · adverbmodifies payernosournotre · determiner, pluraldeterminer of aveuxaveuxconfessionsaveu · noun, masculine, pluraldirect object of payer - 7
and we return gaily down the miry road,
Etandet · conjunctionlinks the coordinationnouswenous · pronoun, pluralsubject of rentronsrentronsreturnrentrer · verb, present, indicative, first-person, pluralmain verb of the sentencegaiementgailygaiement · adverbmodifies rentronsdansintodans · prepositionpreposition marking cheminlethele · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of chemincheminroadchemin · noun, masculine, singularoblique argument of rentronsbourbeuxmirybourbeux · adjective, masculinemodifies chemin - 8
believing that base tears wash away all our stains.
Croyantbelievingcroire · verb, present, participlecoordinated with rentrons (previous segment)parwithpar · prepositionpreposition marking pleursdesomede · determiner, plural (reduced 'des' before a preceding adjective)determiner of pleurs'des' reduces to 'de' when an adjective precedes the plural noun.
vilsbasevil · adjective, masculine, pluralmodifies pleurspleurstearspleur · noun, masculine, pluralobject of parlaverwash awaylaver · verb, infinitiveinfinitive complement of Croyanttoutesalltout · adjective, feminine, pluraldeterminer of tachesnosournotre · determiner, pluraldeterminer of tachestachesstainstache · noun, feminine, pluraldirect object of laver - 9
On the pillow of evil it is Satan Trismegistus
SurOnsur · prepositionpreposition marking oreillerl'thele · determiner, singulardeterminer of oreilleroreillerpilloworeiller · noun, masculine, singularobject of Surduof thede · prepositionpreposition marking malmalevilmal · noun, masculine, singularmodifies oreillerc'itce · pronoun, singularsubject of estestisêtre · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularcopula linking to SatanSatanSatanSatan · proper noun, masculine, singularhead of the phraseTrismégisteTrismegistusTrismégiste · proper noundepends on Satan - 10
who long lulls our enchanted spirit,
Quiwhoqui · relative pronounsubject of berce, referring to Satanbercelullsbercer · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the relative clauselonguementlonglonguement · adverbmodifies bercenotreournotre · determiner, singulardeterminer of espritespritspiritesprit · noun, masculine, singulardirect object of berceenchantéenchantedenchanté · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies esprit - 11
and the rich metal of our will
Etandet · conjunctionlinks the coordinationlethele · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of métalricherichriche · adjective, singularmodifies métalmétalmetalmétal · noun, masculine, singularsubject of Est (next segment)deofde · prepositionpreposition marking volonténotreournotre · determiner, singulardeterminer of volontévolontéwillvolonté · noun, feminine, singularobject of de - 12
is wholly vaporized by that learned chemist.
Estisêtre · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularpassive auxiliary of vaporisé, agrees with métal (previous segment)toutwhollytout · adverbmodifies vaporisévaporisévaporizedvaporiser · verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singularmain verb of the sentenceparbypar · prepositionpreposition marking chimistecethatce · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of chimistesavantlearnedsavant · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies chimistechimistechemistchimiste · noun, masculine, singularobject of par, agent of vaporisé - 13
It is the Devil who holds the strings that move us!
C'Itce · pronoun, singularsubject of estestisêtre · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularcopula linking to Diablelethele · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of DiableDiableDevildiable · noun, masculine, singularhead of the phrasequiwhoqui · relative pronounsubject of tienttientholdstenir · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularrelative clause on Diablelesthele · determiner, pluraldeterminer of filsfilsstringsfil · noun, masculine, pluraldirect object of tientquithatqui · relative pronounsubject of remuentnoususnous · pronoun, pluraldirect object of remuentremuentmoveremuer · verb, present, indicative, third-person, pluralrelative clause on fils - 14
In repugnant objects we find allurements;
AuxInà · prepositionpreposition marking objetsobjetsobjectsobjet · noun, masculine, pluraloblique argument of trouvonsrépugnantsrepugnantrépugnant · adjective, masculine, pluralmodifies objetsnouswenous · pronoun, pluralsubject of trouvonstrouvonsfindtrouver · verb, present, indicative, first-person, pluralmain verb of the sentencedessomeun · determiner, pluraldeterminer of appasappasallurementsappas · noun, masculine, pluraldirect object of trouvons - 15
each day toward Hell we descend one step,
ChaqueEachchaque · determiner, singulardeterminer of jourjourdayjour · noun, masculine, singulardepends on descendonsverstowardvers · prepositionpreposition marking Enferl'thele · determiner, singulardeterminer of EnferEnferHellenfer · noun, masculine, singularobject of versnouswenous · pronoun, pluralsubject of descendonsdescendonsdescenddescendre · verb, present, indicative, first-person, pluralmain verb of the sentenced'byde · prepositionpreposition marking pasunoneun · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of paspassteppas · noun, masculine, singularoblique argument of descendons - 16
without horror, through stinking darknesses.
