German Basic Course 1732 Studios

German · Unit 20

Unit 20: Opernbesuch

Volume 2

A night at the opera

260 lines

Basic Sentences I

  1. 1

    At the box office.

    Anat, on
    derthe airport
    Theaterkasse.box office
  2. 2

    I wish I had known that we were going to meet again here of all places!

  3. 3

    And had I suspected that you were going to the opera today, too, I would have called you up sometime during the day.

  4. 4

    You're thinking then we could have gotten seats next to each other.

sollen
should have, ought to have
ausgerechnet
of all (people, places, things, etc.)
können
would have been able to, could have
nebeneinander
next to each other, side by side
  1. 5

    That's right. You see, I had two tickets for the dress-circle, and I turned one of them in at the box office just a little while ago.

  2. 6

    In what row?

  3. 7

    In the first.

  4. 8

    Let me see your ticket! Well there you are, we are sitting next to each other.

Rang
the dress-circle
also
well there you are; what-are-you-worried-about?
  1. 9

    Then you got the ticket I brought back ('brought back by me').

  2. 10

    Yes. If we had known that beforehand I wouldn't have had to queue up for my ticket, which used to be your ticket.

  3. 11

    At the box office.

  4. 12

    I wish I had known that we were going to meet again here of all places!

  5. 13

    And had I suspected that you were going to the opera today, too, I would have called you up sometime during the day.

  6. 14

    You're thinking then we could have gotten seats next to each other.

  7. 15

    That's right. You see, I had two tickets for the dress-circle, and I turned one of them in at the box office just a little while ago.

  8. 16

    In what row?

  9. 17

    In the first.

  10. 18

    Let me see your ticket! Well there you are, we are sitting next to each other.

  11. 19

    Then you got the ticket I brought back ('brought back by me').

  12. 20

    Yes. If we had known that beforehand I wouldn't have had to queue up for my ticket, which used to be your ticket.

müssen
would have had to, should have

Basic Sentences II

  1. 21

    In the lobby.

  2. 22

    What a crowd at the checkroom! If we'd come without our hats and coats we wouldn't have to wait in line there again so soon.

Andrang
the crowd, press, rush
müssten
would have to, should
  1. 23

    Yes, we only have a few minutes left, and I'd like to get a couple of sandwich rolls at the refreshment bar before we go in.

  2. 24

    I ought to do that too. They're always excellent here at the refreshment bar in the theater.

  3. 25

    I'll check our things at the cloakroom; you could be getting the sandwiches in the meantime.

  4. 26

    Two for me please, one roast beef and one caviar.

  5. 27

    In the lobby.

  6. 28

    What a crowd at the checkroom! If we'd come without our hats and coats we wouldn't have to wait in line there again so soon.

  7. 29

    Yes, we only have a few minutes left, and I'd like to get a couple of sandwich rolls at the refreshment bar before we go in.

  8. 30

    I ought to do that too. They're always excellent here at the refreshment bar in the theater.

  9. 31

    I'll check our things at the cloakroom; you could be getting the sandwiches in the meantime.

  10. 32

    Two for me please, one roast beef and one caviar.

Brötchen
the roll
Brötchen
the (open-face) sandwich roll
sollte
ought to, should
Roastbeef
the roast beef
Kaviar
the caviar

Basic Sentences III

  1. 33

    Inside the theater.

  2. 34

    Well now we do have a few minutes before the overture begins, after all. What happened to the business trip to Bayreuth, which you didn't want to take?

  3. 35

    I'm very glad that I had to go.

  4. 36

    Denn als ich dort war, gab es gerade wieder einmal eine neue Tannhäuser-Inszenierung. Und die konnte ich mir natürlich nicht entgehen lassen.

    For when I was there they were just putting on a new staging of Tannhäuser again. And of course I couldn't miss that.

Beginn
the beginning, start
  1. 37

    Why yes. We all know that nowadays it's become one of the obligations of a cultivated person to observe what the maestro's grandchildren make of the works of Richard Wagner.

mittlerweile
in the meantime (i.e., in the interval up to the present day)
Kultur
cultivated, cultured
Enkel
the grandchild
Werke
the work, opus
  1. 38

    Und wie er es selbst sich sicher nicht hätte träumen lassen. --

    And in a way that he wouldn't have allowed himself to dream of. --

  2. 39

    I put our cloakroom checks in my pocket.

  3. 40

    Hier ist Ihr Programm für die heutige Tannhäuser-Aufführung.

    Here's your program for today's performance of Tannhäuser.

  4. 41

    What do you mean Tannhäuser? I certainly wouldn't be going to Tannhäuser again so soon. They're doing Carmen!

  1. 42

    Wrong, old boy. That's what it was originally supposed to be. Didn't you see the poster in front of the theater? Read it here in the program then.

  2. 43

    "Change of program due to the illness of several singers. In place of Bizet's Carmen Wagner's Tannhäuser." Here's your cloakroom check. I'm leaving!

  3. 44

    Inside the theater.

  4. 45

    Well now we do have a few minutes before the overture begins, after all. What happened to the business trip to Bayreuth, which you didn't want to take?

  5. 46

    I'm very glad that I had to go.

  6. 47

    Denn als ich dort war, gab es gerade wieder einmal eine neue Tannhäuser-Inszenierung. Und die konnte ich mir natürlich nicht entgehen lassen.

    For when I was there they were just putting on a new staging of Tannhäuser again. And of course I couldn't miss that.

  7. 48

    Why yes. We all know that nowadays it's become one of the obligations of a cultivated person to observe what the maestro's grandchildren make of the works of Richard Wagner.

