Lessons XI to XV

§664. FIRST DECLENSION MASCULINE

   Ἀτρείδης, ᾱο, ὁ   Αἰνείᾱς, ᾱο, ὁ   αἰχμητής, ᾱο, ὁ
   (Ἀτρεϝιδᾱ-)       (Αἰνειᾱ-)        (αἰχμητᾱ-)
   son of Atreus     Aeneas           spearman, warrior

SINGULAR
N.   Ἀτρείδης        Αἰνείᾱς       αἰχμητής [αἰχμητά]
G.   Ἀτρείδᾱο [εω]   Αἰνείᾱο [ω]   αἰχμητᾱο [έω]
D.   Ἀτρείδῃ         Αἰνείᾳ        αἰχμητῇ
A.   Ἀτρείδην        Αἰνείᾱν       αἰχμητήν
V.   Ἀτρείδη         Αἰνείᾱ        αἰχμητά

DUAL
N. A. V.   Ἀτρείδᾱ        αἰχμητᾱ́
G. D.      Ἀτρείδηιν      αἰχμητῆιν

PLURAL
N. V.   Ἀτρεῖδαι                 αἰχμηταί
G.      Ἀτρεϊδᾱ́ων [έων, ῶν]      αἰχμητᾱ́ων [έων, ῶν]
D.      Ἀτρειδῆσι, ῆς            αἰχμητῆσι, ῆς
A.      Ἀτρείδᾱς                 αἰχμητᾱ́ς

§665. Observe that the original ᾱ of the stem of first declension nouns commonly becomes η throughout the singular (621). It rarely remains ᾱ (in θεᾱ́ goddess, and a few proper names).

§666. In some feminines the ᾱ of the stem becomes ᾰ in the nominative, which is found also in the accusative and vocative, but in the genitive and dative singular the ᾱ of the stem becomes η, just as in nouns ending in η in the nominative singular.

§667. The masculines usually take the case-ending -ς in the nominative singular; the feminines do not.

§668. The nominative singular of a few masculines ends in -ᾰ; a very few end in -ᾱς, but most end in -ης. Those ending in -ᾰ, excepting those with variant forms in -ης, regularly have the recessive accent (548), and all are adjectival except the proper name Θύεστα Thyestes.

§669. Masculines and feminines of the first declension are all declined alike in the dual and plural.

§670. Masculines ending in -ης and -ᾱς in the nominative singular retain this η or ᾱ throughout the singular, with the exception that the genitive singular always has either the ending -ᾱο (regular) or -εω (rare).

§671. Those ending in -ᾰ in the nominative have the same form also in the vocative singular, but otherwise are declined like those ending in -ης.

§672. Feminines ending in -η or -ᾱ in the nominative singular retain this throughout the singular.

§673. Those ending in -ᾰ retain this only in the nominative, accusative, and vocative: the genitive and dative are declined the same as those ending in -η.

§674. Masculines are declined like feminines except in the nominative and genitive singular, and occasionally in the vocative singular.

§675. Masculines ending in -δης have -η in the vocative singular; those ending in -της [-τα], compound nouns, and names of nationalities have -ᾰ; those ending in -ᾱς have -ᾱ.

§838. Compound Verbs. Some prepositions (originally adverbs) are prefixed to verbs, the whole forming a compound. If the preposition ends with a vowel and the verb begins with one, the vowel of the preposition is usually elided (575), as διίστημι (διά-ἵστημι), ἀφαιρέω (ἀπό-αἱρέω (582)).

§839. The augment of compound verbs comes between the preposition and the verb. If two vowels are thus brought together, the first is usually elided, as ἀπολύω loose, free; imperfect ἀπέλυον (ἀπό-ἔλυον); aorist ἀπέλῡσα (ἀπό-ἔλῡσα).

§680. THE THIRD DECLENSION

Nouns of the third declension are masculine, feminine, and neuter.

§681. There are many forms of the nominative of third declension nouns, which must be learned partly by practice, but in general:

1) Masculine and feminine stems, except those ending in ν, ρ, and σ, add σ to the stem and make the usual euphonic changes (613).
2) Masculine and feminine stems ending in ρ, σ and most of those ending in ν make no change except to lengthen the last vowel if it is short.
3) Stems ending in ν(τ) either make no change except to lengthen the last vowel if it is short, dropping final τ wherever it occurs, or else they add σ to the stem and make the usual euphonic changes (613), loss of ν(τ) and lengthening of the preceding vowel. Thus the stems: δαιμον-, θῑν-, μελαν-, γεροντ- give the nominatives δαίμων divinity, θίς shore, beach, μέλᾱς black and γέρων old man, respectively.

