Lessons XLI to XLV

§904. Conjugation of λῡ́-ω I loose
Observe that the υ of λύω is long only when followed by σ; otherwise it is short.

Active

Indicative

Present
        Greek    English
S. 1    λύω      I loose, am loosing, do loose
2       λύεις    you loose, are loosing, do loose
3       λύει     he looses, is loosing, does loose
Du. 2   λύετον   you two loose, etc.
3       λύετον   they two loose, etc.
Pl. 1   λύομεν   we loose, etc.
2       λύετε    you loose, etc.
3       λύουσι   they loose, etc.

Imperfect
        Greek     English
S. 1    ἔλυον     I was loosing; I loosed, did loose
2       ἔλυες     you were loosing, you loosed, did loose
3       ἔλυε      he was loosing, he loosed, did loose
Du. 2   ἐλύετον   you two were loosing, etc.
3       ἐλυέτην   they two were loosing, etc.
Pl. 1   ἐλύομεν   we were loosing, etc.
2       ἐλύετε    you were loosing, etc.
3       ἔλυον     they were loosing, etc.

Future
        Greek     English
S. 1    λῡ́σω      I shall (will) loose
2       λῡ́σεις    you will (shall) loose
3       λῡ́σει     he will (shall) loose
Du. 2   λῡ́σετον   you two will (shall) loose
3       λῡ́σετον   they two will (shall) loose
Pl. 1   λῡ́σομεν   we shall (will) loose
2       λῡ́σετε    you will (shall) loose
3       λῡ́σουσι   they will (shall) loose

Aorist
        Greek      English
S. 1    ἔλῡσα      I loosed, did loose
2       ἔλῡσας     you loosed, did loose
3       ἔλῡσε      he loosed, did loose
Du. 2   ἐλῡ́σατον   you two loosed, did loose
3       ἐλῡσάτην   they two loosed, did loose
Pl. 1   ἐλῡ́σαμεν   we loosed, did loose
2       ἐλῡ́σατε    you loosed, did loose
3       ἔλῡσαν     they loosed, did loose

Perfect
        Greek       English
S. 1    λέλυκα      I have loosed
2       λέλυκας     you have loosed
3       λέλυκε      he has loosed
Du. 2   λελύκατον   you two have loosed
3       λελύκατον   they two have loosed
Pl. 1   λελύκαμεν   we have loosed
2       λελύκατε    you have loosed
3       λελύκᾱσι    they have loosed
The perfect of λύω is not found in Homer, but these are the ordinary forms in Attic Greek. For the Homeric perfect system see 922-924, 966.

Pluperfect
        Greek             English
S. 1    ἐλελύκη (-εα)     I had loosed
2       ἐλελύκης (-εας)   you had loosed
3       ἐλελύκει (-εε)    he had loosed
Du. 2   ἐλελύκετον        you two had loosed
3       ἐλελυκέτην        they two had loosed
Pl. 1   ἐλελύκεμεν        we had loosed
2       ἐλελύκετε         you had loosed
3       ἐλελύκεσαν        they had loosed

§905. The Subjunctive

Present
        Greek      English
S. 1    λύω(μι)    I may loose
2       λύῃς(θα)   you may loose
3       λύῃ(σι)    he may loose
Du. 2   λύητον     you two may loose
3       λύητον     they two may loose
Pl. 1   λύωμεν     we may loose
2       λύητε      you may loose
3       λύωσι      they may loose
See footnote 1 on next page.
I may loose: See footnote 2 on next page.

Aorist
        Greek       English
S. 1    λῡ́σω(μι)    I may loose
2       λῡ́σῃς(θα)   you may loose
3       λῡ́σῃ(σι)    he may loose
Du. 2   λῡ́σητον     you two may loose
3       λῡ́σητον     they two may loose
Pl. 1   λῡ́σωμεν     we may loose
2       λῡ́σητε      you may loose
3       λῡ́σωσι      they may loose
Also let me loose, and various other meanings which must be learned from the syntax.
I may loose: Not found in Homer; see note 1, p. 283. The subjunct. and optat. perfect are very rare in Homer.

Perfect
        Greek         English
S. 1    λελύκω        I may loose
2       λελύκης(θα)   you may loose
3       λελύκη(σι)    he may loose
Du. 2   λελύκητον     you two may loose
3       λελύκητον     they two may loose
Pl. 1   λελύκωμεν     we may loose
2       λελύκητε      you may loose
3       λελύκωσι      they may loose
The different tenses of the subjunctive, optative, imperative, and infinitive, do not of themselves represent distinctions of time. The present of these tenses denotes continuance of action, as λύειν (pres. infin.) to be loosing (at any time).

The aorist denotes simply the occurrence of an action, its time being exactly the same as the present, as λῦσαι (aor. inf.) to loose (at any time).

The perfect denotes completion of an action, as λελυκέμεν (perf. inf.) to have loosed (at any time).

§906. Optative

Present
         Greek       English
S. 1     λύοιμι      may I loose
Du. 1
S. 2     λύοις(θα)   may you loose
Du. 2    λύοιτον     may you two loose
S. 3     λύοι        may he loose
Du. 3    λυοίτην     may they two loose
PLURAL
         λύοιμεν     may we loose
         λύοιτε      may you loose
         λύοιεν      may they loose
The different tenses of the subjunctive, optative, imperative, and infinitive, do not of themselves represent distinctions of time. The present of these tenses denotes continuance of action, as λύειν (pres. infin.) to be loosing (at any time).

The aorist denotes simply the occurrence of an action, its time being exactly the same as the present, as λῦσαι (aor. inf.) to loose (at any time).

The perfect denotes completion of an action, as λελυκέμεν (perf. inf.) to have loosed (at any time).
may I loose: Also, I may, might, could, would, should loose, with various other meanings which must be learned from the syntax. Read the notes to 905.

Aorist
        Greek                  English
S. 1    λῡ́σαιμι                may I loose
2       λῡ́σαις(θα) (λῡ́σειας)   may you loose
3       λῡ͂σαι (λῡ́σειε)         may he loose
Du. 2   λῡ́σαιτον               may you two loose
3       λῡσαίτην               may they two loose
Pl. 1   λῡ́σαιμεν               may we loose
2       λῡ́σαιτε                may you loose.
3       λῡ́σαιεν (λῡ́σειαν)      may they loose
may I loose: Read the notes at the end of 905.

Perfect
        Greek          English
S. 1    λελύκοιμι      may I loose
2       λελύκοις(θα)   may you loose
3       λελύκοι        may he loose
Du. 2   λελύκοιτον     may you two loose
3       λελυκοίτην     may they two loose
Pl. 1   λελύκοιμεν     may we loose
2       λελύκοιτε      may you loose
3       λελύκοιεν      may they loose
Not found in Homer; see note 1, p. 283. The subjunct. and optat. perfect are very rare in Homer.

§907. IMPERATIVE

PRESENT
S. 2    λύε       loose (continue to loose)
3       λυέτω     let him loose (continue to loose)
Du. 2   λύετον    loose (you two), continue to loose
3       λυέτων    let those (two) loose (continue to loose)
Pl. 2   λύετε     loose (continue to loose)
3       λυόντων   let them loose (continue to loose)
Read the notes at the end of 905.

AORIST
S. 2    λῦσον      loose
3       λῡσάτω     let him loose
Du. 2   λῡ́σατον    loose (you two)
3       λῡσάτων    let those (two) loose.
Pl. 2   λῡ́σατε     loose
3       λῡσάντων   let them loose

§908. INFINITIVE

INFINITIVE
PRES.   λύειν (λύμεν, λύμεναι, λυέμεν, λυέμεναι)   to loose, to be loosing
FUT.    λῡ́σειν (λῡσέμεν, λῡσέμεναι)                to loose, to be about to loose, to be loosing
AOR.    λῦσαι (λῡσάμεν, λῡσάμεναι)                 to loose, to have loosed.
PERF.   λελυκέμεν, λελυκέ(με)ναι                   to loose, to have loosed.
Read the notes at the end of 905.
PERF. λελυκέμεν, λελυκέ(με)ναι: Not found in Homer; see note 3, 905.

§909. PARTICIPLE

PRES.   λύων, ουσα, ον (740)       loosing
FUT.    λῡ́σων, σουσα, σον          (being) about to loose, desiring to loose
AOR.    λῡ́σᾱς, σᾱσα, σαν (741)     having loosed
PERF.   λελυκώς, κυῖα, κός (744)   having loosed
PERF. λελυκώς, κυῖα, κός (744): Not found in Homer; see note 3, 905.

§910. INDICATIVE

Middle Voice of λύω loose.

PRESENT
S. 1    λύομαι          I loose (for) myself, I am loosed
2       λύεαι [(λύῃ)]   you loose (for) yourself, are loosed
3       λύεται          he looses (for) himself, is loosed
Du. 2   λύεσθον         you two loose (for) yourselves, are loosed
3       λύεσθον         they two loose (for) themselves, are loosed
Pl. 1   λυόμε(σ)θα      we loose (for) ourselves, are loosed
2       λύεσθε          you loose (for) yourselves, are loosed
3       λύονται         they loose (for) themselves, are loosed
I loose (for) myself, I am loosed: The most common meanings are I loose for myself, I am loosed; I was loosing for myself, I was being loosed, etc. The context must determine which of these is most suitable. When it has an active meaning, I loose, it is with the strict implication of loosing one's own, or something in which the subject has an active personal interest, hence: to ransom, redeem, deliver, etc.

