Lessons XXXVI to XL

§924. SECOND PERFECT SYSTEM OF ἵστημι (στη-, στα-), stand

PERFECT
        INDICATIVE         SUBJUNCTIVE   OPTATIVE   IMPERATIVE   INFINITIVE
S. 1    ἕστηκα             ἑστήκω        ἑσταίην                 ἑστάμεν(αι)
S. 2    ἕστηκας            ἑστήκῃς(θα)   ἑσταίης    ἕσταθι
S. 3    ἕστηκε             ἑστήκῃ(σι)    ἑσταίη     ἑστάτω       PARTICIPLE
Du. 2   ἕστατον            ἑστήκετον     ἑσταῖτον   ἕστατον      ἑσταώς, υῖα,
Du. 3   ἕστατον            ἑστήκετον     ἑσταίτην   ἑστάτων      ός
Pl. 1   ἕσταμεν            ἑστήκομεν     ἑσταῖμεν
Pl. 2   ἕστατε             ἑστήκετε      ἑσταῖτε    ἕστατε
Pl. 3   ἑστᾶσι, ἑστήκᾱσι   ἑστήκωσι      ἑσταῖεν    ἑστάντων
SUBJUNCTIVE: Very rare; the dual and plural forms are uncertain.

PLUPERFECT
S. 1   εἱστήκεα (-η 585)     Du.             Pl.   ἕσταμεν
S. 2   εἱστήκεας (-ης 585)         ἕστατον         ἕστατε
S. 3   εἱστήκεε (-ει 585)          ἑστάτην         ἕστασαν

§965. εἶμι (εἰ-, ι-) come, go
        Indicative                              Subjunctive   Optative     Imperative
        Pres.        Imperf.                    Pres.         Pres.        Pres.
S. 1    εἶμι         ἤια (ἤιον)                 ἴω(μι)        ἴοιμι
2       εἶσ(θα)      ἤεισ(θα)                   ἴῃς(θα)       ἴοις         ἴθι
3       εἶσι         ἤει (ἤιε, ἠε, ἴε)          ἴῃ(σι)        ἴοι (ἰείη)   ἴτω
Du. 2   ἴτον         ἴτον                       ἴητον         ἴοιτον       ἴτον
3       ἴτον         ἴτην                       ἴητον         ἰοίτην       ἴτων
Pl. 1   ἴμεν         ἤομεν                      ἴωμεν         ἴοιμεν
2       ἴτε          ἤτε                        ἴητε          ἴοιτε        ἴτε
3       ἴᾱσι         ἤισαν-(ἤσαν, ἤιον, ἴσαν)   ἴωσι          ἴοιεν        ἰόντων

Fut.      εἴσομαι
Infin.    ἰέναι, ἴμεν(αι)
Partic.   ἰών, οὖσα, ὄν

§966. *εἴδω (εἴδομαι) (ϝειδ-, ϝοιδ-, ϝιδ-), εἰδήσω, εἶδον, οἶδα know, Active
        Indicative                           Second Perfect
        2d Perf.        2d Pluperf.          Subj.                Opt.                   Imper.
S. 1    οἶδα            ᾔδεα                 εἰδῶ (εἰδέω, ἰδέω)   εἰδείην
2       οἶσθα (οἶδας)   ᾔδης(θα) (ᾔειδεις)   εἰδῇς(θα)            εἰδείης                ἴσθι
3       οἶδε            ᾔδη (ᾔδεε, ἠείδει)   εἰδῇ(σι)             εἰδείη                 ἴστω
Du. 2   ἴστον           ἴστον                εἴδετον              εἰδεῖτον               ἴστον
3       ἴστον           ἴστην                εἴδετον              εἰδείτην               ἴστων
Pl. 1   ἴδμεν           ἴσμεν                εἴδομεν              εἰδεῖμεν (εἰδείημεν)
2       ἴστε            ἴστε                 εἴδετε               εἰδεῖτε (εἰδείητε)     ἴστε
3       ἴσ(σ)ᾱσι        ἴσαν                 εἰδῶσι               εἰδεῖεν (εἰδείησαν)    ἴστων
εἴδομεν: The only Homeric examples of the first and second person plural subjunctive have the short mode vowel (-ομεν, -ετε, 800).

