Ancient Greek · Unit 12

Lessons LIV to LVIII

Pharr III: The First Book Whole

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Lesson LIV: Review of the Verb in the Passive Voice

Review: the passive voice

This lesson is a review. Review the passive forms of λύω.

Pharr's table of the passive has the aorist only. The passive has forms of its own only in the aorist. In the other tenses, the middle forms have the passive meaning. Pharr translates them both ways, with am loosed and with for myself. The aorist passive sometimes has a middle meaning.

In the indicative, the aorist passive is ἐλύθην, ἐλύθης, ἐλύθη: I was loosed, you were loosed, he was loosed. The plural is ἐλύθημεν, ἐλύθητε, ἐλύθησαν. θ comes before the ending in every mood.

Pharr translates the subjunctive with may: λυθῶ, I may be loosed. He translates the optative with may too: λυθείην, may I be loosed. The imperative is λύθητι, be loosed.

The infinitive is λυθῆναι, to be loosed. The participle is λυθείς, εἶσα, ἐν, having been loosed.

The Iliad: Achilles refuses

The lines open with a question. If the gods made Achilles a spearman, is that why insults rush forth for him to speak? Achilles interrupts and answers.

He would be called a coward and a man of nothing, he says, if he yielded in every deed to every order. Let the orders go to others. He will obey no longer.

He will not fight with his hands for the girl, since they take away what they gave. But of everything else beside his black ship, nothing shall be taken against his will.

He ends with a challenge: try it, and your dark blood will soon stream round my spear.

καλεοίμην, I would be called, is a middle form. Pharr's English translates it as a passive.

1
And if the gods who are forever made him a spearman,
εἰif
δέand
μινhim
αἰχμητὴναἰχμητής: spearman
ἔθεσαντίθημι: made
θεοὶθεός: gods
αἰὲνἀεί: forever
ἐόντες,εἰμί: who are
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is that why reproaches rush forth for him to speak?"
3
Then breaking in, godlike Achilles answered him:
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"Surely I would be called a coward and a man of nothing,
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if I yield to you in every deed, whatever you say.
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Give these orders to others, but not to me;
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command me no longer, for I do not intend to obey you any more.
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And I will tell you another thing, and lay it to heart:
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I will not fight with my hands for the girl's sake,
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neither with you nor with any other, since you take away what you gave.
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But of all else that is mine beside my swift black ship,
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of that you shall carry off nothing, taking it against my will.
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Come, try it, that these men here may know as well:
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your dark blood will soon come streaming round my spear."

§916. INDICATIVE

PASSIVE VOICE

Aorist only
Occasionally with a middle meaning.

S. 1    ἐλύθην              I was loosed
S. 2    ἐλύθης              you were loosed
S. 3    ἐλύθη               he was loosed
Du. 2   ἐλύθητον            you two were loosed
Du. 3   ἐλυθήτην            they two were loosed
Pl. 1   ἐλύθημεν            we were loosed
Pl. 2   ἐλύθητε             you were loosed
Pl. 3   ἐλύθησαν (ἔλυθεν)   they were loosed

§917. SUBJUNCTIVE
Read the note on 905.

S. 1    λυθῶ (λυθέω)         I may be loosed
S. 2    λυθῇς (λυθέῃς)       you may be loosed
S. 3    λυθῇ (λυθέῃ)         he may be loosed
Du. 2   λυθῆτον (λυθέητον)   you two may be loosed
Du. 3   λυθῆτον (λυθέητον)   they two may be loosed
Pl. 1   λυθῶμεν (λυθέωμεν)   we may be loosed
Pl. 2   λυθῆτε (λυθέητε)     you may be loosed
Pl. 3   λυθῶσι (λυθέωσι)     they may be loosed
λυθῶ (λυθέω): Read 951-952.
I may be loosed: Read the note on 906.

§918. OPTATIVE
Read the note on 905.

S. 1    λυθείην                may I be loosed
S. 2    λυθείης                may you be loosed
S. 3    λυθείη                 may he be loosed
Du. 2   λυθεῖτον (λυθείητον)   may you two be loosed
Du. 3   λυθείτην (λυθειήτην)   may they two be loosed
Pl. 1   λυθεῖμεν (λυθείημεν)   may we be loosed
Pl. 2   λυθεῖτε (λυθείητε)     may you be loosed
Pl. 3   λυθεῖεν (λυθείησαν)    may they be loosed
may I be loosed: Read the note on 906.

§919. IMPERATIVE
Read the note on 905.

S. 2    λύθητι     be loosed
S. 3    λυθήτω     let him be loosed
Du. 2   λύθητον    be loosed
Du. 3   λυθήτων    let them be loosed
Pl. 2   λύθητε     be loosed
Pl. 3   λυθέντων   let them be loosed

§920. INFINITIVE

λυθῆναι (λυθήμεναι)   to be loosed, to have been loosed

§921. PARTICIPLE

λυθείς, εἶσα, ἐν (742)   having been loosed

§821. In their earlier form they were as follows:

Personal Endings, Active, Singular
    Indicative primary tenses, and Subjunctive   Indicative secondary tenses, and Optative
1   -μι, -ω                                      -ν, -ν̥ = -α
2   -σι, -ς, -(σ)θα                              -ς, -σθα
3   -τι = -σι                                    -(τ)

Personal Endings, Active, Dual
    Indicative primary tenses, and Subjunctive   Indicative secondary tenses, and Optative
1   ,                                            ,
2   -τον                                         -τον
3   -τον                                         -την

Personal Endings, Active, Plural
    Indicative primary tenses, and Subjunctive   Indicative secondary tenses, and Optative
1   -μεν                                         -μεν
2   -τε                                          -τε
3   -ντι = -νσι                                  -ν(τ), -σαν

Personal Endings, Middle, Singular
    Indicative primary tenses, and Subjunctive   Indicative secondary tenses, and Optative
1   -μαι                                         -μην
2   -σαι                                         -σο
3   -ται                                         -το

Personal Endings, Middle, Dual
    Indicative primary tenses, and Subjunctive   Indicative secondary tenses, and Optative
1   -μεθον                                       [-μεθον]
2   -σθον                                        -σθον
3   -σθον                                        -σθην

Personal Endings, Middle, Plural
    Indicative primary tenses, and Subjunctive   Indicative secondary tenses, and Optative
1   -μεθα (-μεσθα)                               -μεθα (-μεσθα)
2   -σθε                                         -σθε
3   -νται (-αται = -ν̥ται, 597–598)               -ντο (-ατο = -ν̥το, 597–598)

Imperative Endings, Singular
    Active        Middle
2   , , -θι, -ς   -σο
3   -τω           -σθω

Imperative Endings, Dual
    Active   Middle
2   -τον     -σθον
3   -των     -σθων

Imperative Endings, Plural
    Active   Middle
2   -τε      -σθε
3   -ντων    -σθων

προθέουσιν: Rush forth, from προθέω
ὀνείδεα: Abuse, reviling, insult, from ὄνειδος
ὑποβλήδην: Interrupting, breaking in
δειλός: Cowardly, cringing, miserable
οὐτιδανὸς: Worthless, of no account, cowardly
ὑπείξομαι: Yield, submit, WEAKEN, from ὑπείκω
ὅττι: Whatever, from ὅστις
ἐπιτέλλεο: Command, accomplish, from ἐπιτέλλω
ἀνελὼν: Take, seize, from ἀναιρέω
ἀέκοντος: Unwilling, from ἀέκων
μὴν: Truly, indeed, to be sure
πείρησαι: Try, attempt, from πειράω
γνώωσι: KNOW, recognize, learn, from γιγνώσκω
αἶψά: Quickly, immediately
αἷμα: Blood, gore
κελαινὸν: Black, dark, dusky, from κελαινός
ἐρωήσει: Flow, dash, spurt, from ἐρωέω
δουρί: Spear, beam, timber, from δόρυ

Lesson LV: Review of the Irregular Verbs of the -μι Conjugation · Iliad 304-314

Review: irregular verbs in -μι

This lesson is a review. Review the irregular verbs in -μι, and every verb form not covered in the last three reviews.

