Lessons XXVI to XXX

§905. The Subjunctive

Present
        Greek      English
S. 1    λύω(μι)    I may loose
2       λύῃς(θα)   you may loose
3       λύῃ(σι)    he may loose
Du. 2   λύητον     you two may loose
3       λύητον     they two may loose
Pl. 1   λύωμεν     we may loose
2       λύητε      you may loose
3       λύωσι      they may loose
See footnote 1 on next page.
I may loose: See footnote 2 on next page.

Aorist
        Greek       English
S. 1    λῡ́σω(μι)    I may loose
2       λῡ́σῃς(θα)   you may loose
3       λῡ́σῃ(σι)    he may loose
Du. 2   λῡ́σητον     you two may loose
3       λῡ́σητον     they two may loose
Pl. 1   λῡ́σωμεν     we may loose
2       λῡ́σητε      you may loose
3       λῡ́σωσι      they may loose
Also let me loose, and various other meanings which must be learned from the syntax.
I may loose: Not found in Homer; see note 1, p. 283. The subjunct. and optat. perfect are very rare in Homer.

Perfect
        Greek         English
S. 1    λελύκω        I may loose
2       λελύκης(θα)   you may loose
3       λελύκη(σι)    he may loose
Du. 2   λελύκητον     you two may loose
3       λελύκητον     they two may loose
Pl. 1   λελύκωμεν     we may loose
2       λελύκητε      you may loose
3       λελύκωσι      they may loose
The different tenses of the subjunctive, optative, imperative, and infinitive, do not of themselves represent distinctions of time. The present of these tenses denotes continuance of action, as λύειν (pres. infin.) to be loosing (at any time).

The aorist denotes simply the occurrence of an action, its time being exactly the same as the present, as λῦσαι (aor. inf.) to loose (at any time).

The perfect denotes completion of an action, as λελυκέμεν (perf. inf.) to have loosed (at any time).

§906. Optative

Present
         Greek       English
S. 1     λύοιμι      may I loose
Du. 1
S. 2     λύοις(θα)   may you loose
Du. 2    λύοιτον     may you two loose
S. 3     λύοι        may he loose
Du. 3    λυοίτην     may they two loose
PLURAL
         λύοιμεν     may we loose
         λύοιτε      may you loose
         λύοιεν      may they loose
The different tenses of the subjunctive, optative, imperative, and infinitive, do not of themselves represent distinctions of time. The present of these tenses denotes continuance of action, as λύειν (pres. infin.) to be loosing (at any time).

The aorist denotes simply the occurrence of an action, its time being exactly the same as the present, as λῦσαι (aor. inf.) to loose (at any time).

The perfect denotes completion of an action, as λελυκέμεν (perf. inf.) to have loosed (at any time).
may I loose: Also, I may, might, could, would, should loose, with various other meanings which must be learned from the syntax. Read the notes to 905.

Aorist
        Greek                  English
S. 1    λῡ́σαιμι                may I loose
2       λῡ́σαις(θα) (λῡ́σειας)   may you loose
3       λῡ͂σαι (λῡ́σειε)         may he loose
Du. 2   λῡ́σαιτον               may you two loose
3       λῡσαίτην               may they two loose
Pl. 1   λῡ́σαιμεν               may we loose
2       λῡ́σαιτε                may you loose.
3       λῡ́σαιεν (λῡ́σειαν)      may they loose
may I loose: Read the notes at the end of 905.

Perfect
        Greek          English
S. 1    λελύκοιμι      may I loose
2       λελύκοις(θα)   may you loose
3       λελύκοι        may he loose
Du. 2   λελύκοιτον     may you two loose
3       λελυκοίτην     may they two loose
Pl. 1   λελύκοιμεν     may we loose
2       λελύκοιτε      may you loose
3       λελύκοιεν      may they loose
Not found in Homer; see note 1, p. 283. The subjunct. and optat. perfect are very rare in Homer.

§912. OPTATIVE

PRESENT
S. 1    λυοίμην       may I loose (for) myself, may I be loosed
2       λύοιο         may you loose (for) yourself, may you be loosed
3       λύοιτο        may he loose (for) himself, may he be loosed
Du. 2   λύοισθον      may you two loose (for) yourselves, may you two be loosed
3       λυοίσθην      may they two loose (for) themselves, may they two be loosed
Pl. 1   λυοίμε(σ)θα   may we loose (for) ourselves, may we be loosed
2       λύοισθε       may you loose (for) yourselves, may you be loosed
3       λυοίατο       may they loose (for) themselves, may they be loosed
Read the note at the end of 905.
may I loose (for) myself, may I be loosed: Read the note on 906.

AORIST
S. 1    λῡσαίμην       may I loose (for) myself, may I be loosed
2       λῡ́σαιο         may you loose (for) yourself, may you be loosed
3       λῡ́σαιτο        may he loose (for) himself, may he be loosed
Du. 2   λῡ́σαισθον      may you two loose (for) yourselves, may you two be loosed
3       λῡσαίσθην      may they two loose (for) themselves, may they two be loosed
Pl. 1   λῡσαίμε(σ)θα   may we loose (for) ourselves, may we be loosed
2       λῡ́σαισθε       may you loose (for) yourselves, may you be loosed
3       λῡσαίατο       may they loose (for) themselves, may they be loosed

PERFECT
S. 1    λελυμένος εἴην    may I loose (for) myself, may I be loosed
2       λελυμένος εἴης    may you loose (for) yourself, may you be loosed
3       λελυμένος εἴη     may he loose (for) himself, may he be loosed
Du. 2   λελυμένω εἶτον    may you two loose (for) yourselves, may you two be loosed
3       λελυμένω εἴτην    may they two loose (for) themselves, may they two be loosed
Pl. 1   λελυμένοι εἶμεν   may we loose (for) ourselves, may we be loosed
2       λελυμένοι εἶτε    may you loose (for) yourselves, may you be loosed
3       λελυμένοι εἶεν    may they loose (for) themselves, may they be loosed
λελυμένος εἴη: Also λελῦτο (= λελυ-ῑ-το).