Fut.      εἰδήσω (εἴσομαι)
Infin.    ἴδμεν(αι)
Partic.   εἰδώς, υἷα (ἰδυῖα), ός

§967. φημί (φη-, φα-) say, speak, Active
        Indicative                       Present
        Pres.        Imperf. (2d Aor.)   Subj.     Opt.               Imper.
S. 1    φημί         ἔφην                φῶ(μι)    φαίην
2       φής, φῆσθα   ἔφης(θα)            φῇς(θα)   φαίης              φαθί (φάθι)
3       φησί         ἔφη                 φῇ(σι)    φαίη               φάτω
Du. 2   φατόν        ἔφατον              φῆτον                        φάτον
3       φατόν        ἐφάτην              φῆτον                        φάτων
Pl. 1   φαμέν        ἔφαμεν              φῶμεν     φαίημεν (φαῖμεν)
2       φατέ         ἔφατε               φῆτε      φαίητε             φάτε
3       φᾱσί         ἔφασαν (ἔφαν)       φῶσι      φαίησαν (φαῖεν)    φάντων

Partic.   φᾱ́ς, φᾶσα, φάν
Infin.    φάναι, φάμεν(αι)

Note. The active imperative and infinitive do not occur in Homer, who uses the middle forms, φάο, φάσθαι, etc.

§968. κεῖ-μαι lie, recline
        Indicative
        Pres.                       Imperf.                     Subj.            Imper.    Infin.
S. 1    κεῖμαι                      ἐκείμην                     κεῖται (κῆται)             κεῖσθαι
2       κεῖσαι                      ἔκεισο                                       κεῖσο
3       κεῖται                      ἔκειτο                                       κείσθω
Du. 2   κεῖσθον                     ἔκεισθον                                     κεῖσθον
3       κεῖσθον                     ἐκείσθην                                     κείσθων
Pl. 1   κείμε(σ)θα                  ἐκείμε(σ)θα
2       κεῖσθε                      ἔκεισθε                                      κεῖσθε
3       κείαται (κέονται, κέαται)   ἔκειντο (ἐκείατο, ἐκέατο)                    κείσθων

Fut.    κείσομαι
Part.   κείμενος, η, ον

§969. ἧμαι (ἡσ-) sit
        Indicative
        Pres.                  Imperf.             Imper.   Infin.
S. 1    ἧμαι                   ἥμην                         ἧσθαι
2       ἧσαι                   ἧσο                 ἧσο
3       ἧσται                  ἧστο                ἧσθω
Du. 2   ἧσθον                  ἧσθον               ἧσθον
3       ἧσθον                  ἥσθην               ἥσθων
Pl. 1   ἥμε(σ)θα               ἥμε(σ)θα
2       ἧσθε                   ἧσθε                ἧσθε
3       ἧνται (ἥαται, ἕαται)   ἧντο (ἥατο, ἕατο)   ἥσθων

Part.   ἥμενος, η, ον

§1048. PREPOSITIONS

Most prepositions were originally adverbs (chiefly local), and are often so employed in Homer (without case), as ἐν δέ but therein, ὑπό below, παρά by his side.

§1049. They are used both with nouns and verbs, but are often separated from the words they modify, sometimes following them. This separation in the case of verbs has been incorrectly named tmesis (τμῆσις cutting), as κρατερὸν ἐπὶ μῦθον ἔτελλεν and he enjoined a stern command (upon him), where ἐπί is to be taken with ἔτελλεν as part of the verbal idea, καὶ ἐπὶ κνέφας ἦλθεν and darkness came on, where ἐπί must be joined with ἦλθεν.

§1050. Dissyllabic prepositions regularly have the accent on the ultima, but in two cases they take the accent on the penult:

1) When they follow the word modified (with the exception of ἀμφίς, ἀνά, ἀντί, διά), as ᾧ ἔπι πολλὰ μόγησα for which I underwent great toil, θῖν’ ἐφ’ ἁλός upon the shore of the sea.
2) When a preposition stands for itself compounded with a verb, as ἔνι, ἔπι, μέτα, πάρα, πέρι (all compounded with εἰμί), and ἄνα for the imperative of ἀνίστημι stand up! up!

§1051. Prepositions are used with the genitive, dative, and accusative cases; some are used with all three cases, some with only two, and some with only one.

§1052. They are used to emphasize or to define more clearly certain case relations. Of course the prepositions do not “govern” these cases, but the cases take the prepositions.

§1053. The genitive with prepositions primarily denotes that from which something proceeds, the dative that in or by which something is or is done, the accusative that toward, over, along, or upon which motion occurs.

§1054. The primary relations expressed by prepositions are those of place and time, but they may express cause, origin, agency, condition, purpose, and various other relations.