§682. In neuters the nominative singular is usually the stem, with the exception of those with stems ending in τ which is dropped wherever it occurs (605).

§683. As a rule the stem of third declension nouns may be found by dropping the case ending (-ος) of the genitive singular.

§684. The dative singular regularly ends in ι, but occasionally in ῑ.

§685. The accusative singular of masculine and feminine nouns is regularly formed by adding ν to stems ending in vowels and by adding ν̥ (597) to consonantal stems. ν̥ of course regularly becomes -ᾰ (598, 4), thus making the case ending of accusatives singular masculine and feminine regularly -ν for vowel stems and -ᾰ for consonantal stems.

§686. The dative plural is formed in two ways:

1) By adding -εσσι (rarely -εσι) to the stem.
2) By adding -σι (rarely -σσι) to the stem.

§687. NOTE. When -σι [-σσι] is added, the preceding consonants are assimilated, or dropped, according to the rules (613 ff.). Thus πούς, ποδός, ὁ foot gives ποσ-σί (from ποδ-σι), which may be further simplified to ποσί; νύξ, νυκτός, ἡ night gives νυξί (from νυκτ-σι); γέρων, γέροντος, ὁ old man, gives γέρουσι (from γεροντ-σι), etc. The longer forms of the datives of these nouns are πόδεσσι, νύκτεσσι, γερόντεσσι.

§688. The accusative plural of masculines and feminines originally ended in -ν̥ς (-νς), which gives the ending -ας (598, 4) for consonant stems, and -ῑς, -ῡς (613 ff.) as the regular ending for the vowel stems.

§689. NOTE. A few vowel stems seem to have had -ας in the accusative plural, formed by analogy from the consonantal stems.

§690. Words ending in -ις and -υς in the nominative singular, but with dental mute (τ, δ, θ) stems very rarely drop the mute and take the accusative singular ending (-ν) of vowel stems.

§691. The vocative singular is either the same as the nominative, or else the same as the stem, final consonants except ν, ρ, ς (605) being dropped whenever they occur.

§692. Compensative lengthening (601) regularly takes place in the formation of the dative plural when ντ is thus dropped, but does not take place when only one letter, as τ, δ, θ, σ, ν, is dropped; as πᾶσι (παντ-σι), γέρουσι (γεροντ-σι), δαίμοσι (δαιμον-σι).

§701. STEMS IN ηυ (ευ), ου, AND ωϝ

   βασιλεύς, ῆος, ὁ         βοῦς, βοός, ὁ, ἡ     νηῦς, νηός (νεός), ἡ   ἥρως, ωος, ὁ
   (βασιλην-, -ευ-, -ηϝ-)   (βου-, βωϝ-, βοϝ-)   (νᾱυ-, νᾱϝ- 621)       (ἡρωϝ-)
   king                     ox, cow              ship, bark             hero, mighty, warrior

SINGULAR
N.   βασιλεύς          βοῦς         νηῦς          ἥρως
G.   βασιλῆος [-έος]   βοός         νηός [νεός]   ἥρωος
D.   βασιλῆι [-έι]     βοΐ          νηΐ           ἥρωι
A.   βασιλῆα [-έα]     βοῦν [βῶν]   νῆα [νέα]     ἥρωα
V.   βασιλεῦ           βοῦ          νηῦ           ἥρως

DUAL
N. A. V.   βασιλῆε     βόε     νῆε     ἥρωε
G. D.      βασιλήοιν   βοοῖν   νηοῖν   ἡρώοιν

PLURAL
N. V.   βασιλῆες                βόες            νῆες                     ἥρωες
G.      βασιλήων                βοῶν            νηῶν [νεῶν]              ἡρώων
D.      βασιλήεσσι, βασιλεῦσι   βόεσσι, βουσί   νήεσσι [νέεσσι], νηυσί   ἡρώεσσι, ἥρωσι
A.      βασιλῆας                βόας (βοῦς)     νῆας (νέας)              ἥρωας

§702. The shortening of a vowel before a following vowel in such forms as βασιλεύς (*βασιλῆνς), νηός (νεός) is explained in 572.