  8. 49

    Und wie er es selbst sich sicher nicht hätte träumen lassen. --

    And in a way that he wouldn't have allowed himself to dream of. --

  9. 50

    I put our cloakroom checks in my pocket.

  10. 51

    Hier ist Ihr Programm für die heutige Tannhäuser-Aufführung.

    Here's your program for today's performance of Tannhäuser.

  11. 52

    What do you mean Tannhäuser? I certainly wouldn't be going to Tannhäuser again so soon. They're doing Carmen!

  12. 53

    Wrong, old boy. That's what it was originally supposed to be. Didn't you see the poster in front of the theater? Read it here in the program then.

  13. 54

    "Change of program due to the illness of several singers. In place of Bizet's Carmen Wagner's Tannhäuser." Here's your cloakroom check. I'm leaving!

Lieber
my dear fellow, old boy
ursprünglich
original(ly)
Sänger
the singer

Verbs. The auxiliary verbs dürfen, können, möchte, müssen, sollen, wollen, 1 of 4

Six auxiliaries as a group

Six auxiliaries form a group: dürfen, können, möchte, müssen, sollen and wollen.

Their forms are alike. They also work alike in a verb phrase.

The auxiliary and its infinitive

These auxiliaries usually come with a second verb in the infinitive. In the question Darf ich um Ihren Namen bitten, darf goes with bitten. It means may I have your name please.

The infinitive can be left out when the rest of the sentence makes it clear.

Wollten Sie nicht auch in die Buchhandlung Müller is a question with no infinitive. It means didn't you want to go to Müller's Bookstore also. The words to go are understood.

The auxiliaries in past time

For past time the simple past is used most often. Ich konnte leider nicht hingehen means unfortunately I couldn't go.

The perfect phrase and the pluperfect phrase with an auxiliary are special. The auxiliary is an infinitive, not a past participle.

Ich habe meine Abreise noch aufschieben können means I was able to put off my departure. Können is the infinitive.

In a clause with the verb at the end, the two infinitives come last: dass er ihn mit ins Abteil hatte nehmen wollen.

Two more kinds of infinitive

A perfect infinitive is a past participle with haben, as in gesehen haben. A passive infinitive is a past participle with werden, as in übersetzt werden.

The six auxiliaries go with both kinds. Das kann ich gesagt haben means I may have said that.

Dieser Artikel soll so schnell wie möglich übersetzt werden means this article is to be translated as quickly as possible.

Möchte and its other forms

Until now this verb has appeared only as möchte. Möchte is a polite way to state a wish, a request or a suggestion.

Ich möchte nach Amerika auswandern means I'd like to emigrate to America.

Möchte is by far the most common form. The other forms occur less often. The infinitive and the wir-form are mögen. The simple past is mochte. The past participle is gemocht.

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    May I have your name please?

  2. 56

    Is that all I have to have?

  3. 57

    Didn't you want [to go] to Müller's Bookstore also?

  4. 58

    Unfortunately I couldn't go.

  5. 59

    I was able to put off my departure.

  6. 60

    He had forgotten that he had intended to take it with him to the compartment.

  7. 61

    Everyone has to see ('one has to have seen') the Brandenburg Gate.

  8. 62

    I may have said that.

  9. 63

    This article is to be translated as quickly as possible.

  10. 64

    The tickets must be returned if no one is going to the performance.

  11. 65

    First of all I'd like to note down your name and address and other personal particulars.

  12. 66

    I'd like to emigrate to America.

  13. 67

    Would you (ladies and gentlemen) care for something to drink?

  14. 68

    Please tell him I'd like him to call me as soon as possible.

FSI German Basic Course (1961), Unit 20, Notes on Grammar

A. VERBS. THE AUXILIARY VERBS dürfen, können, möchte(n), müssen, sollen, wollen

I. Summary and Review

These verbs show similarities, both in their forms and in the way they function in phrases, which justify treating them as a group. For the purpose of summary and review let us look at some of the sentences from recent units and note the forms and uses which they illustrate:
A. VERBS. THE AUXILIARY VERBS dürfen, können, möchte(n), müssen, sollen, wollen

I.1

Darf ich um Ihren Namen bitten?
May I have your name please?

Ist das alles, was ich haben muss?
Is that all I have to have?

Wollten Sie nicht auch in die Buchhandlung Müller?
Didn't you want [to go] to Müller's Bookstore also?

The auxiliaries usually occur in verb phrases with complementary or dependent infinitives. The infinitive may be omitted however when it is clearly understood from the rest of the sentence:

but also
A. VERBS. THE AUXILIARY VERBS dürfen, können, möchte(n), müssen, sollen, wollen

I.2

Ich konnte leider nicht hingehen.
Unfortunately I couldn't go.

Ich habe meine Abreise noch aufschieben können.
I was able to put off my departure.

Er hatte vergessen, dass er ihn mit ins Abteil hatte nehmen wollen.
He had forgotten that he had intended to take it with him to the compartment.

In referring to past time the simple past tense - an irregular weak form - is most frequently used. In the special perfect phrase and special pluperfect phrase with complementary or dependent infinitive the infinitive form of the auxiliary, not the past participle, occurs. Remember that in subordinate clauses the two infinitives come last:
A. VERBS. THE AUXILIARY VERBS dürfen, können, möchte(n), müssen, sollen, wollen

I.3

Das Brandenburger Tor muss man ja gesehen haben.
Everyone has to see ('one has to have seen') the Brandenburg Gate.

Das kann ich gesagt haben.
I may have said that.

Dieser Artikel soll so schnell wie möglich übersetzt werden.
This article is to be translated as quickly as possible.