§1055. Prepositions are used in forming compound verbs, many of which, particularly those compounded with ἐν, ἐπί, and σύν, are construed with the dative.

§1056. With the genitive alone are used the following:

ἀντί instead of
ἀπό off, from, away from
ἐκ (ἐξ) out of, from
πρό before

§1057. And the following, known as improper prepositions:

ἄγχι near, close
ἄνευ without
ἄντα, ἀντίον opposite, facing
ἀντικρύ straight to
ἄψ behind
ἕνεκα (εἵνεκα) on account of
ἕκητι by will of
ἐκτός without
ἐντός within
μεσσηγύς between
μέσφα until
νόσφι(ν) apart from
ὄπισθε(ν) (from) behind
πάλιν back from
πάροιθε(ν) before, in front of
πρόσθε(ν) before
τῆλε far (from)
τηλόθι far (from)

together with several others not so common.

§1058. With the dative alone are used: ἐν(ί), εἰν in, and σύν (ξύν) with.

§1059. With the accusative alone are used εἰς (ἐς) into, to, -δε to.

§1060. With the genitive and accusative are used: διά through on account of, ὑπέρ over, on behalf of, and κατά down (through).

§1061. The following are used with the genitive, dative, and accusative:

ἀμφί around, about, on both sides.
ἀνά (up)on, up through, along.
ἐπί (up)on, to, toward, against.
μετά with, after.
παρά beside, to the side of, from beside.
περί around, concerning.
πρός toward, with reference to.
ὑπό under, by means of.

§747. Comparison of Adjectives

Most adjectives form their comparatives by adding -τερος, η, ον, and their superlatives by adding -τατος, η, ον to the stem of the masculine positive.

§748. If the penult of the stem is long by nature or position (522), the stem for the comparative and superlative remains unchanged. If it is short, it is regularly lengthened, o becoming ω.

§749. Examples
Positive                                Comparative   Superlative
πιστός (πιστο-) faithful, trustworthy   πιστότερος    πιστότατος
μαλακός (μαλακο-) soft, gentle          μαλακώτερος   μαλακώτατος

§750. The declension of comparatives and superlatives is usually the regular vowel declension of adjectives, as κᾱλός, ή, όν (721).

§751. Some adjectives, mainly those in -υς and -ρος, form the comparative and superlative by changing these endings to -ίων, -ιον for the comparative, and to -ιστος, η, ον for the superlative.

§752. Examples
Positive           Comparative                  Superlative
ἡδύς sweet         ἡδίων, ἥδιον sweeter         ἥδιστος, η, ον sweetest
αἰσχρός shameful   αἰσχίων, ιον more shameful   αἴσχιστος, η, ον most shameful

§753. The comparative of these adjectives is declined like ἀμείνων, ον (731), and the superlative like κᾱλός, ή, όν (721).

§754. The most important cases of irregular comparison are:

      Positive                              Comparative                                                                Superlative
1)    ἀγαθός good, brave, noble             ἀρείων, ον; ἀμείνων, ον; βέλτερος, η, ον; λωίων, ον (λωίτερος, η, ον)      ἄριστος, η, ον
2)    κρατύς (κραταιός, ή, όν) powerful     κρείσσων, ον                                                               κράτιστος (κάρτιστος)
      κρατερός, ή, όν (καρτερός) powerful   φέρτερος                                                                   φέρτατος (φέριστος)
3)    κακός, ή, όν bad, cowardly            κακίων, ον (κακώτερος); ἥσσων, ον; χείρων, ον (χειρότερος) (χερείων, ον)   κάκιστος, η, ον; ἥκιστος, η, ον
4)    κᾱλός, ή, όν beautiful, noble         καλλίων, ον                                                                κάλλιστος, η, ον
5)    μέγας large, mighty                   μείζων, ον (μέζων, ον?)                                                    μέγιστος, η, ον
6)    μῑκρός small, tiny                    μείων, ον
7)    ἐλαχύς small, tiny                    ἐλάσσων, ον                                                                ἐλάχιστος, η, ον
8)    ὀλίγος small, few                     ὀλείζων, ον (ὀλίζων, ον)                                                   ὀλίγιστος, η, ον
9)    πολύς much, many                      πλείων, ον (πλέων, ον)                                                     πλεῖστος, η, ον
10)   φίλος dear, lovely                    φίλτερος, η, ον (φιλίων, ον)                                               φίλτατος, η, ον

§755. Some adjectives do not occur in the positive. Their comparatives and superlatives are formed from prepositions, adverbs, verbs, nouns, and pronouns.