§703. Observe that the υ of the stem of these words became ϝ in many cases and was then lost (602).

§704. STEMS IN ι (ει, ει̯), AND υ (ευ, εϝ)

   πόλις, ιος, ἡ   πῆχυς, εος, ὁ   ἄστυ, εος, τό   νέκῡς, υος, ὁ   δάκρυ, υος, τό
   (πολι-, -ει-)   (πηχυ-, -εϝ-)   (ϝαστυ-, εϝ-)   (νεκῡ-)         (δακρυ-)
   city            forearm         city, town      corpse          tear

SINGULAR
N.   πόλις                 πῆχυς    ἄστυ     νέκῡς    δάκρυ
G.   πόλιος, -ηος          πήχεος   ἄστεος   νέκυος   δάκρυος
D.   πόλιι; -ῑ, -ηι, -ει   πήχεϊ    ἄστεϊ    νέκυϊ    δάκρυϊ
A.   πόλιν                 πῆχυν    ἄστυ     νέκῡν    δάκρυ
V.   πόλι                  πῆχυ     ἄστυ     νέκῡ     δάκρυ

DUAL
N. A. V.   πόλιε     πήχεε     ἄστεε     νέκυε     δάκρυε
G. D.      πολίοιν   πηχέοιν   ἀστέοιν   νεκύοιν   δακρύοιν

PLURAL
N. V.   πόλιες, -ηες                  πήχεες             ἄστεα             νέκυες                δάκρυα
G.      πολίων                        πηχέων             ἀστέων            νεκύων                δακρύων
D.      πολίεσσι, πόλεσι, -ισι        πηχέεσσι, πήχεσι   ἀστέεσι, ἄστεσι   νεκύεσσι, νέκῡσ(σ)ι   δακρύεσσι, δάκρυσι
A.      πόλιας, -ηας, -ῑς, (-εις ?)   πήχεας             ἄστεα             νέκυας [-ῡς]          δάκρυα

§705. Forms as πόλις, πῆχυς, ἄστυ show different grades of ablaut (593–595): ι, ει, and υ, ευ (εϝ).

§706. Observe the loss of the υ and ι in such words as πῆχυς, εος, ἄστυ, εος, and πόλις. They first become ϝ, or ι̯ of course (602, 600).

§707. NOUNS WITH STEMS IN -ς (-ες, -ασ- -ος) AND IN τ

   ἔπος, εος, τό   γέρας, αος, τό     ἠώς, ἠόος, ἡ   δῶμα          ἦμαρ, ἤματος, τό
   (ϝεπεσ-)        (γερασ-)           (ἀϝσοσ-)       (δωματ-)      (ἠμαρ-, ἠματ-)
   word, speech    prize (of honor)   Eos, dawn      house, home   day

SINGULAR
N.   ἔπος    γέρας    ἠώς    δῶμα      ἦμαρ
G.   ἔπεος   γέραος   ἠόος   δώματος   ἤματος
D.   ἔπεϊ    γέραϊ    ἠόι    δώματι    ἤματι
A.   ἔπος    γέρας    ἠόα    δῶμα      ἦμαρ
V.   ἔπος    γέρας    ἠώς    δῶμα      ἦμαρ

DUAL
N. A. V.   ἔπεε     γέραε        δώματε     ἤματε
G. D.      ἐπέοιν   γεράοιν      δωμάτοιν   ἠμάτοιν

PLURAL
N. V.   ἔπεα               γέρα(α)                  δώματα              ἤματα
G.      ἐπέων              γεράων                   δωμάτων             ἠμάτων
D.      ἐπέσσι, ἔπε(σ)σι   γεράεσσι, γέρα(σ)σι      δωμάτεσσι, δώμασι   ἠμάτεσσι, ἤμασι
A.      ἔπεα               γέρα(α)                  δώματα              ἤματα

§708. Observe that stems ending in σ lose this σ when it comes between two vowels (603). Thus these words were formerly declined:

SINGULAR
N.   ἔπος     γέρας     ἠϝώς = ἄϝσως (621) = ἄυσως (602)
G.   ἐπεσος   γερασος   ἠϝοσος = ἄϝσοσος = ἄυσοσος
D.   ἐπεσι    γερασι    ἠϝοσι = ἄϝσοσι = ἄυσοσι

and thus throughout the whole declension, all numbers. The loss of intervocalic σ (603-604), and of ϝ also from ἠώς (602), gave the forms found above, 707.