Sanswithoutsans · prepositionpreposition marking horreurhorreurhorrorhorreur · noun, feminine, singularobject of Sansàthroughà · preposition (part of the compound à travers)part of the idiom à travers, modifies descendonstraversthroughtravers · noun, masculine (part of the compound à travers)part of the idiom à travers'à travers' is a fixed compound preposition meaning 'through'.
dessomeun · determiner, pluraldeterminer of ténèbresténèbresdarknessesténèbre · noun, feminine, pluralobject of à traversquithatqui · relative pronounsubject of puentpuentstinkpuer · verb, present, indicative, third-person, pluralrelative clause on ténèbres - 17
Like a poor debauchee who kisses and devours
AinsiLikeainsi · adverb (part of the correlative ainsi que)head of the comparison, links to débauchéqu'asque · subordinating conjunction (part of ainsi que)part of the correlative Ainsi... queunaun · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of débauchédébauchédebaucheedébauché · noun, masculine, singularobject of the comparison Ainsi quepauvrepoorpauvre · adjective, singularmodifies débauchéquiwhoqui · relative pronounsubject of baisebaisekissesbaiser · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularrelative clause on débauchéetandet · conjunctionlinks the coordinationmangebitesmanger · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularcoordinated with baiseLiterally 'eats/gnaws'; rendered 'bites' to match the translation.
- 18
the martyred breast of some ancient whore,
Lethele · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of seinseinbreastsein · noun, masculine, singulardirect object of baise and mange (previous segment)martyrisémartyredmartyriser · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies seind'ofde · prepositionpreposition marking catin, modifies seinuneanun · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of catinantiqueancientantique · adjective, singularmodifies catincatinwhorecatin · noun, feminine, singularobject of d' - 19
we steal in passing a clandestine pleasure
NousWenous · pronoun, pluralsubject of volonsvolonsstealvoler · verb, present, indicative, first-person, pluralmain verb of the sentenceauinau · contraction of à + lepreposition marking passagepassagepassingpassage · noun, masculine, singularoblique argument of volonsunaun · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of plaisirplaisirpleasureplaisir · noun, masculine, singulardirect object of volonsclandestinclandestineclandestin · adjective, singularmodifies plaisir - 20
that we squeeze hard like an old orange.
Quewhichque · relative pronoundirect object of pressons, referring to plaisirnouswenous · pronoun, pluralsubject of pressonspressonssqueezepresser · verb, present, indicative, first-person, pluralmain verb of the relative clausebienverybien · adverbmodifies fortforthardfort · adverbmodifies pressonscommelikecomme · prepositionpreposition marking orangeuneanun · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of orangevieilleoldvieux · adjective, feminine, singularmodifies orangeorangeorangeorange · noun, feminine, singularobject of comme - 21
Packed, swarming, like a million helminths,
SerréPackedserré · adjective/past participle, masculine, singularmodifies peuple (next segment)fourmillantswarmingfourmiller · verb, present, participlecoordinated with Serré, modifies peuple (next segment)commelikecomme · prepositionpreposition marking millionunaun · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of millionmillionmillionmillion · noun, masculine, singularobject of commed'ofde · prepositionpreposition marking helmintheshelmintheshelminthshelminthe · noun, masculine, pluralmodifies millionHelminths are parasitic worms.
- 22
a people of Demons carouses in our brains,
DansIndans · prepositionpreposition marking cerveauxnosournotre · determiner, pluraldeterminer of cerveauxcerveauxbrainscerveau · noun, masculine, pluralobject of Dansribotecarousesriboter · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenceunaun · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of peuplepeuplepeoplepeuple · noun, masculine, singularsubject of ribote (inverted word order)deofde · prepositionpreposition marking DémonsDémonsDemonsdémon · noun, masculine, pluralmodifies peuple - 23
and, when we breathe, Death into our lungs
EtAndet · conjunctionlinks the coordinationquandwhenquand · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of respironsnouswenous · pronoun, pluralsubject of respironsrespironsbreatherespirer · verb, present, indicative, first-person, pluralmain verb of the subordinate clauselathele · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of MortMortDeathmort · noun, feminine, singularsubject of Descend (next segment)dansintodans · prepositionpreposition marking poumons, modifies Descend (next segment)nosournotre · determiner, pluraldeterminer of poumonspoumonslungspoumon · noun, masculine, pluralobject of dans - 24
descends, an invisible river, with muffled moans.