The irregular verbs in -μι are εἰμί, be, εἶμι, come or go, εἴδω, know, and φημί, say. Pharr adds two verbs with only middle forms. κεῖμαι means lie or recline: κεῖμαι, κεῖσαι, κεῖται. ἧμαι means sit: ἧμαι, ἧσαι, ἧσται.

He also gives the perfect of βαίνω, come or go: βέβηκα, βέβηκας, βέβηκε, then βέβατον and βέβαμεν in the dual and plural. The perfect of πείθω, persuade, is πέποιθα, πέποιθας, πέποιθε. The stem vowel differs between the singular and the dual and plural, as in ἵστημι and εἴδω.

Second aorists, and contraction

A second aorist has no σ or κ. Pharr prints three that add their endings directly to the stem. βαίνω: ἔβην, ἔβης, ἔβη. γιγνώσκω, know: ἔγνων, ἔγνως, ἔγνω. δῡ́ω, enter or sink: ἔδῡν, ἔδῡς, ἔδῡ.

In some verbs, the stem ends in a vowel and the ending begins with a vowel. The two vowels can combine into one. This is contraction. A verb that contracts is a contract verb.

Contract verbs

Pharr's tables give τῑμάω, honor, in both forms: open τῑμάω and contracted τῑμῶ. His other models are ποιέω and χολόω. Verbs in -οω are always contracted. Verbs in -αω and -εω may be contracted, but are usually left open.

The manuscripts of Homer often have forms that Pharr calls assimilated. One vowel is made like the other, and one is usually lengthened. ὁράω, see, has all three: open ὁράω, contracted ὁρῶ, assimilated ὁρόω.

The Iliad: the ship sails with Chryseis

The quarrel ends. The two men rise and dismiss the assembly beside the ships. The son of Peleus goes to his huts and ships, with the son of Menoetius and his companions.

The son of Atreus draws a swift ship down to the sea. He chooses twenty oarsmen and puts a hecatomb aboard for the god. He sets fair-cheeked Chryseis on the ship. Resourceful Odysseus goes as leader, and they sail the watery ways.

Then the son of Atreus orders the people to purify themselves. They throw the defilement into the sea.

In the line about Odysseus, ἔβη, went, is the second aorist of βαίνω.

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So when the two of them had fought with opposing words,
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they rose, and broke up the assembly beside the ships of the Achaeans.
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The son of Peleus went to his huts and his balanced ships
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with the son of Menoetius and his companions;
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and the son of Atreus drew a swift ship down into the sea,
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and chose twenty oarsmen for it, and put aboard a hecatomb
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for the god, and led fair-cheeked Chryseis
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and set her aboard; and as leader went resourceful Odysseus.
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So they went aboard, and sailed the watery ways,
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and the son of Atreus bade the people purify themselves.
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So they purified themselves, and cast the defilement into the sea,

§964. εἰμί (ἐσ-) be
        Indicative                         Subjunctive    Optative      Imperative
        Present       Imperfect            Present        Present       Present
S. 1    εἰμί          ἦα (ἔα, ἔον)         ἔω             εἴην
2       ἐσσί (εἷς)    ἦσθα (ἔησθα)         ἔῃς(θα)        εἴης (ἔοις)   ἴσθι*
3       ἐστί          ἦεν (ἦην, ἔην, ἦν)   ἔῃ(σι) (ᾗσι)   εἴη (ἔοι)     ἔστω
Du. 2   ἐστόν         ἦστον                ἔητον          εἶτον         ἔστον
3       ἐστόν         ἦστην                ἔητον          εἴτην         ἔστων
Pl. 1   εἰμέν         ἦμεν                 ἔωμεν          εἶμεν
2       ἐστέ          ἦτε                  ἔητε           εἶτε          ἔστε
3       εἰσί (ἔᾱσι)   ἦσαν (ἔσαν)          ἔωσι (ὦσι)     εἶεν          ἔστων

Future        ἔσ(σ)ομαι, ἔσεαι, etc.
Infin.        εἶναι, ἔμ(μ)εν(αι)
Mid. Imper.   ἔσσο
Partic.       ἐών, ἐοῦσα, ἐόν

§965. εἶμι (εἰ-, ι-) come, go
        Indicative                              Subjunctive   Optative     Imperative
        Pres.        Imperf.                    Pres.         Pres.        Pres.
S. 1    εἶμι         ἤια (ἤιον)                 ἴω(μι)        ἴοιμι
2       εἶσ(θα)      ἤεισ(θα)                   ἴῃς(θα)       ἴοις         ἴθι
3       εἶσι         ἤει (ἤιε, ἠε, ἴε)          ἴῃ(σι)        ἴοι (ἰείη)   ἴτω
Du. 2   ἴτον         ἴτον                       ἴητον         ἴοιτον       ἴτον
3       ἴτον         ἴτην                       ἴητον         ἰοίτην       ἴτων
Pl. 1   ἴμεν         ἤομεν                      ἴωμεν         ἴοιμεν
2       ἴτε          ἤτε                        ἴητε          ἴοιτε        ἴτε
3       ἴᾱσι         ἤισαν-(ἤσαν, ἤιον, ἴσαν)   ἴωσι          ἴοιεν        ἰόντων

Fut.      εἴσομαι
Infin.    ἰέναι, ἴμεν(αι)
Partic.   ἰών, οὖσα, ὄν

§966. *εἴδω (εἴδομαι) (ϝειδ-, ϝοιδ-, ϝιδ-), εἰδήσω, εἶδον, οἶδα know, Active
        Indicative                           Second Perfect
        2d Perf.        2d Pluperf.          Subj.                Opt.                   Imper.
S. 1    οἶδα            ᾔδεα                 εἰδῶ (εἰδέω, ἰδέω)   εἰδείην
2       οἶσθα (οἶδας)   ᾔδης(θα) (ᾔειδεις)   εἰδῇς(θα)            εἰδείης                ἴσθι
3       οἶδε            ᾔδη (ᾔδεε, ἠείδει)   εἰδῇ(σι)             εἰδείη                 ἴστω
Du. 2   ἴστον           ἴστον                εἴδετον              εἰδεῖτον               ἴστον
3       ἴστον           ἴστην                εἴδετον              εἰδείτην               ἴστων
Pl. 1   ἴδμεν           ἴσμεν                εἴδομεν              εἰδεῖμεν (εἰδείημεν)
2       ἴστε            ἴστε                 εἴδετε               εἰδεῖτε (εἰδείητε)     ἴστε
3       ἴσ(σ)ᾱσι        ἴσαν                 εἰδῶσι               εἰδεῖεν (εἰδείησαν)    ἴστων
εἴδομεν: The only Homeric examples of the first and second person plural subjunctive have the short mode vowel (-ομεν, -ετε, 800).