Die Karten müssen zurückgegeben werden, wenn keiner zu der Aufführung geht.
The tickets must be returned if no one is going to the performance.

These verbs are also used in phrases with perfect infinitives and passive infinitives (cf. p. 473). We have encountered only one example in the basic sentences so far, but many combinations occur:
A. VERBS. THE AUXILIARY VERBS dürfen, können, möchte(n), müssen, sollen, wollen

I.4

Zunächst möchte ich Ihre Personalien aufnehmen.
First of all I'd like to note down your name and address and other personal particulars.

Ich möchte nach Amerika auswandern.
I'd like to emigrate to America.

Möchten die Herrschaften etwas zu trinken haben?
Would you (ladies and gentlemen) care for something to drink?

Sagen Sie ihm doch bitte, er möchte mich sobald wie möglich anrufen.
Please tell him I'd like him to call me as soon as possible.

Up to now one of these verbs has occurred only in the special form möchte(n), and we have accordingly listed it in this way. You are familiar with its use as a polite expression of desire, request or suggestion:

This is by far the most common form and use of this auxiliary verb. However, it can be noted at this point that other forms of the verb also occur, although less frequently: the Infinitive and Present Tense wir-form is mögen; the Simple Past Tense and Past Participle forms are mochte and gemocht. We will not deal with their uses here but list the forms only to complete the inventory.

Verbs. The auxiliary verbs dürfen, können, möchte, müssen, sollen, wollen, 2 of 4

Unreal forms of the auxiliaries

Most of these auxiliaries have unreal forms. English gives them as could, ought to or would have to.

Ich könnte Ihnen unseren Hausarzt empfehlen means I could recommend our family doctor to you.

Meine Vergrösserungen müssten auch fertig sein means my enlargements ought to be ready too.

Das sollte ich auch tun means I ought to do that too.

Two forms that were unreal all along

Möchte is an unreal form. Wollte in an unreal wish is an unreal form too.

Ich wollte, ich wäre nie Kandidat geworden means I wish I had never become a probational party member. Here wollte does not mean wanted.

The full set of unreal forms

Each of the six has four unreal forms: the er-form, the wir-form, the du-form and the ihr-form.

For dürfen the four forms are dürfte, dürften, dürftest and dürftet. The other five take the same endings: könnte, könnten, könntest, könntet.

Möchte is the unreal form of mögen.

Unreal or past

The unreal forms of sollen and wollen are the same as their past forms: sollte and wollte.

For the other auxiliaries the umlaut separates the unreal form from the past form: dürfte and durfte, könnte and konnte, müsste and musste.

This difference in sound is very important in German.

The four that occur most

Möchte is already known. Wollte in an unreal wish is also known.

Of the six, only dürfen, können, müssen and sollen occur often in the other unreal uses.

  1. 69

    I could recommend our family doctor to you.

  2. 70

    My enlargements ought to be ready too.

  3. 71

    I ought to do that too.

  4. 72

    You could be getting the sandwiches.

  5. 73

    If we had come without our hats and coats we wouldn't have to wait in line there again so soon.

  6. 74

    When could we come to see you?

  7. 75

    I wish I had never become a probational party member. ('Would that I had ...')

FSI German Basic Course (1961), Unit 20, Notes on Grammar

A. VERBS. THE AUXILIARY VERBS dürfen, können, möchte(n), müssen, sollen, wollen

II.1. UNREAL or SUBJUNCTIVE Forms

Ich könnte Ihnen unseren Hausarzt empfehlen.
I could recommend our family doctor to you.

Meine Vergrösserungen müssten auch fertig sein.
My enlargements ought to be ready too.

Das sollte ich auch tun.
I ought to do that too.

Sie könnten die belegten Brötchen holen.
You could be getting the sandwiches.

Wären wir ohne Hut und Mantel gekommen, müssten wir dort nicht schon wieder anstehen.
If we had come without our hats and coats we wouldn't have to wait in line there again so soon.

Wann dürften wir zu Ihnen kommen?
When could we come to see you?

UNREAL or SUBJUNCTIVE forms of most of these auxiliary verbs have occurred in the last four units. Let us review the examples:

We must add one further example, which has not occurred in the basic sentences:
A. VERBS. THE AUXILIARY VERBS dürfen, können, möchte(n), müssen, sollen, wollen

II.2

Ich wollte, ich wäre nie Kandidat geworden.
I wish I had never become a probational party member. ('Would that I had ...')

It may now be evident to you that the special form möchte(n) is actually an UNREAL or SUBJUNCTIVE form. Likewise the special form wollte(n), which occurred in the UNREAL WISH, can be identified as an UNREAL or SUBJUNCTIVE form.
A. VERBS. THE AUXILIARY VERBS dürfen, können, möchte(n), müssen, sollen, wollen

II.3

The complete inventory of UNREAL or SUBJUNCTIVE forms of the auxiliaries dürfen, können, mögen, müssen, sollen and wollen is as follows:

er-form: dürfte könnte möchte müsste sollte wollte

wir-form: dürften könnten möchten müssten sollten wollten

du-form: dürftest könntest möchtest müsstest solltest wolltest

ihr-form: dürftet könntet möchtet müsstet solltet wolltet
A. VERBS. THE AUXILIARY VERBS dürfen, können, möchte(n), müssen, sollen, wollen

II.4

It will be noted that the UNREAL or SUBJUNCTIVE forms of sollen and wollen are just like the Past Tense forms. The difference between the Past Tense and UNREAL or SUBJUNCTIVE forms of the other auxiliary verbs is a very important sound distinction in German however. Practice the pronunciation of:

dürfte vs. durfte könnte vs. konnte müsste vs. musste
A. VERBS. THE AUXILIARY VERBS dürfen, können, möchte(n), müssen, sollen, wollen

II.5

Since the forms and specialized use of möchte(n) are already familiar, it will not be included for further discussion here. The rather limited and special use of wollte(n) in UNREAL WISHES has already been dealt with in Unit 19 and needs no further comment either. Only dürfen, können, müssen and sollen occur frequently in the UNREAL uses discussed in Section III below.