IMPERFECT
S. 1    ἐλυόμην           I was loosing (for) myself, was being loosed
2       ἐλύεο [(ἐλύεν)]   you were loosing (for) yourself, were being loosed
3       ἐλύετο            he was loosing (for) himself, was being loosed
Du. 2   ἐλύεσθον          you two were loosing (for) yourselves, were being loosed
3       ἐλυέσθην          they two were loosing (for) themselves, were being loosed
Pl. 1   ἐλυόμε(σ)θα       we were loosing (for) ourselves, were being loosed
2       ἐλύεσθε           you were loosing (for) yourselves, were being loosed
3       ἐλύοντο           they were loosing (for) themselves, were being loosed
I was loosing (for) myself, was being loosed: Less common, athematic (797-798) 2d aorist forms, 863; 865, 2.

FUTURE
S. 1    λῡ́σομαι           I shall loose (for) myself, shall be loosed
2       λῡ́σεαι [(λῡ́σῃ)]   you will loose (for) yourself, will be loosed
3       λῡ́σεται           he will loose (for) himself, will be loosed
Du. 2   λῡ́σεσθον          you two will loose (for) yourselves, will be loosed
3       λῡ́σεσθον          they two will loose (for) themselves, will be loosed
Pl. 1   λῡσόμε(σ)θα       we will loose (for) ourselves, will be loosed
2       λῡ́σεσθε           you will loose (for) yourselves, will be loosed
3       λῡ́σονται          they will loose (for) themselves, will be loosed

AORIST
S. 1    ἐλῡσάμην           I loosed (for) myself, was loosed               ἐλύμην
2       ἐλῡ́σαο [(ἐλῡ́σω)]   you loosed (for) yourself, were loosed          ἔλυ(σ)ο
3       ἐλῡ́σατο            he loosed (for) himself, was loosed             ἔλυτο
Du. 2   ἐλῡ́σασθον          you two loosed (for) yourselves, were loosed    ἔλυσθον
3       ἐλῡσάσθην          they two loosed (for) themselves, were loosed   ἐλύσθην
Pl. 1   ἐλῡσάμε(σ)θα       we loosed (for) ourselves, were loosed          ἐλύμε(σ)θα
2       ἐλῡ́σασθε           you loosed (for) yourselves, were loosed        ἔλυσθε
3       ἐλῡ́σαντο           they loosed (for) themselves, were loosed       ἔλυντο

PERFECT
S. 1    λέλυμαι               I have loosed (for) myself, have been loosed
2       λέλυσαι               you have loosed (for) yourself, have been loosed
3       λέλυται               he has loosed (for) himself, has been loosed
Du. 2   λέλυσθον              you two have loosed (for) yourselves, have been loosed
3       λέλυσθον              they two have loosed (for) themselves, have been loosed
Pl. 1   λελύμε(σ)θα           we have loosed (for) ourselves, have been loosed
2       λέλυσθε               you have loosed (for) yourselves, have been loosed
3       λέλυνται (λελύαται)   they have loosed (for) themselves, have been loosed
λέλυνται (λελύαται): -αται, -ατο (= -νται, -ντο, 597-598) regularly in verbs with consonantal stems, and stems ending in ι; sometimes in stems ending in other vowels.

PLUPERFECT
S. 1    ἐλελύμην              I had loosed (for) myself, had been loosed
2       ἐλέλυσο               you had loosed (for) yourself, had been loosed
3       ἐλέλυτο               he had loosed (for) himself, had been loosed
Du. 2   ἐλέλυσθον             you two had loosed (for) yourselves, had been loosed
3       ἐλελύσθην             they two had loosed (for) themselves, had been loosed
Pl. 1   ἐλελύμε(σ)θα          we had loosed (for) ourselves, had been loosed
2       ἐλέλυσθε              you had loosed (for) yourselves, had been loosed
3       ἐλέλυντο (ἐλελύατο)   they had loosed (for) themselves, had been loosed

FUTURE PERFECT
S. 1    λελῡ́σομαι         I shall have loosed (for) myself, shall have been loosed
2       λελῡ́σεαι [(-ῃ)]   you will have loosed (for) yourself, will have been loosed
3       λελῡ́σεται         he will have loosed (for) himself, will have been loosed
Du. 2   λελῡ́σεσθον        you two will have loosed (for) yourselves, will have been loosed
3       λελῡ́σεσθον        they two will have loosed (for) themselves, will have been loosed
Pl. 1   λελῡσόμε(σ)θα     we will have loosed (for) ourselves, will have been loosed
2       λελῡ́σεσθε         you will have loosed (for) yourselves, will have been loosed
3       λελῡ́σονται        they will have loosed (for) themselves, will have been loosed

§911. SUBJUNCTIVE

PRESENT
S. 1    λύωμαι          I may loose (for) myself, may be loosed
2       λύηαι [(λύῃ)]   you may loose (for) yourself, may be loosed
3       λύηται          he may loose (for) himself, may be loosed
Du. 2   λύησθον         you two may loose (for) yourselves, may be loosed
3       λύησθον         they two may loose (for) themselves, may be loosed
Pl. 1   λυώμε(σ)θα      we may loose (for) ourselves, may be loosed
2       λύησθε          you may loose (for) yourselves, may be loosed
3       λύωνται         they may loose (for) themselves, may be loosed
I may loose (for) myself, may be loosed: Read the note at the end of 905.

AORIST
S. 1    λῡ́σωμαι           I may loose (for) myself, be loosed
2       λῡ́σηαι [(λῡ́σῃ)]   you may loose (for) yourself, be loosed
3       λῡ́σηται           he may loose (for) himself, be loosed
Du. 2   λῡ́σησθον          you may loose (for) yourselves, be loosed
3       λῡ́σησθον          they two may loose (for) themselves, be loosed
Pl. 1   λῡσώμε(σ)θα       we may loose (for) ourselves, be loosed
2       λῡ́σησθε           you may loose (for) yourselves, be loosed
3       λῡ́σωνται          they may loose (for) themselves, be loosed

PERFECT
S. 1    λελυμένος ἔω      I may loose (for) myself, may be loosed
2       λελυμένος ἔῃς     you may loose (for) yourself, may be loosed
3       λελυμένος ἔῃ      he may loose (for) himself, be loosed
Du. 2   λελυμένω ἔητον    you two may loose (for) yourselves), may be loosed
3       λελυμένω ἔητον    they two may loose (for) themselves, may be loosed
Pl. 1   λελυμένοι ἔωμεν   we may loose (for) ourselves, may be loosed
2       λελυμένοι ἔητε    you may loose (for) yourselves, may be loosed
3       λελυμένοι ἔωσι    they may loose (for) themselves, may be loosed

§912. OPTATIVE

PRESENT
S. 1    λυοίμην       may I loose (for) myself, may I be loosed
2       λύοιο         may you loose (for) yourself, may you be loosed
3       λύοιτο        may he loose (for) himself, may he be loosed
Du. 2   λύοισθον      may you two loose (for) yourselves, may you two be loosed
3       λυοίσθην      may they two loose (for) themselves, may they two be loosed
Pl. 1   λυοίμε(σ)θα   may we loose (for) ourselves, may we be loosed
2       λύοισθε       may you loose (for) yourselves, may you be loosed
3       λυοίατο       may they loose (for) themselves, may they be loosed
Read the note at the end of 905.
may I loose (for) myself, may I be loosed: Read the note on 906.

AORIST
S. 1    λῡσαίμην       may I loose (for) myself, may I be loosed
2       λῡ́σαιο         may you loose (for) yourself, may you be loosed
3       λῡ́σαιτο        may he loose (for) himself, may he be loosed
Du. 2   λῡ́σαισθον      may you two loose (for) yourselves, may you two be loosed
3       λῡσαίσθην      may they two loose (for) themselves, may they two be loosed
Pl. 1   λῡσαίμε(σ)θα   may we loose (for) ourselves, may we be loosed
2       λῡ́σαισθε       may you loose (for) yourselves, may you be loosed
3       λῡσαίατο       may they loose (for) themselves, may they be loosed

PERFECT
S. 1    λελυμένος εἴην    may I loose (for) myself, may I be loosed
2       λελυμένος εἴης    may you loose (for) yourself, may you be loosed
3       λελυμένος εἴη     may he loose (for) himself, may he be loosed
Du. 2   λελυμένω εἶτον    may you two loose (for) yourselves, may you two be loosed
3       λελυμένω εἴτην    may they two loose (for) themselves, may they two be loosed
Pl. 1   λελυμένοι εἶμεν   may we loose (for) ourselves, may we be loosed
2       λελυμένοι εἶτε    may you loose (for) yourselves, may you be loosed
3       λελυμένοι εἶεν    may they loose (for) themselves, may they be loosed
λελυμένος εἴη: Also λελῦτο (= λελυ-ῑ-το).