Fut.      εἰδήσω (εἴσομαι)
Infin.    ἴδμεν(αι)
Partic.   εἰδώς, υἷα (ἰδυῖα), ός

§967. φημί (φη-, φα-) say, speak, Active
        Indicative                       Present
        Pres.        Imperf. (2d Aor.)   Subj.     Opt.               Imper.
S. 1    φημί         ἔφην                φῶ(μι)    φαίην
2       φής, φῆσθα   ἔφης(θα)            φῇς(θα)   φαίης              φαθί (φάθι)
3       φησί         ἔφη                 φῇ(σι)    φαίη               φάτω
Du. 2   φατόν        ἔφατον              φῆτον                        φάτον
3       φατόν        ἐφάτην              φῆτον                        φάτων
Pl. 1   φαμέν        ἔφαμεν              φῶμεν     φαίημεν (φαῖμεν)
2       φατέ         ἔφατε               φῆτε      φαίητε             φάτε
3       φᾱσί         ἔφασαν (ἔφαν)       φῶσι      φαίησαν (φαῖεν)    φάντων

Partic.   φᾱ́ς, φᾶσα, φάν
Infin.    φάναι, φάμεν(αι)

Note. The active imperative and infinitive do not occur in Homer, who uses the middle forms, φάο, φάσθαι, etc.

§968. κεῖ-μαι lie, recline
        Indicative
        Pres.                       Imperf.                     Subj.            Imper.    Infin.
S. 1    κεῖμαι                      ἐκείμην                     κεῖται (κῆται)             κεῖσθαι
2       κεῖσαι                      ἔκεισο                                       κεῖσο
3       κεῖται                      ἔκειτο                                       κείσθω
Du. 2   κεῖσθον                     ἔκεισθον                                     κεῖσθον
3       κεῖσθον                     ἐκείσθην                                     κείσθων
Pl. 1   κείμε(σ)θα                  ἐκείμε(σ)θα
2       κεῖσθε                      ἔκεισθε                                      κεῖσθε
3       κείαται (κέονται, κέαται)   ἔκειντο (ἐκείατο, ἐκέατο)                    κείσθων

Fut.    κείσομαι
Part.   κείμενος, η, ον

§969. ἧμαι (ἡσ-) sit
        Indicative
        Pres.                  Imperf.             Imper.   Infin.
S. 1    ἧμαι                   ἥμην                         ἧσθαι
2       ἧσαι                   ἧσο                 ἧσο
3       ἧσται                  ἧστο                ἧσθω
Du. 2   ἧσθον                  ἧσθον               ἧσθον
3       ἧσθον                  ἥσθην               ἥσθων
Pl. 1   ἥμε(σ)θα               ἥμε(σ)θα
2       ἧσθε                   ἧσθε                ἧσθε
3       ἧνται (ἥαται, ἕαται)   ἧντο (ἥατο, ἕατο)   ἥσθων

Part.   ἥμενος, η, ον

§922. PERFECT SYSTEM OF βαίνω (βαν-, βα-), come, go, walk

        INDICATIVE          SUBJUNCTIVE   OPTATIVE     IMPERATIVE   INFINITIVE
S. 1    βέβηκα              βεβήκω        βεβήκοιμι                 βεβάμεν(αι)
S. 2    βέβηκας             βεβήκῃς(θα)   βεβήκοις     βέβαθι
S. 3    βέβηκε              βεβήκῃ(σι)    βεβήκοι      βεβάτω       PARTICIPLE
Du. 2   βέβατον             βεβήκετον     βεβήκοιτον   βέβατον      βεβαώς, υῖα,
Du. 3   βέβατον             βεβήκετον     βεβηκοίτην   βεβάτων      ός
Pl. 1   βέβαμεν             βεβήκομεν     βεβήκοιμεν
Pl. 2   βέβατε              βεβήκετε      βεβήκοιτε    βέβατε
Pl. 3   βεβάᾱσι, βεβήκᾱσι   βεβήκωσι      βεβήκοιεν    βεβάντων
SUBJUNCTIVE: Very rare; the dual and plural forms are uncertain.

PLUPERFECT
S. 1   ἐβεβήκεα (-η 585)     Du.              Pl.   ἐβέβαμεν
S. 2   ἐβεβήκεας (-ης 585)         ἐβέβατον         ἐβέβατε
S. 3   ἐβεβήκεε (-ει 585)          ἐβεβάτην         ἐβέβασαν

§923. SECOND PERFECT SYSTEM OF πείθω (πειθ-, ποιθ-, πιθ-), persuade

        INDICATIVE             SUBJUNCTIVE    PARTICIPLE                     PLUPERFECT
S. 1    πέποιθα                πεποίθω        πεποιθώς, πεπιθυῖα, πεποιθός   ἐπεποίθεα (-η 585)
S. 2    πέποιθας               πεποίθῃς(θα)                                  ἐπεποίθεας (-ης 585)
S. 3    πέποιθε                πεποίθῃ(σι)                                   ἐπεποίθεε (-ει 585)
Du. 2   *πέπιστον              πεποίθετον                                    *ἐπέπιστον
Du. 3   *πέπιστον              πεποίθετον                                    *ἐπεπίστην
Pl. 1   πέπιθμεν               πεποίθομεν                                    ἐπέπιθμεν
Pl. 2   *πέπιστε               πεποίθετε                                     *ἐπέπιστε
Pl. 3   πεποίθᾱσι, *πεπίθᾱσι   πεποίθωσι                                     ἐπεποίθεσαν, (*ἐπέπισαν)
SUBJUNCTIVE: Very rare; the dual and plural forms are uncertain.

§924. SECOND PERFECT SYSTEM OF ἵστημι (στη-, στα-), stand

PERFECT
        INDICATIVE         SUBJUNCTIVE   OPTATIVE   IMPERATIVE   INFINITIVE
S. 1    ἕστηκα             ἑστήκω        ἑσταίην                 ἑστάμεν(αι)
S. 2    ἕστηκας            ἑστήκῃς(θα)   ἑσταίης    ἕσταθι
S. 3    ἕστηκε             ἑστήκῃ(σι)    ἑσταίη     ἑστάτω       PARTICIPLE
Du. 2   ἕστατον            ἑστήκετον     ἑσταῖτον   ἕστατον      ἑσταώς, υῖα,
Du. 3   ἕστατον            ἑστήκετον     ἑσταίτην   ἑστάτων      ός
Pl. 1   ἕσταμεν            ἑστήκομεν     ἑσταῖμεν
Pl. 2   ἕστατε             ἑστήκετε      ἑσταῖτε    ἕστατε
Pl. 3   ἑστᾶσι, ἑστήκᾱσι   ἑστήκωσι      ἑσταῖεν    ἑστάντων
SUBJUNCTIVE: Very rare; the dual and plural forms are uncertain.

PLUPERFECT
S. 1   εἱστήκεα (-η 585)     Du.             Pl.   ἕσταμεν
S. 2   εἱστήκεας (-ης 585)         ἕστατον         ἕστατε
S. 3   εἱστήκεε (-ει 585)          ἑστάτην         ἕστασαν

§925. PERFECT MIDDLE SYSTEM OF LABIAL VERBS: τρέπω (τρεπ-, τραπ-) turn, OF PALATAL VERBS: τεύχω (τευχ-, τυχ-, τυκ-) fashion, make, AND OF DENTAL VERBS: πεύθομαι (πευθ-, πυθ-) learn

INDICATIVE
S. 1    τέτραμμαι (τετραπμαι)                   τέτυγμαι (τετυχμαι)                   πέπυσμαι (πεπυθμαι)
S. 2    τέτραψαι (τετραπσαι)                    τέτυξαι (τετυχσαι)                    πέπυσαι (πεπυθσαι)
S. 3    τέτραπται (τετραπται)                   τέτυκται (τετυχται)                   πέπυσται (πεπυθται)
Du. 2   τέτραφθον (τετραπσθον)                  τέτυχθον (τετυχσθον)                  πέπυσθον (πεπυθσθον)
Du. 3   τέτραφθον (τετραπσθον)                  τέτυχθον (τετυχσθον)                  πέπυσθον (πεπυθσθον)
Pl. 1   τετράμμε(σ)θα (τετραπμε(σ)θα)           τετύγμε(σ)θα (τετυχμε(σ)θα)           πεπύσμε(σ)θα (πεπυθμε(σ)θα)
Pl. 2   τέτραφθε (τετραπσθε)                    τέτυχθε (τετυχσθε)                    πέπυσθε (πεπυθσθε)
Pl. 3   τετράφαται (τετραπνται), (τετεύχαται)   τετύχαται (τετυχνται), (τετεύχαται)   πεπύθαται (πεπυθνται)