Verbs. The auxiliary verbs dürfen, können, möchte, müssen, sollen, wollen, 3 of 4

One English word, two German verbs

English gives both könnte and dürfte as could. It gives both sollte and müsste as ought to.

This does not mean the German forms are the same. They differ in meaning and one cannot replace the other.

Could can mean was able to, was allowed to, would be able to or would be allowed to. Ought to can refer to an obligation or to an assumption.

What each unreal form means

These unreal forms refer to present possibility. The action or state is hypothetical now, or can still come true.

Dürfte means would be allowed to. Könnte means would be able to. Müsste means would have to. Sollte means would be obliged to.

Dürfte and müsste can also state a surmise. A surmise is a guess about what is probably true.

Two kinds of sentence

The unreal forms of the auxiliaries occur in conditional sentences. They also occur in simple sentences about present possibility.

Wären wir ohne Hut und Mantel gekommen, müssten wir dort nicht schon wieder anstehen is a conditional sentence.

Das sollte ich auch tun is a simple sentence.

Würde with an auxiliary

Würde with the infinitive of an auxiliary sometimes occurs in place of the simple unreal form.

Ihren Wagen würden Sie sowieso hier nicht parken dürfen means you wouldn't be allowed to park your car here anyway. Würden with dürfen means the same as dürften.

This phrase is less common than the simple unreal form.

Auxiliaries and past possibility

For past possibility the verb phrase has hätte or hätten and the infinitive of the auxiliary. That infinitive comes last.

Zu Hause hätte ich nie rauchen dürfen means I never would have been allowed to smoke at home.

Das hätte ich wissen sollen means I wish I had known that.

The phrase is built like the special perfect phrase. Dürfen, können, müssen, sollen and wollen all occur in it.

  1. 76

    "would be allowed to, might (with permission or by surmise), could"

  2. 77

    "would be able to, might (possibly), could"

  3. 78

    "would have to, should, ought to (of necessity or by surmise)"

  4. 79

    "would be obliged to, ought to (under obligation or according to expectation), should"

  5. 80

    He has so much to do you wouldn't be able to speak to him before four o'clock in the afternoon.

  6. 81

    Would we have to queue up in the afternoon (i.e., for an afternoon performance) too?

  7. 82

    You ought to take a taxi; you wouldn't be allowed to park your car here anyway.

  8. 83

    I wish I had known that. ('Somebody should have told me that.')

  9. 84

    We could have gotten seats next to each other.

  10. 85

    If we had known that before I wouldn't have had to queue up for my ticket.

  11. 86

    If he had wanted to meet us there he should have called first.

  12. 87

    I never would have been allowed to smoke ('could have smoked') at home.

FSI German Basic Course (1961), Unit 20, Notes on Grammar

A. VERBS. THE AUXILIARY VERBS dürfen, können, möchte(n), müssen, sollen, wollen

III.1. UNREAL or SUBJUNCTIVE Uses - PRESENT POSSIBILITY

Look back at the examples in paragraph II, 1 above. Notice that the UNREAL or SUBJUNCTIVE forms of the auxiliary verbs are translated as "could", "ought to", "would have to", but note also that the same English verb or phrase occurs as equivalent to two different German auxiliaries. Both könnte(n) and dürften are given as "could"; both sollte and müssten are given as "ought to". THIS DOES NOT MEAN THAT THERE IS NO DIFFERENCE IN MEANING BETWEEN THESE GERMAN VERB PAIRS IN THEIR UNREAL OR SUBJUNCTIVE FORMS, OR THAT THEY ARE INTERCHANGEABLE! It does mean that you will have to be very careful in your mind to distinguish just what the English forms mean. Remember that "could" may mean "was able to", "was allowed to", "would be able to" or "would be allowed to", and "ought to" may refer to an obligation or to an assumption or surmise. Try making up some English sentences using "could" and "ought to" in at least two different ways. Do you know other English verbs or phrases with two or more different meanings, like these?
A. VERBS. THE AUXILIARY VERBS dürfen, können, möchte(n), müssen, sollen, wollen

III.2

dürfte
"would be allowed to, might (with permission or by surmise), could"

könnte
"would be able to, might (possibly), could"

müsste
"would have to, should, ought to (of necessity or by surmise)"

sollte
"would be obliged to, ought to (under obligation or according to expectation), should"

Look at the sentences in paragraph II, 1 again. You will see that the time reference here is to PRESENT POSSIBILITY, actions or states which are at the present time hypothetical or possible of fulfillment. Now, keeping in mind the meanings of these four auxiliary verbs as we have encountered them previously, let us see if we can more exactly suggest the meanings of the UNREAL or SUBJUNCTIVE forms:
A. VERBS. THE AUXILIARY VERBS dürfen, können, möchte(n), müssen, sollen, wollen

III.3

UNREAL or SUBJUNCTIVE forms of the auxiliaries occur both in Conditional Sentences and in simple sentences expressing PRESENT POSSIBILITY.
A. VERBS. THE AUXILIARY VERBS dürfen, können, möchte(n), müssen, sollen, wollen

III.4

Er hat soviel zu tun, Sie würden ihn nicht vor vier Uhr nachmittags sprechen können.
He has so much to do you wouldn't be able to speak to him before four o'clock in the afternoon.