§756. The comparative and superlative may express merely a high degree of the quality, without any idea of comparison being involved, and at times may indicate simply characteristic or possession.

§780. Adverbs

Most Greek adverbs are of twofold origin:

1) Isolated case-forms of nouns, pronouns, and adjectives, which became crystallized and used in an adverbial connection.
2) Adverbs formed by means of various suffixes (630), of which the origin is unknown.

§781. The most common occurrence of the use of various cases of the noun, pronoun, and adjective adverbially is the employment of the neuter accusative of the adjective, singular or plural, with or without the pronoun τό, τά, as an adverb. The neuter of nouns and pronouns is sometimes, but less commonly, used in the same way.

§782. A great number of adverbs end either in -ω or in -ως.

§783. Those ending in -ως are adverbs of manner, and are formed from adjectives and pronouns. They have the accent of the genitive plural neuter of the word from which they are formed.

§784. For the comparative of these abverbs, the neuter accusative singular of the comparative of the adjective is used, and for the superlative the neuter accusative plural of the superlative of the adjective.

§785. Adverbs of place which end in -ω (and a few others) form the comparative by adding -τέρω, and the superlative by adding -τάτω to the stem (630).

§786. The prepositions were originally adverbs, and most of them are still so used in Homer.

§787. EXAMPLES OF FORMATION

Adjective      Stem    Genitive Plural   Adverb
κά̄λός, ή, όν   κά̄λο-   κά̄λῶν             κά̄λῶς
κακός, ή, όν   κακο-   κακῶν             κακῶς
ἄλλος, η, ο    ἄλλο-   ἄλλων             ἄλλως

§788. The most important suffixes (630) used in the formation of adverbs (780, 2) are:

1) -ι, -σι, -θι, -ου, denoting place where.
2) -θα, -θε(ν), denoting place where.
3) -θεν, denoting place whence.
4) -δε (originally an enclitic preposition = English to), denoting whither.
5) -σε, denoting whither.
6) -τε, denoting time.
7) -τος, denoting where.
8) -κα (origin unknown), as in αὐτί-κα.
9) -κας (origin unknown), as in ἑ-κάς.
10) -κις (with generalizing, indefinite meaning; akin to τὶς, τὶ), as πολλά-κις many a time, often.
11) Some other endings are -α, -δην, -δον, -τι, -στι.

§757. Numerals

The Greek numerals were as follows:

          Cardinals                                      Ordinals                                 Adverbs
1         εἷς, μία (ἴα), ἕν                              πρῶτος, η, ον                            ἅπαξ
2         δύο (δύω)                                      δεύτερος, η, ον                          δίς
3         τρεῖς, τρία                                    τρί(τα)τος, η, ον                        τρίς
4         τέσσαρες (πίσυρες), τέσσαρα                    τέταρτος (τέτρατος), η, ον               τετράκις
5         πέντε                                          πέμπτος, η, ον                           πεντάκις*
6         ἕξ                                             ἕκτος, η, ον                             ἑξάκις*
7         ἑπτά                                           ἕβδομος (ἑβδόματος), η, ον               ἑπτάκις*
8         ὀκτώ                                           ὄγδοος (ὀγδόατος), η, ον                 ὀκτάκις*
9         ἐννέα                                          ἔνατος (εἴνατος), η, ον                  ἐνάκις
10        δέκα                                           δέκατος, η, ον                           δεκάκις
11        ἕνδεκα                                         ἑνδέκατος, η, ον                         ἑνδεκάκις*
12        δ(υ)ώδεκα, δύο καὶ δέκα                        δ(υ)ωδέκατος, η, ον                      δ(υ)ωδεκάκις*
13        τρεισκαίδεκα (τρεῖς καὶ δέκα)                  τρεισκαιδέκατος, η, ον                   τρεισκαιδεκάκις*
14        τεσσαρεσκαίδεκα                                τέταρτος (τέτρατος) καὶ δέκατος, η, ον   τεσσαρεσκαιδεκάκις*
15        πεντεκαίδεκα                                   πέμπτος καὶ δέκατος, η, ον               πεντεκαιδεκάκις*
16        ἑκκαίδεκα                                      ἕκτος καὶ δέκατος, η, ον                 ἑκκαιδεκάκις*
17        ἑπτακαίδεκα                                    ἕβδομος καὶ δέκατος, η, ον               ἑπτακαιδεκάκις*
18        ὀκτωκαίδεκα                                    ὄγδοος καὶ δέκατος, η, ον                ὀκτωκαιδεκάκις*
19        ἐννεακαίδεκα                                   ἔνατος καὶ δέκατος, η, ον                ἐννεακαιδεκάκις*
20        εἴκοσι (ἐείκοσι)                               εἰκοστός (ἐεικοστός), ή, όν              εἰκοσάκις
21        εἷς καὶ εἴκοσι (εἴκοσι καὶ εἷς, εἴκοσιν εἷς)   πρῶτος καὶ εἰκοστός                      εἰκοσάκις ἅπαξ
30        τριήκοντα                                      τριηκοστός,* ή, όν                       τριηκοντάκις*
40        τεσσαράκοντα                                   τεσσαρακοστός,* ή, όν                    τεσσαρακοντάκις*
50        πεντήκοντα                                     πεντηκοστός,* ή, όν                      πεντηκοντάκις*
60        ἑξήκοντα                                       ἑξηκοστός,* ή, όν                        ἑξηκοντάκις*
70        ἑβδομήκοντα*                                   ἑβδομηκοστός,* ή, όν                     ἑβδομηκοντάκις*
80        ὀγδώκοντα                                      ὀγδωκοστός,* ή, όν                       ὀγδωκοντάκις*
90        ἐνενήκοντα (ἐννήκοντα)                         ἐνενηκοστός,* ή, όν                      ἐνενηκοντάκις*
100       ἑκατόν                                         ἑκατοστός,* ή, όν                        ἑκατοντάκις*
200       διηκόσιοι, αι, α                               διηκοσιοστός,* ή, όν                     διηκοσιάκις*
300       τριηκόσιοι, αι, α                              τριηκοσιοστός,* ή, όν                    τριηκοσιάκις*
400       τετρακόσιοι,* αι, α                            τετρακοσιοστός,* ή, όν                   τετρακοσιάκις*
500       πεντηκόσιοι, αι, α                             πεντακοσιοστός,* ή, όν                   πεντακοσιάκις*
600       ἑξακόσιοι,* αι, α                              ἑξακοσιοστός,* ή, όν                     ἑξακοσιάκις*
700       ἑπτακόσιοι,* αι, α                             ἑπτακοσιοστός,* ή, όν                    ἑπτακοσιάκις*
800       ὀκτακόσιοι,* αι, α                             ὀκτακοσιοστός,* ή, όν                    ὀκτακοσιάκις*
900       ἐνακόσιοι,* αι, α                              ἐν(ν)ακοσιοστός,* ή, όν                  ἐνακοσιάκις*
1000      χίλιοι, αι, α                                  χῑλιοστός,* ή,* όν                       χῑλιάκις*
2000      δισχίλιοι, αι, α                               δισχῑλιοστός,* ή, όν                     δισχῑλιάκις*
3000      τρισχίλιοι, αι, α                              τρισχῑλιοστός,* ή, όν                    τρισχῑλιάκις*
10,000    μῡ́ριοι,* αι, α (δεκάχῖλοι, αι, α)              μῡριοστός,* ή, όν                        μῡριάκις*
20,000    δισμῡ́ριοι,* αι, α                              δισμῡριοστός,* ή, όν                     δισμῡριάκις*
100,000   δεκακισμῡ́ριοι,* αι, α                          δεκακισμῡριοστός,* ή, όν                 δεκακισμῡριάκις*

§758. DECLENSION OF THE FIRST FOUR CARDINALS

εἷς, μία, ἕν one   δύω (δύο)     τρεῖς, τρία    τέσσαρες, τέσσαρα
(ἑν-, μιᾱ-, ἑν-)   (δυω-, ο-)    (τρε-, τρι-)   (τεσσαρ-)
εἷς μία ἕν         δύω indecl.   τρεῖς τρία     τέσσαρες τέσσαρα
ἑνός μιῆς ἑνός                   τριῶν τριῶν    τεσσάρων τεσσάρων
ἑνί μιῇ ἑνί                      τρισί τρισί    τέσσαρσι τέσσαρσι
ἕνα μίαν ἕν                      τρεῖς τρία     τέσσαρας τέσσαρα
τρεῖς, τρία: = τρέες, 584, 2.

§759. In addition to the above forms there occur at times for μία, ἴα (ἰῆς, ἰῇ, ἴαν); for ἑνί, ἰῷ; for τέσσαρες, πίσυρες.