PLUPERFECT INDICATIVE, SINGULAR
1   ἐτετράμμην (ἐτετραπμην)   ἐτετύγμην (ἐτετυχμην)   ἐπεπύσμην (ἐπεπυθμην)
2   ἐτέτραψο (ἐτετραπσο)      ἐτέτυξο (ἐτετυχσο)      ἐπέπυσο (ἐπεπυθσο)
3   ἐτέτραπτο (ἐτετραπτο)     ἐτέτυκτο (ἐτετυχτο)     ἐπέπυστο (ἐπεπυθτο)

PLUPERFECT INDICATIVE, DUAL
2   ἐτέτραφθον (ἐτετραπσθον)   ἐτέτυχθον (ἐτετυχσθον)   ἐπέπυσθον (ἐπεπυθσθον)
3   ἐτετράφθην (ἐτετραπσθην)   ἐτετύχθην (ἐτετυχσθην)   ἐπεπύσθην (ἐπεπυθσθην)

PLUPERFECT INDICATIVE, PLURAL
1   ἐτετράμμε(σ)θα (ἐτετραπμε(σ)θα)         ἐτετύγμε(σ)θα (ἐτετυχμε(σ)θα)         ἐπεπύσμε(σ)θα (ἐπεπυθμε(σ)θα)
2   ἐτέτραφθε (ἐτετραπσθε)                  ἐτέτυχθε (ἐτετυχσθε)                  ἐπέπυσθε (ἐπεπυθσθε)
3   ἐτετράφατο (ἐτετραπντο), (ἐτετεύχατο)   ἐτετύχατο (ἐτετυχντο), (ἐτετεύχατο)   ἐπεπύθατο (ἐπεπυθντο)

PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE
1   τετραμμένος ἔω (τετραπμενος), etc.   τετυγμένος ἔω (τετυχμενος), etc.   πεπυσμένος ἔω (πεπυθμενος), etc.

PERFECT OPTATIVE
1   τετραμμένος εἴην, etc.   τετυγμένος εἴην, etc.   πεπυσμένος εἴην, etc.

PERFECT IMPERATIVE, SINGULAR
2   τέτραψο (τετραπσο)     τέτυξο (τετυχσο)     πέπυσο (πεπυθσο)
3   τετράφθω (τετραπσθω)   τετύχθω (τετυχσθω)   πεπύσθω (πεπυθσθω)

PERFECT IMPERATIVE, DUAL
2   τέτραφθον (τετραπσθον)   τέτυχθον (τετυχσθον)   πέπυσθον (πεπυθσθον)
3   τετράφθων (τετραπσθων)   τετύχθων (τετυχσθων)   πεπύσθων (πεπυθσθων)

PERFECT IMPERATIVE, PLURAL
2   τέτραφθε (τετραπσθε)     τέτυχθε (τετυχσθε)     πέπυσθε (πεπυθσθε)
3   τετράφθων (τετραπσθων)   τετύχθων (τετυχσθων)   πεπύσθων (πεπυθσθων)

PERFECT INFINITIVE AND PARTICIPLE
τετράφθαι (τετραπσθαι)             τετύχθαι (τετυχσθαι)             πεπύσθαι (πεπυθσθαι)
τετραμμένος, η, ον (τετραπμενος)   τετυγμένος, η, ον (τετυχμενος)   πεπυσμένος, η, ον (πεπυθμενος)

§926. For the change in the vowel of the stem between the singular and the dual and plural of the perfect active, see 882.

§927. For the euphonic changes found in the perfect middle, by means of which the regular forms are derived from the forms in parentheses, see 608 ff.

§928. -νται, -ντο (-γται, -γτο) of the third plural middle and passive become -αται, -ατο after a consonant, of course (597-598).

§929. π-mutes and κ-mutes (510) are aspirated (619) before the endings -αται, -ατο of the third plural, π and β becoming φ, and κ and γ becoming χ.

§930. SECOND AORIST SYSTEM OF βαίνω (βαν-, βα-) come, go, γιγνώσκω (γνω-, γνο-) know, AND OF δῡ́-ω enter, sink

INDICATIVE
S. 1    ἔβην                    ἔγνων             ἔδῡν
S. 2    ἔβης                    ἔγνως             ἔδῡς
S. 3    ἔβη                     ἔγνω              ἔδῡ
Du. 2   ἔβητον (ἔβατον)         ἔγνωτον           ἔδῡτον
Du. 3   ἐβήτην (ἐβάτην)         ἐγνώτην           ἐδύτην
Pl. 1   ἔβημεν (ἔβαμεν)         ἔγνωμεν           ἔδῡμεν
Pl. 2   ἔβητε (ἔβατε)           ἔγνωτε            ἔδῡτε
Pl. 3   ἔβησαν (ἔβασαν, ἔβαν)   ἔγνωσαν (ἔγνον)   (ἔδῡσαν) ἔδυν

SUBJUNCTIVE
S. 1   βήω etc.   γνώω (γνῶ 585), etc.   δῡ́ω etc.

OPTATIVE
S. 1   βαίην etc.   γνοίην etc.   δῡ́ην ( = δυίην) etc.

IMPERATIVE
S. 2   βῆθι etc.   γνῶθι etc.   δῦθι etc.

INFINITIVES AND PARTICIPLES
βάς, βᾶσα, βάν    γνούς, γνοῦσα, γνόν   δῡ́ς, δῦσα, δύν
βῆναι (βήμεναι)   γνῶναι (γνώμεναι)     δῦναι (δῦμεναι)

§931. FIRST AORIST ACTIVE

FIRST AORIST SYSTEM OF LIQUID VERBS

φαίνω (STEM φαν-) show

        INDICATIVE   SUBJUNCTIVE   OPTATIVE            IMPERATIVE   INFINITIVE
S. 1    ἔφηνα        φήνω(μι)      φήναιμι                          φῆναι
S. 2    ἔφηνας       φήνῃς(θα)     φήναις(θα)          φῆνον
S. 3    ἔφηνε        φήνῃ(σι)      φήναι (φήνειε)      φηνάτω       PARTICIPLE
Du. 2   ἐφήνατον     φήνητον       φήναιτον            φήνατον      φήνᾱς, ᾱσα, αν
Du. 3   ἐφηνάτην     φήνητον       φηναίτην            φηνάτων
Pl. 1   ἐφήναμεν     φήνωμεν       φήναιμεν
Pl. 2   ἐφήνατε      φήνητε        φήναιτε             φήνατε
Pl. 3   ἔφηναν       φήνωσι        φήναιεν (φήνειαν)   φηνάντων

§932. FIRST AORIST MIDDLE

        INDICATIVE     SUBJUNCTIVE   OPTATIVE       IMPERATIVE   INFINITIVE
S. 1    ἐφηνάμην       φήνωμαι       φηναίμην                    φήνασθαι
S. 2    ἐφήναο         φήνηαι        φηναίο         φῆναι
S. 3    ἐφήνατο        φήνηται       φήναιτο        φηνάσθω      PARTICIPLE
Du. 2   ἐφήνασθον      φήνησθον      φήναισθον      φήνασθον     φηνάμενος, η, ον
Du. 3   ἐφηνάσθην      φήνησθον      φηναίσθην      φηνάσθων     2D AOR. PASS.
Pl. 1   ἐφηνάμε(σ)θα   φηνώμε(σ)θα   φηναίμε(σ)θα                ἐφάνην
Pl. 2   ἐφήνασθε       φήνησθε       φήναισθε       φήνασθε      ἐφάνης
Pl. 3   ἐφήναντο       φήνωνται      φηναίατο       φηνάσθων     ἐφάνη, etc.