§913. IMPERATIVE

PRESENT
S. 2    λύεο [(λύεν)]   loose (for) yourself, be loosed
3       λυέσθω          let him loose (for) himself, let him be loosed
Du. 2   λύεσθον         loose (for) your two selves, be loosed
3       λυέσθων         let those two loose (for) themselves, let them be loosed
Pl. 2   λύεσθε          loose (for) yourselves, be loosed
3       λυέσθων         let them loose (for) themselves, let them be loosed
Read the note on 905.

AORIST
S. 2    λῦσαι      loose (for) yourself, be loosed
3       λῡσάσθω    let him loose (for) himself, let him be loosed
Du. 2   λῡ́σασθον   loose (for) your two selves, be loosed
3       λῡσάσθων   let these two loose (for) themselves, let them be loosed
Pl. 2   λῡ́σασθε    loose (for) yourselves, be loosed
3       λῡσάσθων   let them loose (for) themselves, let them be loosed

PERFECT
S. 2    λέλυσο     loose (for) yourself, be loosed
3       λελύσθω    let him loose (for) himself, let him be loosed
Du. 2   λέλυσθον   loose (for) yourselves, be loosed
3       λελύσθων   let them loose (for) themselves, let them be loosed
Pl. 2   λέλυσθε    loose (for) yourselves, be loosed
3       λελύσθων   let them loose (for) themselves, let them be loosed

§914. INFINITIVE

INFINITIVE
PRES.      λύεσθαι      to loose (for) one's self, to be loosed
FUT.       λῡ́σεσθαι     to loose (for) one's self, to be loosed, to be about to be loosed
AOR.       λῦσασθαι     to loose (for) one's self, to be loosed, to have loosed
PERF.      λέλυσθαι     to loose (for) one's self, to be loosed, to have loosed
F. PERF.   λελῡ́σεσθαι   to loose (for) one's self, to be loosed
Read the note on 905.

§915. PARTICIPLE

PRES.        λυόμενος, η, ον      loosing (for) one’s self, being loosed.
FUT.         λῡσόμενος, η, ον     being about to loose (for) one’s self, being about to be loosed, desiring to loose, . . . etc.
AOR.         λῡσάμενος, η, ον     having loosed (for) one’s self, having been loosed
PERF.        λελυμένος, η, ον     having loosed (for) one’s self, having been loosed.
FUT. PERF.   λελῡσόμενος, η, ον   being about to have loosed (for) one’s self, being about to have been loosed

§916. INDICATIVE

PASSIVE VOICE

Aorist only
Occasionally with a middle meaning.

S. 1    ἐλύθην              I was loosed
S. 2    ἐλύθης              you were loosed
S. 3    ἐλύθη               he was loosed
Du. 2   ἐλύθητον            you two were loosed
Du. 3   ἐλυθήτην            they two were loosed
Pl. 1   ἐλύθημεν            we were loosed
Pl. 2   ἐλύθητε             you were loosed
Pl. 3   ἐλύθησαν (ἔλυθεν)   they were loosed

§917. SUBJUNCTIVE
Read the note on 905.

S. 1    λυθῶ (λυθέω)         I may be loosed
S. 2    λυθῇς (λυθέῃς)       you may be loosed
S. 3    λυθῇ (λυθέῃ)         he may be loosed
Du. 2   λυθῆτον (λυθέητον)   you two may be loosed
Du. 3   λυθῆτον (λυθέητον)   they two may be loosed
Pl. 1   λυθῶμεν (λυθέωμεν)   we may be loosed
Pl. 2   λυθῆτε (λυθέητε)     you may be loosed
Pl. 3   λυθῶσι (λυθέωσι)     they may be loosed
λυθῶ (λυθέω): Read 951-952.
I may be loosed: Read the note on 906.

§918. OPTATIVE
Read the note on 905.

S. 1    λυθείην                may I be loosed
S. 2    λυθείης                may you be loosed
S. 3    λυθείη                 may he be loosed
Du. 2   λυθεῖτον (λυθείητον)   may you two be loosed
Du. 3   λυθείτην (λυθειήτην)   may they two be loosed
Pl. 1   λυθεῖμεν (λυθείημεν)   may we be loosed
Pl. 2   λυθεῖτε (λυθείητε)     may you be loosed
Pl. 3   λυθεῖεν (λυθείησαν)    may they be loosed
may I be loosed: Read the note on 906.

§919. IMPERATIVE
Read the note on 905.

S. 2    λύθητι     be loosed
S. 3    λυθήτω     let him be loosed
Du. 2   λύθητον    be loosed
Du. 3   λυθήτων    let them be loosed
Pl. 2   λύθητε     be loosed
Pl. 3   λυθέντων   let them be loosed

§920. INFINITIVE

λυθῆναι (λυθήμεναι)   to be loosed, to have been loosed

§921. PARTICIPLE

λυθείς, εἶσα, ἐν (742)   having been loosed

§789. Verbs

Verbs, as well as all other inflected (626-630) forms, consist of two principal elements:

1) the stem;
2) the ending, or suffix.

§790. Often more than one suffix is fused with a verb stem, to indicate its various relations of mode, tense, voice, person, number, etc., as λύ-ο-μεν, λύ-ε-τε (from λύ-ω loose), where the primary stem of the verb is λυ-, to which the suffixes are attached.

§791. The forms of a Greek verb fall into two main classes:

1) Finite (indicative, subjunctive, optative, and imperative).
2) Infinite (infinitive and participle).

§792. The characteristics of the finite forms are the personal endings, augment, reduplication, voice, mode, and tense signs, etc.

§793. The participle is a verbal adjective, and is used as other adjectives.

§794. The infinitive is a verbal noun, formerly used in several cases, but restricted in Greek to old case-forms of the dative and locative.

§795. Thematic and Athematic forms. With respect to form Greek verbs fall into two main classes:

1) -ω verbs, i.e. those ending in -ω in the first person singular, present active indicative, sometimes called thematic verbs (796).
2) -μι verbs, i.e. those ending in -μι in the first person singular, present active indicative, sometimes called athematic verbs (797).

§796. The thematic verbs are so named because in a majority of their forms the personal ending (819-821) is preceded by ο/ε (ο before μ or ν, or in the optative mode, otherwise ε), which is called the thematic vowel. Thus, λυο/ε (λύω) is called the theme, to which the personal endings (819-821) are attached.

§797. Athematic verbs do not have this connecting vowel, but the personal endings are attached directly to the stem of the verb.

§798. Many verbs which are regularly thematic may have athematic forms, as δέχθαι, δέκτο (δέχομαι); λύμην, λύτο (λύω); ἆλτο (ἄλλομαι), etc.

§799. In the subjunctive these thematic vowels, ο/ε, are regularly long, being ω/η respectively.

§800. In some cases the thematic vowel is short in the subjunctive, particularly in the dual and plural of the present and second aorist of -μι verbs, the first aorist and second perfect of all verbs, and the second aorist of all verbs having athematic second aorists in the indicative.

§801. Strictly speaking no Greek verb is thematic or athematic throughout; but certain of their forms are inflected thematically and others athematically.

§802. Those inflected thematically are: all futures; all presents and imperfects of -ω verbs (thematic presents); all second aorists having the thematic vowel (ending in -ον in the first person singular, active indicative, 865); all subjunctives.

§803. The athematic forms are: the presents and imperfects in all voices of -μι (athematic) verbs; all aorists passive (except the subjunctive forms); all middle and passive perfects and pluperfects; all second aorists whose tense stem does not end in the thematic vowel (796); a few verbs (as ἵστημι) in the second perfect and pluperfect, active; all first aorists, active and middle. The perfects and pluperfects active are primarily athematic in their inflection.

§804. In the thematic inflection the tense stem varies, ο/ε, as indicated above.

§805. In the athematic inflection the final vowel of the tense stem is usually long (lengthened grade) in the singular, and commonly (but not always) is short (standing in ablaut relation (593-595), weakened or disappearing grade) in the dual and plural. This is particularly true of athematic presents and imperfects, second aorists, perfects, and pluperfects active.

§806. Voices and Modes. The Greek verb has three voices: active, middle, and passive. Each voice has six modes: the indicative, subjunctive, optative, imperative, infinitive, and participial.

§807. Tense systems. The Greek verb has the following nine systems of tenses:

1) present, consisting of the present and imperfect.
2) future, consisting of the future, active and middle.
3) first aorist, consisting of the first aorist, active and middle.
4) second aorist, consisting of the second aorist, active and middle.
5) first perfect, consisting of the first perfect and pluperfect active.
6) second perfect, consisting of the second perfect and pluperfect active.
7) perfect middle, consisting of the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect middle (passive).
8) first passive, consisting of the first aorist passive.
9) second passive, consisting of the second aorist passive.

§808. Each of these systems has a stem, called the tense stem, to which are added certain endings to denote person and number.