§733. Irregular Adjectives

μέγας, μεγάλη, μέγα great, large (μεγα-, μεγαλο-, μεγαλᾱ-, μεγαλο-), Singular
N.   μέγας          μεγάλη    μέγα
G.   μεγάλου, οιο   μεγάλης   μεγάλου, οιο
D.   μεγάλῳ         μεγάλῃ    μεγάλῳ
A.   μέγαν          μεγάλην   μέγα
V.   μέγα(ς)        μεγάλη    μέγα

μέγας, μεγάλη, μέγα, Dual
N. A. V.   μεγάλω     μεγάλᾱ     μεγάλω
G. D.      μεγάλοιν   μεγάλῃιν   μεγάλοιν

μέγας, μεγάλη, μέγα, Plural
N. V.   μεγάλοι          μεγάλαι              μεγάλα
G.      μεγάλων          μεγαλάων [έων, ὢν]   μεγάλων
D.      μεγάλοισι, οις   μεγάλῃσι, ῃς         μεγάλοισι, οις
A.      μεγάλους         μεγάλᾱς              μεγάλα

πολύς, πολλή, πολύ much, many (πολυ-, πολεϝ-; πολϝᾱ-; πολυ-, πολεϝ-), Singular
N.   πολύς [πουλύς]   πολλή    πολύ [πουλύ]
G.   πολέος           πολλῆς   πολέος
D.   πολέι            πολλῇ    πολέι
A.   πολύν [πουλύν]   πολλήν   πολύ [πουλύ]
V.   πολύ(ς)          πολλή    πολύ

DUAL (none).

πολύς, πολλή, πολύ, Plural
N. V.   πολέες           πολλαί              πολέα
G.      πολέων           πολλάων [έων, ὢν]   πολέων
D.      πολέ(ε)σ(σ)ι     πολλῇσι, ῇς         πολέ(ε)σ(σ)ι
A.      πολέας [πολῦς]   πολλάς              πολέα

§888. Passive. The aorist passive has active endings; the other forms of the passive have middle endings.

§889. Since only the aorist of the passive differs in form from the middle, all the other tenses having the same forms in both voices, the context must determine in these other tenses which voice is intended.
But see 817, note, for two exceptions.

§890. The aorist middle, especially the athematic (797) aorist, is often used instead of the aorist passive. On the other hand the aorist passive is often used with a middle meaning.

§891. The perfect and pluperfect, middle and passive are athematic (797), i.e. the personal endings are attached directly to the reduplicated verb stem.

§892. The future perfect passive stem is formed by adding -σε/ο to the perfect middle (passive) stem. A vowel which precedes this -σε/ο is lengthened, even though it be short in the perfect middle.

§893. The first aorist passive stem is formed by adding θε/η to the verb stem.

§894. Sometimes a sigma also is added to the verb stem before the θε/η.

§895. Before the theta of the passive stem, π and β become φ; κ and γ become χ; τ, δ, and θ regularly become σ (610, 1, 2).

§896. Many verbs have a second aorist passive, which does not have the θ, but otherwise has the same endings as the first aorist passive.

§916. INDICATIVE

PASSIVE VOICE

Aorist only
Occasionally with a middle meaning.

S. 1    ἐλύθην              I was loosed
S. 2    ἐλύθης              you were loosed
S. 3    ἐλύθη               he was loosed
Du. 2   ἐλύθητον            you two were loosed
Du. 3   ἐλυθήτην            they two were loosed
Pl. 1   ἐλύθημεν            we were loosed
Pl. 2   ἐλύθητε             you were loosed
Pl. 3   ἐλύθησαν (ἔλυθεν)   they were loosed

§917. SUBJUNCTIVE
Read the note on 905.

S. 1    λυθῶ (λυθέω)         I may be loosed
S. 2    λυθῇς (λυθέῃς)       you may be loosed
S. 3    λυθῇ (λυθέῃ)         he may be loosed
Du. 2   λυθῆτον (λυθέητον)   you two may be loosed
Du. 3   λυθῆτον (λυθέητον)   they two may be loosed
Pl. 1   λυθῶμεν (λυθέωμεν)   we may be loosed
Pl. 2   λυθῆτε (λυθέητε)     you may be loosed
Pl. 3   λυθῶσι (λυθέωσι)     they may be loosed
λυθῶ (λυθέω): Read 951-952.
I may be loosed: Read the note on 906.

§918. OPTATIVE
Read the note on 905.

S. 1    λυθείην                may I be loosed
S. 2    λυθείης                may you be loosed
S. 3    λυθείη                 may he be loosed
Du. 2   λυθεῖτον (λυθείητον)   may you two be loosed
Du. 3   λυθείτην (λυθειήτην)   may they two be loosed
Pl. 1   λυθεῖμεν (λυθείημεν)   may we be loosed
Pl. 2   λυθεῖτε (λυθείητε)     may you be loosed
Pl. 3   λυθεῖεν (λυθείησαν)    may they be loosed
may I be loosed: Read the note on 906.

§919. IMPERATIVE
Read the note on 905.

S. 2    λύθητι     be loosed
S. 3    λυθήτω     let him be loosed
Du. 2   λύθητον    be loosed
Du. 3   λυθήτων    let them be loosed
Pl. 2   λύθητε     be loosed
Pl. 3   λυθέντων   let them be loosed

§920. INFINITIVE

λυθῆναι (λυθήμεναι)   to be loosed, to have been loosed

§921. PARTICIPLE

λυθείς, εἶσα, ἐν (742)   having been loosed

§935. Second Aorist Passive System of τρέφω (τρεφ-, τροφ-, τραφ-, for θρεφ-, etc. 619) nourish
        Indicative            Subjunctive   Optative                 Imperative
S. 1    ἐτράφην               τραφῶ         τραφείην
2       ἐτράφης               τραφῇς        τραφείης                 τράφητι
3       ἐτράφη                τραφῇ         τραφείη                  τραφήτω
Du. 2   ἐτράφητον             τραφῆτον      τραφεῖτον (τραφείητον)   τράφητον
3       ἐτραφήτην             τραφῆτον      τραφείτην (τραφειήτην)   τραφήτων
Pl. 1   ἐτράφημεν             τραφῶμεν      τραφεῖμεν (τραφείημεν)
2       ἐτράφητε              τραφῆτε       τραφεῖτε (τραφείητε)     τράφητε
3       ἐτράφησαν (ἔτραφεν)   τραφῶσι       τραφεῖεν (τραφείησαν)    τραφέντων

Second Aorist Passive of τρέφω, Infinitive and Participle
Infinitive   τραφῆναι (τραφήμεναι)
Participle   τραφείς, εἶσα, έν

§810. Principal Parts. The principal parts of a verb are the first person singular of each tense system found in it.