§933. SECOND AORIST ACTIVE

SECOND AORIST SYSTEM OF λείπω (λειπ-, λοιπ-, λιπ-) leave

        INDICATIVE   SUBJUNCTIVE   OPTATIVE     IMPERATIVE   INFINITIVE
S. 1    ἔλιπον       λίπω          λίποιμι                   λιπεῖν (λιπέεν),
S. 2    ἔλιπες       λίπῃς(θα)     λίποις(θα)   λίπε         λιπέμεν(αι)
S. 3    ἔλιπε        λίπῃ(σι)      λίποι        λιπέτω
Du. 2   ἐλίπετον     λίπητον       λίποιτον     λίπετον      PARTICIPLE
Du. 3   ἐλιπέτην     λίπητον       λιποίτην     λιπέτων      λιπών, οὖσα, όν
Pl. 1   ἐλίπομεν     λίπωμεν       λίποιμεν
Pl. 2   ἐλίπετε      λίπητε        λίποιτε      λίπετε
Pl. 3   ἔλιπον       λίπωσι        λίποιεν      λιπόντων

§934. Second Aorist Middle
        Indicative     Subjunctive   Optative       Imperative
S. 1    ἐλιπόμην       λίπωμαι       λιποίμην
2       ἐλίπεο         λίπηαι        λίποιο         λιπέο
3       ἐλίπετο        λίπηται       λίποιτο        λιπέσθω
Du. 2   ἐλίπεσθον      λίπησθον      λίποισθον      λίπεσθον
3       ἐλιπέσθην      λίπησθον      λιποίσθην      λιπέσθων
Pl. 1   ἐλιπόμε(σ)θα   λιπώμε(σ)θα   λιποίμε(σ)θα
2       ἐλίπεσθε       λίπησθε       λίποισθε       λίπεσθε
3       ἐλίποντο       λίπωνται      λιποίατο       λιπέσθων

Second Aorist Middle, Infinitive and Participle
Infinitive   λιπέσθαι
Participle   λιπόμενος, η, ον

§935. Second Aorist Passive System of τρέφω (τρεφ-, τροφ-, τραφ-, for θρεφ-, etc. 619) nourish
        Indicative            Subjunctive   Optative                 Imperative
S. 1    ἐτράφην               τραφῶ         τραφείην
2       ἐτράφης               τραφῇς        τραφείης                 τράφητι
3       ἐτράφη                τραφῇ         τραφείη                  τραφήτω
Du. 2   ἐτράφητον             τραφῆτον      τραφεῖτον (τραφείητον)   τράφητον
3       ἐτραφήτην             τραφῆτον      τραφείτην (τραφειήτην)   τραφήτων
Pl. 1   ἐτράφημεν             τραφῶμεν      τραφεῖμεν (τραφείημεν)
2       ἐτράφητε              τραφῆτε       τραφεῖτε (τραφείητε)     τράφητε
3       ἐτράφησαν (ἔτραφεν)   τραφῶσι       τραφεῖεν (τραφείησαν)    τραφέντων

Second Aorist Passive of τρέφω, Infinitive and Participle
Infinitive   τραφῆναι (τραφήμεναι)
Participle   τραφείς, εἶσα, έν

§936. Contract Verbs

Verbs which end in -αω, -εω, -οω; -αομαι, -εομαι, -οομαι (including the futures of liquids and nasals) in the first person singular are contracted in the present and imperfect at times. For the laws of contraction see 584-585.

§937. Verbs in -οω, -οομαι, are always contracted; those in -αω, -αομαι, -εω, -εομαι, may be, but are usually left uncontracted.

§938. Present System of τῑμάω honor, Active, Present Indicative, Subjunctive, Optative
        Indicative           Subjunctive          Optative
S. 1    (τῑμάω) τῑμῶ         (τῑμάω) τῑμῶ         (τῑμάοιμι) τῑμῷμι
2       (τῑμάεις) τῑμᾷς      (τῑμάῃς) τιμᾷς       (τῑμάοις) τῑμῷς
3       (τῑμάει) τῑμᾷ        (τῑμάῃ) τῑμᾷ         (τῑμάοι) τῑμῷ
Du. 2   (τῑμάετον) τῑμᾶτον   (τῑμάητον) τῑμᾶτον   (τῑμάοιτον) τῑμῷτον
3       (τῑμάετον) τῑμᾶτον   (τῑμάητον) τῑμᾶτον   (τῑμαοίτην) τῑμῴτην
Pl. 1   (τῑμάομεν) τῑμῶμεν   (τῑμάωμεν) τῑμῶμεν   (τῑμάοιμεν) τῑμῷμεν
2       (τῑμάετε) τῑμᾶτε     (τῑμάητε) τῑμᾶτε     (τῑμάοιτε) τῑμῷτε
3       (τῑμάουσι) τῑμῶσι    (τῑμάωσι) τῑμῶσι     (τῑμάοιεν) τῑμῷεν

Present System of τῑμάω honor, Active, Imperative and Imperfect Indicative
        Imperative             Imperfect Indicative
S. 1                           (ἐτίμαον) ἐτίμων
2       (τίμαε) τίμα           (ἐτίμαες) ἐτίμᾱς
3       (τῑμαέτω) τῑμᾱ́τω       (ἐτίμαε) ἐτίμᾱ
Du. 2   (τῑμάετον) τῑμᾶτον     (ἐτῑμάετον) ἐτῑμᾶτον
3       (τῑμαέτων) τῑμᾱ́των     (ἐτῑμαέτην) ἐτῑμᾱ́την
Pl. 1                          (ἐτῑμάομεν) ἐτῑμῶμεν
2       (τῑμάετε) τῑμᾶτε       (ἐτῑμάετε) ἐτῑμᾶτε
3       (τῑμαόντων) τῑμώντων   (ἐτίμαον) ἐτίμων

Present System of τῑμάω honor, Active, Participle and Infinitive
Participle   (τῑμάων, ουσα, ον) τῑμῶν, ῶσα, ῶν, 745.
Infinitive   (τῑμάειν = τῑμαεεν) τῑμᾶν, (τῑμήμεναι)

§939. Middle and Passive

Present Indicative, Subjunctive, Optative (Middle and Passive)
        Indicative                   Subjunctive                  Optative
S. 1    (τῑμάομαι) τῑμῶμαι           (τῑμάωμαι) τῑμῶμαι           (τῑμαοίμην) τῑμῴμην
2       (τῑμάεαι) τῑμᾷ               (τῑμάηαι) τῑμᾷ               (τῑμάοιο) τῑμῷο
3       (τῑμάεται) τῑμᾶται           (τῑμάηται) τῑμᾶται           (τῑμάοιτο) τῑμῷτο
Du. 2   (τῑμάεσθον) τῑμᾶσθον         (τῑμάησθον) τῑμᾶσθον         (τῑμάοισθον) τῑμῷσθον
3       (τῑμάεσθον) τῑμᾶσθον         (τῑμάησθον) τῑμᾶσθον         (τῑμαοίσθην) τῑμῴσθην
Pl. 1   (τῑμαόμε(σ)θα) τῑμώμε(σ)θα   (τῑμαώμε(σ)θα) τῑμώμε(σ)θα   (τῑμαοίμε(σ)θα) τῑμῴμε(σ)θα
2       (τῑμάεσθε) τῑμᾶσθε           (τῑμάησθε) τῑμᾶσθε           (τῑμάοισθε) τῑμῷσθε
3       (τῑμάονται) τῑμῶνται         (τῑμάωνται) τῑμῶνται         (τῑμαοίατο) τῑμῷατο