§809. Tense Suffixes. The suffixes (630) by which the various tense stems are formed from the verb stem are as follows:

1) present: a) thematic ο/ε (ο before μ or ν, or in the optative, otherwise ε), as λύ-ο-μεν, λύ-ε-τε; b) athematic none, as φά-μεν, φά-τε.
2) future: a) σ(σ)ο/ε (same rule as the present for ο/ε; σ after long vowels or diphthongs; either σ or σσ after short vowels), as λύ-σο-μεν, καλέ-σο-μεν. b) εσο/ε in liquid and nasal stems (514-516), and σ regularly dropped (603), as βαλ-έ-ω, φαν-έ-ω; exceptions κέλ-σω, κύρ-σω, ὄρ-σω.
3) first aorist σ(σ)a (σ after long vowels or diphthongs; either σ or σσ after short vowels). b) σο/ε in a few cases. c) σ is usually lost in liquid and nasal verbs, and the preceding vowel lengthened by compensation (601), as ἔ-μειν-α, ἔ-φην-α, for ἐμενσα, ἐφανσα. Exceptions to c): ἔ-κελ-σα, ἔ-κυρ-σα, ὦρ-σα.
4) second aorist: a) thematic ο/ε, as ἐ-λίπ-ο-μεν, ἐ-λίπ-ε-τε. b) athematic none, as ἐ-βη-ν, ἐ-στη-ν, ἐ-δυ-τε, ἐ-γνω-ν.
5) first perfect κα, pluperfect κε, as βέ-βη-κα, ἐ-βε-βή-κε-α (-η).
6) second perfect a, pluperfect ε, as πέ-ποιθ-α, ἐ-πε-ποίθ-ε-α (-η), or none, as ἔ-στα-μεν, ἔ-στα-τε.
7) perfect middle none, as λέ-λυ-μαι; future perfect σ(σ)ο/ε.
8) first passive θη/ε, as ἐ-λύ-θη-μεν, ἔ-λυ-θε-ν.
9) second passive η/ε, as ἐ-δάμ-η-μεν, ἔ-δαμ-ε-ν.

§931. FIRST AORIST ACTIVE

FIRST AORIST SYSTEM OF LIQUID VERBS

φαίνω (STEM φαν-) show

        INDICATIVE   SUBJUNCTIVE   OPTATIVE            IMPERATIVE   INFINITIVE
S. 1    ἔφηνα        φήνω(μι)      φήναιμι                          φῆναι
S. 2    ἔφηνας       φήνῃς(θα)     φήναις(θα)          φῆνον
S. 3    ἔφηνε        φήνῃ(σι)      φήναι (φήνειε)      φηνάτω       PARTICIPLE
Du. 2   ἐφήνατον     φήνητον       φήναιτον            φήνατον      φήνᾱς, ᾱσα, αν
Du. 3   ἐφηνάτην     φήνητον       φηναίτην            φηνάτων
Pl. 1   ἐφήναμεν     φήνωμεν       φήναιμεν
Pl. 2   ἐφήνατε      φήνητε        φήναιτε             φήνατε
Pl. 3   ἔφηναν       φήνωσι        φήναιεν (φήνειαν)   φηνάντων

§932. FIRST AORIST MIDDLE

        INDICATIVE     SUBJUNCTIVE   OPTATIVE       IMPERATIVE   INFINITIVE
S. 1    ἐφηνάμην       φήνωμαι       φηναίμην                    φήνασθαι
S. 2    ἐφήναο         φήνηαι        φηναίο         φῆναι
S. 3    ἐφήνατο        φήνηται       φήναιτο        φηνάσθω      PARTICIPLE
Du. 2   ἐφήνασθον      φήνησθον      φήναισθον      φήνασθον     φηνάμενος, η, ον
Du. 3   ἐφηνάσθην      φήνησθον      φηναίσθην      φηνάσθων     2D AOR. PASS.
Pl. 1   ἐφηνάμε(σ)θα   φηνώμε(σ)θα   φηναίμε(σ)θα                ἐφάνην
Pl. 2   ἐφήνασθε       φήνησθε       φήναισθε       φήνασθε      ἐφάνης
Pl. 3   ἐφήναντο       φήνωνται      φηναίατο       φηνάσθων     ἐφάνη, etc.

§922. PERFECT SYSTEM OF βαίνω (βαν-, βα-), come, go, walk

        INDICATIVE          SUBJUNCTIVE   OPTATIVE     IMPERATIVE   INFINITIVE
S. 1    βέβηκα              βεβήκω        βεβήκοιμι                 βεβάμεν(αι)
S. 2    βέβηκας             βεβήκῃς(θα)   βεβήκοις     βέβαθι
S. 3    βέβηκε              βεβήκῃ(σι)    βεβήκοι      βεβάτω       PARTICIPLE
Du. 2   βέβατον             βεβήκετον     βεβήκοιτον   βέβατον      βεβαώς, υῖα,
Du. 3   βέβατον             βεβήκετον     βεβηκοίτην   βεβάτων      ός
Pl. 1   βέβαμεν             βεβήκομεν     βεβήκοιμεν
Pl. 2   βέβατε              βεβήκετε      βεβήκοιτε    βέβατε
Pl. 3   βεβάᾱσι, βεβήκᾱσι   βεβήκωσι      βεβήκοιεν    βεβάντων
SUBJUNCTIVE: Very rare; the dual and plural forms are uncertain.

PLUPERFECT
S. 1   ἐβεβήκεα (-η 585)     Du.              Pl.   ἐβέβαμεν
S. 2   ἐβεβήκεας (-ης 585)         ἐβέβατον         ἐβέβατε
S. 3   ἐβεβήκεε (-ει 585)          ἐβεβάτην         ἐβέβασαν

§930. SECOND AORIST SYSTEM OF βαίνω (βαν-, βα-) come, go, γιγνώσκω (γνω-, γνο-) know, AND OF δῡ́-ω enter, sink

INDICATIVE
S. 1    ἔβην                    ἔγνων             ἔδῡν
S. 2    ἔβης                    ἔγνως             ἔδῡς
S. 3    ἔβη                     ἔγνω              ἔδῡ
Du. 2   ἔβητον (ἔβατον)         ἔγνωτον           ἔδῡτον
Du. 3   ἐβήτην (ἐβάτην)         ἐγνώτην           ἐδύτην
Pl. 1   ἔβημεν (ἔβαμεν)         ἔγνωμεν           ἔδῡμεν
Pl. 2   ἔβητε (ἔβατε)           ἔγνωτε            ἔδῡτε
Pl. 3   ἔβησαν (ἔβασαν, ἔβαν)   ἔγνωσαν (ἔγνον)   (ἔδῡσαν) ἔδυν

SUBJUNCTIVE
S. 1   βήω etc.   γνώω (γνῶ 585), etc.   δῡ́ω etc.

OPTATIVE
S. 1   βαίην etc.   γνοίην etc.   δῡ́ην ( = δυίην) etc.

IMPERATIVE
S. 2   βῆθι etc.   γνῶθι etc.   δῦθι etc.

INFINITIVES AND PARTICIPLES
βάς, βᾶσα, βάν    γνούς, γνοῦσα, γνόν   δῡ́ς, δῦσα, δύν
βῆναι (βήμεναι)   γνῶναι (γνώμεναι)     δῦναι (δῦμεναι)

§810. Principal Parts. The principal parts of a verb are the first person singular of each tense system found in it.

§811. No verb has all the tense systems entire. Most verbs have no more than six: the present, future, first aorist, first (or second) perfect active, perfect middle (passive), and the first or second aorist passive. If the verb does not have a future active, the future middle (passive) is given. If the verb has a second aorist, it is added.

§812. Of deponent verbs (897) the principal parts are: the present, future, perfect, and aorist. This includes both first and second aorists, middle and passive, if they occur.

§813. Mode Suffix. Observe that the optative has also the mode suffix ῐ/ιη, which contracts with the final vowel of the tense stem, as λύοιμι for λυ-ο-ῑ-μι, ἱσταίην for ἱ̆-στα-ιη-ν.

§814. Tenses. Of the tenses, seven are found in the indicative mode: the present, imperfect, aorist, future, perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect.

§815. The other modes have the present, aorist, and perfect tenses; the infinitive and participle have in addition the future tense.

§816. The tenses of the indicative are distinguished as:

1) principal (primary) tenses: the present, future, perfect, and future perfect.
2) past (secondary) tenses: imperfect, aorist, and pluperfect (historical tenses).

§817. The passive has a distinct form only in the aorist; in the other tenses the middle form has both the middle and passive meaning.
Two second future forms (δαήσεαι, μιγήσεσθαι) are found.

§818. Number and Person. There are three numbers (singular, dual, plural) of the Greek verb, as in nouns, and three persons (first, second, third).