§811. No verb has all the tense systems entire. Most verbs have no more than six: the present, future, first aorist, first (or second) perfect active, perfect middle (passive), and the first or second aorist passive. If the verb does not have a future active, the future middle (passive) is given. If the verb has a second aorist, it is added.

§812. Of deponent verbs (897) the principal parts are: the present, future, perfect, and aorist. This includes both first and second aorists, middle and passive, if they occur.

§725. Adjectives of the first and third declensions have a separate form for the feminine, which is declined like a noun in -α (θάλασσα, 663) of the first declension.

§726. The masculine and neuter of adjectives with stems in -υ-, -εϝ- are declined like πῆχυς and ἄστυ respectively (704).

§727. πτερόεις, εσσα, εν wingéd
(πτεροϝεντ-, ϝετι͡α-, ϝεντ-)

SINGULAR
N.   πτερόεις     πτερόεσσα    πτερόεν
G.   πτερόεντος   πτεροέσσης   πτερόεντος
D.   πτερόεντι    πτεροέσσῃ    πτερόεντι
A.   πτερόεντα    πτερόεσσαν   πτερόεν
V.   πτερόεν      πτερόεσσα    πτερόεν

DUAL
N. A. V.   πτερόεντε     πτεροέσσᾱ    πτερόεντε
G. D.      πτεροέντοιν   πτεροέσσῃν   πτεροέντοιν

PLURAL
N. V.   πτερόεντες                    πτερόεσσαι                πτερόεντα
G.      πτερόεντων                    πτεροεσσᾱ́ων [έων, ὧν]     πτερόεντων
D.      πτεροέντεσ(σ)ι, πτερόεσ(σ)ι   πτεροέσσησι, πτεροέσσης   πτεροέντεσ(σ)ι, πτερόε(σ)σι
A.      πτερόεντας                    πτεροέσσᾱς                πτερόεντα

εὐρύς, εἶα, ὺ broad, wide
(εὐρυ-, εϝ-; εϝια-; υ-, εϝ-)

SINGULAR
N.   εὐρύς        εὐρεῖα    εὐρύ
G.   εὐρέος       εὐρείης   εὐρέος
D.   εὐρέι        εὐρείῃ    εὐρέι
A.   εὐρύν [έα]   εὐρεῖαν   εὐρύ
V.   εὐρύ(ς)      εὐρεῖα    εὐρύ

DUAL
N. A. V.   εὐρέε     εὐρεῖᾱ    εὐρέε
G. D.      εὐρέοιν   εὐρείῃν   εὐρέοιν

PLURAL
N. V.   εὐρέες         εὐρεῖαι              εὐρέα
G.      εὐρέων         εὐρειᾱ́ων [έων, ὧν]   εὐρέων
D.      εὐρέ(ε)σ(σ)ι   εὐρείῃσι             εὐρέ(ε)σ(σ)ι
A.      εὐρέας         εὐρεῖᾱς              εὐρέα

§728. Observe that πτεροϝετια gives πτεροεσσα (600), while εὐρεϝος gives εὐρέος, etc. 602.

§729. Adjectives of the third declension have only two endings, one for the masculine and feminine, the other for the neuter. Most of them have stems in -ον (nominatives in -ων, -ον), and in -ες (nominative in -ης, -ες).

§730. A very few defectives have stems in -ωπ (nominative in -ωψ, -ωπις).

§731. ἀμείνων, ον better, braver
(ἀμεινον-)

ἀεικής, ές unseemly
(-ἀ-ϝεικεσ-)

SINGULAR
     Masc. and Fem.   Neut.       Masc. and Fem.   Neut.
N.   ἀμείνων          ἄμεινον     ἀεικής           ἀεικές
G.   ἀμείνονος        ἀμείνονος   ἀεικέος          ἀεικέος
D.   ἀμείνονι         ἀμείνονι    ἀεικέι           ἀεικέι
A.   ἀμείνονα         ἄμεινον     ἀεικέα           ἀεικές
V.   ἄμεινον          ἄμεινον     ἀεικές           ἀεικές

DUAL
N. A. V.   ἀμείνονε     ἀμείνονε     ἀεικέε     ἀεικέε
G. D.      ἀμεινόνοιν   ἀμεινόνοιν   ἀεικέοιν   ἀεικέοιν

PLURAL
N. V.   ἀμείνονες [ους]           ἀμείνονα                  ἀεικέες         ἀεικέα
G.      ἀμεινόνων                 ἀμεινόνων                 ἀεικέων         ἀεικέων
D.      ἀμεινόνεσ(σ)ι, ἀμείνοσι   ἀμεινόνεσ(σ)ι, ἀμείνοσι   ἀεικέ(ε)σ(σ)ι   ἀεικέ(ε)σ(σ)ι
A.      ἀμείνονας [ους]           ἀμείνονα                  ἀεικέας         ἀεικέα

§732. STEMS IN ΝΤ AND IN Ν

πᾱς, πᾱσα, πᾱν all, every
(παντ-, παντι͡α-, παντ-)

SINGULAR
N.   πᾱς      πᾱσα    πᾱν
G.   παντός   πᾱσης   παντός
D.   παντί    πᾱσῃ    παντί
A.   πάντα    πᾱσαν   πᾱν
V.   πᾱς      πᾱσα    πᾱν

(None)

PLURAL
N. V.   πάντες             πᾱσαι              πάντα
G.      πάντων             πᾱσᾱ́ων [έων, ὧν]   πάντων
D.      πάντεσ(σ)ι, πᾱσι   πᾱσῃσι, πᾱσης      πάντεσ(σ)ι, πᾱσι
A.      πάντας             πᾱσᾱς              πάντα

μέλᾱς, μέλαινα, μέλαν black, dark
(μελαν-, μελανι͡α-, μελαν-)

SINGULAR
N.   μέλᾱς     μέλαινα    μέλαν
G.   μέλανος   μελαίνης   μέλανος
D.   μέλανι    μελαίνῃ    μέλανι
A.   μέλανα    μέλαιναν   μέλαν
V.   μέλαν     μέλαινα    μέλαν