Descenddescendsdescendre · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentence, subject is Mort (previous segment)fleuvea riverfleuve · noun, masculine, singularin apposition to Mortinvisibleinvisibleinvisible · adjective, singularmodifies fleuveavecwithavec · prepositionpreposition marking plaintesdesomede · determiner, plural (reduced 'des' before a preceding adjective)determiner of plaintessourdesmuffledsourd · adjective, feminine, pluralmodifies plaintesplaintesmoansplainte · noun, feminine, pluralobject of avec - 25
If rape, poison, the dagger, arson
SiIfsi · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the conditional clauselethele · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of violviolrapeviol · noun, masculine, singularsubject of ont (next segment)lethele · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of poisonpoisonpoisonpoison · noun, masculine, singularcoordinated with viollethele · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of poignardpoignarddaggerpoignard · noun, masculine, singularcoordinated with violl'thele · determiner, singulardeterminer of incendieincendiearsonincendie · noun, masculine, singularcoordinated with viol - 26
have not yet embroidered with their pleasing designs
N'notne · adverb (negation)modifies brodéonthaveavoir · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, pluralauxiliary of brodé, subject is viol/poison/poignard/incendie (previous segment)pasnotpas · adverb (negation)modifies brodéencoryetencore · adverbmodifies brodébrodéembroideredbroder · verb, past, participlemain verb of the sentencedewithde · prepositionpreposition marking dessinsleurstheirleur · determiner, pluraldeterminer of dessinsplaisantspleasingplaisant · adjective, masculine, pluralmodifies dessinsdessinsdesignsdessin · noun, masculine, pluralobject of de - 27
the banal canvas of our pitiable destinies,
Lethele · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of canevascanevascanvascanevas · noun, masculine, singulardirect object of brodé (previous segment)banalbanalbanal · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies canevasdeofde · prepositionpreposition marking destinsnosournotre · determiner, pluraldeterminer of destinspiteuxpitiablepiteux · adjective, masculinemodifies destinsdestinsdestiniesdestin · noun, masculine, pluralobject of de, modifies canevas - 28
it is that our soul, alas! is not bold enough.
C'Itce · pronoun, singularsubject of estestisêtre · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentence (c'est que = it is that)quethatque · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of hardienotreournotre · determiner, singulardeterminer of âmeâmesoulâme · noun, feminine, singularsubject of hardiehélasalashélas · interjectionparenthetical, depends on âmen'notne · adverb (negation)modifies hardieestisêtre · auxiliary verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularcopula linking to hardiepasnotpas · adverb (negation)modifies assezassezenoughassez · adverbmodifies hardiehardieboldhardi · adjective, feminine, singularhead of the phrase - 29
But among the jackals, the panthers, the bitch-hounds,
MaisButmais · conjunctionlinks the coordinationparmiamongparmi · prepositionpreposition marking chacalslesthele · determiner, pluraldeterminer of chacalschacalsjackalschacal · noun, masculine, pluralobject of parmilesthele · determiner, pluraldeterminer of panthèrespanthèrespantherspanthère · noun, feminine, pluralcoordinated with chacalslesthele · determiner, pluraldeterminer of liceslicesbitch-houndslice · noun, feminine, pluralcoordinated with chacals - 30
the apes, the scorpions, the vultures, the serpents,
Lesthele · determiner, pluraldeterminer of singessingesapessinge · noun, masculine, pluralcoordinated with chacals (previous segment)lesthele · determiner, pluraldeterminer of scorpionsscorpionsscorpionsscorpion · noun, masculine, pluralcoordinated with singeslesthele · determiner, pluraldeterminer of vautoursvautoursvulturesvautour · noun, masculine, pluralcoordinated with scorpionslesthele · determiner, pluraldeterminer of serpentsserpentsserpentsserpent · noun, masculine, pluralcoordinated with vautours - 31
the yelping, howling, growling, crawling monsters,
Lesthele · determiner, pluraldeterminer of monstresmonstresmonstersmonstre · noun, masculine, pluralcoordinated with singes (previous segment)glapissantsyelpingglapissant · adjective, masculine, pluralmodifies monstreshurlantshowlinghurlant · adjective, masculine, pluralcoordinated with glapissantsgrognantsgrowlinggrognant · adjective, masculine, pluralcoordinated with glapissantsrampantscrawlingrampant · adjective, masculine, pluralcoordinated with glapissants - 32
in the infamous menagerie of our vices,
Dansindans · prepositionpreposition marking ménagerielathele · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of ménagerieménageriemenagerieménagerie · noun, feminine, singularobject of Dansinfâmeinfamousinfâme · adjective, singularmodifies ménageriedeofde · prepositionpreposition marking vicesnosournotre · determiner, pluraldeterminer of vicesvicesvicesvice · noun, masculine, pluralobject of de, modifies ménagerie - 33
there is one uglier, more wicked, more unclean!