§925. PERFECT MIDDLE SYSTEM OF LABIAL VERBS: τρέπω (τρεπ-, τραπ-) turn, OF PALATAL VERBS: τεύχω (τευχ-, τυχ-, τυκ-) fashion, make, AND OF DENTAL VERBS: πεύθομαι (πευθ-, πυθ-) learn

INDICATIVE
S. 1    τέτραμμαι (τετραπμαι)                   τέτυγμαι (τετυχμαι)                   πέπυσμαι (πεπυθμαι)
S. 2    τέτραψαι (τετραπσαι)                    τέτυξαι (τετυχσαι)                    πέπυσαι (πεπυθσαι)
S. 3    τέτραπται (τετραπται)                   τέτυκται (τετυχται)                   πέπυσται (πεπυθται)
Du. 2   τέτραφθον (τετραπσθον)                  τέτυχθον (τετυχσθον)                  πέπυσθον (πεπυθσθον)
Du. 3   τέτραφθον (τετραπσθον)                  τέτυχθον (τετυχσθον)                  πέπυσθον (πεπυθσθον)
Pl. 1   τετράμμε(σ)θα (τετραπμε(σ)θα)           τετύγμε(σ)θα (τετυχμε(σ)θα)           πεπύσμε(σ)θα (πεπυθμε(σ)θα)
Pl. 2   τέτραφθε (τετραπσθε)                    τέτυχθε (τετυχσθε)                    πέπυσθε (πεπυθσθε)
Pl. 3   τετράφαται (τετραπνται), (τετεύχαται)   τετύχαται (τετυχνται), (τετεύχαται)   πεπύθαται (πεπυθνται)

PLUPERFECT INDICATIVE, SINGULAR
1   ἐτετράμμην (ἐτετραπμην)   ἐτετύγμην (ἐτετυχμην)   ἐπεπύσμην (ἐπεπυθμην)
2   ἐτέτραψο (ἐτετραπσο)      ἐτέτυξο (ἐτετυχσο)      ἐπέπυσο (ἐπεπυθσο)
3   ἐτέτραπτο (ἐτετραπτο)     ἐτέτυκτο (ἐτετυχτο)     ἐπέπυστο (ἐπεπυθτο)

PLUPERFECT INDICATIVE, DUAL
2   ἐτέτραφθον (ἐτετραπσθον)   ἐτέτυχθον (ἐτετυχσθον)   ἐπέπυσθον (ἐπεπυθσθον)
3   ἐτετράφθην (ἐτετραπσθην)   ἐτετύχθην (ἐτετυχσθην)   ἐπεπύσθην (ἐπεπυθσθην)

PLUPERFECT INDICATIVE, PLURAL
1   ἐτετράμμε(σ)θα (ἐτετραπμε(σ)θα)         ἐτετύγμε(σ)θα (ἐτετυχμε(σ)θα)         ἐπεπύσμε(σ)θα (ἐπεπυθμε(σ)θα)
2   ἐτέτραφθε (ἐτετραπσθε)                  ἐτέτυχθε (ἐτετυχσθε)                  ἐπέπυσθε (ἐπεπυθσθε)
3   ἐτετράφατο (ἐτετραπντο), (ἐτετεύχατο)   ἐτετύχατο (ἐτετυχντο), (ἐτετεύχατο)   ἐπεπύθατο (ἐπεπυθντο)

PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE
1   τετραμμένος ἔω (τετραπμενος), etc.   τετυγμένος ἔω (τετυχμενος), etc.   πεπυσμένος ἔω (πεπυθμενος), etc.

PERFECT OPTATIVE
1   τετραμμένος εἴην, etc.   τετυγμένος εἴην, etc.   πεπυσμένος εἴην, etc.

PERFECT IMPERATIVE, SINGULAR
2   τέτραψο (τετραπσο)     τέτυξο (τετυχσο)     πέπυσο (πεπυθσο)
3   τετράφθω (τετραπσθω)   τετύχθω (τετυχσθω)   πεπύσθω (πεπυθσθω)

PERFECT IMPERATIVE, DUAL
2   τέτραφθον (τετραπσθον)   τέτυχθον (τετυχσθον)   πέπυσθον (πεπυθσθον)
3   τετράφθων (τετραπσθων)   τετύχθων (τετυχσθων)   πεπύσθων (πεπυθσθων)

PERFECT IMPERATIVE, PLURAL
2   τέτραφθε (τετραπσθε)     τέτυχθε (τετυχσθε)     πέπυσθε (πεπυθσθε)
3   τετράφθων (τετραπσθων)   τετύχθων (τετυχσθων)   πεπύσθων (πεπυθσθων)

PERFECT INFINITIVE AND PARTICIPLE
τετράφθαι (τετραπσθαι)             τετύχθαι (τετυχσθαι)             πεπύσθαι (πεπυθσθαι)
τετραμμένος, η, ον (τετραπμενος)   τετυγμένος, η, ον (τετυχμενος)   πεπυσμένος, η, ον (πεπυθμενος)

§926. For the change in the vowel of the stem between the singular and the dual and plural of the perfect active, see 882.

§927. For the euphonic changes found in the perfect middle, by means of which the regular forms are derived from the forms in parentheses, see 608 ff.

§928. -νται, -ντο (-γται, -γτο) of the third plural middle and passive become -αται, -ατο after a consonant, of course (597-598).

§929. π-mutes and κ-mutes (510) are aspirated (619) before the endings -αται, -ατο of the third plural, π and β becoming φ, and κ and γ becoming χ.

§819. Endings. Certain suffixes, called personal endings, are attached to the tense stems of the various finite (791) modes, and other endings are attached to the infinitives and participles, to make the complete verbal forms.

§820. Some of these personal endings have undergone considerable changes.

§821. In their earlier form they were as follows:

Personal Endings, Active, Singular
    Indicative primary tenses, and Subjunctive   Indicative secondary tenses, and Optative
1   -μι, -ω                                      -ν, -ν̥ = -α
2   -σι, -ς, -(σ)θα                              -ς, -σθα
3   -τι = -σι                                    -(τ)

Personal Endings, Active, Dual
    Indicative primary tenses, and Subjunctive   Indicative secondary tenses, and Optative
1   ,                                            ,
2   -τον                                         -τον
3   -τον                                         -την

Personal Endings, Active, Plural
    Indicative primary tenses, and Subjunctive   Indicative secondary tenses, and Optative
1   -μεν                                         -μεν
2   -τε                                          -τε
3   -ντι = -νσι                                  -ν(τ), -σαν

Personal Endings, Middle, Singular
    Indicative primary tenses, and Subjunctive   Indicative secondary tenses, and Optative
1   -μαι                                         -μην
2   -σαι                                         -σο
3   -ται                                         -το

Personal Endings, Middle, Dual
    Indicative primary tenses, and Subjunctive   Indicative secondary tenses, and Optative
1   -μεθον                                       [-μεθον]
2   -σθον                                        -σθον
3   -σθον                                        -σθην

Personal Endings, Middle, Plural
    Indicative primary tenses, and Subjunctive   Indicative secondary tenses, and Optative
1   -μεθα (-μεσθα)                               -μεθα (-μεσθα)
2   -σθε                                         -σθε
3   -νται (-αται = -ν̥ται, 597–598)               -ντο (-ατο = -ν̥το, 597–598)

Imperative Endings, Singular
    Active        Middle
2   , , -θι, -ς   -σο
3   -τω           -σθω

Imperative Endings, Dual
    Active   Middle
2   -τον     -σθον
3   -των     -σθων

Imperative Endings, Plural
    Active   Middle
2   -τε      -σθε
3   -ντων    -σθων

§822. Observe that the subjunctive has the same endings throughout as the primary tenses of the indicative, while the optative (except at times in the first singular, when it ends in -μι), has the same endings as the secondary tenses of the indicative.

§823. The first and second aorists passive have the same endings as the secondary tenses of the active voice.

§824. PRIMARY ENDINGS OF THE ACTIVE VOICE (INDICATIVE AND SUBJUNCTIVE)

1 sing.: -μι is found in the present indicative of all -μι verbs, and in a few subjunctives of -ω verbs. -ω is found in the present indicative of all -ω verbs, in all futures, and in the subjunctive. In the perfect indicative there is no personal ending, -α taking the place of the thematic vowel.
2 sing.: -σι is found only in ἐσσί you are; elsewhere -ς has taken its place. -θα (-σθα) is used at times in the perfect, imperfect and pluperfect of the indicative, and occasionally in the subjunctive and optative.
3 sing.: -τι is found only in ἐστί he is. It becomes -σι in the other -μι verbs, and -σι is occasionally found in the subjunctive of -ω verbs. -ω verbs have another ending, -ει, of which the origin is uncertain. The perfect, -ε, has no personal ending.
3 plur.: -ντι regularly becomes -νσι, and ν is then lost, with lengthening of the preceding vowel (613). Many -μι verbs seem to have ended in -αντι, which first became -ανσι, and then -ᾱσι (612). The perfect of consonant stems ended in -ντι (-νσι) which became -ν̥τι (-ν̥σι) and then -ᾱσι (597–8). Generally -ασι in both present and perfect has been replaced by -ᾱσι.

§825. SECONDARY ENDINGS OF THE ACTIVE (INDICATIVE AND OPTATIVE)

1 sing.: -ν after vowels remained unchanged; after consonants it became -ν̥, and then -α (597–8). Pluperfect -εα is usually contracted to -η. The optative has -ν when the mode suffix is -ιη- (813); otherwise it has -μι.
3 sing.: -τ is always dropped (605); ἔλυε from ἔλυετ; cf. amat; ἔλῡσε has no personal ending; it takes its -ε from the perfect.
2 dual: -την sometimes occurs instead of -τον.
3 dual: -τον sometimes occurs instead of -την.
3 plur.: -ν is for an earlier -ντ, τ being lost (605), the vowel before it being regularly short. -σαν, from the first aorist ending, is used in the imperfect, and often in the second aorist of -μι verbs, at times in the aorist passive, in the pluperfect active, and in the optative when it has the mode suffix -ιη-.