Würden wir nachmittags auch Schlange stehen müssen?
Would we have to queue up in the afternoon (i.e., for an afternoon performance) too?

Sie sollten mit der Taxe kommen, Ihren Wagen würden Sie sowieso hier nicht parken dürfen.
You ought to take a taxi; you wouldn't be allowed to park your car here anyway.

Just as we noted in Unit 18 with reference to the auxiliaries haben, sein and können we should note that a phrase with würde and the infinitive of some of the auxiliaries dealt with here sometimes occurs also:

This phrase is generally less common of occurrence than the UNREAL or SUBJUNCTIVE form of the auxiliary.
A. VERBS. THE AUXILIARY VERBS dürfen, können, möchte(n), müssen, sollen, wollen

IV.1. UNREAL or SUBJUNCTIVE Forms and Uses - PAST POSSIBILITY

Das hätte ich wissen sollen.
I wish I had known that. ('Somebody should have told me that.')

Wir hätten Plätze nebeneinander bekommen können.
We could have gotten seats next to each other.

Wenn wir das vorher gewusst hätten, hätte ich nicht für meine Karte Schlange stehen müssen.
If we had known that before I wouldn't have had to queue up for my ticket.

Hätte er uns dort treffen wollen, hätte er vorher anrufen müssen.
If he had wanted to meet us there he should have called first.

Zu Hause hätte ich nie rauchen dürfen.
I never would have been allowed to smoke ('could have smoked') at home.

In the current unit we have also encountered other sentences containing some of these auxiliary verbs. Look at the following examples:

We shall add two more examples, not in the basic sentences:

You see that the time reference here is to PAST POSSIBILITY, a possibility which now no longer exists although it existed at some time in the past. Note that the verb phrase which occurs in all these sentences, like the special perfect and pluperfect phrases, contains the infinitive form of the auxiliary verb; this infinitive also comes last in the sentences. Occurring with it is the UNREAL or SUBJUNCTIVE form hätte(n). In every other respect the form and arrangement of this phrase is just like that of the special perfect and pluperfect phrases reviewed above in paragraph I, 2. PAST POSSIBILITY is thus marked by a verb phrase containing the UNREAL or SUBJUNCTIVE form hätte(n) and the infinitive of the auxiliary verb dürfen, können, müssen, sollen or wollen.

Verbs. The auxiliary verbs dürfen, können, möchte, müssen, sollen, wollen, 4 of 4

Same English, different German

Ich hätte nicht ins Theater gehen können and Ich hätte nicht ins Theater gehen dürfen both mean I couldn't have gone to the theater.

With können the reason is a lack of money or time. With dürfen the reason is a lack of permission.

Er hätte mehr Geld für sein Auto bekommen müssen means he should have got more money for his car. The car was worth more.

With sollen in place of müssen, someone should have felt obliged to pay more, in the speaker's opinion.

Both kinds of sentence again

Like the simple unreal forms, these phrases occur in conditional sentences and in simple sentences. Here they refer to past possibility.

Wenn wir das vorher gewusst hätten, hätte ich nicht für meine Karte Schlange stehen müssen is a conditional sentence.

Wir hätten Plätze nebeneinander bekommen können is a simple sentence.

  1. 88

    I couldn't have gone to the theater (i.e., because of lack of money, time, etc.

  2. 89

    I couldn't have gone to the theater (i.e., because of lack of permission).

  3. 90

    He should have got more money for his car (i.e., it was worth more and the market can be assumed to have been good).

  4. 91

    He should have got more money for his car (i.e., someone should have felt obliged to pay more, in the speaker's opinion).

FSI German Basic Course (1961), Unit 20, Notes on Grammar

A. VERBS. THE AUXILIARY VERBS dürfen, können, möchte(n), müssen, sollen, wollen

IV.2

Ich hätte nicht ins Theater gehen können.
I couldn't have gone to the theater (i.e., because of lack of money, time, etc.

Ich hätte nicht ins Theater gehen dürfen.
I couldn't have gone to the theater (i.e., because of lack of permission).

Er hätte mehr Geld für sein Auto bekommen müssen.
He should have got more money for his car (i.e., it was worth more and the market can be assumed to have been good).

Er hätte mehr Geld für sein Auto bekommen sollen.
He should have got more money for his car (i.e., someone should have felt obliged to pay more, in the speaker's opinion).

In sentences referring to PAST POSSIBILITY, just as in those referring to PRESENT POSSIBILITY, some overlapping of the English phrases given as equivalent to the German auxiliary phrases with dürfen, können, müssen and sollen occurs. Thus the English phrase "could have" plus past participle is found as equivalent to the German auxiliary verb phrases hätte ... können and hätte ... dürfen. However, just as we noted above in paragraph III, 1 and 2 the meanings of the German verb phrases are distinct. Compare the following examples:
A. VERBS. THE AUXILIARY VERBS dürfen, können, möchte(n), müssen, sollen, wollen

IV.3

Remember that these phrases, like the special UNREAL or SUBJUNCTIVE forms of the auxiliaries, occur both in Conditional Sentences and in simple sentences referring to PAST POSSIBILITY.

Verbs. The unreal or subjunctive phrases hätte gern + Past Participle and wäre gern + Past Participle

Hätte gern for a polite wish

Hätte gern is an unreal phrase for a polite request or suggestion. Ich hätte gern einen leichten Anzug means I'm interested in a light-weight suit.

Hätte gern can also go with a past participle. Ich hätte mir gern noch ein paar belegte Brötchen am Buffet geholt means I'd like to get a couple of sandwiches.

This has the form of a phrase for past possibility, but it can refer to the present. It is a polite formula. It makes the wish less urgent or less sure.