§709. Observe that all nouns ending in -ος in the nominative singular are masculine or feminine (almost always masculine) if of the second declension, and that they are neuter if of the third declension.

§519. Quantity. The vowels η and ω are always long; ε and ο are always short, while α, ι, and υ are sometimes long and sometimes short, and hence are called doubtful vowels.

§520. When the doubtful vowels are long in this text, it will be indicated (except in the direct quotations from Homer) by their having the mark (¯) placed over them, as θεᾱ́ goddess. This mark will not be placed over vowels having the circumflex accent (534), as they are always long (537).

§521. Diphthongs, including improper diphthongs (505), are always long.

§522. A syllable is long by nature when it contains a long vowel or a diphthong. It is long by position when its vowel is followed by two or more consonants, or by a double consonant (518).

§523. One or both of the consonants which make a syllable long by position may come in the following word.

§524. If a mute (509), followed by a liquid (516), or by the nasals μ or ν, comes after a short vowel, and the mute and liquid (or nasal) come within the same word or the same part of a compound, the syllable is common, that is, it may be either long or short, according to the requirements of the verse.

§525. Sometimes, under the verse ictus (1183), a short vowel followed by λ, μ, ν or ρ (occasionally σ or ϝ) forms a syllable long by position, in which case these consonants seem to have been doubled in pronunciation, and are sometimes so written.

§526. If ϝ and another consonant come after a short vowel, the syllable is common, i.e. either long or short (524). Such syllables are regularly long only under the verse ictus (1183, 1171, 1168); otherwise, usually short.

§1159. IV. PROSODY, Rules of Quantity, the Hexameter

Every vowel which has the circumflex accent is long (537).

§1160. The vowel of the ultima in every word having the circumflex on the penult is short (545).

§1161. If a long penult has the acute accent, then the ultima must be long also.

§1162. If the ultima is short and the penult has the acute accent, then the penult must be short also.

§1163. If the antepenult has the accent, the vowel of the ultima must be short (544).

§1164. Exceptions to these rules are to be found only in the cases of the diphthongs αι and οι, when final, which are then considered short (except in the optative and οἴκοι) for the purpose of accent but must be counted long when marking the feet of the verse (547).

§1165. Apparent exceptions to these rules are to be found in the case of certain classes of compounds, as οὔτε, μήτε, οὔτις, μήτις, ἠδέ, οἵδε, αἵδε, τούσδε, τάσδε, etc., where the primary form is accented without considering the following enclitic as an integral part of the word.

§1166. Most exceptions to the rules of quantity are only apparent.

§1167. If an apparently short final syllable stands where a long one is expected, it is probable that:

1) The pause of the caesura (1185) or diaeresis (1188) fills out the time required for the foot, allowing the same freedom as at the end of a verse, or
2) The following word has lost an initial ϝ, making the preceding syllable long by position. For various forms of metrical lengthening, see 525, 566, 571, 1168.

§1168. Metrical Lengthening. Syllables containing a short vowel, followed by a single consonant, or by another vowel, are lengthened under the verse ictus (1183). Compare 525, 566, 571, 1167.

§1169. Special Rules for Determining the Length of Syllables by their Position in Hexameter

If a long syllable is followed by a short, then the next syllable must be short also.

§1170. If a short syllable is followed by a long, then the preceding syllable must be short also.

§1171. The first syllable of each foot must be long, and is to be given slightly more stress than the other half of the foot (1183).

§1172. When a word ends in a short vowel (and sometimes the diphthongs αι and οι), and the next word begins with a vowel, the final vowel of the first word is regularly elided (575).

§1173. When a word ends in a long vowel or a diphthong and the next word begins with a vowel, the long final vowel or diphthong is regularly shortened.

NOTE. Sometimes a long vowel or diphthong is shortened when followed by a vowel within the same word.

§1174. If a word ends in a short vowel and the next word originally began with vau (ϝ), elision ordinarily does not take place (580), but may, as εὖ δ’ οἴκαδε = εὖ δ’ ϝοίκαδε.

§1175. If a word ends in a long vowel or a diphthong and the next word originally began with a vau (ϝ), the long final vowel or diphthong ordinarily remains long.