Imperfect Indicative and Present Imperative (Middle and Passive)
        Imperfect Indicative           Present Imperative
S. 1    (ἐτῑμαόμην) ἐτῑμώμην
2       (ἐτῑμάεο) ἐτῑμῶ                (τῑμάεο) τῑμῶ
3       (ἐτῑμάετο) ἐτῑμᾶτο             (τῑμαέσθω) τῑμᾱ́σθω
Du. 2   (ἐτῑμάεσθον) ἐτῑμᾶσθον         (τῑμάεσθον) τῑμᾶσθον
3       (ἐτῑμαέσθην) ἐτῑμᾱ́σθην         (τῑμαέσθων) τῑμᾱ́σθων
Pl. 1   (ἐτῑμαόμε(σ)θα) ἐτῑμώμε(σ)θα
2       (ἐτῑμάεσθε) ἐτῑμᾶσθε           (τῑμάεσθε) τῑμᾶσθε
3       (ἐτῑμάοντο) ἐτῑμῶντο           (τῑμαέσθων) τῑμᾱ́σθων

Infinitive and Participle (Middle and Passive)
Infinitive   (τῑμάεσθαι) τῑμᾶσθαι
Participle   (τῑμαόμενος, η, ον) τῑμώμενος, η, ον

§940. Present System of ποιέω do, make, Active, Present Indicative, Imperfect, Present Subjunctive
        Present Indicative    Imperfect               Present Subjunctive
S. 1    (ποιέω) ποιῶ          (ἐποίεον) ἐποίευν       (ποιέω) ποιῶ
2       (ποιέεις) ποιεῖς      (ἐποίεες) ἐποίεις       (ποιέῃς) ποιῇς
3       (ποιέει) ποιεῖ        (ἐποίεε) ἐποίει         (ποιέῃ) ποιῇ
Du. 2   (ποιέετον) ποιεῖτον   (ἐποιέετον) ἐποιεῖτον   (ποιέητον) ποιῆτον
3       (ποιέετον) ποιεῖτον   (ἐποιεέτην) ἐποιείτην   (ποιέητον) ποιῆτον
Pl. 1   (ποιέομεν) ποιεῦμεν   (ἐποιέομεν) ἐποιεῦμεν   (ποιέωμεν) ποιῶμεν
2       (ποιέετε) ποιεῖτε     (ἐποιέετε) ἐποιεῖτε     (ποιέητε) ποιῆτε
3       (ποιέουσι) ποιεῦσι    (ἐποίεον) ἐποίευν       (ποιέωσι) ποιῶσι
Present Subjunctive: Attic forms; not contracted in Homer.

Present System of ποιέω do, make, Active, Optative and Present Imperative
        Optative                                   Present Imperative
S. 1    (ποιέοιμι) ποιοῖμι or (ποιεοίην) ποιοίην
2       (ποιέοις) ποιοῖς                           (ποίεε) ποίει
3       (ποιέοι) ποιοῖ                             (ποιέτω) ποιείτω
Du. 2   (ποιέοιτον) ποιοῖτον                       (ποιέετον) ποεῖτον
3       (ποιεοίτην) ποιοίτην                       (ποιέτων) ποιείτων
Pl. 1   (ποιέοιμεν) ποιοῖμεν
2       (ποιέοιτε) ποιοῖτε                         (ποιέετε) ποιεῖτε
3       (ποιέοιεν) ποιοῖεν                         (ποιεόντων) ποιεύντων

Present System of ποιέω do, make, Active, Infinitive and Participle
Infinitive   (ποιέειν) ποιεῖν, (ποιήμεναι, ποιῆναι)
Participle   (ποιέων, ουσα, ον) ποιῶν, εὖσα, εὖν, 745

§941. Middle and Passive

Present Indicative and Imperfect (Middle and Passive)
        Present Indicative            Imperfect
S. 1    (ποιέομαι) ποιεῦμαι           (ἐποιεόμην) ἐποιεύμην
2       (ποιέεαι) ποιεῖαι, -εαι       (ἐποιέεο) ἐποιεῖο, -έο
3       (ποιέεται) ποιεῖται           (ἐποιέετο) ἐποιεῖτο
Du. 2   (ποιέεσθον) ποιεῖσθον         (ἐποιέεσθον) ἐποιεῖσθον
3       (ποιέεσθον) ποιεῖσθον         (ἐποιεέσθην) ἐποιείσθην
Pl. 1   (ποιεόμε(σ)θα) ποιεύμε(σ)θα   (ἐποιεόμε(σ)θα) ἐποιεύμε(σ)θα
2       (ποιέεσθε) ποιεῖσθε           (ἐποιέεσθε) ἐποιεῖσθε
3       (ποιέονται) ποιεῦνται         (ἐποιέοντο) ἐποιεῦντο

Present Subjunctive and Optative (Middle and Passive)
        Subjunctive                  Optative
S. 1    (ποιέωμαι) ποιῶμαι           (ποιεοίμην) ποιοίμην
2       (ποιέηαι) ποιῇ               (ποιέοιο) ποιοῖο
3       (ποιέηται) ποιῆται           (ποιέοιτο) ποιοῖτο
Du. 2   (ποιέησθον) ποιῆσθον         (ποιέοισθον) ποιοῖσθον
3       (ποιέησθον) ποιῆσθον         (ποιεοίσθην) ποιοίσθην
Pl. 1   (ποιεώμε(σ)θα) ποιώμε(σ)θα   (ποιεοίμε(σ)θα) ποιοίμε(σ)θα
2       (ποιέησθε) ποιῆσθε           (ποιέοισθε) ποιοῖσθε
3       (ποιέωνται) ποιῶνται         (ποιεοίατο) ποιοίατο

Present Imperative (Middle and Passive)
        Imperative
S. 2    (ποιέεο) ποιεῦ
3       (ποιέεσθω) ποιείσθω
Du. 2   (ποιέεσθον) ποιεῖσθον
3       (ποιεέσθων) ποιείσθων
Pl. 2   (ποιέεσθε) ποιεῖσθε
3       (ποιεέσθων) ποιείσθων

Infinitive and Participle (Middle and Passive)
Infinitive   (ποιέεσθαι) ποιεῖσθαι
Participle   (ποιεόμενος, η, ον) ποιεύμενος, η, ον

§942. Present System of χολόω anger, vex, Active, Present Indicative, Imperfect, Present Subjunctive
        Present Indicative    Imperfect               Present Subjunctive
S. 1    (χολόω) χολῶ          (ἐχόλοον) ἐχόλουν       (χολόω) χολῶ
2       (χολόεις) χολοῖς      (ἐχόλοες) ἐχόλους       (χολόῃς) χολοῖς
3       (χολόει) χολοῖ        (ἐχόλοε) ἐχόλου         (χολόῃ) χολοῖ
Du. 2   (χολόετον) χολοῦτον   (ἐχολόετον) ἐχολοῦτον   (χολόητον) χολῶτον
3       (χολόετον) χολοῦτον   (ἐχολοέτην) ἐχολούτην   (χολόητον) χολῶτον
Pl. 1   (χολόομεν) χολοῦμεν   (ἐχολόομεν) ἐχολοῦμεν   (χολόωμεν) χολῶμεν
2       (χολόετε) χολοῦτε     (ἐχολόετε) ἐχολοῦτε     (χολόητε) χολῶτε
3       (χολόουσι) χολοῦσι    (ἐχόλοον) ἐχόλουν       (χολόωσι) χολῶσι