IlThereil · pronoun, impersonalimpersonal subject of estenof themen · pronoun (partitive, referring to the vices)depends on un/estestisêtre · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singular, impersonalmain verb of the sentence (il en est un = there is one of them)unoneun · pronoun, masculine, singularpredicate of est, head of the phraseplusmoreplus · adverbmodifies laidlaiduglylaid · adjective, masculine, singularmodifies unplusmoreplus · adverbmodifies méchantméchantwickedméchant · adjective, masculine, singularcoordinated with laid, modifies unplusmoreplus · adverbmodifies immondeimmondeuncleanimmonde · adjective, masculine, singularcoordinated with laid, modifies un - 34
Though it makes neither grand gestures nor grand cries,
Quoiqu'Thoughquoique · subordinating conjunctionintroduces the clause of pousseilitil · pronoun, masculine, singularsubject of pousse, referring to Il (previous segment)nenotne · adverb (negation, ne...ni...ni)modifies poussepoussemakespousser · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the subordinate clausenineitherni · conjunction (correlative ne...ni...ni)negates gestes, correlative with the second nigrandsgrandgrand · adjective, masculine, pluralmodifies gestesgestesgesturesgeste · noun, masculine, pluraldirect object of pousseninorni · conjunction (correlative ne...ni...ni)links the coordinationgrandsgrandgrand · adjective, masculine, pluralmodifies criscriscriescri · noun, masculine, pluralcoordinated with gestes - 35
it would gladly make of the earth a heap of rubble
IlItil · pronoun, masculine, singularsubject of feraitferaitwould makefaire · verb, present, conditional, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentencevolontiersgladlyvolontiers · adverbmodifies feraitdeofde · prepositionpreposition marking terre (faire de X un Y construction)lathele · determiner, feminine, singulardeterminer of terreterreearthterre · noun, feminine, singularoblique argument of feraitunaun · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of débrisdébriswreckdébris · noun, masculine, singularpredicate object of ferait, modifies terre - 36
and in a single yawn would swallow the world;
Etandet · conjunctionlinks the coordinationdansindans · prepositionpreposition marking bâillementunaun · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of bâillementbâillementyawnbâillement · noun, masculine, singularobject of the preposition dansavaleraitwould swallowavaler · verb, conditional, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentencelethele · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of mondemondeworldmonde · noun, masculine, singulardirect object of avalerait - 37
it is Ennui! — his eye laden with an involuntary tear,
C'itce · pronoun, singularsubject of estestisêtre · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularcopula linking to Ennuil'thele · determiner, singulardeterminer of EnnuiEnnuiEnnuiennui · noun, masculine, singularpredicate of estL'hisle · determiner, singulardeterminer of oeilFrench uses the definite article where English uses a possessive with body parts.
oeileyeoeil · noun, masculine, singularhead of the phrase, in apposition to C'est l'Ennuichargéladencharger · verb, past, participle, masculine, singularclause modifying oeild'withde · prepositionpreposition marking pleurunanun · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of pleurpleurtearpleur · noun, masculine, singularoblique argument of chargéinvolontaireinvoluntaryinvolontaire · adjective, singularmodifies pleur - 38
he dreams of scaffolds while smoking his hookah.
Ilheil · pronoun, masculine, singularsubject of rêverêvedreamsrêver · verb, present, indicative, third-person, singularmain verb of the sentenced'ofde · prepositionpreposition marking échafaudséchafaudsscaffoldséchafaud · noun, masculine, pluraloblique argument of rêveenwhileen · prepositionintroduces the gerund fumantfumantsmokingfumer · verb, present, participleadverbial gerund modifying rêvesonhisson · determiner, singulardeterminer of houkahoukahookahhouka · noun, masculine, singulardirect object of fumant - 39
You know him, reader, this dainty monster,
Tuyoutu · pronoun, singularsubject of connaislehimle · pronoun, masculine, singulardirect object of connaisconnaisknowconnaître · verb, present, indicative, second-person, singularmain verb of the sentencelecteurreaderlecteur · noun, masculine, singularvocative, direct address to the readercethisce · determiner, masculine, singulardeterminer of monstremonstremonstermonstre · noun, masculine, singularin apposition to le, direct object of connaisdélicatdaintydélicat · adjective, singularmodifies monstre - 40
— hypocrite reader, — my likeness, — my brother!
Hypocritehypocritehypocrite · adjective, singularmodifies lecteurlecteurreaderlecteur · noun, masculine, singularvocative, head of the phrasemonmymon · determiner, singulardeterminer of semblablesemblablelikenesssemblable · noun, masculine, singularin apposition to lecteurmonmymon · determiner, singulardeterminer of frèrefrèrebrotherfrère · noun, masculine, singularin apposition to lecteur
The particulars
- The text
- Les Fleurs du mal, Charles Baudelaire. To the Reader.
- Translation
- Public-domain French (Baudelaire, d. 1867). English translation © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC.
- Words
- Every word of the text, by letter.
- Data
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