§1176. If a word ends in a long vowel or a diphthong and has the verse-accent on it, the long vowel or diphthong may remain long, even though the next word begins with a vowel. Cf. 1168.

§1177. When a word ending in a vowel is followed by a word beginning with a vowel, the result is hiatus. Hiatus is ordinarily avoided in poetry either 1) by elision; 2) by the use of movable consonants, 561-563; 3) by the shortening of a final long vowel or diphthong, 1173; 4) by crasis or synizesis, 586-587.

§1178. Hiatus may be allowed 1) when there is a distinct pause in sense (diaeresis or caesura 1185-1189) between the vowels which produce it; 2) when the verse-accent (ictus) falls on the long vowel or diphthong which is followed by another vowel; 3) when elision has already taken place; 4) after ι or υ; 5) when a long vowel or diphthong is shortened (weak or improper hiatus).

§1179. The metre of the Homeric poems is the dactylic (sometimes called the heroic) hexameter, the most common of all Greek verse.

§1180. There are six feet to the verse, the first five being either dactyls (that is, one long followed by two shorts – ⏑ ⏑), or its equivalent, the spondee (that is, two longs – –). The sixth foot is always a spondee.

§1181. In dactylic hexameter the ictus (verse accent) is always on the first syllable of each foot (1183).

§1182. The fifth foot is usually a dactyl, only about one verse in twenty having a spondee in this place, which gives the verse a movement slower than usual. It is then called a spondaic verse.

§1183. In each foot one part is distinguished from the other by a slight stress of voice, called the ictus (1171, 1181).

§1184. The final syllable of a verse may be either long or short, but as there is a slight pause here, the final syllable in hexameter is always considered long, making the last foot of the verse always a spondee, 1180.

§1185. Whenever a word ends within a foot, it is called caesura. If this coincides with a pause in the verse, it is called the caesura of the verse. The caesura is employed with great skill in the Homeric poems to make the verse more melodious and to aid in its recital.

§1186. There is almost always a caesura in the third foot. It occurs either after the first syllable of the foot, or else between the two short syllables.

§1187. The pause after the first syllable is called the masculine caesura, that after the second the feminine.

§1188. Whenever the end of a word coincides with the end of a foot, it is called diaeresis. When this falls with a pause, it is called the diaeresis of the verse.

§1189. The most important diaeresis is the one which comes at the end of the fourth foot. From its common employment in pastoral poetry it is called the bucolic diaeresis.

§1190. For metrical purposes all vowels and syllables of Greek words may be divided into long and short.

§1191. The rhythm of Greek verse is based upon the regular succession of long and short syllables.

§1192. To obtain facility in reading the verse, a considerable quantity of it should be memorized, special attention being paid to the quantity (that is, twice as much time should be given to each long syllable as to a short), and the pauses should be carefully observed. Although English verse is primarily accentual rather than quantitative, still the memorizing of a few lines of English dactylic hexameter (Longfellow’s “Evangeline,” for example, mediocre though it be) will materially aid in getting the swing and the movement of the Greek hexameter.
This is the forest primaeval, the murmuring pines and the hemlocks,
Bearded with moss, and in garments green, indistinct in the twilight,
Stand like Druids of eld, with voices sad and prophetic,
Stand like harpers hoar, with beards that rest on their bosoms.

§545. An accented penult has the circumflex if it is long by nature (522), while the ultima is short by nature, as σκῆπτρον sceptre.

§586. Somewhat akin to contraction is synizesis, which takes place when two successive vowels which do not form a diphthong are pronounced as one syllable for the sake of the meter, as Πηληϊάδεω of the son of Peleus, where -δεω must be pronounced as one syllable; θεοὶ δοῖεν may the gods grant, where θεοὶ is also pronounced as one syllable. Or the two syllables forming synizesis may come in separate words, as δὴ οὕτως thus, pronounced as two syllables, or as δὴ αὖ again, pronounced as one syllable.

§575. Elision. A short final vowel (very rarely the diphthongs αι and οι also) is regularly dropped when the next word begins with a vowel or a diphthong. This is called elision. An apostrophe (’) marks the omission, as στέμματ’ ἔχων (for στέμματα ἔχων) having fillets, οἴκαδ’ ἱκέσθαι (οἴκαδε ἱκέσθαι) to arrive home, ἐπ’ ὤμων (ἐπὶ ὤμων) on his shoulders.