§826. MIDDLE ENDINGS, PRIMARY AND SECONDARY (INDICATIVE, SUBJUNCTIVE, AND OPTATIVE)

2 sing.: -σαι drops its σ between vowels (603), except in the perfect, and in the present indicative of -μι verbs.
2 sing. (secondary): -σο regularly drops its σ between vowels (603), except in the pluperfect, and in the imperfect of -μι verbs. In a few cases σ is dropped in the pluperfect.
Dual: the first dual -μεθον is rare; -σθον occurs once instead of -σθην.
3 plur.: -νται, -ντο regularly become -αται, -ατο (-ν̥ται, -ν̥το) in the perfect and pluperfect of verbs with consonant stems, stems ending in -ι, occasionally in vowel stems, and always in the optative. Elsewhere occasionally -νται, -ντο become -αται, -ατο (597–8).

§827. ENDINGS OF THE IMPERATIVE

2 sing. active: -ε of the second sing. is the thematic vowel, and forms like λύε, ἄειδε have no personal ending. -θι is common, with both an active and passive meaning. In the first aorist passive -θι becomes -τι after -θη- of the passive stem (619). -ς occurs in a few cases. The endings of the aorist, -σον (active) and -σαι (middle) are obscure.
2 sing. middle: -σο loses its σ between vowels (603), except in the perfect of all verbs and the pres. of -μι verbs.

§828. ENDINGS OF THE INFINITIVES, PARTICIPLES, AND VERBAL ADJECTIVES

Infinitives have the following endings:

1) dative (794): -αι (-ναι, -μεναι, -εναι, -σαι active; and -σθαι, -θαι middle and passive).
2) locative (794): -εν, -μεν (following the thematic vowel ε, ε-εν regularly contracts to -ειν, 584–5).

§829. Participles have the following endings added to the tense stem:

1) -ντ- for all active tenses, except the perfect (usually), and the first and second aorists passive.
2) -οτ- (-ϝοτ-), occasionally -οντ- in the perfect active.
3) -μενο- (feminine -μενᾱ-) in the middle; and in the passive, except the aorist passive.

NOTE. Verbal adjectives end in -τός, and are usually equivalent to passive (sometimes active) participles in meaning, or else denote possibility, as γνωτός [γιγνώσκω] known, ποιητός [ποιέω] made, τυκτός [τεύχω] made. They are formed by adding the ending τός to the verb stem, usually as it appears in the first or second aorist passive.

§830. Augment. Greek verbs prefix an augment (increase) at the beginning of the secondary (816) tenses of the indicative, to denote past time.

§831. This augment is of two kinds:

1) syllabic augment, which prefixes ἐ- to verbs beginning with a consonant, as λύω I loose, imperfect ἔλυον I was loosing.
2) temporal augment, which lengthens the first syllable of words beginning with a vowel or a diphthong, as ἀκούω I hear, ἤκουον I was hearing.

§832. When augmented α, ε regularly become η; ι, ο, υ become ῑ, ω, ῡ respectively; αι and ᾳ become η; while οι becomes ῳ.

§833. Of course η, ῃ, ῑ, ῡ, ω, and ῳ do not undergo any change when augmented.

§834. Verbs beginning with ρ regularly double it after the augment. Those beginning with λ, μ, ν, or σ sometimes double the initial consonant after the augment.

§835. Verbs beginning with a vowel formerly preceded by a lost consonant (usually ϝ, or σ), may take the syllabic instead of the temporal augment, as ἐάνδανον, imperfect of ἀνδάνω (σϝανδανω) please.

§836. When initial σ has thus been lost, the augment always contracts with the first vowel of the stem, according to the rules (584-5); when initial ϝ has been lost, contraction may or may not take place. Thus ἔχω (σεχω), imperfect εἶχον (ἐσεχον, ἔεχον); ἕπομαι (σεπομαι), imperfect εἰπόμην (ἐσεπομην, ἔεπομην); εἶδον (ἐϝιδον), second aorist of ὁράω (ϝοραω); ἄγνῡμι (ϝαγνῡμι, aorist ἔαξα (ἐϝαξα).

§837. The augment, both syllabic and temporal, is often omitted.

§838. Compound Verbs. Some prepositions (originally adverbs) are prefixed to verbs, the whole forming a compound. If the preposition ends with a vowel and the verb begins with one, the vowel of the preposition is usually elided (575), as διίστημι (διά-ἵστημι), ἀφαιρέω (ἀπό-αἱρέω (582)).

§839. The augment of compound verbs comes between the preposition and the verb. If two vowels are thus brought together, the first is usually elided, as ἀπολύω loose, free; imperfect ἀπέλυον (ἀπό-ἔλυον); aorist ἀπέλῡσα (ἀπό-ἔλῡσα).

§840. Imperfect. The imperfect (a secondary tense (816)) is formed by adding the secondary endings (821) to the augmented stem of the present, as λύω I loose, imperfect ἔλυον I was loosing; τίθημι I place, imperfect ἐτίθην.

§841. First Aorist. The first aorist of vowel and mute verbs (849) (a secondary tense, 816) is regularly formed by adding -σ(σ)α to the augmented verb stem, followed by the personal endings of the secondary tenses. If the verb stem ends in a long vowel or a consonant only one σ is ever added; if it ends in a short vowel, either one or two sigmas may be used.

§842. “Mixed” Aorists. A few aorists (sometimes called “mixed aorists”) are formed by adding -σο/ε, followed by the personal endings of the secondary tenses, to the augmented verb stem.

§843. ἵημι throw, send; δίδωμι give, grant; and τίθημι put, place, have -κα in the aorist instead of -σα.

§844. Future. The future (a primary tense) of vowel and mute verbs (849) is regularly formed by adding the tense suffix -σ(σ)ο/ε to the verb stem, followed by the personal endings of the primary tenses.

§845. If the verb stem ends in a long vowel, the stem is not affected by the addition of -σο/ε and -σα in the formation of the future and aorist.

§846. If the verb stem ends in a short vowel, all tenses except the present and imperfect regularly lengthen this, α and ε becoming η; ο becoming ω; as ποιέω, ποιήσω, ἐποίησα; χολόω, χολώσω, ἐχόλωσα. Exception: ἐάω gives ἐάσω, εἴᾱσα.

§847. Some verbs do not lengthen the short vowel according to the rule in 846.

§848. These, and a few others, usually have σ before the personal ending of the perfect middle and the aorist passive.

§849. Classes of Verbs. Verbs are called vowel verbs, liquid verbs, nasal verbs, and mute verbs, according as their stem ends in a vowel, a liquid, a nasal, or a mute (509-516).

§850. Mute Verbs. If the verb stem ends in a mute, the following euphonic changes take place:

1) a labial mute (π, β, φ) unites with the sigma following and forms ψ, as πέμπω, πέμψω (πεμπσω), ἔπεμψα (ἐπεμπσα) send, escort: ἀμείβω, ἀμείψω, ἤμειψα (ἀμειβσω, ἠμειβσα) (ex)change;
2) a palatal mute (κ, γ, χ) unites with the sigma following and forms ξ, as ἀρήγω, ἀρήξω (ἀρηγσω), ἤρηξα (ἠρηγσα) help, assist; τεύχω, τεύξω (τευχσω), ἔτευξα (ἐτευχσα) make, fashion, cause.
3) a lingual mute (τ, δ, θ) before the σ is assimilated (610, 4), as πείθω, πείσω, ἔπεισα persuade; ἀείδω, ἀείσω, ἤεισα sing.

§851. Liquid and Nasal Verbs. If a verb stem ends in a liquid (λ, ρ) or a nasal (μ, ν), the future is regularly formed by adding -εσο/ε, with the loss of σ between vowels (603), to the verb stem, to which are attached the primary personal endings, as βάλλω, βαλέω (from βαλεσω) throw, shoot.

§852. In a few cases the first ε is omitted, and σ is retained in verbs of this kind, as ὄρνῡμι, ὄρσω arouse, stir up.

§853. A few verbs in addition to those with liquid and nasal stems have lost σ in the future, as καλέω, καλέω call, summon. In general these verbs have a liquid or nasal before the final vowel of the stem, and imitate the forms of the futures of liquid and nasal verbs.

§854. Those formations in which σ is dropped after α or ε are sometimes called “Attic futures.”

§855. A few verbs have active forms in the present, but middle forms in the future, as ἀκούω, ἀκούσομαι hear.

§856. Verbs with liquid and nasal stems regularly form their aorists by dropping the σ and lengthening the stem vowel by compensation (601), α becoming η, ε becoming ει, ι becoming ῑ, and υ becoming ῡ, as φαίνω (φαν-), φανέω (φανεσω), ἔφηνα (ἐφανσα) show; μένω, μενέω (μενεσω), ἔμεινα (ἐμενσα) remain, await.

§857. In some cases the σ is retained in formations of this kind, as ὄρνῡμι, ὦρσα stir up, arouse; κέλλω, ἔκελσα land; κύρω, κύρσω meet.

§858. The present of most liquid and nasal verbs regularly lengthens the last syllable of the stem by compensation (601) as the original form of the stem of these verbs ended in consonantal ι (600).