Hätte gern for the past

Hätte gern with a past participle refers more often to past possibility.

Sie hätten das Haus gern vor dem Ende des Sommers verkauft. It means they would have liked to sell the house before the end of the summer. They wish they had sold it.

Wäre gern with a past participle

Wäre gern with a past participle also occurs. It can refer to present possibility or to past possibility.

Ich wäre gern um zwölf Uhr nach Hause gegangen can mean I wish I had gone home at twelve. It can also mean I wish I could go home at twelve.

The rest of the sentence decides. Aber jetzt ist es schon halb zwei makes it past.

For the present, the phrase adds doubt that the wish will come true.

  1. 92

    I'm interested in a light-weight suit.

  2. 93

    I'd like steak with fried potatoes.

  3. 94

    I'd like to get a couple of sandwiches from the refreshment bar before we go in.

  4. 95

    Wir hätten uns auch gern die Tannhäuser-Aufführung angehört, konnten aber keine Karten mehr bekommen.

    We would have liked to go to the "Tannhäuser" performance too, but couldn't get tickets any more.

  5. 96

    They would have liked to sell the house before the end of the summer ('they wish they had sold ...').

  6. 97

    I would have liked to go home ('wish I had gone home') at twelve o'clock, but now it's already one thirty.

  7. 98

    I would like to go home ('I wish I could go home') at twelve o'clock, but it doesn't look as if that will be possible.

FSI German Basic Course (1961), Unit 20, Notes on Grammar

B. VERBS. THE UNREAL OR SUBJUNCTIVE PHRASES hätte gern + Past Participle and wäre gern + Past Participle

I

Ich hätte gern einen leichten Anzug.
I'm interested in a light-weight suit.

Ich hätte gern Rumpsteak mit Röstkartoffeln.
I'd like steak with fried potatoes.

Ich hätte mir gern noch ein paar belegte Brötchen am Buffet geholt.
I'd like to get a couple of sandwiches from the refreshment bar before we go in.

The phrase hätte gern was identified in Unit 18 as an UNREAL or SUBJUNCTIVE phrase expressing a polite request or suggestion:

It has occurred in the present unit with a Past Participle:

You will notice that this phrase has the same form as the phrases discussed in Unit 19 referring to PAST POSSIBILITY. However, in this combination with gern the meaning of the reference may actually be PRESENT POSSIBILITY. The use of the UNREAL or SUBJUNCTIVE phrase with the past participle is here a politeness formula, expressing a less urgent desire or one more doubtful of fulfillment.
B. VERBS. THE UNREAL OR SUBJUNCTIVE PHRASES hätte gern + Past Participle and wäre gern + Past Participle

II

Wir hätten uns auch gern die Tannhäuser-Aufführung angehört, konnten aber keine Karten mehr bekommen.
We would have liked to go to the "Tannhäuser" performance too, but couldn't get tickets any more.

Sie hätten das Haus gern vor dem Ende des Sommers verkauft.
They would have liked to sell the house before the end of the summer ('they wish they had sold ...').

More common is the use of the phrase hätte gern + Past Participle with reference to PAST POSSIBILITY. Here are some further examples:
B. VERBS. THE UNREAL OR SUBJUNCTIVE PHRASES hätte gern + Past Participle and wäre gern + Past Participle

III

Ich wäre gern um zwölf Uhr nach Hause gegangen, aber jetzt ist es schon halb zwei.
I would have liked to go home ('wish I had gone home') at twelve o'clock, but now it's already one thirty.

Ich wäre gern um zwölf Uhr nach Hause gegangen, aber es sieht nicht so aus, als ob das möglich sein wird.
I would like to go home ('I wish I could go home') at twelve o'clock, but it doesn't look as if that will be possible.

The phrase with the auxiliary wäre + gern and Past Participle also occurs. Note that it too may refer both to PRESENT and to PAST POSSIBILITY:

Here, too, in referring to PRESENT POSSIBILITY the use of this phrase with the past participle serves to increase the degree of doubt expressed as to whether the desire will be fulfilled.

Substitution Drill

  1. 99

    We could have gotten those.

  2. 100

    Then I wouldn't have had to stand in line.

  1. 101

    I should have known that we'd see each other again here.

  2. 102

    I'd have liked to get myself a few sandwiches at the theater buffet.

  3. 103

    We still have a few minutes until the overture begins.

  1. 104

    We still have a few minutes until the overture begins.

  2. 105

    What became of the business trip to Bayreuth?

  3. 106

    I'd like to hear "Tannhäuser".

  4. 107

    I'll check our things at the cloakroom.

  1. 108

    I'll check our things at the cloakroom.

  2. 109

    Let me see your ticket!

  1. 110

    Let me see your ticket!

  2. 111

    We'll come by in the course of the day.

Variation Drill

  1. 112

    You'll have to wait a little longer, I'm afraid.

  2. 113

    How long will it be before I can emigrate?

  3. 114

    I couldn't afford to miss that!

  1. 115

    I couldn't afford to miss that!

  2. 116

    He'll certainly be able to provide you with information.

  3. 117

    Have you been able to look around town a bit yet?

  4. 118

    I'm very glad that I had to go to Bayreuth.

  1. 119

    I'm very glad that I had to go to Bayreuth.

  2. 120

    Everyone has to see ('one has to have seen') the Brandenburg Gate.

  3. 121

    We wanted to go to police headquarters too.

  4. 122

    He had forgotten that he had intended to take the suitcase with him to the compartment.

  1. 123

    He had forgotten that he had intended to take the suitcase with him to the compartment.