§693. DENTAL MUTE STEMS

   ἄναξ, ἄνακτος, ὁ   νύξ, νυκτός, ἡ   παῖς, παιδός, ὁ, ἡ   γέρων, γέροντος, ὁ
   (ϝανακτ-)          (νυκτ-)          (παϝιδ-)             (γεροντ-)
   king, lord         night            child                old man

SINGULAR
N.   ἄναξ         νύξ      παῖς     γέρων
G.   ἄνακτος      νυκτός   παιδός   γέροντος
D.   ἄνακτι       νυκτί    παιδί    γέροντι
A.   ἄνακτα       νύκτα    παῖδα    γέροντα
V.   ἄναξ [ἄνα]   νύξ      παῖ      γέρον

DUAL
N. A. V.   ἄνακτε     νύκτε     παῖδε     γέροντε
G. D.      ἀνάκτοιν   νύκτοιν   παίδοιν   γερόντοιν

PLURAL
N. V.   ἄνακτες                  νύκτες                 παῖδες                  γέροντες
G.      ἀνάκτων                  νυκτῶν                 παίδων                  γερόντων
D.      ἀνάκτεσσι [εσι], ἄναξι   νύκτεσσι [εσι], νυξί   παίδεσσι [εσι], παισί   γερόντεσσι [ἐσι], γέρουσι
A.      ἄνακτας                  νύκτας                 παῖδας                  γέροντας

§694. Observe the irregular accent of παίδων (642), genitive plural of παῖς. This word is somewhat irregular, owing to the fact that it was earlier dissyllabic (πάϝις). It has the following variants of accent: nom. sing. πάις, παῖς; voc. sing. πάι, παῖ.

§697. LIQUID STEMS

Several words ending in -ηρ in the nominative singular have three different grades of ablaut (593–595), -ηρ, -ερ, -ρ in the stem. The vocative singular regularly has recessive accent (548).

   πατήρ, τέρος, τρός, ὁ father   μήτηρ, τέρος, τρός, ἡ mother
   (πατερ-, -ηρ, -ρ)              (μᾱτηρ-, -ερ, -ρ)

SINGULAR
N.   πατήρ           μήτηρ
G.   πατέρος, τρός   μητέρος, τρός
D.   πατέρι, τρί     μητέρι, τρί
A.   πατέρα          μητέρα
V.   πάτερ           μῆτερ

DUAL
N. A. V.   πατέρε     μητέρε
G. D.      πατέροιν   μητέροιν

PLURAL
N. V.   πατέρες         μητέρες
G.      πατέρων, τρῶν   μητέρων
D.      πατράσι         μητράσι
A.      πατέρας         μητέρας

   θυγάτηρ, τέρος, τρός, ἡ daughter   ἀνήρ, έρος, δρός, ὁ man
   (θυγατηρ-, -ερ-, -ρ)               (ἀνηρ-, -ερ-, -ρ)

SINGULAR
N.   θυγάτηρ             ἀνήρ
G.   θυγατέρος, τρός     ἀνέρος, ἀνδρός
D.   θυγατέρι, τρί       ἀνέρι, ἀνδρί
A.   θυγατέρα, θύγατρα   ἀνέρα, ἄνδρα
V.   θύγατερ             ἄνερ

DUAL
N. A. V.   θυγατέρε     ἀνέρε, ἄνδρε
G. D.      θυγατέροιν   ἀνέροιν, ἀνδροῖν

PLURAL
N. V.   θυγατέρες, θύγατρες   ἀνέρες, ἄνδρες
G.      θυγατέρων, θυγατρῶν   ἀνέρων, ἀνδρῶν
D.      θυγατράσι, τέρεσσι    ἀνδράσι, ἄνδρεσσι
A.      θυγατέρας, θύγατρας   ἀνέρας, ἄνδρας

§698. Observe that a δ is developed in the forms of ἀνήρ between ν and ρ whenever they would otherwise come together (612). The initial ἀ is often long, 571, 1168.

§699. In the genitive and dative singular of ἀνήρ, μήτηρ, and θυγάτηρ, the shorter forms have the accent, after the analogy of πατήρ, πατρός, πατρί, which was originally monosyllabic (πατρ), and follows the regular rules for the accentuation of monosyllabic nouns (642).

§700. The ρά in the dative plural, and these forms in general are explained in 597–598.