DUAL
N. A. V.   μέλανε     μελαίνᾱ    μέλανε
G. D.      μελάνοιν   μελαίνῃν   μελάνοιν

PLURAL
N. V.   μέλανες               μέλαιναι              μέλανα
G.      μελάνων               μελαίνᾱων [έων, ὧν]   μελάνων
D.      μελάνεσ(σ)ι, μέλασι   μελαίνῃσι, μελαίνης   μελάνεσ(σ)ι, μέλασι
A.      μέλανας               μελαίνᾱς              μέλανα

§663.    θεᾱ́, ᾶς, ἡ   θάλασσα, ης, ἡ   γαῖα, ης, ἡ
   (θεᾱ-)       (θαλασσᾱ-)       (γαιᾱ-)
   goddess      sea              land, country, earth

SINGULAR
N. V.   θεᾱ́    θάλασσα    γαῖα
G.      θεᾶς   θαλάσσης   γαίης
D.      θεᾷ    θαλάσσῃ    γαίῃ
A.      θεᾱ́ν   θάλασσαν   γαῖαν

DUAL
N. A. V.   θεᾱ́     θαλάσσᾱ     γαίᾱ
G. D.      θεῆιν   θαλάσσηιν   γαίηιν

PLURAL
N. V.   θεαί                θάλασσαι              γαῖαι
G.      θεᾱ́ων [ῶν]          θαλασσᾱ́ων [έων, ῶν]   γαιᾱ́ων [έων, ῶν]
D.      θεῆσι, ῆς [θεαῖς]   θαλάσσῃσι, ῃς         γαίῃσι, ῃς
A.      θεᾱ́ς                θαλάσσᾱς              γαίᾱς

§680. THE THIRD DECLENSION

Nouns of the third declension are masculine, feminine, and neuter.

§681. There are many forms of the nominative of third declension nouns, which must be learned partly by practice, but in general:

1) Masculine and feminine stems, except those ending in ν, ρ, and σ, add σ to the stem and make the usual euphonic changes (613).
2) Masculine and feminine stems ending in ρ, σ and most of those ending in ν make no change except to lengthen the last vowel if it is short.
3) Stems ending in ν(τ) either make no change except to lengthen the last vowel if it is short, dropping final τ wherever it occurs, or else they add σ to the stem and make the usual euphonic changes (613), loss of ν(τ) and lengthening of the preceding vowel. Thus the stems: δαιμον-, θῑν-, μελαν-, γεροντ- give the nominatives δαίμων divinity, θίς shore, beach, μέλᾱς black and γέρων old man, respectively.

§682. In neuters the nominative singular is usually the stem, with the exception of those with stems ending in τ which is dropped wherever it occurs (605).

§683. As a rule the stem of third declension nouns may be found by dropping the case ending (-ος) of the genitive singular.

§684. The dative singular regularly ends in ι, but occasionally in ῑ.

§685. The accusative singular of masculine and feminine nouns is regularly formed by adding ν to stems ending in vowels and by adding ν̥ (597) to consonantal stems. ν̥ of course regularly becomes -ᾰ (598, 4), thus making the case ending of accusatives singular masculine and feminine regularly -ν for vowel stems and -ᾰ for consonantal stems.

§686. The dative plural is formed in two ways:

1) By adding -εσσι (rarely -εσι) to the stem.
2) By adding -σι (rarely -σσι) to the stem.

§687. NOTE. When -σι [-σσι] is added, the preceding consonants are assimilated, or dropped, according to the rules (613 ff.). Thus πούς, ποδός, ὁ foot gives ποσ-σί (from ποδ-σι), which may be further simplified to ποσί; νύξ, νυκτός, ἡ night gives νυξί (from νυκτ-σι); γέρων, γέροντος, ὁ old man, gives γέρουσι (from γεροντ-σι), etc. The longer forms of the datives of these nouns are πόδεσσι, νύκτεσσι, γερόντεσσι.

§688. The accusative plural of masculines and feminines originally ended in -ν̥ς (-νς), which gives the ending -ας (598, 4) for consonant stems, and -ῑς, -ῡς (613 ff.) as the regular ending for the vowel stems.

§689. NOTE. A few vowel stems seem to have had -ας in the accusative plural, formed by analogy from the consonantal stems.

§690. Words ending in -ις and -υς in the nominative singular, but with dental mute (τ, δ, θ) stems very rarely drop the mute and take the accusative singular ending (-ν) of vowel stems.

§691. The vocative singular is either the same as the nominative, or else the same as the stem, final consonants except ν, ρ, ς (605) being dropped whenever they occur.

§692. Compensative lengthening (601) regularly takes place in the formation of the dative plural when ντ is thus dropped, but does not take place when only one letter, as τ, δ, θ, σ, ν, is dropped; as πᾶσι (παντ-σι), γέρουσι (γεροντ-σι), δαίμοσι (δαιμον-σι).

§693. DENTAL MUTE STEMS

   ἄναξ, ἄνακτος, ὁ   νύξ, νυκτός, ἡ   παῖς, παιδός, ὁ, ἡ   γέρων, γέροντος, ὁ
   (ϝανακτ-)          (νυκτ-)          (παϝιδ-)             (γεροντ-)
   king, lord         night            child                old man

SINGULAR
N.   ἄναξ         νύξ      παῖς     γέρων
G.   ἄνακτος      νυκτός   παιδός   γέροντος
D.   ἄνακτι       νυκτί    παιδί    γέροντι
A.   ἄνακτα       νύκτα    παῖδα    γέροντα
V.   ἄναξ [ἄνα]   νύξ      παῖ      γέρον

DUAL
N. A. V.   ἄνακτε     νύκτε     παῖδε     γέροντε
G. D.      ἀνάκτοιν   νύκτοιν   παίδοιν   γερόντοιν

PLURAL
N. V.   ἄνακτες                  νύκτες                 παῖδες                  γέροντες
G.      ἀνάκτων                  νυκτῶν                 παίδων                  γερόντων
D.      ἀνάκτεσσι [εσι], ἄναξι   νύκτεσσι [εσι], νυξί   παίδεσσι [εσι], παισί   γερόντεσσι [ἐσι], γέρουσι
A.      ἄνακτας                  νύκτας                 παῖδας                  γέροντας

§694. Observe the irregular accent of παίδων (642), genitive plural of παῖς. This word is somewhat irregular, owing to the fact that it was earlier dissyllabic (πάϝις). It has the following variants of accent: nom. sing. πάις, παῖς; voc. sing. πάι, παῖ.