  2. 124

    If we'd come without our hats and coats we wouldn't have to wait in line there again so soon.

  3. 125

    If we had known that before I wouldn't have had to queue up for my ticket.

  4. 126

    I ought to go and get a couple of sandwich rolls too. I should have gone and gotten a couple of sandwich rolls too.

  1. 127

    I ought to go and get a couple of sandwich rolls too. I should have gone and gotten a couple of sandwich rolls too.

  2. 128

    Shouldn't we have checked ('had to check') our hats at the cloakroom?

  1. 129

    Shouldn't we have checked ('had to check') our hats at the cloakroom?

  2. 130

    They were allowed to change the program only on account of [the] illness of the most important singers. They could ('would be allowed to') change the program only on account of [the] illness of the most important singers.

  1. 131

    My wife really ought [to go] to a specialist.

  2. 132

    It looked as though we would have to wait a long time at the cloakroom too.

  3. 133

    He shouldn't have had to spend so much money for the television set.

  1. 134

    The article is not easy to understand; would your secretary be able to translate it without a dictionary?

  2. 135

    I'd like to get a couple of sandwich rolls before we go in.

  3. 136

    I'd like to go as early as tomorrow. I wish I had gone yesterday already.

  1. 137

    I'd like to go as early as tomorrow. I wish I had gone yesterday already.

Vocabulary Drill

  1. 138

    Why did you buy the coat at Keller and Company of all places?

  2. 139

    We had the flat in the mountains again of all places.

  3. 140

    Why are you (fam sg) wearing this suit of all things to the opera?

  4. 141

    Ausgerechnet in eine Wagner-Oper wollt ihr gehen?

    Of all things you (fam pl) want to go to a Wagner opera?

  5. 142

    I wish I had had an inkling that we would meet you (fam pl) here of all places!

  6. 143

    What is your sandwich roll spread with?

  7. 144

    Shall we take sandwiches along when we drive to the mountains?

  8. 145

    We drank beer and ate sandwiches with it.

  9. 146

    I'd like two sandwich rolls, one with roast beef on it and one with cheese.

  1. 147

    For the evening meal ('in the evening') we often have sandwich rolls.

  2. 148

    I'll check my coat at the cloakroom.

  3. 149

    Was he supposed to leave the letter with Miss Bruce on the third floor?

  4. 150

    You can leave the prescription at the pharmacy on the market place; I'll pick up the medicine in the afternoon.

  5. 151

    You'll get the coat when you hand in your cloakroom check.

  6. 152

    Can you leave these two books at the library for me?

  7. 153

    That's not one of her duties.

  8. 154

    That's just part of the job of an auto mechanic.

  9. 155

    It's one of the obligations of a foreign service officer to be familiar with the history of the country.

  1. 156

    Good singers and good staging are [all] part of a good performance.

  2. 157

    A monkey wrench is also one of an auto mechanic's tools.

  3. 158

    You're going to have to arrange that differently.

  4. 159

    What sort of evening is it going to be?

  5. 160

    They could have made the exhibition more interesting.

  6. 161

    What do you want to do on your leave?

  7. 162

    They set up the program so that Professor Albers spoke first.

  8. 163

    Did he take the letters with him?

  9. 164

    Don't forget to put your papers in your pocket (to take with you).

  1. 165

    Here's your passport; don't you want to put it in your pocket?

  2. 166

    Did one of you pick up my pencil?

  3. 167

    Who took the cloakroom checks?

  4. 168

    Do you (fam sg) want to go to Professor Albers' lecture too?

  5. 169

    I don't want to go to Tannhäuser again so soon.

  6. 170

    Next week we're planning to go to Carmen.

  7. 171

    I can't listen to the lecture any longer.

  8. 172

    Did you go to the Magic Flute last week?

Translation Drill 1

  1. 173

    Messrs. Burger and Adams met each other at the box office.

  2. 174

    I wish I had known that we were going to meet again here of all places, said Adams.

  3. 175

    If Burger had suspected that, he would have called Adams up in the course of the day.

  4. 176

    He was thinking then they could have gotten seats next to each other.

  5. 177

    Burger had two tickets for the dress circle and turned one in at the box office.

  6. 178

    The seats were in the first row.

  7. 179

    The gentlemen will be sitting next to each other after all now, however.

  8. 180

    Adams, you see, got the ticket at the box office that had been returned by Burger.

  9. 181

    When the gentlemen went into the lobby they saw a large crowd at the checkroom.

  10. 182

    They wouldn't have to wait in line there, had they come without [their] hats and coats.

  11. 183

    Since they have a few minutes (time) Burger would like to get (himself) a couple of sandwich rolls at the refreshment bar.

  12. 184

    Adams would like to do that too since they're always excellent at this refreshment bar.

  13. 185

    While Burger was checking their things at the cloakroom Adams was able to get the sandwich rolls.

Translation Drill 2

  1. 186

    Burger wanted one roast beef and one caviar.

  2. 187

    Inside the theater they had a few minutes (time) left before ('until') the overture began.

  3. 188

    Adams asked Burger about his business trip to Bayreuth.

  4. 189

    Burger didn't actually want to take this trip.

  5. 190

    But then he was very glad after all that he had had to go.

  6. 191

    When he was in Bayreuth, you see, they were putting on a new staging of Wagner's Tannhäuser (there).

  7. 192

    He had not wanted to miss that.

  8. 193

    Richard Wagner's two grandsons are doing new stagings of the maestro's works in Bayreuth.

  9. 194

    Richard Wagner himself certainly wouldn't have allowed himself to dream [of] such a thing ('that').

  10. 195

    Mr. Burger had checked the hats and coats and put the two cloakroom checks in his pocket because he thought they could pick up their ('the') things together after the performance.