§859. Presents in -λλω are from an earlier form in -λι̯ω. Thus ἀγγέλλω, βάλλω, στέλλω, τέλλω, etc., were originally ἀγγελι̯ω, βαλι̯ω, στελι̯ω, τελι̯ω, etc. In these cases the last syllable of the stem is lengthened by doubling the final λ.

§935. Second Aorist Passive System of τρέφω (τρεφ-, τροφ-, τραφ-, for θρεφ-, etc. 619) nourish
        Indicative            Subjunctive   Optative                 Imperative
S. 1    ἐτράφην               τραφῶ         τραφείην
2       ἐτράφης               τραφῇς        τραφείης                 τράφητι
3       ἐτράφη                τραφῇ         τραφείη                  τραφήτω
Du. 2   ἐτράφητον             τραφῆτον      τραφεῖτον (τραφείητον)   τράφητον
3       ἐτραφήτην             τραφῆτον      τραφείτην (τραφειήτην)   τραφήτων
Pl. 1   ἐτράφημεν             τραφῶμεν      τραφεῖμεν (τραφείημεν)
2       ἐτράφητε              τραφῆτε       τραφεῖτε (τραφείητε)     τράφητε
3       ἐτράφησαν (ἔτραφεν)   τραφῶσι       τραφεῖεν (τραφείησαν)    τραφέντων

Second Aorist Passive of τρέφω, Infinitive and Participle
Infinitive   τραφῆναι (τραφήμεναι)
Participle   τραφείς, εἶσα, έν

§949. INDICATIVE

REGULAR VERBS IN -μι

ἵστημι (στη-, στα-), (make) stand; τίθημι (θη-, θε), put; ἵημι (ἡ-, ἑ) send; δίδωμι (δω-, δο-), give, grant

Active Voice

PRESENT
S. 1    ἵστημι    τίθημι             ἵημι        δίδωμι
2       ἵστης     τίθης(θα)          ἵης, ἱεῖς   διδοῖς(θα)
3       ἵστησι    τίθησι, τιθεῖ      ἵησι, ἱεῖ   δίδωσι (διδοῖ)
Du. 2   ἵστατον   τίθετον            ἵετον       δίδοτον
3       ἵστατον   τίθετον            ἵετον       δίδοτον
Pl. 1   ἵσταμεν   τίθεμεν            ἵεμεν       δίδομεν
2       ἵστατε    τίθετε             ἵετε        δίδοτε
3       ἱστᾶσι    τιθεῖσι (θέουσι)   ἱεῖσι       διδοῦσι

IMPERFECT
S. 1    ἵστην     ἐτίθην     ἵειν         ἐδίδουν
2       ἵστης     ἐτίθεις    ἵεις         ἐδίδους
3       ἵστη      ἐτίθει     ἵει          ἐδίδου
Du. 2   ἵστατον   ἐτίθετον   ἵετον        ἐδίδοτον
3       ἱστάτην   ἐτιθέτην   ἱέτην        ἐδιδότην
Pl. 1   ἵσταμεν   ἐτίθεμεν   ἵεμεν        ἐδίδομεν
2       ἵστατε    ἐτίθετε    ἵετε         ἐδίδοτε
3       ἵστασαν   ἐτίθεσαν   ἵεσαν, ἵεν   ἐδίδοσαν

FUTURE
S. 1    στήσω      θήσω      ἥσω           δώσω
2       στήσεις    θήσεις    ἥσεις         δώσεις
3       στήσει     θήσει     ἥσει (ἔσει)   δώσει
Du. 2   στήσετον   θήσετον   ἥσετον        δώσετον
3       στήσετον   θήσετον   ἥσετον        δώσετον
Pl. 1   στήσομεν   θήσομεν   ἥσομεν        δώσομεν
2       στήσετε    θήσετε    ἥσετε         δώσετε
3       στήσουσι   θήσουσι   ἥσουσι        δώσουσι

FIRST AORIST
S. 1    ἔστησα              ἔθηκα       ἧκα        ἔδωκα
2       ἔστησας             ἔθηκας      ἧκας       ἔδωκας
3       ἔστησε              ἔθηκε       ἧκε        ἔδωκε
Du. 2   ἐστήσατον           *ἐθήκατον   *ἐήκατον   *ἐδώκατον
3       ἐστησάτην           *ἐθηκάτην   *ἐηκάτην   *ἐδωκάτην
Pl. 1   ἐστήσαμεν           *ἐθήκαμεν   *ἐήκαμεν   *ἐδώκαμεν
2       ἐστήσατε            *ἐθήκατε    *ἐήκατε    *ἐδώκατε
3       ἔστησαν (ἔστασαν)   ἔθηκαν      *ἐήκαν     ἔδωκαν

SECOND AORIST
S. 1    ἔστην
2       ἔστης
3       ἔστη
Du. 2   ἔστητον           ἔθετον   εἷτον   ἔδοτον
3       ἐστήτην           ἐθέτην   εἵτην   ἐδότην
Pl. 1   ἔστημεν           ἔθεμεν   εἷμεν   ἔδομεν
2       ἔστητε            ἔθετε    εἷτε    ἔδοτε
3       ἔστησαν (ἔσταν)   ἔθεσαν   εἷσαν   ἔδοσαν

§950. SUBJUNCTIVE

PRESENT
S. 1    ἱστῶ(μι)    τιθῶ(μι)    ἱῶ(μι)    διδῶ(μι)
2       ἱστῇς(θα)   τιθῇς(θα)   ἱῇς(θα)   διδῷς(θα)
3       ἱστῇ(σι)    τιθῇ(σι)    ἱῇ(σι)    διδῷ(σι)
Du. 2   ἱστῆτον     τιθῆτον     ἱῆτον     διδῶτον
3       ἱστῆτον     τιθῆτον     ἱῆτον     διδῶτον
Pl. 1   ἱστῶμεν     τιθῶμεν     ἱῶμεν     διδῶμεν
2       ἱστῆτε      τιθῆτε      ἱῆτε      διδῶτε
3       ἱστῶσι      τιθῶσι      ἱῶσι      διδῶσι

SECOND AORIST
S. 1    στῶ(μι)    θῶ(μι)    ὧ(μι)    δῶ(μι)
2       στῇς(θα)   θῇς(θα)   ᾗς(θα)   δῷς(θα)
3       στῇ(σι)    θῇ(σι)    ᾗ(σι)    δῷ(σι)
Du. 2   στῆτον     θῆτον     ᾗτον     δῶτον
3       στῆτον     θῆτον     ᾗτον     δῶτον
Pl. 1   στῶμεν     θῶμεν     ὧμεν     δῶμεν
2       στῆτε      θῆτε      ἧτε      δῶτε
3       στῶσι      θῶσι      ὧσι      δῶσι

§951. The second aorist subjunctive of -μι verbs (949 ff.) seems to have had a double form of inflection:

1) With a short thematic (796) vowel, as θήω, θήεις, θήει, θήετον, θηέτην, θήομεν, θήετε, θήουσι (τίθημι put, place).
2) With a long thematic (796) vowel, as θήω, θήῃς, θήῃ, θήητον, θήητον, θήωμεν, θήητε, θήωσι.

The vowel of the stem is then shortened (572), producing,

3) θέω, θέῃς, θέῃ, θέητον, θέητον, θέωμεν, θέητε, θέωσι.

This form then undergoes contraction (584–585), giving,

4) θῶ, θῇς, θῇ, θῆτον, θῆτον, θῶμεν, θῆτε, θῶσι.

§952. The subjunctives of athematic (797; 865, 2) second aorists and the subjunctives passive of both first and second aorists are similarly formed. Thus, λυθῶ, λυθῇς, λυθῇ, etc., contracted from λυθέω, λυθέῃς, λυθέῃ, etc.; τραφῶ, τραφῇς, τραφῇ, etc., contracted from τραφέω, τραφέῃς, τραφέῃ, etc.

§953. OPTATIVE

PRESENT
S. 1    ἱσταίην    τιθείην    ἱείην    διδοίην
2       ἱσταίης    τιθείης    ἱείης    διδοίης
3       ἱσταίη     τιθείη     ἱείη     διδοίη
Du. 2   ἱσταῖτον   τιθεῖτον   ἱεῖτον   διδοῖτον
3       ἱσταίτην   τιθείτην   ἱείτην   διδοίτην
Pl. 1   ἱσταῖμεν   τιθεῖμεν   ἱεῖμεν   διδοῖμεν
2       ἱσταῖτε    τιθεῖτε    ἱεῖτε    διδοῖτε
3       ἱσταῖεν    τιθεῖεν    ἱεῖεν    διδοῖεν

SECOND AORIST
S. 1    σταίην             θείην    εἵην    δοίην
2       σταίης             θείης    εἵης    δοίης
3       σταίη              θείη     εἵη     δοίη
Du. 2   σταῖτον            θεῖτον   εἷτον   δοῖτον
3       σταίτην            θείτην   εἵτην   δοίτην
Pl. 1   σταῖμεν            θεῖμεν   εἷμεν   δοῖμεν
2       σταῖτε             θεῖτε    εἷτε    δοῖτε
3       σταῖεν, σταίησαν   θεῖεν    εἷεν    δοῖεν