§695. LABIAL AND PALATAL STEMS

   αἴξ, αἰγός, ὁ, ἡ   κῆρυξ, ῡκος, ὁ   Αἰθίοψ, οπος, ὁ
   (αἰγ-)             (κηρῡκ-)         (Αἰθιοπ-)
   goat               herald           Ethiopian

SINGULAR
N.   αἴξ     κῆρυξ     Αἰθίοψ
G.   αἰγός   κήρῡκος   Αἰθίοπος
D.   αἰγί    κήρῡκι    Αἰθίοπι
A.   αἶγα    κήρῡκα    Αἰθίοπα
V.   αἴξ     κῆρυξ     Αἰθίοψ

DUAL
N. A. V.   αἶγε     κήρῡκε     Αἰθίοπε
G. D.      αἰγοῖν   κηρῡ́κοιν   Αἰθιόποιν

PLURAL
N. V.   αἶγες                 κήρῡκες                   Αἰθίοπες
G.      αἰγῶν                 κηρῡ́κων                   Αἰθιόπων
D.      αἴγεσσι [εσι], αἰξί   κηρῡ́κεσσι [εσι], κήρῡξι   Αἰθιόπεσσι [εσι], Αἰθίοψι
A.      αἶγας                 κήρῡκας                   Αἰθίοπας

§696. LIQUID AND NASAL STEMS

   δαίμων, ονος, ὁ   φρήν, φρενός, ἡ          χείρ, ος, ἡ
   (δαιμον-)         (φρεν-)                  (χειρ-)
   divinity          diaphragm, heart, mind   hand, arm

SINGULAR
N.   δαίμων     φρήν     χείρ
G.   δαίμονος   φρενός   χειρός
D.   δαίμονι    φρενί    χε(ι)ρί
A.   δαίμονα    φρένα    χεῖρα
V.   δαῖμον     φρήν     χείρ

DUAL
N. A. V.   δαίμονε     φρένε     χεῖρε
G. D.      δαιμόνοιν   φρενοῖν   χειροῖν

PLURAL
N. V.   δαίμονες                    φρένες                  χεῖρες
G.      δαιμόνων                    φρενῶν                  χειρῶν
D.      δαιμόνεσσι [ἐσι], δαίμοσι   φρένεσσι [εσι], φρεσί   χείρεσσι [εσι], χερσί
A.      δαίμονας                    φρένας                  χεῖρας

§697. LIQUID STEMS

Several words ending in -ηρ in the nominative singular have three different grades of ablaut (593–595), -ηρ, -ερ, -ρ in the stem. The vocative singular regularly has recessive accent (548).

   πατήρ, τέρος, τρός, ὁ father   μήτηρ, τέρος, τρός, ἡ mother
   (πατερ-, -ηρ, -ρ)              (μᾱτηρ-, -ερ, -ρ)

SINGULAR
N.   πατήρ           μήτηρ
G.   πατέρος, τρός   μητέρος, τρός
D.   πατέρι, τρί     μητέρι, τρί
A.   πατέρα          μητέρα
V.   πάτερ           μῆτερ

DUAL
N. A. V.   πατέρε     μητέρε
G. D.      πατέροιν   μητέροιν

PLURAL
N. V.   πατέρες         μητέρες
G.      πατέρων, τρῶν   μητέρων
D.      πατράσι         μητράσι
A.      πατέρας         μητέρας

   θυγάτηρ, τέρος, τρός, ἡ daughter   ἀνήρ, έρος, δρός, ὁ man
   (θυγατηρ-, -ερ-, -ρ)               (ἀνηρ-, -ερ-, -ρ)

SINGULAR
N.   θυγάτηρ             ἀνήρ
G.   θυγατέρος, τρός     ἀνέρος, ἀνδρός
D.   θυγατέρι, τρί       ἀνέρι, ἀνδρί
A.   θυγατέρα, θύγατρα   ἀνέρα, ἄνδρα
V.   θύγατερ             ἄνερ

DUAL
N. A. V.   θυγατέρε     ἀνέρε, ἄνδρε
G. D.      θυγατέροιν   ἀνέροιν, ἀνδροῖν

PLURAL
N. V.   θυγατέρες, θύγατρες   ἀνέρες, ἄνδρες
G.      θυγατέρων, θυγατρῶν   ἀνέρων, ἀνδρῶν
D.      θυγατράσι, τέρεσσι    ἀνδράσι, ἄνδρεσσι
A.      θυγατέρας, θύγατρας   ἀνέρας, ἄνδρας

§698. Observe that a δ is developed in the forms of ἀνήρ between ν and ρ whenever they would otherwise come together (612). The initial ἀ is often long, 571, 1168.

§699. In the genitive and dative singular of ἀνήρ, μήτηρ, and θυγάτηρ, the shorter forms have the accent, after the analogy of πατήρ, πατρός, πατρί, which was originally monosyllabic (πατρ), and follows the regular rules for the accentuation of monosyllabic nouns (642).

§700. The ρά in the dative plural, and these forms in general are explained in 597–598.

§701. STEMS IN ηυ (ευ), ου, AND ωϝ

   βασιλεύς, ῆος, ὁ         βοῦς, βοός, ὁ, ἡ     νηῦς, νηός (νεός), ἡ   ἥρως, ωος, ὁ
   (βασιλην-, -ευ-, -ηϝ-)   (βου-, βωϝ-, βοϝ-)   (νᾱυ-, νᾱϝ- 621)       (ἡρωϝ-)
   king                     ox, cow              ship, bark             hero, mighty, warrior

SINGULAR
N.   βασιλεύς          βοῦς         νηῦς          ἥρως
G.   βασιλῆος [-έος]   βοός         νηός [νεός]   ἥρωος
D.   βασιλῆι [-έι]     βοΐ          νηΐ           ἥρωι
A.   βασιλῆα [-έα]     βοῦν [βῶν]   νῆα [νέα]     ἥρωα
V.   βασιλεῦ           βοῦ          νηῦ           ἥρως

DUAL
N. A. V.   βασιλῆε     βόε     νῆε     ἥρωε
G. D.      βασιλήοιν   βοοῖν   νηοῖν   ἡρώοιν

PLURAL
N. V.   βασιλῆες                βόες            νῆες                     ἥρωες
G.      βασιλήων                βοῶν            νηῶν [νεῶν]              ἡρώων
D.      βασιλήεσσι, βασιλεῦσι   βόεσσι, βουσί   νήεσσι [νέεσσι], νηυσί   ἡρώεσσι, ἥρωσι
A.      βασιλῆας                βόας (βοῦς)     νῆας (νέας)              ἥρωας

§702. The shortening of a vowel before a following vowel in such forms as βασιλεύς (*βασιλῆνς), νηός (νεός) is explained in 572.