  11. 196

    Mr. Adams had gone and gotten two programs and gave Mr. Burger one of them.

  12. 197

    Es war natürlich das Programm für die 'Tannhäuser'-Aufführung, die an dem Tag gegeben wurde.

    It was, of course, the program for the performance of Tannhäuser ('Tannhäuser performance') which was being given that day.

  13. 198

    But Burger didn't know that Tannhäuser was being given.

Translation Drill 3

  1. 199

    That was understandable ('could be understood') because he had not seen the poster in front of the theater.

  2. 200

    It said on the poster: "Instead of Bizet's Carmen Wagner's Tannhäuser."

  3. 201

    The change of program was ('took place') due to [the] illness of several singers.

  4. 202

    Burger gave Adams his cloakroom check and left.

Response Drill 1

  1. 203

    Where did Herr Adams and Herr Burger meet?

  2. 204

    They met at the theater box office.

  3. 205

    What had Adams not anticipated?

  4. 206

    That they would meet again in that particular place.

  5. 207

    What would Herr Burger have done if he had suspected that Herr Adams was also going to the opera?

  6. 208

    He would have called him during the day.

  7. 209

    Why?

  8. 210

    So that they could have gotten seats next to each other.

  9. 211

    What seats did Mr. Burger have?

  10. 212

    He had two tickets for the first balcony, front row.

  11. 213

    And why were they nevertheless sitting next to each other now?

  12. 214

    Because Adams had gotten the ticket that Burger returned at the box office.

  13. 215

    What would not have been necessary if Adams had known beforehand that Burger was going to return a ticket?

  14. 216

    He would not have had to stand in line for his ticket, which had previously been Burger's ticket.

  15. 217

    Where did the gentlemen go from the box office?

  16. 218

    They went into the foyer.

  17. 219

    What did they see there?

  18. 220

    They saw that there was a large crowd at the coat check.

  19. 221

    What was Herr Adams therefore sorry about?

  20. 222

    That they had come with their hats and coats.

  21. 223

    What else did Burger want to do before the performance?

  22. 224

    He wanted to get a few open-faced sandwiches at the buffet.

  23. 225

    What did Adams say to that?

  24. 226

    He thought it was a good idea, because they are always excellent at this theater buffet.

  25. 227

    Where did the gentlemen go then?

  26. 228

    They went into the auditorium.

Response Drill 2

  1. 229

    What did they talk about before the overture began?

  2. 230

    About Burger's business trip, which he did not want to make.

  3. 231

    What did Mr. Burger say about it?

  4. 232

    He was glad that he had to go there.

  5. 233

    Why was he pleased about that?

  6. 234

    Weil er sich dort die neue Tannhäuser-Inszenierung ansehen konnte.

    Because he could see the new production of Tannhäuser there.

  7. 235

    What is now supposed to be one of the obligations of a cultured person?

  8. 236

    To experience how the master's grandsons interpret Richard Wagner's works.

  9. 237

    How do they arrange them?

  10. 238

    In a way Richard Wagner surely could never have dreamed of.

  11. 239

    Who put the coat-check tokens in his pocket?

  12. 240

    Herr Burger put the coat-check tickets in his pocket.

  13. 241

    What had Herrn Burger missed?

  14. 242

    That there had been a change in the program.

  15. 243

    What had Burger expected?

  16. 244

    He had expected to hear 'Carmen.'

  17. 245

    How could he have known that they were presenting 'Tannhäuser' instead of 'Carmen'?

  18. 246

    If he had read the notice in front of the theater.

  19. 247

    What did he now read in his program?

  20. 248

    Change of program due to the illness of several singers.

  21. 249

    Did he want to hear 'Tannhäuser'?

  22. 250

    No, he went home.

Narrative

  1. 251

    In der Künstler-Kantine des Opernhauses sassen einige Sänger und Sängerinnen fröhlich beisammen und sprachen über eine Kollegin, die nicht anwesend war.

    Several male and female singers were sitting together cheerfully in the opera house artists' canteen, talking about a colleague who was not present.

  2. 252

    She would not have fit in with this merry company anyway, for she was always serious.

  3. 253

    None of them could have said that they had ever seen her laugh.

  4. 254

    Suddenly, one of the singers offered his colleagues a wager.

  5. 255

    He bet that the following evening, when she was to sing Erda and he Wotan in Wagner's 'Rheingold,' she would be unable to sing and would have to laugh instead.

  6. 256

    After the wager had been made, one of them said to the man who had claimed that she would laugh instead of singing: "You should not have made that bet; you will not be able to win it."

  7. 257

    "If I couldn't win, I wouldn't have bet," said the other man.

  8. 258

    The next evening, when Wotan and Erda were on stage and Erda was just about to begin her aria, "Yield, Wotan, yield!" the singer playing Wotan whispered to her: "What kind of eggs do you prefer, hard or soft?"

  9. 259

    She had to laugh so hard that she missed her cue and therefore did not sing: Yield, Wotan, yield.

  10. 260

    To understand the punch line, dear reader, you would of course have had to know that in German cooking, and also in restaurants, hard or soft eggs means hard-boiled or soft-boiled eggs.

The particulars

The course
Foreign Service Institute, German Basic Course, Washington, 1961. Public domain. The teaching pages, the glosses and the narration of lines the tape lacks are ours.
Reading aloud
Digital narration, directed by 1732 Studios.
The app
The course on your phone, with the drills, your place kept and the audio offline.
The book
New Poems, the work this course leads to, free to read here.
Data
JSON · Markdown · A guide for agents
Two whoopie pies and a pine. An inside joke.