Present System of χολόω anger, vex, Active, Present Optative and Imperative
        Optative               Imperative
S. 1    (χολόοιμι) χολοῖμι
2       (χολόοις) χολοῖς       (χόλοε) χόλου
3       (χολόοι) χολοῖ         (χολόετω) χολούτω
Du. 2   (χολόοιτον) χολοῖτον   (χολόετον) χολοῦτον
3       (χολοοίτην) χολοίτην   (χολόετων) χολούτων
Pl. 1   (χολόοιμεν) χολοῖμεν
2       (χολόοιτε) χολοῖτε     (χολόετε) χολοῦτε
3       (χολόοιεν) χολοῖεν     (χολοόντων) χολούντων

Present System of χολόω anger, vex, Active, Participle and Infinitive
Participle   (χολόων, ουσα, ον) χολῶν, οῦσα, οῦν, 746
Infinitive   (χολόειν) χολοῦν

§943. Middle and Passive

Present Indicative, Imperfect, Present Subjunctive (Middle and Passive)
        Present Indicative            Imperfect                       Present Subjunctive
S. 1    (χολόομαι) χολοῦμαι           (ἐχολοόμην) ἐχολούμην           (χολόωμαι) χολῶμαι
2       (χολόεαι) χολοῖ               (ἐχολόεο) ἐχολοῦ                (χολόηαι) χολοῖ
3       (χολόεται) χολοῦται           (ἐχολόετο) ἐχολοῦτο             (χολόηται) χολῶται
Du. 2   (χολόεσθον) χολοῦσθον         (ἐχολόεσθον) ἐχολοῦσθον         (χολόησθον) χολῶσθον
3       (χολόεσθον) χολοῦσθον         (ἐχολοέσθην) ἐχολούσθην         (χολόησθον) χολῶσθον
Pl. 1   (χολοόμε(σ)θα) χολούμε(σ)θα   (ἐχολοόμε(σ)θα) ἐχολούμε(σ)θα   (χολοώμε(σ)θα) χολώμε(σ)θα
2       (χολόεσθε) χολοῦσθε           (ἐχολόεσθε) ἐχολοῦσθε           (χολόησθε) χολῶσθε
3       (χολόονται) χολοῦνται         (ἐχολόοντο) ἐχολοῦντο           (χολόωνται) χολῶνται

Present Optative and Imperative (Middle and Passive)
        Optative                       Imperative
S. 1    (χολοοίμην) χολοίμην
2       (χολόοιο) χολοῖο               (χολόεο) χολοῦ
3       (χολόοιτο) χολοῖτο             (χολοέσθω) χολούσθω
Du. 2   (χολόοισθον) χολοῖσθον         (χολόεσθον) χολοῦσθον
3       (χολοοίσθην) χολοίσθην         (χολοέσθων) χολούσθων
Pl. 1   (χολοοίμε(σ)θα) χολοίμε(σ)θα
2       (χολόοισθε) χολοῖσθε           (χολόεσθε) χολοῦσθε
3       (χολοοίατο) χολοίατο           (χολοέσθων) χολούσθων

Infinitive and Participle (Middle and Passive)
Infinitive   (χολόεσθαι) χολοῦσθαι
Participle   (χολοόμενος, η, ον) χολούμενος, η, ον

§944. These verbs may be contracted as indicated above, and are regularly so contracted in later classical Greek.

§945. The manuscripts of the Homeric poems often show a series of forms for verbs ending in -αω (as τιμάω) and in -οω (as χολόω), which are known as “assimilated” (sometimes called “distracted”) forms. In these cases αε, αει, αη, αη give a double α sound, by the α assimilating the ε sound; but αο, αω, αοι, αου give a double ο sound, by the ο assimilating the α sound. Usually one of the vowels is lengthened, sometimes both.

Assimilation Formulas
αε = 1) αα, 2) ᾱα   αω = 1) οω, 2) ωω    οο = 1) οω, 2) ωο
αει = 1) ᾳ, 2) ᾱᾳ   αοι = 1) ῳ, 2) ωοι   οοι = ῳ
αη = 1) ᾳ, 2) ᾱᾳ    αου = 1) οω, 2) ωω   οου = οω
αο = 1) οω, 2) ωο

§946. These forms are used also in futures in -αω from -ασω (603).

§947. They are found only when the second syllable in the original form is long by nature or by position (522).

§948. The following forms of ὁράω (ϝορα-) see, may serve as examples of assimilation of an -αω verb:

Indicative
                  Contracted   Assimilated
S. 1    ὁράω      ὁρῶ          ὁρόω
2       ὁράεις    ὁρᾷς         ὁράᾳς
3       ὁράει     ὁρᾷ          ὁράᾳ
Du. 2   ὁράετον   ὁρᾶτον
3       ὁράετον   ὁρᾶτον
Pl. 1   ὁράομεν   ὁρῶμεν
2       ὁράετε    ὁρᾶτε
3       ὁράουσι   ὁρῶσι        ὁρόωσι

Subjunctive and Optative (sample forms)
                        Contr.   Assim.
Subjunctive   ὁράῃς     ὁρᾷς     ὁράᾳς
Optative      ὁράοιμι   ὁρῷμι    ὁρόωμι

Participle
                   Contr.    Assim.
Masc.   ὁράων      ὁρῶν      ὁρόων
Gen.    ὁράοντος   ὁρῶντος   ὁρόωντος
Fem.    ὁράουσα    ὁρῶσα     ὁρόωσα

Infinitive
              Contr.    Assim.
   ὁράεσθαι   ὁρᾶσθαι   ὁράασθαι

ἀντιβίοισι: Opposing, hostile, from ἀντίβιος
κλισίας: His huts, from κλισία
εἴσας: Balanced, from ἔισος
Μενοιτιάδῃ: Son of Menoetius, Patroclus, from Μενοιτιάδης
ἅλαδε: Seaward
προέρυσσεν: Draw forward, drag forward, launch, from προερύω
ἔκρινεν: Pick out, select, choose, from κρίνω
ἐείκοσιν: Twenty, from εἴκοσι
εἷσεν: Set aboard, from ἵζω
πολύμητις: Wily, rich in counsel
ἀναβάντες: Go up, ascend, embark, from ἀναβαίνω
ἐπέπλεον: Sail, navigate, from ἐπιπλέω
ὑγρὰ: Wet, moist, damp, from ὑγρός
κέλευθα: Road, way, path, from κέλευθος
ἀπολυμαίνεσθαι: Purify, clean, from ἀπολυμαίνομαι
ἄνωγεν: Bade, from ἄνωγα
λύματ’: Offscouring, filth, from λῦμα

Lesson LVI: Iliad 315-333

The Iliad: Agamemnon sends for Briseis

Perfect hecatombs of bulls and goats are offered to Apollo on the shore of the barren sea. The savor rises to heaven, curling amid the smoke. But Agamemnon does not cease from the strife with which he first threatened Achilles.

He calls Talthybius and Eurybates, his heralds and ready attendants. He orders them to go to the hut of Achilles and take fair-cheeked Briseis by the hand. If Achilles will not give her, Agamemnon will come himself with more men. That will be harsher for Achilles.

The Iliad: the heralds come to Achilles

The two heralds go unwilling along the shore to the huts and ships of the Myrmidons. They find Achilles sitting beside his hut and his black ship. He is not glad to see them. In fear and awe of the king, they stand and say nothing. Achilles understands in his own heart and speaks to them.

In τὼ δ’ ἀέκοντε βάτην, the two of them went unwilling, τὼ is dual. It refers to the two heralds.