§703. Observe that the υ of the stem of these words became ϝ in many cases and was then lost (602).

§704. STEMS IN ι (ει, ει̯), AND υ (ευ, εϝ)

   πόλις, ιος, ἡ   πῆχυς, εος, ὁ   ἄστυ, εος, τό   νέκῡς, υος, ὁ   δάκρυ, υος, τό
   (πολι-, -ει-)   (πηχυ-, -εϝ-)   (ϝαστυ-, εϝ-)   (νεκῡ-)         (δακρυ-)
   city            forearm         city, town      corpse          tear

SINGULAR
N.   πόλις                 πῆχυς    ἄστυ     νέκῡς    δάκρυ
G.   πόλιος, -ηος          πήχεος   ἄστεος   νέκυος   δάκρυος
D.   πόλιι; -ῑ, -ηι, -ει   πήχεϊ    ἄστεϊ    νέκυϊ    δάκρυϊ
A.   πόλιν                 πῆχυν    ἄστυ     νέκῡν    δάκρυ
V.   πόλι                  πῆχυ     ἄστυ     νέκῡ     δάκρυ

DUAL
N. A. V.   πόλιε     πήχεε     ἄστεε     νέκυε     δάκρυε
G. D.      πολίοιν   πηχέοιν   ἀστέοιν   νεκύοιν   δακρύοιν

PLURAL
N. V.   πόλιες, -ηες                  πήχεες             ἄστεα             νέκυες                δάκρυα
G.      πολίων                        πηχέων             ἀστέων            νεκύων                δακρύων
D.      πολίεσσι, πόλεσι, -ισι        πηχέεσσι, πήχεσι   ἀστέεσι, ἄστεσι   νεκύεσσι, νέκῡσ(σ)ι   δακρύεσσι, δάκρυσι
A.      πόλιας, -ηας, -ῑς, (-εις ?)   πήχεας             ἄστεα             νέκυας [-ῡς]          δάκρυα

§705. Forms as πόλις, πῆχυς, ἄστυ show different grades of ablaut (593–595): ι, ει, and υ, ευ (εϝ).

§706. Observe the loss of the υ and ι in such words as πῆχυς, εος, ἄστυ, εος, and πόλις. They first become ϝ, or ι̯ of course (602, 600).

§707. NOUNS WITH STEMS IN -ς (-ες, -ασ- -ος) AND IN τ

   ἔπος, εος, τό   γέρας, αος, τό     ἠώς, ἠόος, ἡ   δῶμα          ἦμαρ, ἤματος, τό
   (ϝεπεσ-)        (γερασ-)           (ἀϝσοσ-)       (δωματ-)      (ἠμαρ-, ἠματ-)
   word, speech    prize (of honor)   Eos, dawn      house, home   day

SINGULAR
N.   ἔπος    γέρας    ἠώς    δῶμα      ἦμαρ
G.   ἔπεος   γέραος   ἠόος   δώματος   ἤματος
D.   ἔπεϊ    γέραϊ    ἠόι    δώματι    ἤματι
A.   ἔπος    γέρας    ἠόα    δῶμα      ἦμαρ
V.   ἔπος    γέρας    ἠώς    δῶμα      ἦμαρ

DUAL
N. A. V.   ἔπεε     γέραε        δώματε     ἤματε
G. D.      ἐπέοιν   γεράοιν      δωμάτοιν   ἠμάτοιν

PLURAL
N. V.   ἔπεα               γέρα(α)                  δώματα              ἤματα
G.      ἐπέων              γεράων                   δωμάτων             ἠμάτων
D.      ἐπέσσι, ἔπε(σ)σι   γεράεσσι, γέρα(σ)σι      δωμάτεσσι, δώμασι   ἠμάτεσσι, ἤμασι
A.      ἔπεα               γέρα(α)                  δώματα              ἤματα

§708. Observe that stems ending in σ lose this σ when it comes between two vowels (603). Thus these words were formerly declined:

SINGULAR
N.   ἔπος     γέρας     ἠϝώς = ἄϝσως (621) = ἄυσως (602)
G.   ἐπεσος   γερασος   ἠϝοσος = ἄϝσοσος = ἄυσοσος
D.   ἐπεσι    γερασι    ἠϝοσι = ἄϝσοσι = ἄυσοσι

and thus throughout the whole declension, all numbers. The loss of intervocalic σ (603-604), and of ϝ also from ἠώς (602), gave the forms found above, 707.

§709. Observe that all nouns ending in -ος in the nominative singular are masculine or feminine (almost always masculine) if of the second declension, and that they are neuter if of the third declension.

§710. Nouns ending in -μα, in the nominative singular, and all others with genitives in -ατος are neuter.

§765. The most common pronoun, ὁ, ἡ, τό, used regularly as the definite article in later Greek, is usually employed as the demonstrative, but sometimes as a personal or as a relative pronoun in Homer. It is declined as follows:

ὁ, ἡ, τό this, that; he, she, it; who, which, what

SINGULAR
N.   ὁ           ἡ     τό
G.   τοῦ, τοῖο   τῆς   τοῦ, τοῖο
D.   τῷ          τῇ    τῷ
A.   τόν         τήν   τό

DUAL
N. A.   τώ      (τώ)      τώ
G. D.   τοῖιν   (τοῖιν)   τοῖιν

PLURAL
N.   οἱ (τοί)      αἱ (ταί)     τά
G.   τῶν           τάων [τῶν]   τῶν
D.   τοῖσι, τοῖς   τῇσι, τῇς    τοῖσι, τοῖς
A.   τούς          τάς          τά

§766. The intensive pronoun is declined as follows:

αὐτός, ή; ὁ self, same

SINGULAR
N.   αὐτός        αὐτή    αὐτό
G.   αὐτοῦ, οἷο   αὐτῆς   αὐτοῦ, οἷο
D.   αὐτῷ         αὐτῇ    αὐτῷ
A.   αὐτόν        αὐτήν   αὐτό

DUAL
N. A.   αὐτώ      (αὐτώ)      αὐτώ
G. D.   αὐτοῖιν   (αὐτοῖιν)   αὐτοῖιν

PLURAL
N.   αὐτοί          αὐταί              αὐτά
G.   αὐτῶν          αὐτᾱ́ων [έων, ὦν]   αὐτῶν
D.   αὐτοῖσι, οἷς   αὐτῇσι, ῇς         αὐτοῖσι, οἷς
A.   αὐτούς         αὐτᾱ́ς              αὐτά

§771. The most important demonstrative pronouns are οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο this, (ἐ)κεῖνος, η, ο that, ὁ, ἡ, τό (used also as a relative and as a personal pronoun, 765) this, that, with its compounds, as ὅδε, ἥδε, τόδε; ὅγε, ἥγε, τόγε (ὅ γε, ἥ γε, τό γε), etc.

§772. These pronouns are declined in the main like adjectives of the vowel declension (κά̄λός, ή, όν, 721) with the exception that the neuter nominative and accusative singular ends in -ο instead of in -ον.

§774. Demonstrative Pronouns

(ἐ)κεῖνος, η, ο that

SINGULAR
     Masc.            Fem.        Neut.
N.   (ἐ)κεῖνος        (ἐ)κείνη    (ἐ)κεῖνο
G.   (ἐ)κείνου, οιο   (ἐ)κείνης   (ἐ)κείνου, οιο
D.   (ἐ)κείνῳ         (ἐ)κείνῃ    (ἐ)κείνῳ
A.   (ἐ)κεῖνον        (ἐ)κείνην   (ἐ)κεῖνο

DUAL
           Masc.         Fem.            Neut.
N. A. V.   (ἐ)κείνω      ((ἐ)κείνω)      (ἐ)κείνω
G. D.      (ἐ)κείνοιιν   ((ἐ)κείνοιιν)   (ἐ)κείνοιιν

PLURAL
     Masc.              Fem.                   Neut.
N.   (ἐ)κεῖνοι          (ἐ)κεῖναι              (ἐ)κεῖνα
G.   (ἐ)κείνων          (ἐ)κεινά̄ων [ἔων, ὧν]   (ἐ)κείνων
D.   (ἐ)κείνοισι, οις   (ἐ)κείνῃσι, ῃς         (ἐ)κείνοισι, οις
A.   (ἐ)κείνους         (ἐ)κείνά̄ς              (ἐ)κεῖνα

ὅδε, ἥδε, τόδε this

SINGULAR
     Masc.           Fem.    Neut.
N.   ὅδε             ἥδε     τόδε
G.   τοῦδε, τοῖοδε   τῆσδε   τοῦδε, τοῖοδε
D.   τῷδε            τῇδε    τῷδε
A.   τόνδε           τήνδε   τόδε

DUAL
        Masc.     Fem.        Neut.
N. A.   τώδε      (τώδε)      τώδε
G. D.   τοῖινδε   (τοῖινδε)   τοῖινδε

PLURAL
     Masc.          Fem.             Neut.
N.   οἵδε (τοίδε)   αἵδε (ταίδε)     τάδε
G.   τῶνδε          τά̄ωνδε [τῶνδε]   τῶνδε
D.   τοῖσ(ι)δε      τῇσ(ι)δε         τοῖσ(ι)δε
A.   τούσδε         τά̄σδε            τάδε

οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο this

SINGULAR
     Masc.         Fem.     Neut.
N.   οὗτος         αὕτη     τοῦτο
G.   τούτου, οιο   ταύτης   τούτου, οιο
D.   τούτῳ         ταύτῃ    τούτῳ
A.   τοῦτον        ταύτην   τοῦτο

DUAL
        Masc.      Fem.         Neut.
N. A.   τούτω      (τούτω)      τούτω
G. D.   τούτοιιν   (τούτοιιν)   τούτοιιν

PLURAL
     Masc.           Fem.                Neut.
N.   οὗτοι           αὗται               ταῦτα
G.   τούτων          ταυτά̄ων [ἔων, ὧν]   τούτων
D.   τούτοισι, οις   ταύτῃσι, ῃς         τούτοισι, οις
A.   τούτους         ταύτά̄ς              ταῦτα

NOTE. The dative plural of ὅδε, ἥδε, τόδε at times has τοίσδεσ(σ)ι instead of τοῖσ(ι)δε.

§775. Compounds of ὁ, ἡ, τό (as ὅδε, ἥδε, τόδε; ὅγε, ἥγε, τόγε) are declined the same as the simple form (ὁ, ἡ, τό) with the additional part (-γε, -δε, etc.) attached. As these are compounds, formed of the simple pronouns and the enclitics, they are accented the same as the simple forms without the enclitics (553, 558).

§1028. PRONOUNS

The Pronoun ὁ, ἡ, τό. There are three chief uses of the pronoun, ὁ, ἡ, τό:

1) As an independent demonstrative (and third person) pronoun, meaning this, that, he, she, it. This is its original use, and the one most commonly met with in Homer, as ὁ νοῦσον ὦρσε he roused a plague, τὸν Χρύσην ἠτίμασεν ἀρητῆρα Ἀτρεΐδης the son of Atreus dishonored that (well-known) Chryses, the priest, τὴν δ’ ἐγὼ οὐ λύσω but I will not free her, ἔδεισεν δ’ ὁ γέρων and that old man feared.
2) As an article properly speaking (“the”), that is, modifying and making definite a noun, but not having any particular demonstrative force. This is its ordinary use in Greek after Homer.
3) As a relative pronoun, as τὸν τέκε Λητώ whom Leto bore, τώ οἱ ἔσαν κήρυκε who were his two heralds, τήν μοι δόσαν υἷες Ἀχαιῶν whom the sons of the Achaeans gave unto me.

NOTE. Many expressions in Homer which are translated into English by the relative pronoun in a subordinate clause seem to have been coördinate originally. Thus the pronoun (ὁ, ἡ, τό) in these last three sentences may well have been thought of as demonstrative with asyndeton rather than as relative, 1113-1114.