§954. IMPERATIVE

PRESENT
S. 2    ἵστη (-ᾱ)   τίθει (=-εε)   ἵει (=ἵεε)   δίδου (δίδωθι)
3       ἱστάτω      τιθέτω         ἱέτω         διδότω
Du. 2   ἵστατον     τίθετον        ἵετον        δίδοτον
3       ἱστάτων     τιθέτων        ἱέτων        διδότων
Pl. 2   ἵστατε      τίθετε         ἵετε         δίδοτε
3       ἱστάντων    τιθέντων       ἱέντων       διδόντων

SECOND AORIST
S. 2    στῆθι     θές      ἕς      δός
3       στήτω     θέτω     ἕτω     δότω
Du. 2   στῆτον    θέτον    ἕτον    δότον
3       στήτων    θέτων    ἕτων    δότων
Pl. 2   στῆτε     θέτε     ἕτε     δότε
3       στάντων   θέντων   ἕντων   δόντων

§955. INFINITIVE

PRESENT
   ἱστάμεν(αι)   τιθήμεν(αι)   ἱέμεν(αι)   διδόμεν(αι) (διδοῦναι)

SECOND AORIST
   στήναι (στήμεναι)   θεῖναι (θέμεν[αι])   εἷναι (ἕμεν[αι])   δοῦναι (δόμεν[αι])

§956. PARTICIPLE

PRES.    ἱστά̄ς, ἱστᾶσα, ἱστάν   τιθείς, εἶσα, ἔν   ἱείς, εἷσα, ἕν   διδούς, οὖσα, όν
2 AOR.   στά̄ς, στᾶσα, στάν      θείς, θεῖσα, θέν   εἷς, εἷσα, ἕν    δούς, δοῦσα, δόν

NOTE 1. For the second perfect system of ἵστημι, see 924.

NOTE 2. δίδωμι may have (very rarely) διδώσω instead of δώσω in the future.

§957. INDICATIVE

Middle Voice

PRESENT
S. 1    ἵσταμαι       τίθεμαι       ἵεμαι       δίδομαι
2       ἵστασαι       τίθεσαι       ἵεσαι       δίδοσαι
3       ἵσταται       τίθεται       ἵεται       δίδοται
Du. 2   ἵστασθον      τίθεσθον      ἵεσθον      δίδοσθον
3       ἵστασθον      τίθεσθον      ἵεσθον      δίδοσθον
Pl. 1   ἱστάμε(σ)θα   τιθέμε(σ)θα   ἱέμε(σ)θα   διδόμε(σ)θα
2       ἵστασθε       τίθεσθε       ἵεσθε       δίδοσθε
3       ἵστανται      τίθενται      ἵενται      δίδονται

IMPERFECT
S. 1    ἱστάμην       ἐτιθέμην       ἱέμην       ἐδιδόμην
2       ἵστασο        ἐτίθεσο        ἵεσο        ἐδίδοσο
3       ἵστατο        ἐτίθετο        ἵετο        ἐδίδοτο
Du. 2   ἵστασθον      ἐτίθεσθον      ἵεσθον      ἐδίδοσθον
3       ἱστάσθην      ἐτιθέσθην      ἱέσθην      ἐδιδόσθην
Pl. 1   ἱστάμε(σ)θα   ἐτιθέμε(σ)θα   ἱέμε(σ)θα   ἐδιδόμε(σ)θα
2       ἵστασθε       ἐτίθεσθε       ἵεσθε       ἐδίδοσθε
3       ἵσταντο       ἐτίθεντο       ἵεντο       ἐδίδοντο

FUTURE
S. 1    στήσομαι       θήσομαι       ἥσομαι       δώσομαι
2       στήσεαι        θήσεαι        ἥσεαι        δώσεαι
3       στήσεται       θήσεται       ἥσεται       δώσεται
Du. 2   στήσεσθον      θήσεσθον      ἥσεσθον      δώσεσθον
3       στήσεσθον      θήσεσθον      ἥσεσθον      δώσεσθον
Pl. 1   στησόμε(σ)θα   θησόμε(σ)θα   ἡσόμε(σ)θα   δωσόμε(σ)θα
2       στήσεσθε       θήσεσθε       ἥσεσθε       δώσεσθε
3       στήσονται      θήσονται      ἥσονται      δώσονται

FIRST AORIST
S. 1    ἐστησάμην
2       ἐστήσαο
3       ἐστήσατο        ἐθήκατο
Du. 2   ἐστησάσθον
3       ἐστησάσθην
Pl. 1   ἐστησάμε(σ)θα
2       ἐστήσασθε
3       ἐστήσαντο

SECOND AORIST
S. 1       ἐθέμην       εἵμην       ἐδόμην
2          ἔθεο         εἷο         ἔδοο (ου)
3          ἔθετο        εἷτο        ἔδοτο
Du. 2      ἔθεσθον      εἷσθον      ἔδοσθον
3          ἐθέσθην      εἵσθην      ἐδόσθην
Pl. 1      ἐθέμε(σ)θα   εἵμε(σ)θα   ἐδόμε(σ)θα
2          ἔθεσθε       εἷσθε       ἔδοσθε
3          ἔθεντο       εἷντο       ἔδοντο

§958. SUBJUNCTIVE

PRESENT
S. 1    ἱστῶμαι       τιθῶμαι       ἱῶμαι       διδῶμαι
2       ἱστῆαι        τιθῆαι        ἱῆαι        διδῷαι
3       ἱστῆται       τιθῆται       ἱῆται       διδῶται
Du. 2   ἱστῆσθον      τιθῆσθον      ἱῆσθον      διδῶσθον
3       ἱστῆσθον      τιθῆσθον      ἱῆσθον      διδῶσθον
Pl. 1   ἱστώμε(σ)θα   τιθώμε(σ)θα   ἱώμε(σ)θα   διδώμε(σ)θα
2       ἱστῆσθε       τιθῆσθε       ἱῆσθε       διδῶσθε
3       ἱστῶνται      τιθῶνται      ἱῶνται      διδῶνται

SECOND AORIST
S. 1       θῶμαι       ὧμαι       δῶμαι
2          θῆαι        ἧαι        δῷαι
3          θῆται       ἧται       δῶται
Du. 2      θῆσθον      ἧσθον      δῶσθον
3          θῆσθον      ἧσθον      δῶσθον
Pl. 1      θώμε(σ)θα   ὡμε(σ)θα   δώμε(σ)θα
2          θῆσθε       ἧσθε       δῶσθε
3          θῶνται      ὧνται      δῶνται

§959. OPTATIVE

PRESENT
S. 1    ἱσταίμην       τιθείμην       ἱείμην       διδοίμην
2       ἱσταῖο         τιθεῖο         ἱεῖο         διδοῖο
3       ἱσταῖτο        τιθεῖτο        ἱεῖτο        διδοῖτο
Du. 2   ἱσταῖσθον      τιθεῖσθον      ἱεῖσθον      διδοῖσθον
3       ἱσταίσθην      τιθείσθην      ἱείσθην      διδοίσθην
Pl. 1   ἱσταίμε(σ)θα   τιθείμε(σ)θα   ἱείμε(σ)θα   διδοίμε(σ)θα
2       ἱσταῖσθε       τιθεῖσθε       ἱεῖσθε       διδοῖσθε
3       ἱσταίατο       τιθείατο       ἱείατο       διδοίατο

SECOND AORIST
S. 1       θείμην       εἵμην       δοίμην
2          θεῖο         εἷο         δοῖο
3          θεῖτο        εἷτο        δοῖτο
Du. 2      θεῖσθον      εἷσθον      δοῖσθον
3          θείσθην      εἵσθην      δοίσθην
Pl. 1      θείμε(σ)θα   εἵμε(σ)θα   δοίμε(σ)θα
2          θεῖσθε       εἷσθε       δοῖσθε
3          θείατο       εἵατο       δοίατο

§960. Imperative

Present
S. 2    ἵστασο     τίθεσο     ἵεσο     δίδοσο
3       ἱστάσθω    τιθέσθω    ἱέσθω    διδόσθω
Du. 2   ἵστασθον   τίθεσθον   ἵεσθον   δίδοσθον
3       ἱστάσθων   τιθέσθων   ἱέσθων   διδόσθων
Pl. 2   ἵστασθε    τίθεσθε    ἵεσθε    δίδοσθε
3       ἱστάσθων   τιθέσθων   ἱέσθων   διδόσθων

Second Aorist
S. 2    ,   θέο (θεῦ)   ἕο      δόο (δοῦ)
3       ,   θέσθω       ἕσθω    δόσθω
Du. 2   ,   θέσθον      ἕσθον   δόσθον
3       ,   θέσθων      ἕσθων   δόσθων
Pl. 2   ,   θέσθε       ἕσθε    δόσθε
3       ,   θέσθων      ἕσθων   δόσθων

§961. Infinitive

Present     ἵστασθαι   τίθεσθαι   ἵεσθαι   δίδοσθαι
Sec. Aor.   ,          θέσθαι     ἕσθαι    δόσθαι

§962. Participle

Present     ἱστάμενος, η, ον   τιθήμενος, η, ον   ἱέμενος, η, ον   διδόμενος, η, ον
Sec. Aor.   ,                  θέμενος, η, ον     ἕμενος, η, ον    δόμενος, μ, ον