26
and offered up to Apollo perfect hecatombs
27
of bulls and goats along the shore of the barren sea;
28
and the savor rose to heaven, curling amid the smoke.
29
So they were busy with these tasks throughout the camp; but Agamemnon
30
did not let go the quarrel he had first threatened against Achilles,
31
but he called out to Talthybius and Eurybates,
32
who were his heralds and brisk attendants:
33
"Go, the two of you, to the hut of Peleus' son Achilles;
34
take fair-cheeked Briseis by the hand, and lead her away;
35
and if he will not give her, I myself will come and take her
36
with more men beside me; that will be the harsher for him."
37
So saying, he sent them off, laying on them a stern command;
38
and the two of them went unwilling along the shore of the barren sea,
39
and came to the huts and ships of the Myrmidons,
40
and found him beside his hut and his black ship,
41
sitting there; and Achilles was not glad to see them.
42
The two of them, in fear and in awe of the king,
43
stood there, and neither spoke to him nor questioned him;
44
but he understood it in his own heart, and spoke to them:

ἔρδον: Do, perform, make, from ἔρδω
τεληέσσας: Complete, perfect, finished, from τελήεις
ἀτρυγέτοιο: Barren, restless, from ἀτρύγετος
κνίση: The savor, from κνῖσα
ἑλισσομένη: Twirl, twist, curl, from ἑλίσσω
καπνῷ: Smoke, vapor, mist, from καπνός
πένοντο: Work, be busy, labor, from πένομαι
ἐπηπείλησ’: Threaten, boast, from ἐπαπειλέω
Ταλθύβιόν: Talthybius, from Ταλθύβιος
Εὐρυβάτην: Eurybates, from Εὐρυβάτης
κήρυκε: Herald, from κῆρυξ
ὀτρηρὼ: Ready, eager, nimble, from ὀτρηρός
θεράποντε: Attendant, squire, comrade, from θεράπων
ῥίγιον: Harsher
Μυρμιδόνων: Of the Myrmidons, from Μυρμιδόνες
εὗρον: Find, come upon, hit upon, from εὑρίσκω
ταρβήσαντε: Fear, be in terror, be frightened, from ταρβέω
προσεφώνεον: Address, accost, speak to, from προσφωνέω
ἐρέοντο: Asked, questioned, from ἔρομαι

Lesson LVII: Iliad 334-347

The Iliad: Achilles greets the heralds

Achilles greets the heralds kindly. They are not to blame, he says. Agamemnon is to blame, who sent them for the girl Briseis.

He asks Patroclus, sprung from Zeus, to bring out the girl and give her to the heralds. He asks the heralds to be witnesses before the blessed gods, before mortal men, and before that pitiless king. A day may come when the rest need Achilles to ward off shameful ruin.

The Iliad: Achilles gives up Briseis

Agamemnon, he says, rages with a ruinous mind. He cannot look both forward and back, so that the Achaeans may fight safely beside the ships. Patroclus obeys his dear companion. He leads Briseis out of the hut and gives her to the heralds. They go back to the ships of the Achaeans.

In οὐδέ τι οἶδε νοῆσαι, he does not know how to look, οἶδε is a perfect of the verb meaning know.

45
"Welcome, heralds, messengers of Zeus and of men;
46
come nearer. You are not to blame in my eyes, but Agamemnon,
47
who sends the two of you here for the sake of the girl Briseis.
48
But come, Patroclus, sprung from Zeus, lead out the girl
49
and give her to them to lead away; and let the two of them themselves be witnesses
50
before the blessed gods and before mortal men,
51
and before that pitiless king himself, if ever again
52
there should come need of me to ward off shameful ruin
53
from the rest, for indeed he rages with a ruinous mind,
54
and does not know how to look at once forward and back,
55
so that the Achaeans might fight safely for him beside the ships."
56
So he spoke, and Patroclus obeyed his dear companion,
57
and led fair-cheeked Briseis out of the hut,
58
and gave her to them to lead away; and the two of them went back beside the ships of the Achaeans;

ἄγγελοι: Messenger, courier, from ἄγγελος
ἆσσον: Nearer, closer
ἐπαίτιοι: Blameworthy, blamable, to blame, from ἐπαίτιος
διογενὲς: Zeus-born, from διογενής
Πατρόκλεις: Patroclus, from Πάτροκλος
ἔξαγε: Lead out, lead forth, bring forth, from ἐξάγω
μάρτυροι: Witness, from μάρτυρος
μακάρων: Blessed, from μάκαρος
θνητῶν: Mortal, human, from θνητός
ἀπηνέος: Harsh, cruel, rude, from ἀπηνής
χρειὼ: Need, from χρεώ
ὀλοιῇσι: Ruinous, from ὀλοός
θύει: Dash, rush, be rash, from θύω
νοῆσαι: Perceive, think, consider, from νοέω
πρόσσω: Forward, from πρόσω
ὀπίσσω: Back, from ὀπίσω
ὅππως: So that, from ὅπως
ἑταίρῳ: Companion, comrade, follower, from ἑταῖρος

Lesson LVIII: Iliad 348-358

The Iliad: Achilles prays to his mother

Briseis goes unwilling with the heralds. Achilles weeps. At once he sits apart from his companions on the shore of the gray sea and looks out over the boundless deep.

He stretches out his hands and prays to his dear mother. She bore him to a short life, he says. So Zeus, who thunders on high, should at least have given him honor. But Zeus has not honored him even a little.

The son of Atreus, wide-ruling lord Agamemnon, has dishonored him. He has taken Achilles' prize for himself and keeps it. His queenly mother hears him. She sits in the depths of the sea beside her aged father.

In the line about the prize, ἀπούρας means having taken away. Pharr's word list marks it a participle. It describes the man who took the prize.

59
and the woman went with them unwilling. But Achilles,
60
weeping, at once sat apart, withdrawn from his companions,
61
on the shore of the gray sea, gazing out over the boundless deep;
62
and stretching out his hands, he prayed fervently to his dear mother:
63
"Mother, since you bore me to be short-lived, however brief my life,
64
honor at least the Olympian ought to have granted me,
65
Zeus who thunders on high; but now he has not honored me even a little;
66
for indeed the son of Atreus, the wide-ruling lord Agamemnon,
67
has dishonored me; for he has seized my prize and keeps it, having taken it for himself."
68
So he spoke, weeping, and his queenly mother heard him,
69
sitting in the depths of the sea beside her aged father;

γυνὴ: Woman, wife
δακρύσας: Weeping, from δακρύω
ἄφαρ: Immediately, forthwith
νόσφι: Apart, away, separate
λιασθεὶς: Bend, turn aside, sink, from λιάζομαι
πολιῆς: Gray, hoary, from πολιός
ἀπείρονα: Boundless, limitless, from ἀπείρων
πόντον: Sea, from πόντος
ὀρεγνύς: Stretching out, from ὀρέγνυμι
μινυνθάδιόν: Short, ephemeral, brief, from μινυνθάδιος
ὄφελλεν: Increase, magnify, exalt, from ὀφέλλω
ἐγγυαλίξαι: Grant, present with, from ἐγγυαλίζω
ὑψιβρεμέτης: Thundering, growling on high, or high-growling
τυτθὸν: Small, little, young, from τυτθός
ἀπούρας: Take away, deprive, snatch away, from ἀπαυράω
δάκρυ: Tears, from δάκρυον
χέων: Pour, shed, from χέω
πότνια: Revered, honored
βένθεσσιν: Depth, from βένθος

The particulars

The course: Clyde Pharr, Homeric Greek: A Book for Beginners, Boston, 1920. Public domain. The teaching pages, the English on reveal, the word glosses and the keys to the English-to-Greek exercises are ours.
Reading aloud: Digital narration, directed by 1732 Studios.
The app: The course on your phone, with the drills, your place kept and the audio offline.
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The book: The Odyssey, the work this course leads to, free to read here.
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