§1029. As an independent pronoun it has two main uses:

1) It is “resumptive,” that is, it refers to something already mentioned, Χρύσην ἠτίμασεν, ὁ γὰρ ἦλθε θοὰς ἐπὶ νῆας he dishonored Chryses, for he came to the swift ships.
2) It makes a contrast, usually in combinations, such as ὁ μὲν . . . ὁ δέ, and other words which help to give this effect.

§1030. ὁ μὲν . . . ὁ δέ and οἱ μὲν . . . οἱ δέ are frequently used to contrast both definite and indefinite persons and things.

§1031. Its use with an adversative particle generally, but not always, marks a change of subject, as ὁ δέ but the other.

§1032. The use of ὁ, ἡ, τό as an article has evidently arisen from its employment as an independent pronoun, followed by a noun in apposition, as ἡ δ’ ἀέκουσα ἅμα τοῖσι γυνὴ κίεν but she went with them against her will, i.e. the woman, where γυνή is added as an afterthought for the sake of greater definiteness.

§1033. So also it may serve to introduce a new person, in this case anticipating the noun, as αὐτὰρ ὁ μήνιε νηυσὶ παρήμενος διογενὴς Πηλῆος υἱὸς πόδας ὠκὺς Ἀχιλλεύς but he kept raging as he sat beside the ships, did the Zeus-born son of Peleus, the swift-footed Achilles.

§1034. With the adjective or participle it is often used as a substantive, as τὸ πλεῖον the greater part, τὰ κακά these calamities, such calamities (1027).

§1035. It is also used with the neuter accusative, singular or plural, of the adjective as an adverb, as τὰ πρῶτα at first (780-781).

§1036. On the other hand, the masculine or feminine with an adverb may be used substantively.

§1037. Nouns with a possessive pronoun take the article only when they refer to a definite individual, as τὸ σὸν μένος this anger of yours.

§1038. It usually has a demonstrative force, and its absence does not mark a noun as indefinite, as μῆνιν ἄειδε, θεά, Πηλημάδεω Ἀχιλῆος sing, goddess, the wrath of the son of Peleus, Achilles.

§1039. The Personal Pronouns. The nominative of the personal pronouns is used mainly for emphasis and contrast, as σὺ δὲ σύνθεο but do you consider. If the subject is unemphatic, the pronoun is usually omitted, as ὣς ἔφατο thus he spoke (761).

§1040. The oblique cases of the third personal pronoun are anaphoric, that is, they have an antecedent previously expressed to which they refer, when unaccented; but when they are accented they have their original reflexive use, as ἀπὸ ἕο κάββαλεν υἱόν she hurled her son from her, καί οἱ πείθονται Ἀχαιοί and the Achaeans trust in him.

§1041. Demonstrative Pronouns. The demonstrative pronouns are thus distinguished:

1) (ἐ)κεῖνος, η, ο is used of something remote from the speaker.
2) ὁ, ἡ, τό differs from οὗτος, (ἐ)κεῖνος, ὅδε, etc., in that it usually marks a contrast in objects, but does not distinguish them as near and far, present and absent, etc.
3) The compounds of ὁ, ἡ, τό are used of something near the speaker, or of something associated with him.
4) οὗτος is used of something which has been mentioned already, or else of something of particular interest or concern to the second person.
5) ὁ, ἡ, τό in addition to being employed as a relative and as a personal pronoun is used to mark a contrast.
6) αὐτός in all its cases regularly means self, but at times may mean same; it is regularly intensive and is used especially to contrast a man or an object with other less important details, as clothing, weapons, and appurtenances of various kinds.

§760. Personal Pronouns

The personal pronouns are declined as follows:

SINGULAR
N. V.   ἐγώ(ν) I                          σύ [τύνη] you                      , he, she, it
G.      ἐμεῖο, μευ (ἐμέο, ἐμεῦ, ἐμέθεν)   σεῖο, σεο (σέο, σεῦ, σευ, σέθεν)   εἷο, ἕο, (ἕο, εὖ, εὗ, ἕθεν, ἑθεν)
D.      ἐμοί, μοι                         σοί, τοι [τεῖν]                    ἑοῖ, οἷ (οἷ)
A.      ἐμέ, με                           σέ, σε                             ἑέ, ἕ (ἕ, μιν)

DUAL
N. A. V.   νῶι, νώ   σφῶι, σφώ      σφωε
G. D.      νῶιν      σφῶιν (σφῶν)   σφωιν

PLURAL
N. V.   ἡμεῖς (ἄμμες)                ὑμεῖς (ὔμμες)
G.      ἡμείων (ἡμέων)               ὑμείων (ὑμέων)         σφείων, σφεων (σφέων, σφῶν)
D.      ἡμῖν (ἄμμι(ν), ἥμῑν, ἧμιν)   ὑμῖν (ὔμμι(ν), ὕμῖν)   σφίσι, σφισι (σφι(ν))
A.      ἡμέας (ἥμας, ἥμεας, ἄμμε)    ὑμέας (ὔμμε)           σφέας, σφε(ας), σφάς

§761. The nominative singular of the personal pronouns is used only for the sake of emphasis and contrast, being omitted under other conditions.

§762. The oblique cases of these pronouns are enclitic (553), but if the pronoun is emphatic these cases keep their accent, and the longer forms of the first person are then used. This happens as a rule after prepositions. The forms without accent in the above table are enclitic.

§763. The pronoun of the third person is sometimes used as a reflexive, that is, it refers to the subject of the leading verb of the sentence.

§764. Possessive Pronouns

The possessive pronouns are formed from the stems of the personal pronouns and are declined like adjectives of the vowel declension, i.e. like κᾱλός, ή, όν (721).

SING.     ἐμός, ή, όν my, mine.                                              σός, σή, σόν (τεός, τεή, τεόν) your(s).
          ἑός, ἑή, ἑόν (ὅς, ἥ, ὅν) his, her(s), its (own), [my, your own].
DUAL.     νωίτερος, η, ον our(s).                                            σφωίτερος, η, ον your(s).
PLURAL.   ἡμέτερος, η, ον our(s).                                            ἁμός, ή, όν our(s).
          ὑμέτερος, η, ον your(s).                                           ὑμός, ή, όν your(s).
          σφέτερος, η, ον their(s).                                          σφός, σφή, σφόν their(s).